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Borio D. GNSS Data/Pilot Combining with Extended Integrations for Carrier Tracking. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3932. [PMID: 37112272 PMCID: PMC10142825 DOI: 10.3390/s23083932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Modern Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals are usually made of two components: a pilot and a data channel. The former is adopted to extend the integration time and improve receiver sensitivity, whereas the latter is used for data dissemination. Combining the two channels allows one to fully exploit the transmitted power and further improve receiver performance. The presence of data symbols in the data channel, however, limits the integration time in the combining process. When a pure data channel is considered, the integration time can be extended using a squaring operation, which removes the data symbols without affecting phase information. In this paper, Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation is used to derive the optimal data-pilot combining strategy and extend the integration time beyond the data symbol duration. In this way, a generalized correlator is obtained as the linear combination of the pilot and data components. The data component is multiplied by a non-linear term, which compensates for the presence of data bits. Under weak signal conditions, this multiplication leads to a form of squaring, which generalizes the squaring correlator used in data-only processing. The weights of the combination depend on the signal amplitude and noise variance that need to be estimated. The ML solution is integrated into a Phase Lock Loop (PLL) and used to process GNSS signals with data and pilot components. The proposed algorithm and its performance are characterized from a theoretical point of view, using semi-analytic simulations and through the processing of GNSS signals generated using a hardware simulator. The derived method is compared with other data/pilot combining strategies with extended integrations showing the advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Borio
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
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Mansouri M, Bey M, Hassaine S, Larbi M, Allaoui T, Denai M. Genetic algorithm optimized robust nonlinear observer for a wind turbine system based on permanent magnet synchronous generator. ISA Trans 2022; 129:230-242. [PMID: 35232571 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an optimal control scheme for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) coupled to a wind turbine operating without a position sensor. This sensorless scheme includes two observers: The first observer uses the flux to estimate the speed. However, an increase in the temperature or a degradation of the permanent magnet characteristics will result in a demagnetization of the machine causing a drop in the flux. The second observer is therefore used to estimate these changes in the flux from the speed and guaranties the stability of the system. This structure leads to a better exchange of information between the two observers, eliminates the problem of encoder and compensates for the demagnetization problem. To improve the precision of the speed estimator, the gain of the non-linear observer is optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the speed is obtained from a modified Phase Locked Loop (PLL) method using an optimized Sliding Mode Controller (SMC). Furthermore, to enhance the convergence speed of this observer scheme and improve the performance of the system a Fast Super Twisting Sliding Mode Control (FSTSMC) is introduced to reinforce the SMC strategy. A series of simulations are presented to show the effectiveness and robustness of proposed observer scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mansouri
- Laboratory of Energy Engineering and Computer Engineering, IBN Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria.
| | - Mohamed Bey
- Laboratory of Energy Engineering and Computer Engineering, IBN Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria.
| | - Said Hassaine
- Laboratory of Energy Engineering and Computer Engineering, IBN Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria.
| | - Mhamed Larbi
- Laboratory of Energy Engineering and Computer Engineering, IBN Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria.
| | - Tayeb Allaoui
- Laboratory of Energy Engineering and Computer Engineering, IBN Khaldoun University, Tiaret, Algeria.
| | - Mouloud Denai
- School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
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3
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Sahoo RK, Gupta T, Batheja S, Goyal AK, Gupta U. Surface Engineered Dendrimers: A Potential Nanocarrier for the Effective Management of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:708-722. [PMID: 35713127 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220616125524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevailing intracranial tumors, which account for approximately 36% of the primary brain tumors of glial cells. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) possesses a higher degree of malignancy among different gliomas. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain against infections and toxic substances by preventing foreign molecules or unwanted cells from entering the brain parenchyma. Nano-carriers such as liposomes, nanoparticles, dendrimers, etc. boost the brain permeability of various anticancer drugs or other drugs. The favorable properties like small size, better solubility, and the modifiable surface of dendrimers have proven their broad applicability in the better management of GBM. However, in vitro and in vivo toxicities caused by dendrimers have been a significant concern. The presence of multiple functionalities on the surface of dendrimers enables the grafting of target ligand and/or therapeutic moieties. Surface engineering improves certain properties like targeting efficiency, pharmacokinetic profile, therapeutic effect, and toxicity reduction. This review will be focused on the role of different surface-modified dendrimers in the effective management of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Tanisha Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Sanya Batheja
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Amit Kumar Goyal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
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Rokeakh AI, Artyomov MY. Continuous wave desktop coherent superheterodyne X-band EPR spectrometer. J Magn Reson 2022; 338:107206. [PMID: 35378391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a desktop X-band superheterodyne spectrometer designed to measure EPR spectra in the vicinity of g = 2. The spectrometer operates in the vicinity of the 9.2 GHz frequency in the power range of about 40 mW-1 nW. The device uses Time Locking concept with digital quadrature detection of intermediate frequency (100 MHz) and the synthesis of all signals used in the device from a single driving oscillator. To register CW spectra, a TE102 rectangular cavity with the capability of matching and frequency tuning is used. The microwave part of the spectrometer is implemented in the form of two non-tunable modules based on microstrip technology and commercially available microwave MMICs. Two modes of operation are provided - both with PLL of microwave sources with a highly stable driving oscillator as a reference and an AFC system without frequency modulation. All signal processing after digitization of the intermediate frequency is performed digitally using FPGA resources. It is possible to record EPR spectra both with magnetic field modulation at various frequencies and without modulation. The bandwidth of the receiving path can be selected from the widest 46 MHz to about 1.5 kHz, which allows the spectrometer to be used both for recording weak signals and for recording fast-flowing processes. The spectrometer uses a magnetic system on permanent magnets Sm-Co with magnetic field uniformity of about 3 * 10-5. Changing the magnetic field in permanent magnets is done using scanning coils which provides a field change of >800 G (p-p). The control of the magnetic field induction in the magnet gap is performed by a specially designed precision Hall effect magnetometer, which provides a resolution of 1 mG with an absolute error of no more than 0.2 G. A personal computer for spectrometer control is connected via Ethernet. The spectrometer is stable and easy to use. The high performance of the spectrometer is confirmed by the recorded spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Rokeakh
- Ural Federal University, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - M Yu Artyomov
- Ural Federal University, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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Abellan Beteta C, Andreou D, Artuso M, Beiter A, Blusk S, Bugiel R, Bugiel S, Carbone A, Carli I, Chen B, Conti N, De Benedetti F, Ding S, Ely S, Firlej M, Fiutowski T, Gandini P, Germann D, Grieser N, Idzik M, Jiang X, Krupa W, Li Y, Li Z, Liang X, Liu S, Lu Y, Mackey L, Moron J, Mountain R, Petruzzo M, Pham H, Schmidt B, Sheng S, Spadaro Norella E, Swientek K, Szumlak T, Tobin M, Wang J, Wilkinson M, Wu H, Zhang F, Zou Q. The SALT-Readout ASIC for Silicon Strip Sensors of Upstream Tracker in the Upgraded LHCb Experiment. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 22:107. [PMID: 35009648 PMCID: PMC8747391 DOI: 10.3390/s22010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SALT, a new dedicated readout Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) for the Upstream Tracker, a new silicon detector in the Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) experiment, has been designed and developed. It is a 128-channel chip using an innovative architecture comprising a low-power analogue front-end with fast pulse shaping and a 40 MSps 6-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) in each channel, followed by a Digital Signal Processing (DSP) block performing pedestal and Mean Common Mode (MCM) subtraction and zero suppression. The prototypes of SALT were fabricated and tested, confirming the full chip functionality and fulfilling the specifications. A signal-to-noise ratio of about 20 is achieved for a silicon sensor with a 12 pF input capacitance. In this paper, the SALT architecture and measurements of the chip performance are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Abellan Beteta
- Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Dimitra Andreou
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Marina Artuso
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Andy Beiter
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Steven Blusk
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Roma Bugiel
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.B.); (S.B.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (M.I.); (W.K.); (J.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Szymon Bugiel
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.B.); (S.B.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (M.I.); (W.K.); (J.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Antonio Carbone
- INFN Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.B.); (P.G.); (M.P.); (E.S.N.)
| | - Ina Carli
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
- Physics and Micro Electronic College, Hunan University, Lushan Road (S), Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Nadim Conti
- INFN Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.B.); (P.G.); (M.P.); (E.S.N.)
| | - Federico De Benedetti
- INFN Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.B.); (P.G.); (M.P.); (E.S.N.)
| | - Shuchong Ding
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Scott Ely
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Miroslaw Firlej
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.B.); (S.B.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (M.I.); (W.K.); (J.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomasz Fiutowski
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.B.); (S.B.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (M.I.); (W.K.); (J.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Paolo Gandini
- INFN Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.B.); (P.G.); (M.P.); (E.S.N.)
| | - Danielle Germann
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Nathan Grieser
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Marek Idzik
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.B.); (S.B.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (M.I.); (W.K.); (J.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Xiaojie Jiang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Wojciech Krupa
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.B.); (S.B.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (M.I.); (W.K.); (J.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Yiming Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Zhuoming Li
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Xixin Liang
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Shuaiyi Liu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yu Lu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Lauren Mackey
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Jakub Moron
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.B.); (S.B.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (M.I.); (W.K.); (J.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Ray Mountain
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Marco Petruzzo
- INFN Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.B.); (P.G.); (M.P.); (E.S.N.)
| | - Hang Pham
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Burkhard Schmidt
- European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, CH-1211 Geneve, Switzerland;
| | - Shuqi Sheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Elisabetta Spadaro Norella
- INFN Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.C.); (N.C.); (F.D.B.); (P.G.); (M.P.); (E.S.N.)
| | - Krzysztof Swientek
- Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Tomasz Szumlak
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (R.B.); (S.B.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (M.I.); (W.K.); (J.M.); (T.S.)
| | - Mark Tobin
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jianchun Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Michael Wilkinson
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Hangyi Wu
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, 900 South Crouse Ave, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (S.B.); (S.D.); (S.E.); (D.G.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (L.M.); (R.M.); (H.P.); (M.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Feihao Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
- Physics and Micro Electronic College, Hunan University, Lushan Road (S), Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Quan Zou
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; (I.C.); (B.C.); (N.G.); (X.J.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.T.); (J.W.); (F.Z.); (Q.Z.)
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6
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Mamani JB, Souza TKF, Nucci MP, Oliveira FA, Nucci LP, Alves AH, Rego GNA, Marti L, Gamarra LF. In Vitro Evaluation of Hyperthermia Magnetic Technique Indicating the Best Strategy for Internalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Applied in Glioblastoma Tumor Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1219. [PMID: 34452180 PMCID: PMC8399657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study aims to evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) technique and the best strategy for internalization of magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminosilane (SPIONAmine) in glioblastoma tumor cells. SPIONAmine of 50 and 100 nm were used for specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis, performing the MHT with intensities of 50, 150, and 300 Gauss and frequencies varying between 305 and 557 kHz. The internalization strategy was performed using 100, 200, and 300 µgFe/mL of SPIONAmine, with or without Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) and filter, and with or without static or dynamic magnet field. The cell viability was evaluated after determination of MHT best condition of SPIONAmine internalization. The maximum SAR values of SPIONAmine (50 nm) and SPIONAmine (100 nm) identified were 184.41 W/g and 337.83 W/g, respectively, using a frequency of 557 kHz and intensity of 300 Gauss (≈23.93 kA/m). The best internalization strategy was 100 µgFe/mL of SPIONAmine (100 nm) using PLL with filter and dynamic magnet field, submitted to MHT for 40 min at 44 °C. This condition displayed 70.0% decreased in cell viability by flow cytometry and 68.1% by BLI. We can conclude that our study is promising as an antitumor treatment, based on intra- and extracellular MHT effects. The optimization of the nanoparticles internalization process associated with their magnetic characteristics potentiates the extracellular acute and late intracellular effect of MHT achieving greater efficiency in the therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier B. Mamani
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Taylla K. F. Souza
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Mariana P. Nucci
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
- LIM44-Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Oliveira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Leopoldo P. Nucci
- Centro Universitário do Planalto Central, Brasília 72445-020, DF, Brazil;
| | - Arielly H. Alves
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Gabriel N. A. Rego
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Luciana Marti
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Lionel F. Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
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Wang J, Ye X, Ni H, Zhang J, Ju S, Ding W. Transfection Efficiency Evaluation and Endocytosis Exploration of Different Polymer Condensed Agents. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1048-1055. [PMID: 31433200 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA condensed agents can improve the transfection efficiency of the cationic liposome delivery system. However, various condensed agents have distinct transfection efficiency and cellular cytotoxicity. The object of this study was to screen the optimal agents with the high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity from four polymer compressive materials, polyethylenimine (PEI), chitosan, poly-l-lysine (PLL), and spermidine. DNA was precompressed with these four agents and then combined to cationic liposomes. Subsequently, the entrapment and transfection efficiency of the obtained complexes were investigated. Finally, the particle sizes, cytotoxicity, and endocytosis fashion of these copolymers (Lipo-PEI, Lipo-chitosan, Lipo-PLL, and Lipo-spermidine) were examined. It was found that these four copolymers had significantly lower cytotoxicity and higher transfection efficiency (45.5%, 42.4%, 36.8%, and 47.4%, respectively) than those in the control groups. The transfection efficiency of Lipo-PEI and Lipo-spermidine copolymers were better than the other two copolymers. In 293T cells, nystatin significantly inhibited the transfection efficiency of Lipo-PEI-DNA and Lipo-spermidine-DNA (51.88% and 46.05%, respectively), which suggest that the endocytosis pathway of Lipo-spermidine and Lipo-PEI copolymers was probably caveolin dependent. Our study indicated that these dual-degradable copolymers especially liposome-spermidine copolymer could be used as the potential biocompatible gene delivery carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqing Ju
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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8
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Stevanovic S, Pervan B. A GPS Phase-Locked Loop Performance Metric Based on the Phase Discriminator Output. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18010296. [PMID: 29351250 PMCID: PMC5795916 DOI: 10.3390/s18010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel GPS phase-lock loop (PLL) performance metric based on the standard deviation of tracking error (defined as the discriminator's estimate of the true phase error), and explain its advantages over the popular phase jitter metric using theory, numerical simulation, and experimental results. We derive an augmented GPS phase-lock loop (PLL) linear model, which includes the effect of coherent averaging, to be used in conjunction with this proposed metric. The augmented linear model allows more accurate calculation of tracking error standard deviation in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) as compared to traditional linear models. The standard deviation of tracking error, with a threshold corresponding to half of the arctangent discriminator pull-in region, is shown to be a more reliable/robust measure of PLL performance under interference conditions than the phase jitter metric. In addition, the augmented linear model is shown to be valid up until this threshold, which facilitates efficient performance prediction, so that time-consuming direct simulations and costly experimental testing can be reserved for PLL designs that are much more likely to be successful. The effect of varying receiver reference oscillator quality on the tracking error metric is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boris Pervan
- Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
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9
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Palmerston Mendes L, Pan J, Torchilin VP. Dendrimers as Nanocarriers for Nucleic Acid and Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2017; 22:E1401. [PMID: 28832535 PMCID: PMC5600151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are highly branched polymers with easily modifiable surfaces. This makes them promising structures for functionalization and also for conjugation with drugs and DNA/RNA. Their architecture, which can be controlled by different synthesis processes, allows the control of characteristics such as shape, size, charge, and solubility. Dendrimers have the ability to increase the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. The drugs can be entrapped in the intramolecular cavity of the dendrimers or conjugated to their functional groups at their surface. Nucleic acids usually form complexes with the positively charged surface of most cationic dendrimers and this approach has been extensively employed. The presence of functional groups in the dendrimer's exterior also permits the addition of other moieties that can actively target certain diseases and improve delivery, for instance, with folate and antibodies, now widely used as tumor targeting strategies. Dendrimers have been investigated extensively in the medical field, and cancer treatment is one of the greatest areas where they have been most used. This review will consider the main types of dendrimer currently being explored and how they can be utilized as drug and gene carriers and functionalized to improve the delivery of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Palmerston Mendes
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia 70040-020, Brazil.
| | - Jiayi Pan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Liu R, Wang Y, Li X, Bao W, Xia G, Chen W, Cheng J, Xu Y, Guo L, Chen B. Synthesis and characterization of tumor-targeted copolymer nanocarrier modified by transferrin. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:2705-19. [PMID: 26045659 PMCID: PMC4448924 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s80948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To increase the encapsulation of hydrophilic antitumor agent daunorubicin (DNR) and multidrug resistance reversal agent tetrandrine (Tet) in the drug delivery system of nano-particles (NPs), a functional copolymer NP composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly-L-lysine (PLL), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was synthesized and then loaded with DNR and Tet simultaneously to construct DNR/Tet–PLGA–PLL–PEG-NPs using a modified double-emulsion solvent evaporation/diffusion method. And to increase the targeted antitumor effect, DNR/Tet–PLGA–PLL–PEG-NPs were further modified with transferrin (Tf) due to its specific binding to Tf receptors (TfR), which is highly expressed on the surface of tumor cells. In this study, the influence of the diversity of formulation parameters was investigated systematically, such as drug loading, mean particle size, molecular weight, the concentration of PLGA–PLL–PEG–Tf, volume ratio of acetone to dichloromethane, the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the external aqueous phase, the volume ratio of the internal aqueous phase to the external aqueous phase, and the type of surfactants in the internal aqueous phase. Meanwhile, its possible effect on cell viability was evaluated. Our results showed that the regular spherical DNR/Tet–PLGA–PLL–PEG–Tf-NPs with a smooth surface, a relatively low polydispersity index, and a diameter of 213.0±12.0 nm could be produced. The encapsulation efficiency was 70.23%±1.91% for DNR and 86.5%±0.70% for Tet, the moderate drug loading was 3.63%±0.15% for DNR and 4.27%±0.13% for Tet. Notably, the accumulated release of DNR and Tet could be sustained over 1 week, and the Tf content was 2.18%±0.04%. In cell viability tests, DNR/Tet–PLGA–PLL–PEG–Tf-NPs could inhibit the proliferation of K562/ADR cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration value (total drug) of DNR/Tet–PLGA–PLL–PEG–Tf-NPs was lower than that of DNR, a mixture of DNR and Tet, and DNR/Tet–PLGA–PLL–PEG-NPs. These results clearly indicate that the PLGA–PLL–PEG formulation is a potential drug delivery system for hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, and that Tf modification may increase its targeting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Department of Hematology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Faculty of Oncology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- Department of Hematology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueming Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Bao
- Department of Hematology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Faculty of Oncology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Xia
- Department of Hematology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Faculty of Oncology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Hematology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Faculty of Oncology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlong Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Guo
- Department of Hematology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Faculty of Oncology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China ; Faculty of Oncology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Jiang J, Yao L, Yu Y, Liang Y, Jiang J, Ye N, Miao Y, Cao J. PECTATE LYASE-LIKE 9 from Brassica campestris is associated with intine formation. Plant Sci 2014; 229:66-75. [PMID: 25443834 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassica campestris pectate lyase-like 9 (BcPLL9) was previously identified as a differentially expressed gene both in buds during late pollen developmental stage and in pistils during fertilization in Chinese cabbage. To characterize the gene's function, antisense-RNA lines of BcPLL9 (bcpll9) were constructed in Chinese cabbage. Self- and cross-fertilization experiments harvested half seed yields when bcpll9 lines were used as pollen donors. In vivo and in vitro pollen germination assays showed that nearly half of the pollen tubes in bcpll9 were irregular with shorter length and uneven surface. Aniline blue staining identified abnormal accumulation of a specific bright blue unknown material in the bcpll9 pollen portion. Scanning electron microscopy observation verified the abnormal outthrust material to be near the pollen germinal furrows. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed the internal endintine layer was overdeveloped and predominantly occupied the intine. This abnormally formed intine likely induced the wavy structure and growth arrest of the pollen tube in half of the bcpll9 pollen grains, which resulted in less seed yields. Collectively, this study presented a novel PLL gene that has an important function in B. campestris intine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology Shenzhen Base, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Lina Yao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Youjian Yu
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ying Liang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jianxia Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Nenghui Ye
- State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology Shenzhen Base, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Ying Miao
- The Center of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Jiang J, Yao L, Yu Y, Lv M, Miao Y, Cao J. PECTATE LYASE-LIKE10 is associated with pollen wall development in Brassica campestris. J Integr Plant Biol 2014; 56:1095-105. [PMID: 24773757 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PECTATE LYASE-LIKE10 (PLL10) was previously identified as one of the differentially expressed genes both in microspores during the late pollen developmental stages and in pistils during the fertilization process in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis). Here, antisense-RNA was used to study the functions of BcPLL10 in Chinese cabbage. Abnormal pollen was identified in the transgenic lines (bcpll10-4, -5, and -6). In fertilization experiments, fewer seeds were harvested when the antisense-RNA lines were used as pollen donor. In vivo and in vitro pollen germination assays less germinated pollen tubes were observed in bcpll10 lines. Scanning electron microscopy observation verified that the tryphine materials were over accumulated around the pollen surface and sticked them together in bcpll10. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that the internal endintine was overdeveloped and predominantly occupied the intine, and disturbed the normal proportional distribution of the two layers in the non-germinal furrow region; and no obvious demarcation existed between them in the germinal furrow region in the bcpll10 pollen. Collectively, this study presented a novel PLL gene that played an important role during the pollen wall development in B. campestris, which may also possess potential importance for male sterility usage in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology Shenzhen Base, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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13
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Abstract
![]()
RNA
interference (RNAi) is an endogenous process in which small
noncoding RNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs
(miRNAs), post-transcriptionally regulate gene expressions. In general,
siRNA and miRNA/miRNA mimics are similar in nature and activity except
their origin and specificity. Although both siRNAs and miRNAs have
been extensively studied as novel therapeutics for a wide range of
diseases, the large molecular weight, anionic surface charges, instability
in blood circulation, and intracellular trafficking to the RISC after
cellular uptake have hindered the translation of these RNAs from bench
to clinic. As a result, a great variety of delivery systems have been
investigated for safe and effective delivery of small noncoding RNAs.
Among these systems, peptides, especially cationic peptides, have
emerged as a promising type of carrier due to their inherent ability
to condense negatively charged RNAs, ease of synthesis, controllable
size, and tunable structure. In this review, we will focus on three
major types of cationic peptides, including poly(l-lysine)
(PLL), protamine, and cell penetrating peptides (CPP), as well as
peptide targeting ligands that have been extensively used in RNA delivery.
The delivery strategies, applications, and limitations of these cationic
peptides in siRNA/miRNA delivery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Shukla
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
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14
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Wu X, Ryder MP, McGuire J, Schilke KF. Adsorption, structural alteration and elution of peptides at pendant PEO layers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:23-9. [PMID: 23939421 PMCID: PMC3818488 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An experimentally based, quantitative understanding of the entrapment and function of small peptides within PEO brush layers does not currently exist. Earlier work provided a rationale for expecting that an ordered, compact peptide will enter the PEO phase more readily than a peptide of similar size that adopts a less ordered, less compact form, and that amphiphilicity will promote peptide retention within the hydrophobic region of the PEO brush. Here we more deliberately describe criteria for peptide integration and structural change within the PEO brush, and discuss the reversibility of peptide entrapment with changing solvent conditions. For this purpose, circular dichroism (CD) was used to record the adsorption and conformational changes of (amphiphilic) WLBU2 and (non-amphiphilic) polyarginine peptides at uncoated (hydrophobic) and PEO-coated silica nanoparticles. Peptide conformation was controlled between disordered and α-helical forms by varying the concentration of perchlorate ion. We show an initially more ordered (α-helical) structure promotes peptide adsorption into the PEO layer. Further, a partially helical peptide undergoes an increase in helicity after entry, likely due to concomitant loss of capacity for peptide-solvent hydrogen bonding. Peptide interaction with the PEO chains resulted in entrapment and conformational change that was irreversible to elution with changing solution conditions in the case of the amphiphilic peptide. In contrast, the adsorption and conformational change of the non-amphiphilic peptide was reversible. These results indicate that responsive drug delivery systems based on peptide-loaded PEO layers can be controlled by modulation of solution conditions and peptide amphiphilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Wu
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Matthew P. Ryder
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Joseph McGuire
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Karl F. Schilke
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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15
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Pourjahed A, Rabiee M, Tahriri M. An efficient covalent coating on glass slides for preparation of optical oligonucleotide microarrays. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2013; 16:1259-65. [PMID: 24570832 PMCID: PMC3933803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Microarrays are potential analyzing tools for genomics and proteomics researches, which is in needed of suitable substrate for coating and also hybridization of biomolecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this research, a thin film of oxidized agarose was prepared on the glass slides which previously coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL). Some of the aldehyde groups of the activated agarose linked covalently to PLL amine groups; also bound to the amino groups of biomolecules. These linkages were fixed by UV irradiation. The prepared substrates were compared to only agarose-coated and PLL-coated slides. RESULTS RESULTS on atomic force microscope (AFM) demonstrated that agarose provided three-dimensional surface which had higher loading and bindig capacity for biomolecules than PLL-coated surface which had two-dimensional surface. In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio in hybridization reactions performed on the agarose-PLL coated substrates increased two fold and four fold compared to agarose and PLL coated substrates, respectively. CONCLUSION The agarose-PLL microarrays had the highest signal (2546) and lowest background signal (205) in hybridization, suggesting that the prepared slides are suitable in analyzing wide concentration range of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Pourjahed
- Biomaterials Group (Center of Excellence in Biomaterials), Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran,Nanobiotechnology center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Jondishapour University of Technology, Dezful, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterials Group (Center of Excellence in Biomaterials), Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Mohammad Rabiee. Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Fax: +98-21- 66458186;
| | - Mohammadreza Tahriri
- Biomaterials Group (Center of Excellence in Biomaterials), Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Hafner AM, Corthésy B, Merkle HP. Particulate formulations for the delivery of poly(I:C) as vaccine adjuvant. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1386-99. [PMID: 23751781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current research and development of antigens for vaccination often center on purified recombinant proteins, viral subunits, synthetic oligopeptides or oligosaccharides, most of them suffering from being poorly immunogenic and subject to degradation. Hence, they call for efficient delivery systems and potent immunostimulants, jointly denoted as adjuvants. Particulate delivery systems like emulsions, liposomes, nanoparticles and microspheres may provide protection from degradation and facilitate the co-formulation of both the antigen and the immunostimulant. Synthetic double-stranded (ds) RNA, such as polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid, poly(I:C), is a mimic of viral dsRNA and, as such, a promising immunostimulant candidate for vaccines directed against intracellular pathogens. Poly(I:C) signaling is primarily dependent on Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), and on melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA-5), and strongly drives cell-mediated immunity and a potent type I interferon response. However, stability and toxicity issues so far prevented the clinical application of dsRNAs as they undergo rapid enzymatic degradation and bear the potential to trigger undue immune stimulation as well as autoimmune disorders. This review addresses these concerns and suggests strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of immunostimulatory dsRNA formulations. The focus is on technological means required to lower the necessary dosage of poly(I:C), to target surface-modified microspheres passively or actively to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), to control their interaction with non-professional phagocytes and to modulate the resulting cytokine secretion profile.
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Maier O, Fischer R, Agresti C, Pfizenmaier K. TNF receptor 2 protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells against oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:336-41. [PMID: 24076392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective role of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) has been shown in various studies. However, a direct role of TNFR2 in oligodendrocyte function has not yet been demonstrated. Using primary oligodendrocytes of transgenic mice expressing human TNFR2, we show here that TNFR2 is primarily expressed on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Interestingly, preconditioning with a TNFR2 agonist protects these cells from oxidative stress, presumably by increasing the gene expression of distinct anti-apoptotic and detoxifying proteins, thereby providing a potential mechanism for the neuroprotective role of TNFR2 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Maier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Huang Z, Shen Y, Pei N, Sun A, Xu J, Song Y, Huang G, Sun X, Zhang S, Qin Q. The effect of nonuniform magnetic targeting of intracoronary-delivering mesenchymal stem cells on coronary embolisation. Biomaterials. 2013;34:9905-9916. [PMID: 24055521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic targeting has been recently introduced to enhance cell retention in animals with acute myocardial infarction. However, it is unclear whether the magnetic accumulation of intravascular cells increases the risk of coronary embolism. Upon finite element analysis, we found that the permanent magnetic field was nonuniform, manifestated as attenuation along the vertical axis and polarisation along the horizontal axis. In the in vitro experiments, iron-labelled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were accumulated in layers predominantly at the edge of the magnet. In an ischaemic rat model subjected to intracavitary MSCs injection, magnetic targeting induced unfavourable vascular embolisation and an inhomogeneous distribution of the donor cells, which prevented the enhanced cell retention from translating into additional functional benefit. These potential complications of magnetic targeting should be thoroughly investigated and overcome before clinical application.
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Arima H, Motoyama K, Higashi T. Sugar-appended polyamidoamine dendrimer conjugates with cyclodextrins as cell-specific non-viral vectors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1204-14. [PMID: 23602906 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of various cyclodextrin (CyD)-appended polymers and polyrotaxanes as gene carriers has been reported. Among the various polyamidoamine dendrimer (dendrimer) conjugates with CyDs (CDE), the dendrimer (G3) conjugate with α-CyD having an average degree of substitution (DS) of 2.4 (α-CDE (G3, DS 2)) displayed remarkable properties as DNA carriers. In an attempt to develop cell-specific gene transfer carriers, we prepared some sugar-appended α-CDEs, e.g. mannosylated, galactosylated, and lactosylated α-CDEs. In addition, PEGylated Lac-α-CDEs (G3) were prepared and evaluated as a hepatocyte-selective and serum-resistant gene transfer carrier. Moreover, PEGylated-α-CDE/CyD polypseudorotaxane systems for novel sustained DNA release system have been developed. Interestingly, glucronylglucosyl-β-cyclodextrin (GUG-β-CyD) conjugates with dendrimer (G2) (GUG-β-CDE (G2)) had superior gene transfer activity to α-CDE (G2), expecting a development of new series of sugar-appended CDEs over α-CDEs (G2). Collectively, sugar-appended α-CDEs have the potential as novel cell-specific and safe carriers for DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Arima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Kleinberger RM, Burke NAD, Dalnoki-Veress K, Stöver HDH. Systematic study of alginate-based microcapsules by micropipette aspiration and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2013; 33:4295-304. [PMID: 23910346 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Micropipette aspiration and confocal fluorescence microscopy were used to study the structure and mechanical properties of calcium alginate hydrogel beads (A beads), as well as A beads that were additionally coated with poly-L-lysine (P) and sodium alginate (A) to form, respectively, AP and APA hydrogels. A beads were found to continue curing for up to 500 h during storage in saline, due to residual calcium chloride carried over from the gelling bath. In subsequent saline washes, micropipette aspiration proved to be a sensitive indicator of gel weakening and calcium loss. Aspiration tests were used to compare capsule stiffness before and after citrate extraction of calcium. They showed that the initial gel strength is largely due to the calcium alginate gel cores, while the long term strength is solely due to the poly-L-lysine-alginate polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) shells. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that calcium chloride exposure after PLL deposition led to PLL redistribution into the hydrogel bead, resulting in thicker but more diffuse and weaker PEC shells. Adding a final alginate coating to form APA capsules did not significantly change the PEC membrane thickness and stiffness, but did speed the loss of calcium from the bead core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle M Kleinberger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1,Canada
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Filatova LY, Donovan DM, Becker SC, Lebedev DN, Priyma AD, Koudriachova HV, Kabanov AV, Klyachko NL. Physicochemical characterization of the staphylolytic LysK enzyme in complexes with polycationic polymers as a potent antimicrobial. Biochimie 2013; 95:1689-96. [PMID: 23665361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes many serious visceral, skin, and respiratory diseases. About 90% of its clinical strains are multi-drug resistant, but the use of bacteriophage lytic enzymes offers a viable alternative to antibiotic therapy. LysK, the phage K endolysin, can lyse S. aureus when purified and exposed externally. It has been investigated in its complexes with polycationic polymers (poly-l-lysines (PLLs) of molecular weights 2.5, 9.6, and 55.2 kDa and their block copolymers with polyethylene glycol PLL10-PEG114, PLL30-PEG114, and PLL30-PEG23) as a basis for creating active and stable antimicrobial. Complexing with polycationic PLLs produces a stabilizing effect on LysK due to structure ordering in its molecules and break-down of aggregates as a result of electrostatic interaction. The stability of LysK in the presence of PLL-PEG block copolymers improves by both electrostatic and hydrophobic mechanisms. Complexes of LysK with 2.5, 9.6, 55.2 kDa poly-l-lysines and PLL30-PEG114 have demonstrated sufficient stability at the temperatures of physiological activity (37 °C) and storage (4 °C and 22 °C).
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Collet G, Grillon C, Nadim M, Kieda C. Trojan horse at cellular level for tumor gene therapies. Gene 2013; 525:208-16. [PMID: 23542073 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Among innovative strategies developed for cancer treatments, gene therapies stand of great interest despite their well-known limitations in targeting, delivery, toxicity or stability. The success of any given gene-therapy is highly dependent on the carrier efficiency. New approaches are often revisiting the mythic trojan horse concept to carry therapeutic nucleic acid, i.e. DNAs, RNAs or small interfering RNAs, to pathologic tumor site. Recent investigations are focusing on engineering carrying modalities to overtake the above limitations bringing new promise to cancer patients. This review describes recent advances and perspectives for gene therapies devoted to tumor treatment, taking advantage of available knowledge in biotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Collet
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, cedex 2, France.
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Pourjahed A, Rabiee M, Tahriri M. Development of polymer-coated glass slides as optical oligonucleotide microarrays. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2013; 5:241-50. [PMID: 24285999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microarray technology is in needed of cost-effective, low background noise and stable substrates for successful hybridization and analysis. METHODS In this research, we developed a three-dimentional stable and mechanically reliable microarray substrates by coating of two polymeric layers on standard microscope glass slides. For fabrication of these substrates, a thin film of oxidized agarose was prepared on the Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) coated glass slides. Unmodified oligonucleotide probes were spotted and immobilized on these double layered thin films by adsorption on the porous structure of the agarose film. Some of the aldehyde groups of the activated agarose linked covalently to PLL amine groups; on the other side, they bound to amino groups of adsorbed tail of biomolecules. These linkages were fixed by UV irradiation at 254 nm using a CL-1000 UV. These prepared substrates were compared to only agarose-coated and PLL-coated slides. RESULTS Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) results demonstrated that agarose provided three-dimensional surface which had higher loading and bindig capacity for biomolecules than PLL-coated surface which had two-dimensional surface. The nano-indentation tests demonstrated the prepared double coating was more reliable and flexible for mechanical robotic spotting. In addition, the repeated indentation on different substrates showed uniformity of coatings. The stability of novel coating was sufficient for hybridization process. The signal-to-noise ratio in hybridization reactions performed on the agarose-PLL coated substrates increased two fold and four fold compared to agarose and PLL coated substrates, respectively. CONCLUSION Finally, the agarose-PLL microarrays had the highest signal (2920) and lowest background signal (205) in hybridization, suggesting that the prepared slides are suitable in analyzing wide concentration range of analytes.
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Du J, Sun Y, Shi QS, Liu PF, Zhu MJ, Wang CH, Du LF, Duan YR. Biodegradable nanoparticles of mPEG-PLGA- PLL triblock copolymers as novel non-viral vectors for improving siRNA delivery and gene silencing. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:516-33. [PMID: 22312268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of mRNA by RNA interference is one of the most powerful and specific mechanisms for gene silencing. However, insufficient cellular uptake and poor stability have limited its usefulness. Here, we report efficient delivery of siRNA via the use of biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) made from monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly-l-lysine (mPEG-PLGA-PLL) triblock copolymers. Various physicochemical properties of mPEG-PLGA-PLL NPs, including morphology, size, surface charge, siRNA encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release profile of siRNA from NPs, were characterized by scanning electron microscope, particle size and zeta potential analyzer, and high performance liquid chromatography. The levels of siRNA uptake and targeted gene inhibition were detected in human lung cancer SPC-A1-GFP cells stably expressing green fluorescent protein. Examination of the cultured SPC-A1-GFP cells with fluorescent microscope and flow cytometry showed NPs loading Cy3-labeled siRNA had much higher intracellular siRNA delivery efficiencies than siRNA alone and Lipofectamine-siRNA complexes. The gene silencing efficiency of mPEG-PLGA-PLL NPs was higher than that of commercially available transfecting agent Lipofectamine while showing no cytotoxicity. Thus, the current study demonstrates that biodegradable NPs of mPEG-PLGA-PLL triblock copolymers can be potentially applied as novel non-viral vectors for improving siRNA delivery and gene silencing.
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