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Sun T, Meng C, Ding Q, Yu K, Zhang X, Zhang W, Tian W, Zhang Q, Guo X, Wu B, Xiong Z. In situ bone regeneration with sequential delivery of aptamer and BMP2 from an ECM-based scaffold fabricated by cryogenic free-form extrusion. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4163-4175. [PMID: 33997500 PMCID: PMC8099605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ tissue engineering is a powerful strategy for the treatment of bone defects. It could overcome the limitations of traditional bone tissue engineering, which typically involves extensive cell expansion steps, low cell survival rates upon transplantation, and a risk of immuno-rejection. Here, a porous scaffold polycaprolactone (PCL)/decellularized small intestine submucosa (SIS) was fabricated via cryogenic free-form extrusion, followed by surface modification with aptamer and PlGF-2123-144*-fused BMP2 (pBMP2). The two bioactive molecules were delivered sequentially. The aptamer Apt19s, which exhibited binding affinity to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), was quickly released, facilitating the mobilization and recruitment of host BMSCs. BMP2 fused with a PlGF-2123-144 peptide, which showed "super-affinity" to the ECM matrix, was released in a slow and sustained manner, inducing BMSC osteogenic differentiation. In vitro results showed that the sequential release of PCL/SIS-pBMP2-Apt19s promoted cell migration, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mRNA expression of osteogenesis-related genes. The in vivo results demonstrated that the sequential release system of PCL/SIS-pBMP2-Apt19s evidently increased bone formation in rat calvarial critical-sized defects compared to the sequential release system of PCL/SIS-BMP2-Apt19s. Thus, the novel delivery system shows potential as an ideal alternative for achieving cell-free scaffold-based bone regeneration in situ.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- Apt19s, aptamer 19s
- Aptamer
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BMP2
- BMP2, bone morphogenic protein 2
- BMSC, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell
- Bone regeneration in situ
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CSD, critical-sized calvarial defect
- Cell recruitment
- Controlled delivery
- ECM, decellularized matrix
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- FTIR, Fourier transform infrared
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HA, hydroxyapatite
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Rh6G, rhodamine 6G
- SIS, small intestine submucosa
- pBMP2, PlGF-2123-144*-fused BMP2
- ssDNA, single-stranded DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chunqing Meng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qiuyue Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Keda Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xianglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wancheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Wuhan Hi-tech Medical Tissue Research Center, Wuhan, 430206, China
| | - Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zekang Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Zhang P, Li J. Down-regulation of circular RNA hsa_circ_0007534 suppresses cell growth by regulating miR-219a-5p/SOX5 axis in osteosarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2021; 27:100349. [PMID: 33552887 PMCID: PMC7844569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between circ_0007534 and miR-219a-5p is confirmed for the first time. The interaction between miR-219a-5p and SOX5 is confirmed for the first time. Circ_0007534 knockdown inhibits the progression of osteosarcoma cells. Circ_0007534 regulates the growth of osteosarcoma cells through modulating miR-219a-5p/SOX5 axis.
Introduction Circular RNA circ_0007534 and microRNA-219a (miR-219a-5p) were reported to be involved in osteosarcoma (OS) development. Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common malignant bone tumors, which was more prone to occur in the metaphysis of long bones, including distal femur and proximal tibia. However, the detailed mechanisms were not fully clear. The purpose of this research was to reveal the functional mechanisms of circ_0007534 and miR-219a-5p in OS. Methods The levels of genes were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or western blot assay. Cell proliferation ability was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assay. Cell migration and invasion abilities were measured using the transwell assay. Furthermore, the interaction between miR-219a-5p and circ_0007534 or SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 5 (SOX5) was predicted by starbaseV3.0, and confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. Besides, tumor xenograft experiment was performed to analyze the effect of circ_0007534 depletion on tumor growth in vivo. Results The levels of circ_0007534 and SOX5 were increased, while the miR-219a-5p level was decreased in OS tissues and cells. Circ_0007534 knockdown repressed the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion in OS cells. Circ_0007534 targeted miR-219a-5p, and miR-219a-5p interacted with SOX5. Furthermore, circ_0007534 regulated the growth of OS cells through modulating the levels of miR-219a-5p and SOX5. Conclusion Our finding demonstrated that circ_0007534 knockdown suppressed the growth of OS cells via regulating miR-219a-5p/SOX5 axis, providing a potential target for OS treatment and diagnosis.
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Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- CCK-8, cell counting kit-8
- Circ_0007534
- EMT, epithelial mesenchymal transformation
- EZH2, zeste homolog 2
- OS, osteosarcoma
- Osteosarcoma
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation
- SD, standard deviation
- SOX5
- UTR, untranslated region
- hFOB1.19, human osteoblast cell line
- mRNA, message RNA
- miR-219a-5p
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
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Sayama Y, Kaneko MK, Takei J, Hosono H, Sano M, Asano T, Kato Y. Establishment of a novel anti-TROP2 monoclonal antibody TrMab-29 for immunohistochemical analysis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100902. [PMID: 33490649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
TROP2 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein originally identified in human trophoblast cells that is overexpressed in several types of cancer. To better understand the role of TROP2 in cancer, we herein aimed to develop a sensitive and specific anti-TROP2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) for use in flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry using a Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method. Two mice were immunized with N-terminal PA-tagged and C-terminal RAP/MAP-tagged TROP2-overexpressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells (CHO/PA-TROP2-RAP-MAP), and hybridomas showing strong signals from PA-tagged TROP2-overexpressed CHO-K1 cells (CHO/TROP2-PA) and weak-to-no signals from CHO-K1 cells were selected using flow cytometry. We demonstrated using flow cytometry that the established anti-TROP2 mAb, TrMab-29 (mouse IgG1 kappa), detected TROP2 in MCF7 breast cancer cell line as well as CHO/TROP2-PA cells. Western blot analysis showed a 40 kDa band in lysates prepared from both CHO/TROP2-PA and MCF7 cells. Furthermore, TROP2 was strongly detected by immunohistochemical analysis using TrMab-29, indicating that TrMab-29 may be a valuable tool for the detection of TROP2 in cancer.
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Key Words
- ADC, antibody-drug conjugates
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Breast cancer
- CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell
- CBIS method
- CBIS, Cell-Based Immunization and Screening
- CDC, complement-dependent cytotoxicity
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride
- Monoclonal antibody
- P3U1, P3X63Ag8U.1
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PIT, photoimmunotherapy
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RIT, radioimmunotherapy
- TROP2
- TROP2, trophoblast cell-surface antigen
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Nozaki M, Otomo A, Mitsui S, Ono S, Shirakawa R, Chen Y, Hama Y, Sato K, Chen X, Suzuki T, Shang HF, Hadano S. SQSTM1 L341V variant that is linked to sporadic ALS exhibits impaired association with MAP1LC3 in cultured cells. eNeurologicalSci 2020; 22:100301. [PMID: 33319079 PMCID: PMC7723791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2020.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are genetically, pathologically and clinically-related progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Thus far, several SQSTM1 variations have been identified in patients with ALS and FTD. However, it remains unclear how SQSTM1 variations lead to neurodegeneration. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of ectopic expression of SQSTM1 variants, which were originally identified in Japanese and Chinese sporadic ALS patients, on the cellular viability, their intracellular distributions and the autophagic activity in cultured cells. Expression of SQSTM1 variants in PC12 cells exerted no observable effects on viabilities under both normal and oxidative-stressed conditions. Further, although expression of SQSTM1 variants in PC12 cells and Sqstm1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in the formation of numerous granular SQSTM1-positive structures, called SQSTM1-bodies, their intracellular distributions were indistinguishable from those of wild-type SQSTM1. Nonetheless, quantitative colocalization analysis of SQSTM1-bodies with MAP1LC3 demonstrated that among ALS-linked SQSTM1 variants, L341V variant showed the significantly lower level of colocalization. However, there were no consistent effects on the autophagic activities among the variants examined. These results suggest that although some ALS-linked SQSTM1 variations have a discernible effect on the intracellular distribution of SQSTM1-bodies, the impacts of other variations on the cellular homeostasis are rather limited at least under transiently-expressed conditions. Ectopic expression of ALS-linked SQSTM1 variants does not affect cell viability. Ectopic expression of SQSTM1 in cells results in formation of SQSTM1-body. Ectopic expression of SQSTM1 in cells has marginal impacts on the autophagic activity. SQSTM1L341V variant exhibits impaired association with LC3 in cultured cells.
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Key Words
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- Autophagy
- CCCP, carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone
- CI, complete protease inhibitor
- CQ, chloroquine
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- EBSS, Earle's Balanced Salt Solution
- Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IPTG, isopropyl thio-beta-D-galactoside
- MAP1LC3/LC3
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- MND, motor neuron disease
- NGS, normal goat serum
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RT, room temperature
- SBMA, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SQSTM1
- SQSTM1/p62-body
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Nozaki
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Asako Otomo
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Shun Mitsui
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Suzuka Ono
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Ryohei Shirakawa
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - YongPing Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yutaro Hama
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kai Sato
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - XuePing Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Toshiyasu Suzuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hui-Fang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shinji Hadano
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
- Research Center for Brain and Nervous Diseases, Tokai University Graduate School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Jiang K, Chen J, Tai L, Liu C, Chen X, Wei G, Lu W, Pan W. Inhibition of post-trabeculectomy fibrosis via topically instilled antisense oligonucleotide complexes co-loaded with fluorouracil. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1754-1768. [PMID: 33088694 PMCID: PMC7563997 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trabeculectomy is the mainstay of surgical glaucoma treatment, while the success rate was unsatisfying due to postoperative scarring of the filtering blebs. Clinical countermeasures for scar prevention are intraoperative intervention or repeated subconjunctival injections. Herein, we designed a co-delivery system capable of transporting fluorouracil and anti-TGF-β2 oligonucleotide to synergistically inhibit fibroblast proliferation via topical instillation. This co-delivery system was built based on a cationic dendrimer core (PAMAM), which encapsulated fluorouracil within hydrophobic cavity and condensed oligonucleotide with surface amino groups, and was further modified with hyaluronic acid and cell-penetrating peptide penetratin. The co-delivery system was self-assembled into nanoscale complexes with increased cellular uptake and enabled efficient inhibition on proliferation of fibroblast cells. In vivo studies on rabbit trabeculectomy models further confirmed the anti-fibrosis efficiency of the complexes, which prolonged survival time of filtering blebs and maintained their height and extent during wound healing process, exhibiting an equivalent effect on scar prevention compared to intraoperative infiltration with fluorouracil. Qualitative observation by immunohistochemistry staining and quantitative analysis by Western blotting both suggested that TGF-β2 expression was inhibited by the co-delivery complexes. Our study provided a potential approach promising to guarantee success rate of trabeculectomy and prolong survival time of filtering blebs.
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Key Words
- ASO, antisense oligonucleotide
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EE, encapsulation efficiency
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FAM, 6-carboxyfluorescein
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate
- Fibrosis prevention
- Fluorouracil
- Fu, fluorouracil
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Gene delivery
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IBAGS, the Indiana Bleb Appearance Grading Scale
- IOP, intraocular pressure
- L929, murine fibroblast cells
- MWCO, molecular weight cut-off
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PAMAM, poly(amidoamine)
- PEI, polyethylenimine
- PG5, PAMAM G5–NH2
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Pene, penetratin
- Penetratin
- SDHCEC, human corneal epithelial cells
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TEM, transmission electron microscope
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- Trabeculectomy
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingyu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xishan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 51980091, fax: +86 21 51980090 (Gang Wei); Tel.: +86 24 23986313, fax: +86 24 23953241 (Weisan Pan).
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Weisan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 21 51980091, fax: +86 21 51980090 (Gang Wei); Tel.: +86 24 23986313, fax: +86 24 23953241 (Weisan Pan).
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Hosseini A, Mirzaei A, Salimi V, Jamshidi K, Babaheidarian P, Fallah S, Rampisheh Z, Khademian N, Abdolvahabi Z, Bahrabadi M, Ibrahimi M, Hosami F, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. The local and circulating SOX9 as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of primary bone cancer. J Bone Oncol 2020; 23:100300. [PMID: 32551218 PMCID: PMC7292907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The SOX9 expression increased in tumor tissues and peripheral blood of malignant and benign bone tumors. The protein level of SOX9 is enhanced in malignant bone tumor tissues. SOX9 over-expression correlated with tumor severity, grade, invasion feature, poor response to therapy, and recurrence.
Purpose The status of the local and circulating SOX9, a master regulator of the tumor fate, and its relevance to tumor types, severity, invasion feature, response to therapy, and chemotherapy treatment were surveyed in bone cancer in the current study. Methods The SOX9 expression level was evaluated in tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with different types of malignant and benign bone tumors also tumor margin tissues using Real-Time PCR. The protein level of SOX9 was assessed using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Also, the correlations of the SOX9 expression level with the patient’s clinical and pathological features were considered. Results The remarkable overexpression of SOX9 was detected in bone tumors compared to tumor margin tissues (P < 0.0001). Malignant bone tumors revealed a higher expression of SOX9 compared to benign tumors (P < 0.0001) while osteosarcoma tumors showed higher expression levels compared to Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. Overexpression of SOX9 was observed in high grade, metastatic, recurrent tumors also tumors with poor response to therapy. Besides, the patients under the chemotherapy treatment demonstrated higher levels of SOX9 compared to the rest of malignant tumors (P = 0.02). The simultaneous up-regulation of circulating SOX9 in the patients with bone cancer was observed compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.0001) accompanying with overexpression of SOX9 in malignant tumors compared to benign tumors (P < 0.0001). The circulating SOX9 expression was up-regulated in the patients with malignant bone tumors who receive chemotherapy treatment also patients with high grade, metastatic, recurrent tumors. The protein level of SOX9 was in line with our data on the SOX9 gene expression. Conclusion The simultaneous overexpression of local and circulating SOX9 in bone cancer besides its positive correlation with tumor severity, malignancy, size, and chemotherapy may deserve receiving more attention in bone cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Key Words
- Benign bone tumors
- Bone cancer
- CPP, C - reactive protein test
- CSC marker
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- DAB, 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine
- ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- FBS, fasting blood sugar
- FOXO1, Forkhead Box O1
- FOXO3, Forkhead Box O3
- GCT, giant cell tumor
- HB, memoglobin
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- MSC, multipotent stem cells
- Malignant bone tumors
- OCT, optimal cutting temperature
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RBC, red blood cell
- SEM, standard error mean
- SOX9
- SOX9, SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9
- WBC, white blood cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameinh Hosseini
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mirzaei
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khodamorad Jamshidi
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Babaheidarian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Fallah
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rampisheh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Khademian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Abdolvahabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bahrabadi
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ibrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hosami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
We have been conducting research on esophageal regenerative therapy using cell sheet technology. In particular, in the endoscopic field, we have pushed forward clinical research on endoscopic transplantation of cultured autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets to esophageal ulcer after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). We started research in this direction using animal models in 2004 and performed clinical research in 2012 in collaboration with Nagasaki University and Karolinska Institute. Although in full-circumferential cases it was difficult to prevent esophageal stricture after ESD, there were no complications and stricture could be suppressed. The cell sheet technology is still in its infancy. However, we are convinced that it has a high potential for application in various areas of gastrointestinal science. In this review, we focus on the pre-clinical and clinical trial results obtained and on the theoretical aspects of (1) stricture prevention, (2) esophageal tissue engineering research, and (3) endoscopic transplantation, and review the esophageal regenerative therapy by cell sheet technology.
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Key Words
- CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose
- CPC, cell-processing center
- Cell sheet technology
- EBD, endoscopic balloon dilation
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMR, endoscopic mucosal dissection
- ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection
- Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)
- Endoscopic transplantation
- Esophageal stricture
- GMP, good manufacturing practice
- OMECS, oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet
- PGA, polyglycolic acid
- PIPAAm, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Regenerative medicine
- SEMS, self-expandable metallic stent
- TAC, triamcinolone
- Tissue-engineered oral mucosal
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ohki
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.,Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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8
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Al-Saleh F, Khashab F, Fadel F, Al-Kandari N, Al-Maghrebi M. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase alleviates germ cell apoptosis and ER stress during testicular ischemia reperfusion injury. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2174-2184. [PMID: 32714044 PMCID: PMC7376125 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular torsion and detorsion (TTD) is a serious urological condition affecting young males that is underlined by an ischemia reperfusion injury (tIRI) to the testis as the pathophysiological mechanism. During tIRI, uncontrolled production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) causes DNA damage leading to germ cell apoptosis (GCA). The aim of the study is to explore whether inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a major source of intracellular ROS, will prevent tIRI-induced GCA and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were divided into three groups: sham, tIRI only and tIRI treated with apocynin (a NOX inhibitor). Rats undergoing tIRI endured an ischemic injury for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Spermatogenic damage was evaluated histologically, while cellular damages were assessed using real time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and biochemical assays. Disrupted spermatogenesis was associated with increased lipid and protein peroxidation and decreased antioxidant activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a result of tIRI. In addition, increased DNA double strand breaks and formation of 8-OHdG adducts associated with increased phosphorylation of the DNA damage response (DDR) protein H2AX. The ASK1/JNK apoptosis signaling pathway was also activated in response to tIRI. Finally, increased immuno-expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) downstream targets: GRP78, eIF2-α1, CHOP and caspase 12 supported the presence of ER stress. Inhibition of NOX by apocynin protected against tIRI-induced GCA and ER stress. In conclusion, NOX inhibition minimized tIRI-induced intracellular oxidative damages leading to GCA and ER stress.
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Key Words
- 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ASK1, apoptosis signaling kinase 1
- ATF, activating transcription factor
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BTB, blood-testis barrier
- CHOP, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein
- Chk, checkpoint kinase
- DAPI, diamidino phenylindole
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECL, electrochemiluminescence
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GCA, germ cell apoptosis
- GRP78, glucose-related protein 78
- Germ cell apoptosis
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- H2AX, histone variant
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IAP, inhibitors of apoptosis
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IRE1, inositol requiring kinase 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NADPH oxidase
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- O2, molecular oxygen
- O2−, superoxide anion
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oxidative stress
- PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase
- PCC, protein carbonyl content
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PERK, pancreatic ER kinase
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT, reverse transcription
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- ST, seminiferous tubule
- TOS, testicular oxidative stress
- TRAF-2, tumor-necrosis-factor receptor-associated factor 2
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- Testicular ischemia Reperfusion Injury
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- eIF2α1, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α1
- gDNA, genomic DNA
- i.p., intraperitoneal
- kDa, kilodalton
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- p-, phosphorylated
- phox, phagocyte oxidase
- γ-H2AX, 139 serine-phosphorylated histone variant
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Farah Khashab
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Fatemah Fadel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - Nora Al-Kandari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
| | - May Al-Maghrebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriyah, Kuwait
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9
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Shaikh AB, Fang H, Li M, Chen S, Shang P, Shang X. Reduced expression of carbonic anhydrase III in skeletal muscles could be linked to muscle fatigue: A rat muscle fatigue model. J Orthop Translat 2020; 22:116-23. [PMID: 32440507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) is expressed abundantly in slow skeletal muscles, adipocytes, and the liver. It plays a critical role in maintaining intracellular pH, antioxidation, and energy metabolism, which are further involved in fatigue. However, its function and mechanism in maintaining the physiological function of muscles or antifatigue are still ambiguous. We hypothesized that changes of CAIII in skeletal muscles might be related to the occurrence of muscle fatigue. Method After establishing a rat soleus muscle fatigue model, we measured the protein expression of the CAIII in muscles. And the muscle intracellular biochemical indices [malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and lactic acid] were also measured using assay kits. After transfected by CAIII-overexpressing and knockdown lentiviral vectors, the rat soleus muscles were induced to fatigue to investigate the effects and possible molecular mechanisms of CAIII in antifatigue. Results The expression of CAIII in fatigued soleus muscles was significantly decreased compared with that of the control group (P < 0.001). Moreover, the ATP level in the fatigued muscle also significantly decreased, whereas lactic acid and MDA levels were significantly increased (P < 0.001). After posttransfection for 21 days, CAIII levels in muscles were significantly reduced in the CAIII-interfering lentivirus group, but increased in the CAIII-overexpressed lentivirus group (P < 0.001). In addition, CAIII knockdown muscles showed more reduction of the maximal muscle force and ATP levels and more increase of MDA and lactic acid levels during the fatigue test than the control group, (P < 0.05). On the other hand, CAIII-overexpressed muscles showed less reduction of the maximal muscle force and ATP levels and less increase of MDA and lactic acid levels during muscle fatigue than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our study showed that soleus muscle fatigue induced by electrical stimulation could result in downregulation of CAIII and ATP levels and accumulation of lactic acid and MDA. Further study showed that CAIII knockdown led to more reduction of the maximal muscle force, whereas CAIII overexpression showed less reduction of the maximal muscle force, which suggested that CAIII levels in muscles might be related to the occurrence of muscle fatigue. Translational potential CAIII plays an important role in muscle fatigue. Up-regulating the expression of CAIII might contribute to dissipating fatigue, which would provide a new method to solve the difficulties in eliminating muscular fatigue.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CAIII, carbonic anhydrase III
- CAs, carbonic anhydrases
- Carbonic anhydrase III
- Ct, threshold cycle
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Muscle fatigue
- NS, saline injection group
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PBST, PBS with Tween 20
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SD, Sprague Dawley
- SDS–PAGE gel, sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- Soleus muscle
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Rudyk C, Dwyer Z, McNeill J, Salmaso N, Farmer K, Prowse N, Hayley S. Chronic unpredictable stress influenced the behavioral but not the neurodegenerative impact of paraquat. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100179. [PMID: 31304199 PMCID: PMC6599913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of psychological stressors on the progression of motor and non-motor disturbances observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) has received little attention. Given that PD likely results from many different environmental “hits”, we were interested in whether a chronic unpredictable stressor regimen would act additively or possibly even synergistically to augment the impact of the toxicant, paraquat, which has previously been linked to PD. Our findings support the contention that paraquat itself acted as a systemic stressor, with the pesticide increasing plasma corticosterone, as well as altering glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, stressed mice that also received paraquat displayed synergistic motor coordination impairment on a rotarod test and augmented signs of anhedonia (sucrose preference test). The individual stressor and paraquat treatments also caused a range of non-motor (e.g. open field, Y and plus mazes) deficits, but there were no signs of an interaction (neither additive nor synergistic) between the insults. Similarly, paraquat caused the expected loss of substantia nigra dopamine neurons and microglial activation, but this effect was not further influenced by the chronic stressor. Taken together, these results indicate that paraquat has many effects comparable to that of a more traditional stressor and that at least some behavioral measures (i.e. sucrose preference and rotarod) are augmented by the combined pesticide and stress treatments. Thus, although psychological stressors might not necessarily increase the neurodegenerative effects of the toxicant exposure, they may promote co-morbid behaviors pathology. Paraquat induced behavioral and neurochemical alterations similar to those induced by a chronic unpredictable stressor. Chronic unpredictable stress did not influence the degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons or microglia activation. The paraquat and chronic stressor exposure resulted in augmented motor impairment and anhedonic-like behavior.
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Key Words
- AAR, alternate arm return
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- CUS, chronic unpredictable stress
- Cytokine
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EPM, elevated plus maze
- FST, forced swim test
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- HPA, hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal
- IBA1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1
- Inflammatory
- MMx, Micromax
- Microglia
- PB, phosphate buffer
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Parkinson's
- RIPA, Radio Immuno Precipitation Assay
- RR, rotarod
- SAB, spontaneous alternation behavior
- SAR, same arm return
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta
- SPT, sucrose preference test
- Stress
- TH, tyrosine hydroxylase
- Toxicity
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- pGR, phosphate glucocorticoid receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rudyk
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Zach Dwyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Jessica McNeill
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Natalina Salmaso
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Kyle Farmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
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Kato Y, Furusawa Y, Yamada S, Itai S, Takei J, Sano M, Kaneko MK. Establishment of a monoclonal antibody PMab-225 against alpaca podoplanin for immunohistochemical analyses. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100633. [PMID: 30997422 PMCID: PMC6451175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin (PDPN) is known as a lymphatic endothelial cell marker. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, bovine, pig, and horse PDPN have been established in our previous studies. However, mAbs against alpaca PDPN (aPDPN), required for immunohistochemical analysis, remain to be developed. In the present study, we employed the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS) method for producing anti-aPDPN mAbs. We immunized mice with aPDPN-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells (CHO/aPDPN), and hybridomas producing mAbs against aPDPN were screened using flow cytometry. One of the mAbs, PMab-225 (IgG2b, kappa), specifically detected CHO/aPDPN cells via flow cytometry and recognized the aPDPN protein on Western blotting. Further, PMab-225 strongly stained lung type I alveolar cells, colon lymphatic endothelial cells, and kidney podocytes via immunohistochemistry. These findings demonstrate that PMab-225 antibody is useful to investigate the function of aPDPN via different techniques. PDPN is known as a specific lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) marker. Sensitive and specific PMab-225 mAb against alpaca PDPN was produced. PMab-225 strongly reacted with alpaca PDPN in flow cytometry. PMab-225 is useful for IHC using paraffin-embedded cell sections.
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Key Words
- Alpaca podoplanin
- CBIS, Cell-Based Immunization and Screening
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- CLEC-2, C-type lectin-like receptor-2
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDPN
- PDPN, podoplanin
- PMab-225
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- aPDPN, alpaca podoplanin
- hPDPN, human podoplanin
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinari Kato
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furusawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Itai
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Junko Takei
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masato Sano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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12
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Furusawa Y, Yamada S, Itai S, Nakamura T, Yanaka M, Sano M, Harada H, Fukui M, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. PMab-219: A monoclonal antibody for the immunohistochemical analysis of horse podoplanin. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100616. [PMID: 30766925 PMCID: PMC6360987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, and bovine podoplanin (PDPN), a lymphatic endothelial cell marker, have been established in our previous studies. However, mAbs against horse PDPN (horPDPN), which are useful for immunohistochemical analysis, remain to be developed. In the present study, mice were immunized with horPDPN-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells (CHO/horPDPN), and hybridomas producing mAbs against horPDPN were screened using flow cytometry. One of the mAbs, PMab-219 (IgG2a, kappa), specifically detected CHO/horPDPN cells via flow cytometry and recognized horPDPN protein using Western blotting. Furthermore, PMab-219 strongly stained CHO/horPDPN via immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that PMab-219 is useful for investigating the function of horPDPN. PDPN is known as a specific lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) marker. Sensitive and specific PMab-219 mAb against horse PDPN was produced. PMab-219 reacted with a horse renal cell line sensitively in flow cytometry. PMab-219 is useful for IHC using paraffin-embedded cell sections.
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Key Words
- CBIS, Cell-Based Immunization and Screening
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- CLEC-2, C-type lectin-like receptor-2
- DAB, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Horse podoplanin
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDPN
- PDPN, podoplanin
- PMab-219
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- hPDPN, human podoplanin
- horPDPN, horse podoplanin
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Furusawa
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
- ZENOAQ RESOURCE CO., LTD, 1-1 Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asaka-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0196, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Itai
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakamura
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masato Sano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masato Fukui
- ZENOAQ RESOURCE CO., LTD, 1-1 Tairanoue, Sasagawa, Asaka-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0196, Japan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
- Corresponding author.New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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Zitzmann J, Schreiber C, Eichmann J, Bilz RO, Salzig D, Weidner T, Czermak P. Single-cell cloning enables the selection of more productive Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for recombinant protein expression. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2018; 19:e00272. [PMID: 29998071 PMCID: PMC6037645 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of monoclonal cell lines is an important early process development step for recombinant protein production. Although single-cell cloning is an established method in mammalian cell lines, straightforward protocols are not yet available for insect cells. We describe a new method for the generation of monoclonal insect cells without using fetal bovine serum and/or feeder cells pretreated by irradiation or exposure to mitomycin. Highly productive clones of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells were prepared in a two-step procedure, comprising the establishment of a polyclonal population and subsequent single cell isolation by limiting dilution. Necessary growth factors were provided by co-cultivation of single transformants with untransfected feeder cells, which were later removed by antibiotic selection. Enhanced expression of EGFP and two target peptides was confirmed by flow cytometry and dot/western blotting. Highly productive clones were stable, showed a uniform expression profile and typically a sixfold to tenfold increase in cell-specific productivity.
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Key Words
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide/protein
- BR021, Harmonia axyridis antimicrobial peptide BR021
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- D. melanogaster S2 cells
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GMP, good manufacturing practice
- GmGlv, Galleria mellonella antimicrobial peptide Gloverin
- Insect cell culture
- Monoclonal cell line
- OD600, optical density at 600nm
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RMCE, recombinase mediated cassette exchange
- Recombinant protein expression
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SFM, serum free medium
- Sf9, clonal isolate of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf21 cells
- Single-cell cloning
- Stably transformed
- rS2, recombinant Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zitzmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Schreiber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joel Eichmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roberto Otmar Bilz
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, USA
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources, Giessen, Germany
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B. Shekhawat P, B. Pokharkar V. Understanding peroral absorption: regulatory aspects and contemporary approaches to tackling solubility and permeability hurdles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:260-280. [PMID: 28540164 PMCID: PMC5430883 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral drug absorption is a process influenced by the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug and its inter-relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Drug solubility, dissolution and permeability across intestinal barrier are the key parameters controlling absorption. This review provides an overview of the factors that affect drug absorption and the classification of a drug on the basis of solubility and permeability. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) was introduced in early 90׳s and is a regulatory tool used to predict bioavailability problems associated with a new entity, thereby helping in the development of a drug product. Strategies to combat solubility and permeability issues are also discussed.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AP, absorption potential
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AZT, azidothymidine
- BA/BE, bioavailability/bioequivalence
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BCS
- BCS, biopharmaceutical classification system
- BDDS, biopharmaceutical drug disposition system
- BSP, bromosulfophthalein
- CD, cyclodextrin
- CDER, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research
- CNT, Na+-dependent concentrative transporter
- CNT, concentrative nucleoside transporter
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- D:S, dose:solubility
- E217G, estradiol 17β-glucuronide
- EMEA, European Medicines Agency
- ENT, equilibrative nucleoside transporter
- FATP, fatty acid transporter protein
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FIP, International Pharmaceutical Federation
- FaSSIF, fasted state simulated intestinal fluid
- Factors affecting absorption
- FeSSIF, fed state simulated intestinal fluid
- Formulation strategies
- GIS, gastrointestinal simulator
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- GITA, gastrointestinal transit and absorption
- GLUT, sodium-independent facilitated diffusion transporter
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HIV, human immunodeficiency disease
- HPC-SL, LBDDS, lipid based drug delivery system
- HUGO, Human Genome Organization
- ICH, International Council of Harmonization
- IDR, intrinsic dissolution rate
- IR, immediate release
- ISBT, sodium dependent bile salt transporter
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporter
- MPP, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- MRP, multidrug resistance associated protein
- NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier
- NME, new molecular entity
- NTCP, sodium-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
- OAT, organic anion transporter
- OATP, organic anion transporting polypeptide
- OCT, organic cationic transporter
- OCTN, organic cationic/carnitine transporter
- OMM, ordered mesoporous material
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PAH, p-aminohippurate
- PAMPA, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PEPT, peptide transporter
- PGA, polyglycolic acid
- PLA, poly(lactic acid)
- PLGA, poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycoside
- PMAT, plasma membrane monoamine transport
- PSA, polar surface area
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Papp, apparent permeability
- Peff, effective permeability
- Permeability
- Psi, porous silicon
- RFC, reduced folate transporter
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- SGLT, sodium dependent secondary active transporter
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluid
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLCO, solute carrier organic anion
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SMVT, sodium dependent multivitamin transporter
- SPIP, single pass intestinal perfusion
- SUPAC, scale-up and post approval changes
- SVCT, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter
- Solubility
- TEOS, tetraethylortho silicate
- UWL, unstirred water layer
- VDAD, volume to dissolve applied dose
- WHO, World Health Organization
- pMMA, polymethyl methacrylate
- vit. E TPGS, vitamin E tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate
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Park S, Cheng SL, Cui JY. Characterizing drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters that are bona fide CAR-target genes in mouse intestine. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:475-491. [PMID: 27709017 PMCID: PMC5045557 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestine is responsible for the biotransformation of many orally-exposed chemicals. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR/Nr1i3) is known to up-regulate many genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (drug-processing genes/DPGs) in liver, but less is known regarding its effect in intestine. Sixty-day-old wild-type and Car−/− mice were administered the CAR-ligand TCPOBOP or vehicle once daily for 4 days. In wild-type mice, Car mRNA was down-regulated by TCPOBOP in liver and duodenum. Car−/− mice had altered basal intestinal expression of many DPGs in a section-specific manner. Consistent with the liver data (Aleksunes and Klaassen, 2012), TCPOBOP up-regulated many DPGs (Cyp2b10, Cyp3a11, Aldh1a1, Aldh1a7, Gsta1, Gsta4, Gstm1-m4, Gstt1, Ugt1a1, Ugt2b34, Ugt2b36, and Mrp2–4) in specific sections of small intestine in a CAR-dependent manner. However, the mRNAs of Nqo1 and Papss2 were previously known to be up-regulated by TCPOBOP in liver but were not altered in intestine. Interestingly, many known CAR-target genes were highest expressed in colon where CAR is minimally expressed, suggesting that additional regulators are involved in regulating their expression. In conclusion, CAR regulates the basal expression of many DPGs in intestine, and although many hepatic CAR-targeted DPGs were bona fide CAR-targets in intestine, pharmacological activation of CAR in liver and intestine are not identical.
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Key Words
- Aldh, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Asbt, solute carrier family 10, member 2 (apical sodium/bile acid cotransporter)
- CAR
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CITCO, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo [2,1-b](1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
- Cq, quantification cycle
- Cyp, cytochrome P450
- DPGs, drug-processing genes (genes that encodes drug metabolizing enzymes or transporters)
- Drug-metabolizing enzymes
- Drug-processing genes
- Gst, glutathione S-trasnferase
- H3, Histone 3
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- Intestine
- Mice
- Mrp, multi-drug resistance-associated protein (ABC transporter family C member)
- Nqo1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Oatp, organic anion transporting polypeptide (solute carrier organic anion transporter family member)
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PBST, phosphate-buffered saline with 0.05% tween 20
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Papss2, 3ʹ-phosphoadenosine 5ʹ-phosphosulfate synthase 2
- ST buffer, sucrose Tris buffer
- Sult, sulfotransferase
- TCPOBOP, 3,3ʹ,5,5ʹ-tetrachloro-1,4-bis(pyridyloxy)benzene
- Transporters
- Ugt, UDP glucuronosyltransferase
- WT, wild-type
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- ddCq, delta delta Cq
- hCAR, human constitutive androstane receptor
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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16
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Santiago AM, Clegg DJ, Routh VH. Estrogens modulate ventrolateral ventromedial hypothalamic glucose-inhibited neurons. Mol Metab 2016; 5:823-833. [PMID: 27688996 PMCID: PMC5034617 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain regulation of glucose homeostasis is sexually dimorphic; however, the impact sex hormones have on specific neuronal populations within the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN), a metabolically sensitive brain region, has yet to be fully characterized. Glucose-excited (GE) and -inhibited (GI) neurons are located throughout the VMN and may play a critical role in glucose and energy homeostasis. Within the ventrolateral portion of the VMN (VL-VMN), glucose sensing neurons and estrogen receptor (ER) distributions overlap. We therefore tested the hypothesis that VL-VMN glucose sensing neurons were sexually dimorphic and regulated by 17β-estradiol (17βE). Methods Electrophysiological recordings of VL-VMN glucose sensing neurons in brain slices isolated from age- and weight-matched female and male mice were performed in the presence and absence of 17βE. Results We found a new class of VL-VMN GI neurons whose response to low glucose was transient despite continued exposure to low glucose. Heretofore, we refer to these newly identified VL-VMN GI neurons as ‘adapting’ or AdGI neurons. We found a sexual dimorphic response to low glucose, with male nonadapting GI neurons, but not AdGI neurons, responding more robustly to low glucose than those from females. 17βE blunted the response of both nonadapting GI and AdGI neurons to low glucose in both males and females, which was mediated by activation of estrogen receptor β and inhibition of AMP-activated kinase. In contrast, 17βE had no impact on GE or non-glucose sensing neurons in either sex. Conclusion These data suggest sex differences and estrogenic regulation of VMN hypothalamic glucose sensing may contribute to the sexual dimorphism in glucose homeostasis. Hypothalamic glucose sensitivity is sexually dimorphic. 17βE blunts activation of glucose inhibited neurons in low glucose. Estrogen regulation of glucose sensing may mediate sexual dimorphisms in glucose homeostasis.
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Key Words
- 17β-estradiol
- 17βE, 17β-estradiol
- AICAR, aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside
- AMP-activated kinase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ARC, arcuate nucleus
- BSA-17βE, bovine serum albumin-conjugated 17βE
- CC, compound C
- ER, estrogen receptor
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GE, glucose-excited
- GI, glucose-inhibited
- Glucose excited neurons
- Glucose inhibited neurons
- HRP, horse radish peroxidase
- IR, input resistance
- MPP, methylphenolpyrazole
- NGS, non-glucose sensing
- PHTPP, phenyltrifluoromethylpyrazolophenol
- POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- SF-1, steroidogenic factor
- Sexual dimorphism
- TTX, tetrodotoxin
- VL-VMN, ventrolateral VMN
- VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus
- VMN, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
- Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
- Vm, membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammy M Santiago
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States.
| | - Vanessa H Routh
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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Chng J, Wang T, Nian R, Lau A, Hoi KM, Ho SCL, Gagnon P, Bi X, Yang Y. Cleavage efficient 2A peptides for high level monoclonal antibody expression in CHO cells. MAbs 2015; 7:403-12. [PMID: 25621616 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1008351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Linking the heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) genes required for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) production on a single cassette using 2A peptides allows control of LC and HC ratio and reduces non-expressing cells. Four 2A peptides derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (F2A), equine rhinitis A virus (E2A), porcine teschovirus-1 (P2A) and Thosea asigna virus (T2A), respectively, were compared for expression of 3 biosimilar IgG1 mAbs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. HC and LC were linked by different 2A peptides both in the absence and presence of GSG linkers. Insertion of a furin recognition site upstream of 2A allowed removal of 2A residues that would otherwise be attached to the HC. Different 2A peptides exhibited different cleavage efficiencies that correlated to the mAb expression level. The relative cleavage efficiency of each 2A peptide remains similar for expression of different IgG1 mAbs in different CHO cells. While complete cleavage was not observed for any of the 2A peptides, GSG linkers did enhance the cleavage efficiency and thus the mAb expression level. T2A with the GSG linker (GT2A) exhibited the highest cleavage efficiency and mAb expression level. Stably amplified CHO DG44 pools generated using GT2A had titers 357, 416 and 600 mg/L for the 3 mAbs in shake flask batch cultures. Incomplete cleavage likely resulted in incorrectly processed mAb species and aggregates, which were removed with a chromatin-directed clarification method and protein A purification. The vector and methods presented provide an easy process beneficial for both mAb development and manufacturing.
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Key Words
- 2A peptide
- CHO
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- E2A, 2A peptide derived from the equine rhinitis virus
- F2A, 2A peptide derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus
- G, glycine
- GE2A, E2A with the GSG linker
- GF2A, F2A with the GSG linker
- GFP, green fluorescence protein
- GP2A, P2A with the GSG linker
- GSG linker
- GT2A, T2A with the GSG linker
- HC, heavy chain
- HT, hypoxanthine and thymine
- IRES, internal ribosome entry site
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- K, lysine
- LC, light chain
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTX, methotrexate
- P, proline
- P2A, 2A peptide derived from the porcine teschovirus-1
- PFM, protein-free medium
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- T2A, 2A peptide derived from the Thosea asigna virus
- cleavage efficiency
- furin
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Chng
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute; Agency for Science , Technology and Research (A*STAR) ; Singapore
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18
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Abstract
Anifrolumab (anifrolumab) is an antagonist human monoclonal antibody that targets interferon α receptor 1 (IFNAR1). Anifrolumab has been developed to treat autoimmune diseases and is currently in clinical trials. To decipher the molecular basis of its mechanism of action, we engaged in multiple epitope mapping approaches to determine how it interacts with IFNAR1 and antagonizes the receptor. We identified the epitope of anifrolumab using enzymatic fragmentation, phage-peptide library panning and mutagenesis approaches. Our studies revealed that anifrolumab recognizes the SD3 subdomain of IFNAR1 with the critical residue R279. Further, we solved the crystal structure of anifrolumab Fab to a resolution of 2.3 Å. Guided by our epitope mapping studies, we then used in silico protein docking of the anifrolumab Fab crystal structure to IFNAR1 and characterized the corresponding mode of binding. We find that anifrolumab sterically inhibits the binding of IFN ligands to IFNAR1, thus blocking the formation of the ternary IFN/IFNAR1/IFNAR2 signaling complex. This report provides the molecular basis for the mechanism of action of anifrolumab and may provide insights toward designing antibody therapies against IFNAR1.
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Key Words
- APBS, Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CDR, complementarity-determining region
- CHARMm, Chemistry at HARvard Macromolecular Mechanics
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fab, fragment antigen-binding
- Fc, fragment crystallizable
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR1
- IFNAR1, interferon alpha receptor 1
- IFNAR2, interferon alpha receptor 2
- IgG, immunoglobulin
- KD, equilibrium dissociation constant
- L-Cys, L-cysteine
- MEDI546
- MEMα, minimum essential alpha
- MLE, murine lung epithelial
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PBST, phosphate buffered saline tablets
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDB, protein data bank
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Ph.D., phage display
- PyMOL, python-enhanced molecular graphics tool
- RDOCK, rigid-body docking algorithm
- RU, resonance units
- SDS–PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- VH, variable heavy
- VL, variable light
- ZDOCK, rigid-body docking algorithm
- anifrolumab
- enzymatic fragmentation
- epitope mapping
- kDa, kilodaltons
- mutagenesis
- phage-peptide display
- protein docking
- systemic sclerosis
- Å, ångström
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering ; MedImmune LLC ; Gaithersburg , MD USA
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19
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Zhou X, Xia Y, Li L, Zhang G. MiR-101 inhibits cell growth and tumorigenesis of Helicobacter pylori related gastric cancer by repression of SOCS2. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:160-9. [PMID: 25561270 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.987523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several microRNAs (miRNA) have been implicated in H. pylori related gastric cancer (GC). However, the molecular mechanism of miRNAs in gastric cancer has not been fully understood. In this study, we reported that miR-101 is significantly down-regulated in H. pylori positive tissues and cells and in tumor tissues with important functional consequences. Ectopic expression of miR-101 dramatically suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation by inducing G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. We found that miR-101 strongly reduced the expression of SOCS2 oncogene in GC cells. Similar to the restoring miR-26 expression, SOCS2 down-regulation inhibited cell growth and cell-cycle progression, whereas SOCS2 over-expression rescued the suppressive effect of miR-101. Mechanistic investigations revealed that miR-101 suppressed the expression of c-myc, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, CCND2, CCND3, and CCNE2, while promoted tumor suppressor p14, p16, p21 and p27 expression. In clinical specimens, SOCS2 was over-expressed in tumors and H. pylori positive tissues and its mRNA levels were inversely correlated with miR-101 expression. Taken together, our results indicated that miR-101 functions as a growth-suppressive miRNA in H. pylori related GC, and that its suppressive effects are mediated mainly by repressing SOCS2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- a Department of Gastroenterology ; First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University ; Nanjing , China
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20
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Kumar G, Tajpara P, Bukhari AB, Ramchandani AG, De A, Maru GB. Dietary curcumin post-treatment enhances the disappearance of B(a)P-derived DNA adducts in mouse liver and lungs. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1181-1194. [PMID: 28962328 PMCID: PMC5598465 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of dietary curcumin on disappearance of DNA adducts were studied. Curcumin post-treatment enhanced the disappearance of BPDE-DNA adducts in liver/lungs. Curcumin post-treatment augmented B(a)P-induced apoptosis during 24–120 h. Curcumin post-treatment increased PCNA in B(a)P-treated tissues during 7–28 days. Curcumin-mediated increase in apoptosis and cell proliferation decreased DNA adducts.
To study the post-treatment effects of dietary curcumin on the levels of benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P]-induced DNA adducts, mice were administered oil or B(a)P and randomized into 7 subgroups after 24 h. One of the subgroups from both the oil and B(a)P groups was killed at 24 h while the remaining 6 subgroups were shifted to powdered control or 0.05% curcumin diet and killed after 24, 72 and 120 h (experiment 1), and 7, 14, and 28 days (experiment 2). Quantitative comparisons of BPDE-DNA nuclear adducts (area and intensity) in immunohistochemically stained lungs and liver sections was carried out by IHC profiler. A time-dependent decrease in the levels of adducts in B(a)P-treated animals was further enhanced by curcumin exposure compared to the levels in time-matched controls. To assess the contribution of apoptosis and cell proliferation in observed curcumin-mediated enhanced decrease of BPDE-DNA adducts, comparative evaluation of apoptosis and cell proliferation markers was undertaken. Results suggested enhancement of B(a)P-induced apoptosis in liver and lungs by curcumin during 24–120 h while no such enhancement was observed at 7–28 days. Results suggest curcumin-mediated enhancement in apoptosis (experiment 1) and adduct dilution (experiment 2) to be the reason for the observed higher decrease of BPDE-DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
| | - Pooja Tajpara
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
| | - Amirali B Bukhari
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
| | - Asha G Ramchandani
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
| | - Abhijit De
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
| | - Girish B Maru
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410 210, India
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21
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Akin D, Wang SK, Habibzadegah-Tari P, Law B, Ostrov D, Li M, Yin XM, Kim JS, Horenstein N, Dunn WA. A novel ATG4B antagonist inhibits autophagy and has a negative impact on osteosarcoma tumors. Autophagy 2014; 10:2021-35. [PMID: 25483883 PMCID: PMC4502682 DOI: 10.4161/auto.32229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been implicated in the progression and chemoresistance of various cancers. In this study, we have shown that osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells lacking ATG4B, a cysteine proteinase that activates LC3B, are defective in autophagy and fail to form tumors in mouse models. By combining in silico docking with in vitro and cell-based assays, we identified small compounds that suppressed starvation-induced protein degradation, LC3B lipidation, and formation of autophagic vacuoles. NSC185058 effectively inhibited ATG4B activity in vitro and in cells while having no effect on MTOR and PtdIns3K activities. In addition, this ATG4B antagonist had a negative impact on the development of Saos-2 osteosarcoma tumors in vivo. We concluded that tumor suppression was due to a reduction in ATG4B activity, since we found autophagy suppressed within treated tumors and the compound had no effects on oncogenic protein kinases. Our findings demonstrate that ATG4B is a suitable anti-autophagy target and a promising therapeutic target to treat osteosarcoma.
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Key Words
- 3MA, 3-methyladenine
- ACTB, actin, beta
- ATG, autophagy-related
- ATG4B
- ATG4B, autophagy-related 4B, cysteine protease
- AV, autophagic vacuole
- BECN1, beclin 1, autophagy related
- CMPase, cytidine monophosphatase
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- FYVE, zinc-finger domain named after 4 cysteine-rich proteins: FAB1, YOTB, VAC1, and EEA1
- GABARAPL2, GABA(A) receptor-associated protein-like 2
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- IP, intraperitoneal
- LC3B
- MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3beta
- MP, melting point
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- NCI, National Cancer Institute
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- PtdIns3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class III
- PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- RLU, relative luciferase units
- RPS6, ribosomal protein S6
- RPS6KB1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 70kDa, polypeptide 1
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- ULK1/2, unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1/2
- and xenografts
- antiautophagy compounds
- dNGLUC, Gaussia luciferase
- in silico docking
- osteosarcoma
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Akin
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology ; University of Florida ; Gainesville , FL USA
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Kapoor R, Kakkar P. Naringenin accords hepatoprotection from streptozotocin induced diabetes in vivo by modulating mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic signaling cascade. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:569-581. [PMID: 28962270 PMCID: PMC5598533 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications cause noticeable liver damage, which finally progresses to diabetic hepatopathy. Nutritive antioxidants not only reduce the liver damage, but also prevent it by modulating the release of various proteins involved in apoptotic signaling cascades. This study explores the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced liver damage and its modulation by naringenin. Antioxidant status, liver & kidney biomarker enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, expression of apoptotic proteins like Bax (bcl-2 associated X), Bcl-2 (b-cell Lymhoma-2), Caspase-3, Caspase-9, AIF (Apoptosis inducing factor) and Endo-G (Endonuclease-G) were studied in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Significant hyperglycemia, disturbed antioxidant status, altered carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, increased ROS and lipid peroxidation; decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced release of AIF and Endo-G were observed. Hyperglycemia also affected apoptosis and its related genes at both transcriptional and translational level (Caspase-3 & 9, Bax and Bcl-2) in the liver of diabetic rats. Naringenin, a flavonone, exerted anti-hyperglycemic effect and was able to prevent oxidative stress and resultant apoptotic events caused due to diabetes-induced hepatotoxicity. Thus, our study shows, a protective effect of naringenin against diabetes induced liver damage and redox imbalance, which could further be exploited for the management of diabetic hepatopathy.
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Key Words
- AGE, advanced glycated end products
- AIF, apoptosis inducing factor
- Apoptosis
- Bax, bcl-2 associated X
- Bcl-2, b-cell Lymhoma-2
- CAT, catalase
- CoN, diabetic rats co-treated with naringenin during streptozotocin induction
- CtN, control rats treated with naringenin
- Ctrl, control rats
- DCF, dichlorofluorescein
- DCFH-DA, 2′7′dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- DNA,COX-II, cyclo-oxygenase-II
- Diab, diabetic rats
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Endo-G, endonuclease-G
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- Glib, diabetic rats treated with standard drug glybenclamide
- Glibenclamide (PubChem CID: 3488)
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazol-carbocyanine iodide
- Liver damage
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- NADPH (PubChem CID: 12598259)
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced
- NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium
- Naringenin
- Naringenin (PubChem CID: 932)
- Nicotinamide (PubChem CID: 936)
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PKC, protein kinase-C
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- PoN, diabetic rats treated with naringenin after diabetes induction
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RT-PCR, reverse transciptase polymerase chain reaction
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Sil, diabetic rats treated with silymarin
- Silymarin (PubChem CID: 1548894)
- Sodium dodecyl sulphate (PubChem CID: 3423265)
- Streptozotocin (PubChem CID: 29327)
- Streptozotocin induced diabetes
- Thiobarbituric acid (PubChem CID: 3081198)
- TriChloroacetic acid (PubChem CID: 6421)
- cDNA, complementary
- d-glucose (PubChem CID: 5793)
- p-NA, p-nitro aniline
- ΨΔm, mitochondrial membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Tanaka K, Soeda M, Hashimoto Y, Takenaka S, Komori M. Identification of phosphorylation sites in Hansenula polymorpha Pex14p by mass spectrometry. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 3:6-10. [PMID: 23847754 PMCID: PMC3668515 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pex14p is a peroxisomal membrane protein that is involved in both peroxisome biogenesis and selective peroxisome degradation. Previously, we showed that Hansenula polymorpha Pex14p was phosphorylated in vivo. In this study, we identified its phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry. Recombinant His-tagged Pex14p (H6-Pex14p) was overexpressed and purified from the yeast. The protein band corresponding to H6-Pex14p was in-gel digested with trypsin and subjected to LC/MS. As a result of LC/MS, Thr(248) and Ser(258) were identified as the phosphorylated sites. To confirm the phosphorylation sites and explore its functions, we made Ala mutants of the candidate amino acids. In the western blot analysis with anti-Pex14p, S258A mutant gave doublet bands while wild type (WT) and T248A mutants gave triplet bands. Moreover, the double mutant (T248A/S258A) gave a single band. WT and all mutant Pex14p labeled with [(32)P] orthophosphate were immunoprecipitated and analyzed by autoradiography. The phosphorylation of Pex14p was suppressed in S258A mutant, but enhanced in T248A mutant compared to WT. Moreover, the phosphorylated Pex14p was not detected in the T248A/S258A double mutant. All mutants were able to grow on methanol and their matrix proteins (alcohol oxidase and amine oxidase) were mostly localized in peroxisomes. Furthermore all mutants showed selective degradation of peroxisome like WT during the glucose-induced macropexophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Tanaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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