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Liu P, Sun Q, Gai Z, Yang F, Yang Y. Dual-mode fluorescence and colorimetric smartphone-based sensing platform with oxidation-induced self-assembled nanoflowers for sarcosine detection. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1306:342586. [PMID: 38692787 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early prostatic cancer (PCa) diagnosis significantly improves the chances of successful treatment and enhances patient survival rates. Traditional enzyme cascade-based early cancer detection methods offer efficiency and signal amplification but are limited by cost, complexity, and enzyme dependency, affecting stability and practicality. Meanwhile, sarcosine (Sar) is commonly considered a biomarker for PCa development. It is essential to develop a Sar detection method based on cascade reactions, which should be efficient, low skill requirement, and suitable for on-site testing. RESULTS To address this, our study introduces the synthesis of organic-inorganic self-assembled nanoflowers to optimize existing detection methods. The Sar oxidase (SOX)-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (Cu3(PO4)2:Ce@SOX) possess inherent fluorescent properties and excellent peroxidase activity, coupled with efficient enzyme loading. Based on this, we have developed a dual-mode multi-enzyme cascade nanoplatform combining fluorescence and colorimetric methods for the detection of Sar. The encapsulation yield of Cu3(PO4)2:Ce@SOX reaches 84.5 %, exhibiting a remarkable enhancement in catalytic activity by 1.26-1.29 fold compared to free SOX. The present study employing a dual-signal mechanism encompasses 'turn-off' fluorescence signals ranging from 0.5 μM to 60 μM, with a detection limit of 0.226 μM, and 'turn-on' colorimetric signals ranging from 0.18 μM to 60 μM, with a detection limit of 0.120 μM. SIGNIFICANCE Furthermore, our study developed an intelligent smartphone sensor system utilizing cotton swabs for real-time analysis of Sar without additional instruments. The nano-platform exhibits exceptional repeatability and stability, rendering it well-suited for detecting Sar in authentic human urine samples. This innovation allows for immediate analysis, offering valuable insights for portable and efficient biosensors applicable to Sar and other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Aggregate Materials of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Aggregate Materials of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Zhexu Gai
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Aggregate Materials of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Fei Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanzhao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Aggregate Materials of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
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Khachornsakkul K, Leelasattarathkul T. Photothermal biosensing integrated with microfluidic paper-based analytical device for sensitive quantification of sarcosine. Talanta 2024; 271:125628. [PMID: 38219320 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This article presents the development of a photothermal biosensing integrated with microfluidic paper-based analytical device (PT-μPAD) as a quantitative biosensor method for monitoring sarcosine in human control urine, plasma, and serum samples. The device utilizes gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as both a peroxidase-like nanozyme and a photothermal substrate to enable sarcosine detection. In our PT-μPAD, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is generated through the oxidation of sarcosine by a sarcosine oxidase (SOx) enzyme. Subsequently, the H2O2 flows through the paper microchannels to the detection zone, where it etches the pre-deposited AuNPs, inducing a temperature change upon exposure by a 532 nm laser. The temperature variation is then measured using a portable and inexpensive infrared thermometer. Under optimized conditions, we obtained a linear range between 10.0 and 40.0 nmol L-1 (R2 = 0.9954) and a detection limit (LOD) of 32.0 pmol L-1. These values fall within the clinical range for sarcosine monitoring in prostate cancer diagnostics in humans. Moreover, our approach exhibits high selectivity without interfering effects. Recovery studies in various human control samples demonstrated a range of 99.05-102.11 % with the highest RSD of 2.25 %. The PT-μPAD was further validated for sarcosine determination in human control urine and compared with a commercial ELISA assay, revealing no significant difference between these two methods at a 95 % confidence level. Overall, our proposed sarcosine biosensor is well-suited for prostate cancer monitoring, given its affordability, sensitivity, and user-friendliness, even for unskilled individuals. Moreover, this strategy has promising prospects for broader applications, potentially detecting various biomarkers as a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawin Khachornsakkul
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, Bangkok, 10120, Thailand; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Tapparath Leelasattarathkul
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, Bangkok, 10120, Thailand.
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Riedel R, Commichau FM, Benndorf D, Hertel R, Holzer K, Hoelzle LE, Mardoukhi MSY, Noack LE, Martienssen M. Biodegradation of selected aminophosphonates by the bacterial isolate Ochrobactrum sp. BTU1. Microbiol Res 2024; 280:127600. [PMID: 38211497 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Aminophosphonates, like glyphosate (GS) or metal chelators such as ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid) (EDTMP), are released on a large scale worldwide. Here, we have characterized a bacterial strain capable of degrading synthetic aminophosphonates. The strain was isolated from LC/MS standard solution. Genome sequencing indicated that the strain belongs to the genus Ochrobactrum. Whole-genome classification using pyANI software to compute a pairwise ANI and other metrics between Brucella assemblies and Ochrobactrum contigs revealed that the bacterial strain is designated as Ochrobactrum sp. BTU1. Degradation batch tests with Ochrobactrum sp. BTU1 and the selected aminophosphonates GS, EDTMP, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), iminodi(methylene-phosphonic) (IDMP) and ethylaminobis(methylenephosphonic) acid (EABMP) showed that the strain can use all phosphonates as sole phosphorus source during phosphorus starvation. The highest growth rate was achieved with AMPA, while EDTMP and GS were least supportive for growth. Proteome analysis revealed that GS degradation is promoted by C-P lyase via the sarcosine pathway, i.e., initial cleavage at the C-P bond. We also identified C-P lyase to be responsible for degradation of EDTMP, EABMP, IDMP and AMPA. However, the identification of the metabolite ethylenediaminetri(methylenephosphonic acid) via LC/MS analysis in the test medium during EDTMP degradation indicates a different initial cleavage step as compared to GS. For EDTMP, it is evident that the initial cleavage occurs at the C-N bond. The detection of different key enzymes at regulated levels, form the bacterial proteoms during EDTMP exposure, further supports this finding. This study illustrates that widely used and structurally more complex aminophosphonates can be degraded by Ochrobactrum sp. BTU1 via the well-known degradation pathways but with different initial cleavage strategy compared to GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Riedel
- Chair of Biotechnology of Water Treatment Brandenburg, Institute of Environmental Technology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany.
| | - Fabian M Commichau
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany; FG Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dirk Benndorf
- Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Köthen, Germany; Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Hertel
- FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany; Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Holzer
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ludwig E Hoelzle
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mohammad Saba Yousef Mardoukhi
- Chair of Biotechnology of Water Treatment Brandenburg, Institute of Environmental Technology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany; FG Synthetic Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany; FG Molecular Microbiology, Institute for Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Laura Emelie Noack
- Chair of Biotechnology of Water Treatment Brandenburg, Institute of Environmental Technology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Marion Martienssen
- Chair of Biotechnology of Water Treatment Brandenburg, Institute of Environmental Technology, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
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Hamdi F, Roushani M, Nasibipour M, Hoseini SJ. Aptasensor based on high surface area covalent organic framework for simple and ultrasensitive detection of sarcosine in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1291:342235. [PMID: 38280784 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an electrochemical aptasensor was developed for the specific detection of sarcosine using a covalent organic framework (COF). The imine-based two-dimensional COF was synthesized through a solvothermal process using terephthaldehyde and melamine. This resulted in the formation of a structure that is highly porous and has a unique surface area of 908 m2/g. The produced biosensor demonstrated a significant linear relationship between charge transfer resistance (Rct) and various concentrations of sarcosine in blood serum samples. The aptasensor had two linear ranges, spanning from 0.5 fM to 700 fM and 10 pM to 0.12 nM, respectively, with a detection limit of 0.15 fM. The incorporation of high surface area COFs in the aptasensor design offers a promising combination of sensitivity, stability, and specificity. This combination creates a valuable device for diagnosing and monitoring of prostate cancer and potentially other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hamdi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, 6939177111, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Roushani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, 6939177111, Iran.
| | - Mina Nasibipour
- Prof. Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry & Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7194684795, Iran
| | - S Jafar Hoseini
- Prof. Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry & Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7194684795, Iran.
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Dutta M, Sharma P, Raturi V, Bhargava B, Zinta G. SarCTAB: an efficient and cost-effective DNA isolation protocol from geophytes. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:36. [PMID: 38221992 PMCID: PMC10784239 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Geophytes are herbaceous plants that grow anew from underground buds and are excellent models to study storage organ formation. However, molecular studies involving geophytes are constrained due to the presence of a wide spectrum of polysaccharides and polyphenols that contaminate the genomic DNA. At present, several protocols exist for the extraction of genomic DNA from different plant species; however, isolating high-quality DNA from geophytes is challenging. Such challenges are further complexed by longer incubation time and multiple precipitation steps involved in existing DNA isolation methods. To overcome such problems, we aimed to establish a DNA extraction method (SarCTAB) which is an economical, quick, and sustainable way of DNA isolation from geophytes. We improved the traditional CTAB method by optimizing key ingredients such as sarcosine, β-mercaptoethanol, and high molar concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl), which resulted in high concentration and good-quality DNA with lesser polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols. This method was evaluated to extract DNA from storage organs of six different geophytes. The SarCTAB method provides an average yield of 1755 ng/µl of high-quality DNA from 100 mg of underground storage tissues with an average standard purity of 1.86 (260/280) and 1.42 (260/230). The isolated genomic DNA performed well with Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) amplification, restriction digestion with EcoRI, and PCR amplification of plant barcode genes viz. matK and rbcL. Also, the cost involved in DNA isolation was low when compared to that with commercially available kits. Overall, SarCTAB method works effectively to isolate high-quality genomic DNA in a cost-effective manner from the underground storage tissues of geophytes, and can be applied for next-generation sequencing, DNA barcoding, and whole genome bisulfite sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhushree Dutta
- Integrative Plant AdaptOmics Lab (iPAL), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Paras Sharma
- Integrative Plant AdaptOmics Lab (iPAL), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
| | - Vidhi Raturi
- Integrative Plant AdaptOmics Lab (iPAL), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Bhavya Bhargava
- Integrative Plant AdaptOmics Lab (iPAL), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Integrative Plant AdaptOmics Lab (iPAL), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Farokhi S, Roushani M. Flower-like core-shell nanostructures based on natural asphalt coated with Ni-LDH nanosheets as an electrochemical platform for prostate cancer biomarker sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:198. [PMID: 37126101 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Flower-like core-shell nanostructures based on natural asphalt (NA) coated with nickel-layered double hydroxide nanosheets (Ni-LDH NSs) were synthesized for the first time. The synthetic nanostructures were successfully used as an efficient platform in the design of sarcosine (SAR) electrochemical aptasensor. SAR is considered an efficient biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis. However, the low concentration of SAR in urine, plasma, and tissue cells has limited the growth of SAR biosensors. The performance of the presented SAR aptasensor is very promising in being applied as a portable device in the identification of PCa. After drawing the calibration curve, the linear concentration range was obtained in two ranges from 5 pM to 100 nM and 100 nM to 7.9 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 1.6 pM. This study can provide a basis for wider research in various programs such as developing PCa diagnostic aptasensors and investigating the use of NA nanostructures in other electrochemical applications such as electrocatalysis and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Farokhi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, P. O. BOX, Ilam, 69315-516, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Roushani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ilam University, P. O. BOX, Ilam, 69315-516, Iran.
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Chen C, Ran B, Liu B, Liu X, Liu Y, Lan M, Manasseh R, Zhu Y. Development of a novel microfluidic biosensing platform integrating micropillar array electrode and acoustic microstreaming techniques. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 223:114703. [PMID: 36563526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying biomarkers at the early stage of the disease is challenging due to the low abundance of biomarkers in the sample and the lack of sensitive techniques. This article reports the development of a novel microfluidic electrochemical biosensing platform to address this challenge. The electrochemical sensing is achieved by utilizing a micropillar array electrode (μAE) coated with 3D bimetallic Pt-Pd nanotrees to enhance the sensitivity. A bubble-based acoustic microstreaming technique is integrated with the device to increase the contact of analyte molecules with the surface of electrodes to further enhance the electrochemical performance. The current density of Pt-Pd NTs/μAE with acoustic microstreaming is nearly 22 times that of the bare planar electrode in potassium ferrocyanide solution. The developed biosensor has demonstrated excellent sensing performance. For hydrogen peroxide detection, both the Pt-Pd NTs/μAE and acoustic microstreaming contribute to the sensitivity enhancement. The current density of the Pt-Pd NTs/μAE is approximatively 28 times that of the bare μAE. With acoustic microstreaming, this enhancement is further increased by nearly 1.6 times. The platform has a linear detection range of 5-1000 μM with a LOD of 1.8 μM toward hydrogen peroxide detection, while for sarcosine detection, the linear range is between 5 and 100 μM and LOD is 2.2 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the sarcosine biosensing shows a high sensitivity of 667 μA mM-1∙cm-2. Such a sensing platform has the potential as a portable device for high sensitivity detection of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhan Chen
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Bin Ran
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Ya Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518100, China
| | - Minbo Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Richard Manasseh
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Center for Microflows and Nanoflows, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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Cheng YJ, Lin CH, Lane HY. Ketamine, benzoate, and sarcosine for treating depression. Neuropharmacology 2023; 223:109351. [PMID: 36423705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated the beneficial therapeutic effects of sarcosine, benzoate, and ketamine (including esketamine and arketamine) on depression. These drugs mainly act by modulating N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDARs) and reducing inflammation in the brain. Although ketamine, benzoate, and sarcosine act differently as the antagonists or coagonists of NMDARs, they all have demonstrated efficacy in animal models or human trials. In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that sarcosine, benzoate, and ketamine exert their anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting microglial activity. This review summarizes and compares the efficacy of the possible therapeutic mechanisms of sarcosine, benzoate, ketamine, esketamine, and arketamine. These compounds act as both NMDAR modulators and anti-inflammatory drugs and thus can be effective in the treatment of depression.
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Nielsen CU, Krog NF, Sjekirica I, Nielsen SS, Pedersen ML. SNAT2 is responsible for hyperosmotic induced sarcosine and glycine uptake in human prostate PC-3 cells. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1249-1262. [PMID: 36175560 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLC) are important membrane transport proteins in normal and pathophysiological cells. The aim was to identify amino acid SLC(s) responsible for uptake of sarcosine and glycine in prostate cancer cells and investigate the impact hereon of hyperosmotic stress. Uptake of 14C-sarcosine and 3H-glycine was measured in human prostate cancer (PC-3) cells cultured under isosmotic (300 mOsm/kg) and hyperosmotic (500 mOsm/kg) conditions for 24 h. Hyperosmotic culture medium was obtained by supplementing the medium with 200 mM of the trisaccharide raffinose. Amino acid SLC expression was studied using RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and western blotting. siRNA knockdown of SNAT2 was performed. Experiments were conducted in at least 3 independent cell passages. The uptake of Sar and Gly was increased approximately 8-ninefold in PC-3 cells after 24 h hyperosmotic culture. PAT1 mRNA and protein could not be detected, while SNAT2 was upregulated at the mRNA and protein level. Transfection with SNAT2-specific siRNA reduced Vmax of Sar uptake from 2653 ± 38 to 513 ± 38 nmol mg protein-1 min-1, without altering the Km value (3.19 ± 0.13 vs. 3.42 ± 0.71 mM), indicating that SNAT2 is responsible for at least 80% of Sar uptake in hyperosmotic cultured PC-3 cells. SNAT2 is upregulated in hyperosmotic stressed prostate cancer cells and SNAT2 is responsible for cellular sarcosine and glycine uptake in hyperosmotic cultured PC-3 cells. Sar is identified as a substrate for SNAT2, and this has physiological implications for understanding cellular solute transport in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Nanna Friberg Krog
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ilham Sjekirica
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sidsel Strandgaard Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria L Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
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Nguyen NT, Vo VT, Nguyen THP, Kiefer R. Isolation and optimization of a glyphosate-degrading Rhodococcus soli G41 for bioremediation. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:252. [PMID: 35411478 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A widely used herbicide for controlling weeds, glyphosate, is causing environmental pollution. It is necessary to remove it from environment using a cost-effective and eco-friendly method. The aims of this study were to isolate glyphosate-degrading bacteria and to optimize their degradative conditions required for bioremediation. Sixteen bacterial strains were isolated through enrichment and one strain, Rhodococcus soli G41, demonstrated a high removal rate of glyphosate than other strains. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize distinct environmental factors on glyphosate degradation of G41 strain. The optimal conditions for the maximum glyphosate degradation were found to have the NH4Cl concentration of 0.663% and glyphosate concentration of 0.115%, resulting in a maximum degradation of 42.7% after 7 days. Bioremediation analysis showed 47.1% and 40% of glyphosate in unsterile soil and sterile soil was removed by G41 strain after 14 days, respectively. The presence of soxB gene in G41 strain indicates that the glyphosate is degraded via the eco-friendly sarcosine pathway. The results indicated that G41 strain has the potential to serve as an in-situ candidate for bioremediation of glyphosate polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho St., Tan Phong Ward, Dist. 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Van Tam Vo
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho St., Tan Phong Ward, Dist. 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - The Hong Phong Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho St., Tan Phong Ward, Dist. 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho St., Tan Phong Ward, Dist. 7, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Rashedi M, Alizadeh T. A novel non-enzymatic sensor for prostate cancer biomarker sensing based on electrocatalytic oxidation of sarcosine at nanostructured NiMn 2O 4 impregnated carbon paste electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1186:339121. [PMID: 34756269 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work addresses the electrocatalytic activity of a binary metal oxide catalyst of NiMn2O4 for electroxidation of sarcosine, the well-known prostate cancer biomarker. The nanocatalyst described was prepared via hydrothermal synthesis route, followed by calcination at 800 °C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were applied to obtain information about the material morphology and structure. A carbon paste electrode modified with nano-NiMn2O4 showed unique catalytic activity in sarcosine electroxidation which led to a significant rise in oxidation current (about four times) in comparison with the blank electrode. However, the carbon paste electrodes containing single oxides of NiO and Mn2O3 exhibited no considerable enhancement in sarcosine signal. The cyclic voltammetry results indicated that the Mn3+/Mn4+ couple was responsible for sarcosine oxidation, and NiO may enhance the content of Mn4+species in NiMn2O4 material. The carbon paste-based NiMn2O4 electrode was applied in the sensitive determination of sarcosine in the concentration range of 0.01-5.0 μM with the relative standard deviation of 3.49% (n = 5). The detection limit and quantification limit of the probe were determined to be 3.8 and 12 nM, respectively. The remarkable sensitivity and high selectivity of the method approved the sensor applicability in measurement of sarcosine content in urine samples.
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Rossi F, Carles L, Donnadieu F, Batisson I, Artigas J. Glyphosate-degrading behavior of five bacterial strains isolated from stream biofilms. J Hazard Mater 2021; 420:126651. [PMID: 34329075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the individual degrading behavior of bacterial strains isolated from glyphosate-degrading stream biofilms. In this aim, biofilms were subjected to enrichment experiments using glyphosate or its metabolite AMPA (aminomethyl phosphonic acid) as the sole phosphorus source. Five bacterial strains were isolated and taxonomically affiliated to Ensifer sp. CNII15, Acidovorax sp. CNI26, Agrobacterium tumefaciens CNI28, Novosphingobium sp. CNI35 and Ochrobactrum pituitosum CNI52. All strains were capable of completely dissipating glyphosate after 125-400 h and AMPA after 30-120 h, except for Ensifer sp. CNII15 that was not able to dissipate glyphosate but entirely dissipated AMPA after 200 h. AMPA dissipation was overall faster than glyphosate dissipation. The five strains degraded AMPA completely since formaldehyde and/or glycine accumulation was observed. During glyphosate degradation, the strain CNI26 used the C-P lyase degradation pathway since sarcosine was quantitatively produced, and C-P lyase gene expression was enhanced 30× compared to the control treatment. However, strains CNI28, CNI35 and CNI52 accumulated both formaldehyde and glycine after glyphosate transformation suggesting that both C-P lyase and/or glyphosate oxidase degradation pathways took place. Our study shows different and complementary glyphosate degradation pathways for bacteria co-existing in stream biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Rossi
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Louis Carles
- Department of Environmental Toxicology (Utox), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Florence Donnadieu
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Batisson
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Joan Artigas
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Ünlüer ÖB, Altunkök N, Özkütük EB, Ersöz A. Graphenoxide Cross-Linker Based Potentiometric Biosensor Design For Sarcosine Determination. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1303-1311. [PMID: 34629039 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666211008160111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcosine, also known as N-methyl glycine, is a natural amino acid that is an intermediate and by product in glycine synthesis and degradation. Recently found in many peptides, sarcosine has been researched as a newly accepted prostate cancer marker. The increased concentration of sarcosine in blood serum and the urine showed that malignancy of measured prostate cancer cells is active. OBJECTIVE In this article, we aimed to design a potentiometric biosensor for detection of sarcosine with a low detection limit, high selectivity, short response time, wide linear range, and satisfactory long-term stability. METHODS In this article, we developed a new Graphene oxide (GFOX) photosensitive cross- linker based potentiometric biosensor based on the AmiNoAcid (monomer) Decorated and Light Underpinning Conjugation Approach (ANADOLUCA) method. The functional groups determined using Raman, FT-IR, XPS analyzes, and surface characterization, the morphology of synthesized GFOX photosensitive cross-linker were determined by TEM and AFM studies. Then, the performance of the GFOX based potentiometric biosensor has been evaluated. RESULTS When the usage of the developed GFOX doped potentiometric biosensor against sarcosine determination, it was found that 10 -4 mM sarcosine was determined in 60 seconds in the solution. In addition, the detection limit of the GFOX doped potentiometric biosensor was found to be 9.45x10 -7 mM, and the linear potentiometric biosensor was found to be in the concentration range of 10 -1 to 10 -5 mM. The selectivity studies of the developed potentiometric biosensor were investigated using glycine solutions, and it was determined that GFOX doped potentiometric biosensor was more selective against sarcosine. Besides this, a reusability test using 10 -3 mM sarcosine solution showed that reproducible studies were performed without the loss of potential of designed potentiometric biosensor and no loss of sensitivity. CONCLUSION After applying the framework, we get a new potentiometric biosensor for sarcosine determination. GFOX photosensitive cross-linker was used in designing potentiometric biosensors, and this increased the stability and efficiency of the biosensor. Therefore, the developed potentiometric biosensor for sarcosine determination could be easily used for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Biçen Ünlüer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir. Turkey
| | - Nazire Altunkök
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Literature, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir. Turkey
| | - Ebru Birlik Özkütük
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Literature, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir. Turkey
| | - Arzu Ersöz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir. Turkey
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Wang H, Qi Y, Wu D, Wei Q. A photoelectrochemical self-powered sensor for the detection of sarcosine based on NiO NSs/PbS/Au NPs as photocathodic material. J Hazard Mater 2021; 416:126201. [PMID: 34492964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, lead(II) sulfide (PbS) nanocrystals were modified on nickel(II)oxide nanosheets (NiO NSs) via the chemical bath method. Afterwards, Au nanoparticles (NPs) were also modified successfully. A photoelectrochemical (PEC) self-powered platform for detecting sarcosine with high PEC activity was constructed. The capacity of NiO NSs to be loaded with other sensitizing materials was mainly attributed to its porous structure and large specific surface area. Under optimum conditions, the constructed PEC self-powered cathodic sensor for detecting sarcosine exhibited a linear range in 5.0 × 10-8-5.0 × 10-2 mol/L with a detection limit (LOD) of 1.7 × 10-8 mol/L. The biosensor demonstrated good reproducibility, acceptable stability and high specificity, thus confirming its potential application in the detection of other similar substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Yanting Qi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Dan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China; Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
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Rajarathinam T, Kwon M, Thirumalai D, Kim S, Lee S, Yoon JH, Paik HJ, Kim S, Lee J, Ha HK, Chang SC. Polymer-dispersed reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and Prussian blue modified biosensor for amperometric detection of sarcosine. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1175:338749. [PMID: 34330447 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new disposable amperometric biosensor for sarcosine (Sar, a biomarker for prostate cancer) was designed based on screen-printed carbon electrodes, Prussian blue, polymer dispersed reduced graphene oxide (P-rGO) nanosheets, and sarcosine oxidase (SOx). Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-r-LAHEMA) denoted as PSSL was newly synthesized as dispersant for rGO. The P-rGO was utilized for SOx immobilization, the sulfonate and disulfide functionalities in PSSL enable physical adsorption of SOx and its bioactivity and stability properties were improved. The biosensor was optimized by various enzyme concentration, applied potential, and operating pH. Under the optimized conditions, the biosensor exhibited maximum current responses within 5 s at an applied potential of -0.1 V vs. integrated Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The biosensor had a dynamic linear range of 10-400 μM, with a sensitivity of 9.04 μA mM-1 cm-2 and a low detection limit of 0.66 μM (S/N = 3). Additionally, the biosensor possesses strong anti-interference capability, high reproducibility, and storage stability over 3 weeks. Furthermore, its clinical applicability was tested in urine samples from both prostate cancer patients and healthy control, and the analytical recoveries were satisfactory. Therefore, this biosensor has significant potential in the rapid and non-invasive point-of-care testing for prostate cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenmozhi Rajarathinam
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Kwon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinakaran Thirumalai
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seonghye Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulah Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Yoon
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Koo Ha
- Department of Urology and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Ramezani Z, Safdarian M, Ghadiri AA. Metal-coded hydrogel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for preconcentration and cleanup of sarcosine: Determination in urine; coupled to on-column capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2021; 230:122309. [PMID: 33934774 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sarcosine metal-coded hydrogel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (Hydro-MeC-MMIP) has been fabricated and coupled to on-column derivatization capillary electrophoresis (CE). As a metal-coding approach, sarcosine-Cu2+-ligand (Sar-Cu2+-L) chelate complex was introduced as a template to overcome the problems associated with the fabrication of MMIP for a small molecule having limited functional groups such as sarcosine. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that methacrylamide (MA) coated Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@MA) with abounded reactive double-bound on the surface has been used as a magnetic core in the one-pot synthesis of MMIPs. As prepared, Hydro-MeC-MMIP was characterized by different microscopic, spectroscopic, and thermal gravimetric methods. Hydro-MeC-MMIP was used to extract and preconcentrate sarcosine in the urine sample with no treatment and dilution. Sarcosine was quantified by on-column derivatization capillary electrophoresis equipped with a photodiode array detector. A mixture of thirteen amino acids was separated with a total run time of 12 min. Three structural analogs, including alanine, sarcosine, and glycine, were significantly resolved. Under optimal experimental conditions, the method's detection and quantification limits were 9.93 and 33.10 ng mL-1, respectively. The linear range of 50-2000 ng mL-1 and 96% recovery, along with the relative standard deviation of 6.07% (n = 6) for the target amino acid, were obtained. This method provides a simple, low-cost, fast, and efficient tool for extracting and quantifying sarcosine in the urine. The present method can address inconsistency in evaluating sarcosine as a candidate biomarker for prostate cancer with a simple CE/UV; no need for a sophisticated detection system such as a mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ramezani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Safdarian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Ata A Ghadiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Chen SE, Hu J, Yan P, Sun J, Jia W, Zhu S, Zhao XE, Liu H. 12-Plex UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of sarcosine in human urine using integrated principle of multiplex tags chemical isotope labeling and selective imprint enriching. Talanta 2021; 224:121788. [PMID: 33379017 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Urinary sarcosine was considered to be a potential biomarker for prostate cancer (Pca). In this work, an integrated strategy of multiplex tags chemical isotope labeling (MTCIL) combined with magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction (MDSPE), was proposed for specific extraction and high-throughput determination of sarcosine by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). In the past three months, we have developed 8-plex MTCIL reagents with excellent qualitative and quantitative performance. In this work, the multiplexing capacity of MTCIL reagents (MTCIL360/361/362/363/364/365/366/375/376/378/379/381) was increased 1.5-fold from 8-plex to 12-plex. MTCIL359 was prepared and used to label sarcosine standard as internal standard (IS). The structural analogue derivative (MTCIL373-sarcosine) of all targeted MTCIL-sarcosine derivatives was synthesized and used as a novel dummy template to prepare dummy magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (DMMIPs). The integration of MTCIL and DMMIPs procedures were extremely favorable to excellent chromatographic separation and efficient mass spectrometric detection. The labeling efficiency, chromatographic retention and mass spectrometry responses of MTCIL reagents were consistent for sarcosine. In a single UHPLC-MS/MS run (2.0 min), this method can simultaneously quantify sarcosine in 12-plex urine samples and achieve unbiased concentrations comparison between different urine samples. Analytical parameters including linearity (R2 0.989-0.997), detection limits (0.02 nM), precision (2.6-11.5%), accuracy (96.1-107.4%), matrix effect, labeling and extraction efficiency were carefully validated. The proposed method was successfully applied for urinary sarcosine determination of healthy male individuals and Pca patients. It was found that the sarcosine concentrations in these two groups were statistically extremely significantly different (P < 0.001). The developed method was a powerful analytical tool to substantially promote the analysis throughput and large-scale experiments about the potential biomarker research.
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De Biase I, Gherasim C, La'ulu SL, Asamoah A, Longo N, Yuzyuk T. Laboratory evaluation of homocysteine remethylation disorders and classic homocystinuria: Long-term follow-up using a cohort of 123 patients. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:126-134. [PMID: 32533987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The homocystinurias, caused by defects of remethylation and cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency, are characterized by elevated homocysteine and abnormal methionine levels. Various treatments, including injectable hydroxycobalamin and oral betaine, aim to reduce homocysteine toxicity and normalize methionine, but only limited biochemical data has been reported assessing biochemical response to treatment. We analyzed laboratory results in 812 plasma samples from 56 patients with remethylation disorders and 67 patients with CBS deficiency. Total plasma homocysteine (tHcys) decreased with therapy, but rarely normalized regardless of treatment, with highest levels seen in CBS (116 ± 79 μmol/L) and MTHFR (102 ± 56 μmol/L) deficiencies. In CBS deficiency, tHcys correlated positively with methionine (rs = 0.51, p < 0.0001) and inversely with cystine (rs = -0.57, p < 0.0001) consistent with a metabolic block downstream of homocysteine. In patients with remethylation disorders, methionine was mostly normal on therapy, and inversely correlated with tHcys (rs = -0.57, p < 0.0001) demonstrating effectiveness of hydroxycobalamin and/or betaine in stimulating tHcys remethylation. Betaine also significantly increased sarcosine from its pre-treatment level on average 19-fold in remethylation disorders and 3-fold in CBS deficiency, with sarcosine > 5 μmol/L being 97% sensitive and 95% specific for betaine therapy. These results show that existing therapies improve sulfur amino acid metabolism without completely normalizing it and that sarcosine can determine compliance to betaine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene De Biase
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
| | - Carmen Gherasim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States(1)
| | - Sonia L La'ulu
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alexander Asamoah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Nicola Longo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Tatiana Yuzyuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Chang CH, Lin CH, Liu CY, Chen SJ, Lane HY. Efficacy and cognitive effect of sarcosine (N-methylglycine) in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomised controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:495-505. [PMID: 32122256 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120908016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcosine (N-methylglycine), a type 1 glycine transporter inhibitor (GlyT1), has shown therapeutic potential for treating schizophrenia; however, studies have reported conflicting results. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the efficacy and cognitive effect of sarcosine for schizophrenia. METHODS In this study, PubMed, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials were searched electronically for double-blinded randomised controlled trials that used sarcosine for treating schizophrenia. We used the published trials up to November 2019 to investigate the efficacy of sarcosine in schizophrenia. We pooled studies by using a random-effect model for comparing sarcosine treatment effects. Patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition were recruited. Clinical improvement and cognitive function scores between baseline and after sarcosine use were compared using the standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The heterogeneity of the included trials was evaluated through visual inspection of funnel plots and through the I2 statistic. RESULTS We identified seven trials with 326 participants with schizophrenia meeting the inclusion criteria. All these studies evaluated the overall clinical symptoms, and four of them evaluated overall cognitive functions. Sarcosine use achieved more significant effects than the use of its comparators in relieving overall clinical symptoms (SMD = 0.51, CI = 0.26-0.76, p < 0.01). Moreover, studies with the low Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale range of 70-79 showed significant effect size (ES)s of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.03-1.31, p = 0.04). In addition, trials enrolling patients with stable clinical symptoms had significant ESs: 0.53 (95% CI: 0.21-0.85, p < 0.01). Add-on sarcosine combined with first- and second-generation antipsychotics, except clozapine, had a positive effect. For overall cognitive functions, sarcosine showed a positive but insignificant effect compared with its comparators (SMD = 0.27, CI = -0.06 to 0.60, p = 0.10). The effects were correlated with increased female proportions and decreased illness duration, albeit nonsignificantly. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis suggests that sarcosine may be associated with treatment effect on overall clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia but not cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung.,Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung.,An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung.,Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung
| | - Chieh-Yu Liu
- Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, Biostatistical Consulting Lab, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei
| | - Shaw-Ji Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital Taitung Branch, Taitung.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung.,Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung.,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung
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Dorgan JF, Jung S, Dallal CM, Zhan M, Stennett CA, Zhang Y, Eckert RL, Snetselaar LG, Van Horn L. Alcohol consumption and serum metabolite concentrations in young women. Cancer Causes Control 2020; 31:113-26. [PMID: 31828464 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol consumption is an established breast cancer risk factor, though further research is needed to advance our understanding of the mechanism underlying the association. We used global metabolomics profiling to identify serum metabolites and metabolic pathways that could potentially mediate the alcohol-breast cancer association. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of reported alcohol consumption and serum metabolite concentrations was conducted among 211 healthy women 25-29 years old who participated in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children 2006 Follow-Up Study (DISC06). Alcohol-metabolite associations were evaluated using multivariable linear mixed-effects regression. RESULTS Alcohol was significantly (FDR p < 0.05) associated with several serum metabolites after adjustment for diet composition and other potential confounders. The amino acid sarcosine, the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoate, and the steroid 4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol monosulfate were positively associated with alcohol intake, while the gamma-tocopherol metabolite gamma-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman (CEHC) was inversely associated. Positive associations of alcohol with 2-methylcitrate and 4-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol disulfate were borderline significant (FDR p < 0.10). Metabolite set enrichment analysis identified steroids and the glycine pathway as having more members associated with alcohol consumption than expected by chance. CONCLUSIONS Most of the metabolites associated with alcohol in the current analysis participate in pathways hypothesized to mediate the alcohol-breast cancer association including hormonal, one-carbon metabolism, and oxidative stress pathways, but they could also affect risk via alternative pathways. Independent replication of alcohol-metabolite associations and prospective evaluation of confirmed associations with breast cancer risk are needed.
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Abstract
Sarcosine, which is freely sold as a dietary supplement, has pharmacological activity to boost functioning of the glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and hence it is a biologically rational treatment for schizophrenia. The small number of studies carried out to date provide some evidence for its efficacy and psychiatrists could consider suggesting its use to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Curtis
- Honorary Professor, Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University of London; and Honorary Professor, UCL Genetics Institute, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Dastmalchi F, Karachi A, Yang C, Azari H, Sayour EJ, Dechkovskaia A, Vlasak AL, Saia ME, Lovaton RE, Mitchell DA, Rahman M. Sarcosine promotes trafficking of dendritic cells and improves efficacy of anti-tumor dendritic cell vaccines via CXC chemokine family signaling. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:321. [PMID: 31753028 PMCID: PMC6873439 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine efficacy is directly related to the efficiency of DC migration to the lymph node after delivery to the patient. We discovered that a naturally occurring metabolite, sarcosine, increases DC migration in human and murine cells resulting in significantly improved anti-tumor efficacy. We hypothesized that sarcosine induced cell migration was due to chemokine signaling. Methods DCs were harvested from the bone marrow of wild type C57BL/6 mice and electroporated with tumor messenger RNA (mRNA). Human DCs were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). DCs were treated with 20 mM of sarcosine. Antigen specific T cells were isolated from transgenic mice and injected intravenously into tumor bearing mice. DC vaccines were delivered via intradermal injection. In vivo migration was evaluated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Gene expression in RNA was investigated in DCs via RT-PCR and Nanostring. Results Sarcosine significantly increased human and murine DC migration in vitro. In vivo sarcosine-treated DCs had significantly increased migration to both the lymph nodes and spleens after intradermal delivery in mice. Sarcosine-treated DC vaccines resulted in significantly improved tumor control in a B16F10-OVA tumor flank model and improved survival in an intracranial GL261-gp100 glioma model. Gene expression demonstrated an upregulation of CXCR2, CXCL3 and CXCL1 in sarcosine- treated DCs. Further metabolic analysis demonstrated the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-1 and Pik3cg. Sarcosine induced migration was abrogated by adding the CXCR2 neutralizing antibody in both human and murine DCs. CXCR2 neutralizing antibody also removed the survival benefit of sarcosine-treated DCs in the tumor models. Conclusion Sarcosine increases the migration of murine and human DCs via the CXC chemokine pathway. This platform can be utilized to improve existing DC vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Dastmalchi
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Aida Karachi
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Changlin Yang
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hassan Azari
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elias Joseph Sayour
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anjelika Dechkovskaia
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexander Loren Vlasak
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Megan Ellen Saia
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Duane Anthony Mitchell
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maryam Rahman
- Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, UF Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Yang Q, Li N, Li Q, Chen S, Wang HL, Yang H. Amperometric sarcosine biosensor based on hollow magnetic Pt-Fe 3O 4@C nanospheres. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1078:161-167. [PMID: 31358215 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sarcosine is a recently identified biomarker for prostate cancer. However, the rapid detection methods for sarcosine are relatively lack because of the low concentration and the presence of complicated interfering substances in serum or urine. In this manuscript, hollow nanospheres of Fe3O4 was synthesized and used as carrier to disperse Pt (Pt) nanoparticles. In order to achieve excellent electron transfer ability, we use polyaniline to coat Pt-Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and pyrolyze the polyaniline to carbon (C). Thus, hollow magnetic Pt-Fe3O4@C nanocomposites with good electron transfer ability are formed. The Pt-Fe3O4@C nanocomposites have high catalytic activity and stability. The nanocomposites were immobilized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to construct a nonenzyme hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor (Pt-Fe3O4@C/GCE). We further construct a sensitive sarcosine biosensor by immobilizing sarcosine oxidase (SOx) on the Pt-Fe3O4@C/GCE. The high catalytic activity and good biocompatibility of Pt-Fe3O4@C nanocomposites greatly retained the bioactivity of immobilized SOx, and the prepared sarcosine biosensor has good electrocatalytic performance towards sarcosine. It has a linear detection range between 0.5 and 60 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.43 μM (the signal to noise ratio is 3), and the sensitivity is 3.45 nA μM-1 (48.8 nA μM-1 cm-2), which has the potential to be used for rapid screening of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingui Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Na Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Shaoqing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Hsing-Lin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Haipeng Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China.
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24
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Wang Q, Zhao Y, Yang Q, Du D, Yang H, Lin Y. Amperometric sarcosine biosensor with strong anti-interference capabilities based on mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111431. [PMID: 31212197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amperometric enzyme biosensors are some of the simplest and cheapest types of medical devices used in the rapid detection of biomarkers that have been developed in the past fifty years. When the concentrations of biomarkers are at micromoles per liter, such as for sarcosine, which was recently discovered as a biomarker for prostate cancer, the response signal of the interferences is huge, and the biosensor is hard to satisfy the requirements of practical applications. In this manuscript, we describe a strategy for synthesizing a surface electronegative organic-inorganic hybrid mesoporous material, which could reduce the interference signal much better than Nafion and Chitosan. We verify that the surface potential of the carrier nanomaterial plays an important role in excluding anionic interferences. We also prepare a sensitive (16.35 μA mM-1), low LOD (0.13 μM) and wide linear range (1-70 μM) amperometric sarcosine biosensor with excellent anti-interference properties. This mesoporous material provides a bio-composite platform for the development of simple amperometric biosensors for detecting micromoles per liter of analytes in serum or urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qia Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Qingui Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States
| | - Haipeng Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China.
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States.
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25
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Mindt M, Heuser M, Wendisch VF. Xylose as preferred substrate for sarcosine production by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum. Bioresour Technol 2019; 281:135-142. [PMID: 30818264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the fermentative production of the N-methylated amino acid sarcosine by C. glutamicum. Characterization of the imine reductase DpkA from Pseudomonas putida revealed that it catalyses N-methylamination of glyoxylate to sarcosine. Heterologous expression of dpkA in a C. glutamicum strain engineered for glyoxylate overproduction enabled fermentative production of sarcosine from sugars and monomethylamine. Glucose-based fermentation reached sarcosine production titers of 2.4 ± 0.1 g L-1. Sarcosine production based on the second generation feedstocks xylose and arabinose led to higher product titers of 2.7 ± 0.1 g L-1 and 3.4 ± 0.3 g L-1, respectively, than glucose-based production. Optimization of production conditions with xylose and potassium acetate blends increased sarcosine titers to 8.7 ± 0.2 g L-1 with a yield of 0.25 g g-1. This is the first example in which a C. glutamicum process using lignocellulosic pentoses is superior to glucose-based production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mindt
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maria Heuser
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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26
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Özyurt C, Canbay ZÇ, Dinçkaya E, Evran S. A highly sensitive DNA aptamer-based fluorescence assay for sarcosine detection down to picomolar levels. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:91-97. [PMID: 30738156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine is an amino acid derivative, which is considered as a key metabolite in various metabolic processes. Therefore, simple and sensitive detection methods are needed for further understanding its metabolic role and diagnostic value. In this study, we developed a novel method that meets the need for practical and sensitive detection in a complex medium mimicking urine conditions. For this aim, we selected sarcosine-specific DNA aptamers using graphene oxide-assisted systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (GO-SELEX). The candidate aptamers were labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM) at their 5' ends. Two aptamers, namely 9S and 13S produced a significant fluorescence signal upon sarcosine binding. Both aptamers enabled a sensitive analysis with a detection limit of 0.5 pM. The linear detection ranged between 5 pM and 50 μM for 9S aptamer, while 13S aptamer enabled a wider linear detection range between 5 pM and 500 μM. The aptamer-based assay allowed rapid detection with no need for chemical derivatization of sarcosine and sophisticated instruments. Moreover, the aptamer-based assay was free of interference from urea and human serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Özyurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Çelik Canbay
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
| | - Erhan Dinçkaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
| | - Serap Evran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey.
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27
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Henderson CJ, Pumford E, Seevaratnam DJ, Daly R, Hall EAH. Gene to diagnostic: Self immobilizing protein for silica microparticle biosensor, modelled with sarcosine oxidase. Biomaterials 2019; 193:58-70. [PMID: 30562636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A rational design approach is proposed for a multifunctional enzyme reagent for point-of-care diagnostics. The biomaterial reduces downstream isolation steps and eliminates immobilization coupling chemicals for integration in a diagnostic platform. Fusion constructs combined the central functional assay protein (e.g. monomeric sarcosine oxidase, mSOx, horseradish peroxidase, HRP), a visualizing protein (e.g. mCherry) and an in-built immobilization peptide (e.g. R5). Monitoring protein expression in E.coli was facilitated by following the increase in mCherry fluorescence, which could be matched to a color card, indicating when good protein expression has occurred. The R5 peptide (SSKKSGSYSGSKGSKRRIL) provided inbuilt affinity for silica and an immobilization capability for a silica based diagnostic, without requiring additional chemical coupling reagents. Silica particles extracted from beach sand were used to collect protein from crude protein extract with 85-95% selective uptake. The silica immobilized R5 proteins were stable for more than 2 months at room temperature. The Km for the silica-R52-mCh-mSOx-R5-6H was 16.5 ± 0.9 mM (compared with 16.5 ± 0.4 mM, 16.3 ± 0.3 mM, and 16.1 ± 0.4 mM for R52-mCh-mSOx-R5-6H, mSOx-R5-6H and mSOx-6H respectively in solution). The use of the "silica-enzymes" in sarcosine and peroxide assays was shown, and a design using particle sedimentation through the sample was examined. Using shadowgraphy and particle image velocimetry the particle trajectory through the sample was mapped and an hourglass design with a narrow waist shown to give good control of particle position. The hourglass biosensor was demonstrated for sarcosine assay in the clinically useful range of 2.5-10 μM in both a dynamic and end point measurement regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassi J Henderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK; Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Elizabeth Pumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Dushanth J Seevaratnam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Ronan Daly
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Elizabeth A H Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK.
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Strmiska V, Michalek P, Eckschlager T, Stiborova M, Adam V, Krizkova S, Heger Z. Prostate cancer-specific hallmarks of amino acids metabolism: Towards a paradigm of precision medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:248-258. [PMID: 30708041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
So far multiple differences in prostate cancer-specific amino acids metabolism have been discovered. Moreover, attempts to utilize these alterations for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment have been made. The prostate cancer metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids are particularly focused on anaplerosis more than on energy production. Other crucial requirements on amino acids pool come from the serine, one‑carbon cycle, glycine synthesis pathway and folate metabolism forming major sources of interproducts for synthesis of nucleobases necessary for rapidly proliferating cells. Considering the lack of some amino acids biosynthetic pathways and/or their extraordinary importance for prostate cancer cells, there is a widespread potential for targeted therapeutic applications with no effect on non-malignant cells. This review summarizes the up-to-date knowledge of the importance of amino acids for prostate cancer pathogenesis with a special emphasis on potential applications of metabolic variabilities in the new oncologic paradigm of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Strmiska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Michalek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, CZ-150 06 Prague, 5, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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29
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Flores FM, Torres Sánchez RM, Dos Santos Afonso M. Some aspects of the adsorption of glyphosate and its degradation products on montmorillonite. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:18138-18146. [PMID: 29691751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The most worldwide used herbicide is glyphosate, phosphonomethylglycine (PMG). Consequently, a significant amount of PMG, its metabolites (sarcosine, SAR, and aminomethylphosphonic acid, AMPA) and the degradation product, methylphosphonic acid (MPA), reaches the soil, which acts as final sink. Because clays are one of the most reactive components of soils, expansive clays such as montmorillonite (Mt) are used to retain agriculture contaminants with some success. In this work, as a preliminary step for the evaluation of the risk that PMG, SAR, AMPA, and MPA occurrence could have on the environment, their adsorption on Mt surface was performed. The adsorption process was analyzed at constant adsorbate concentrations and two pH values to take into account the different protonation states of the amino group. DTA, XRD, zeta potential measurements, and XPS were used to identify the interactions or association mechanisms with the clay surface, the entry of adsorbates into the Mt interlayer, and electric charge changes on the Mt surface, and evaluate the acid-base surface complex constants, respectively. The interlayer thickness in acid media indicated that adsorbates are able to enter the interlayer in planar form. Besides, for the Mt-PMG sample, some PMG molecules could be also inserted as a bilayer or with a tilt angle of 52.4° in the interlayer. However, in alkaline media, the interlayer thickness indicated that the adsorbate arrangement differed from that of acidic media where PMG and MPA could have more than one orientation. The surface complex deprotonation constants were determined for the =NH+2 ⇆ =NH+H+ process, being 3.0, 5.0, and 7.3 for PMG, AMPA, and SAR, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Flores
- CETMIC (Centro de Tecnología en Minerales y Cerámica) CONICET-CCT La Plata-CICBA, Camino Centenario y 506, B1897ZCA, M. B. Gonnet, Argentina
| | - Rosa M Torres Sánchez
- CETMIC (Centro de Tecnología en Minerales y Cerámica) CONICET-CCT La Plata-CICBA, Camino Centenario y 506, B1897ZCA, M. B. Gonnet, Argentina.
| | - Maria Dos Santos Afonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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30
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Berthias F, Maatoug B, Glish GL, Moussa F, Maitre P. Resolution and Assignment of Differential Ion Mobility Spectra of Sarcosine and Isomers. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2018; 29:752-760. [PMID: 29468501 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to their central role in biochemical processes, fast separation and identification of amino acids (AA) is of importance in many areas of the biomedical field including the diagnosis and monitoring of inborn errors of metabolism and biomarker discovery. Due to the large number of AA together with their isomers and isobars, common methods of AA analysis are tedious and time-consuming because they include a chromatographic separation step requiring pre- or post-column derivatization. Here, we propose a rapid method of separation and identification of sarcosine, a biomarker candidate of prostate cancer, from isomers using differential ion mobility spectrometry (DIMS) interfaced with a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) instrument. Baseline separation of protonated sarcosine from α- and β-alanine isomers can be easily achieved. Identification of DIMS peak is performed using an isomer-specific activation mode where DIMS- and mass-selected ions are irradiated at selected wavenumbers allowing for the specific fragmentation via an infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) process. Two orthogonal methods to MS/MS are thus added, where the MS/MS(IRMPD) is nothing but an isomer-specific multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method. The identification relies on the comparison of DIMS-MS/MS(IRMPD) chromatograms recorded at different wavenumbers. Based on the comparison of IR spectra of the three isomers, it is shown that specific depletion of the two protonated α- and β-alanine can be achieved, thus allowing for clear identification of the sarcosine peak. It is also demonstrated that DIMS-MS/MS(IRMPD) spectra in the carboxylic C=O stretching region allow for the resolution of overlapping DIMS peaks. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Berthias
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Bâtiment 349, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Belkis Maatoug
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Bâtiment 349, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, Caudill Laboratories, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, USA
| | - Fathi Moussa
- Université Paris-Sud, LETIAM, Lip(Sys)2, IUT d'Orsay, Plateau de Moulon, 91400, Orsay, France
- Biochemistry and Neuropediatric services, Hospital Group A. Trousseau-La Roche-Guyon, APHP, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Maitre
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Bâtiment 349, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay, France.
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Sattler K, Behnes M, Barth C, Wenke A, Sartorius B, El-Battrawy I, Mashayekhi K, Kuschyk J, Hoffmann U, Papavasiliu T, Fastner C, Baumann S, Lang S, Zhou X, Yücel G, Borggrefe M, Akin I. Occlusion of left atrial appendage affects metabolomic profile: focus on glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid and urea metabolism. Metabolomics 2017; 13:127. [PMID: 29391863 PMCID: PMC5772135 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure (LAAC) by implantation of an occlusion device is an established cardiac intervention to reduce risk of stroke while avoiding intake of oral anticoagulation medication during atrial fibrillation. Cardiac interventions can alter local or systemic gene and protein expression. Effects of LAAC on systemic metabolism have not been studied yet. OBJECTIVES We aimed to study the effects of interventional LAAC on systemic metabolism. METHODS Products of glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid and urea metabolism were analyzed by ESI-LC-MS/MS and MS/MS using the AbsoluteIDQ™ p180 Kit in plasma of 44 patients undergoing successful interventional LAAC at baseline (T0) and after 6 months (T1). RESULTS During follow up, plasma concentrations of several parameters of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and urea metabolism increased (alanine, hexose, proline, sarcosine), while others decreased (aspartate, glycine, SDMA, serine). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that time after interventional LAAC was an independent predictor for metabolite changes, including the decrease of SDMA (beta -0.19, p < 0.01) and the increase of sarcosine (beta 0.16, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Successful interventional LAAC affects different pathways of the metabolome, which are probably related to cardiac remodeling. The underlying mechanisms as well as the long term effects have to be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sattler
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - M. Behnes
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - C. Barth
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - A. Wenke
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - B. Sartorius
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - I. El-Battrawy
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - K. Mashayekhi
- Clinic of Cardiology and Angiology II, Universitäts-Herzzentrum Freiburg–Bad Krozingen, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - J. Kuschyk
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - U. Hoffmann
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - T. Papavasiliu
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - C. Fastner
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - S. Baumann
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - S. Lang
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - X. Zhou
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - G. Yücel
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - M. Borggrefe
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg-Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - I. Akin
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg-Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Strzelecki D, Kałużyńska O, Wysokiński A. BDNF serum levels in schizophrenic patients during treatment augmentation with sarcosine (results of the PULSAR study). Psychiatry Res 2016; 242:54-60. [PMID: 27262086 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Finding a relationship between schizophrenia symptoms severity and initial level of BDNF and its changes during augmentation of antipsychotic treatment with sarcosine. METHOD 57 individuals with schizophrenia with predominantly negative symptoms completed a 6-month RCT prospective study. The patients received 2g of sarcosine (n=27) or placebo (n=30) daily. At the beginning, after 6 weeks and 6 months BDNF levels were measured. Severity of symptoms was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). RESULTS BDNF serum levels were stable after 6 weeks and 6 months in both groups. We noted improvement in negative symptoms, general psychopathology and total PANSS score in sarcosine group comparing to placebo, however there was no correlations between serum BDNF concentrations and PANSS scores in all assessments. Initial serum BDNF concentrations cannot be used as a predictor of the improvement resulting from adding sarcosine. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that either BDNF is not involved in the NMDA-dependent mechanism of sarcosine action or global changes in BDNF concentrations induced by amino-acid cannot be detected in blood assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Olga Kałużyńska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Chen KT, Wu CH, Tsai MH, Wu YC, Jou MJ, Huang CC, Wei IH. Antidepressant-like effects of long-term sarcosine treatment in rats with or without chronic unpredictable stress. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:1-10. [PMID: 27555541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sarcosine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor enhancer, can improve depression-like behavior in rodent models and depression in humans. We found that a single dose of sarcosine exerted antidepressant-like effects with rapid concomitant increases in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway activation and enhancement of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor (AMPAR) membrane insertion. Sarcosine may play a crucial role in developing novel therapy for depression. For a detailed understanding of sarcosine, this study examined the effects of long-term sarcosine treatment on the forced swim test (FST), mTOR signaling, and AMPAR membrane insertion in rats. The effects of long-term sarcosine treatment were examined in naive rats and rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Long-term sarcosine treatment (560mg/kg/d for 21 d) significantly ameliorated the increased immobility induced by CUS in the FST, reaffirming the potential role of sarcosine as an antidepressant for depressed patients. The same long-term treatment exhibited no such effect in naive rats despite increased mTOR activation and AMPAR membrane insertion in both groups. Our findings clearly show CUS-exposed rats are sensitive to long-term sarcosine treatment in FST and the response at the same dose is absent in naïve rats. Nevertheless, the distinct sensitivity to long-term sarcosine treatment in rats with or without CUS is not associated with the activated mTOR signaling pathway or increased AMPAR membrane insertion. Additionally, understanding the behavioral and molecular basis of distinct responses is vital important for developing personalized treatment programs to increase the probability of success when treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Ti Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mang-Hung Tsai
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chieh Wu
- Department of Nursing, Ching-Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jia Jou
- School of Chinese medicine for post baccalaureate, I Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chia Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - I-Hua Wei
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Wang S, Seiwert B, Kästner M, Miltner A, Schäffer A, Reemtsma T, Yang Q, Nowak KM. (Bio)degradation of glyphosate in water-sediment microcosms - A stable isotope co-labeling approach. Water Res 2016; 99:91-100. [PMID: 27140906 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) are frequently detected in water and sediments. Up to date, there are no comprehensive studies on the fate of glyphosate in water-sediment microcosms according to OECD 308 guideline. Stable isotope co-labeled (13)C3(15)N-glyphosate was used to determine the turnover mass balance, formation of metabolites, and formation of residues over a period of 80 days. In the water-sediment system, 56% of the initial (13)C3-glyphosate equivalents was ultimately mineralized, whereas the mineralization in the water system (without sediment) was low, reaching only 2% of (13)C-glyphosate equivalents. This finding demonstrates the key role of sediments in its degradation. Glyphosate was detected below detection limit in the water compartment on day 40, but could still be detected in the sediments, ultimately reaching 5% of (13)C3(15)N-glyphosate equivalents. A rapid increase in (13)C(15)N-AMPA was noted after 10 days, and these transformation products ultimately constituted 26% of the (13)C3-glyphosate equivalents and 79% of the (15)N-glyphosate equivalents. In total, 10% of the (13)C label and 12% of the (15)N label were incorporated into amino acids, indicating no risk bearing biogenic residue formation from (13)C3(15)N-glyphosate. Initially, glyphosate was biodegraded via the sarcosine pathway related to microbial growth, as shown by co-labeled (13)C(15)N-glycine and biogenic residue formation. Later, degradation via AMPA dominated under starvation conditions, as shown by the contents of (13)C-glycine. The presented data provide the first evidence of the speciation of the non-extractable residues as well as the utilization of glyphosate as a carbon and nitrogen source in the water-sediment system. This study also highlights the contribution of both the sarcosine and the AMPA degradation pathways under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizong Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Kästner
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Miltner
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qi Yang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Karolina M Nowak
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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35
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de Andrade RB, Gemelli T, Rojas DB, Kim TDH, Zanatta Â, Schmitz F, Rodrigues AF, Wyse ATS, Wajner M, Dutra-Filho CS, Wannmacher CMD. Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Parameters and Energy Metabolism in Cerebral Cortex of Rats Subjected to Sarcosine Administration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4496-4506. [PMID: 27356917 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine is an N-methyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, and its elevation in tissues and physiological fluids of patients with sarcosinemia could reflect a deficient pool size of activated 1-carbon units. Sarcosinemia is a rare inherited metabolic condition associated with mental retardation. In the present study, we investigated the acute effect of sarcosine and/or creatine plus pyruvate on some parameters of oxidative stress and energy metabolism in cerebral cortex homogenates of 21-day-old Wistar rats. Acute administration of sarcosine induced oxidative stress and diminished the activities of adenylate kinase, GAPDH, complex IV, and mitochondrial and cytosolic creatine kinase. On the other hand, succinate dehydrogenase activity was enhanced in cerebral cortex of rats. Moreover, total sulfhydryl content was significantly diminished, while DCFH oxidation, TBARS content, and activities of SOD and GPx were significantly enhanced by acute administration of sarcosine. Co-administration of creatine plus pyruvate was effective in the prevention of alterations provoked by sarcosine administration on the oxidative stress and the enzymes of phosphoryltransfer network. These results indicate that acute administration of sarcosine may stimulate oxidative stress and alter the energy metabolism in cerebral cortex of rats. In case these effects also occur in humans, they may contribute, along with other mechanisms, to the neurological dysfunction of sarcosinemia, and creatine and pyruvate supplementation could be beneficial to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Binkowski de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Faculdade da Serra Gaúcha, FSG, Rua Rua Os Dezoito do Forte, 2366, CEP 95.020-472, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Tanise Gemelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Denise Bertin Rojas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tomas Duk Hwa Kim
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ângela Zanatta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Schmitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Felipe Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Severo Dutra-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clovis Milton Duval Wannmacher
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, CEP 90.035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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36
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de Andrade RB, Gemelli T, Rojas DB, Dutra-Filho CS, Wannmacher CMD. Chemically induced acute model of sarcosinemia in wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:363-8. [PMID: 26563127 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed an acute chemically induced model of sarcosinemia in Wistar rats. Wistar rats of 7, 14 and 21 postpartum days received sarcosine intraperitoneally in doses of 0.5 mmol/Kg of body weight three time a day at intervals of 3 h. Control animals received saline solution (NaCl 0.85 g%) in the same volume (10 mL/Kg of body weight). The animals were killed after 30 min, 1, 2, 3 or 6 h after the last injection and the brain and the blood were collected for sarcosine measurement. The results showed that plasma and brain sarcosine concentrations achieved levels three to four times higher than the normal levels and decreased in a time-dependent way, achieving normal levels after 6 hours. Considering that experimental animal models are useful to investigate the pathophysiology of human disorders, our model of sarcosinemia may be useful for the research of the mechanisms of neurological dysfunction caused by high tissue sarcosine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Binkowski de Andrade
- PPG Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Tanise Gemelli
- PPG Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Denise Bertin Rojas
- PPG Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Carlos Severo Dutra-Filho
- PPG Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Clovis Milton Duval Wannmacher
- PPG Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90.035-003, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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37
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Strzelecki D, Kałużyńska O, Szyburska J, Wlazło A, Wysokiński A. No changes of cardiometabolic and body composition parameters after 6-month add-on treatment with sarcosine in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:200-4. [PMID: 26343833 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken with the purpose to determine if there are changes in metabolic parameters during 6-month add-on treatment with sarcosine in patients with schizophrenia. This was a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled and parallel group study. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive 2g of sarcosine (n=30) or placebo (n=29). Sarcosine was administered as supplementation to the ongoing antipsychotic treatment. Augmentation with sarcosine had no effect on any of the analyzed cardiometabolic parameters. Also, augmentation with sarcosine had no effect on any of the analyzed body composition parameters. This is the first randomized placebo-controlled study to examine the metabolic safety of sarcosine in patients with schizophrenia. Clinically, this observation is of high importance considering how prevalent are metabolic abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Olga Kałużyńska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Szyburska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Wlazło
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Strzelecki D, Podgórski M, Kałużyńska O, Gawlik-Kotelnicka O, Stefańczyk L, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Gmitrowicz A, Grzelak P. Supplementation of antipsychotic treatment with sarcosine – GlyT1 inhibitor – causes changes of glutamatergic (1)NMR spectroscopy parameters in the left hippocampus in patients with stable schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2015; 606:7-12. [PMID: 26306650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutamatergic system, the main stimulating system of the brain, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Hippocampus, a structure crucial for memory and cognitive functions and rich in glutamatergic neurons, is a natural object of interest in studies on psychoses. Sarcosine, a glycine transporter (GlyT-1) inhibitor influences the function of NMDA receptor and glutamate-dependent transmission. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of sarcosine on metabolism parameters in the left hippocampus in patients with schizophrenia. Assessments were performed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy (1.5T). Fifty patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR), with dominant negative symptoms, in stable clinical condition and stable antipsychotics doses were treated either with sarcosine (n=25) or placebo (n=25). Spectroscopic parameters were evaluated within groups and between two groups before and after 6-month intervention. All patients were also assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In the sarcosine group, after 6-month treatment, we found significant decrease in hippocampal Glx/Cr (Glx-complex of glutamate, glutamine and GABA, Cr-creatine) and Glx/Cho (Cho-choline), while N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI), Cr and Cho parameters remained stable along the study and also did not differ significantly between both groups. This is the first study showing that a pharmacological intervention in schizophrenia, particularly augmentation of the antypsychotic treatment with sarcosine, may reverse the pathological increase in glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus. The results confirm involvement of glutamatergic system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and demonstrate beneficial effects of GlyT-1 inhibitor on the metabolism in the hippocampus and symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Michał Podgórski
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
| | - Olga Kałużyńska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | - Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ludomir Stefańczyk
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kotlicka-Antczak
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Grzelak
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
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Chen J, Zhang J, Zhang W, Chen Z. Sensitive determination of the potential biomarker sarcosine for prostate cancer by LC-MS with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide derivatization. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:14-9. [PMID: 24293130 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine, a potential biomarker of prostate cancer, has drawn great attention in recent years. However, controversial research keeps arising about its role as a biomarker that might come from the two isomers (α-alanine and β-alanine) of sarcosine due to their same molecular weight and similar properties, which could interfere with the accurate detection of sarcosine. In this study, a simple and sensitive method was developed for the detection of sarcosine and the two isomers by LC with ion-trap MS through a novel derivatization reagent N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is usually considered as a condensation reagent, however, it was directly used as a derivatization reagent through a rearrangement side reaction in this study. The proposed method not only improved the chromatographic retention behavior of sarcosine and its two isomers, which was a benefit to their separation, but also dramatically enhanced the detection sensitivity of sarcosine, which was more favorable for real sample analysis. The factors affecting the productivity of the derivatization reaction, such as reaction time and amount of derivatization reagent, were systematically optimized. The method shows good linearity (R(2) > 0.99), sensitivity with LODs of sarcosine as low as 1 ng/mL, and repeatability with the RSD < 6.07%. The developed method was applied to the analysis of urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Sharma P, Singh DK, Gupta V, Asthana BP, Mishra PC, Singh RK. Study of hydration of sarcosine, formation of its zwitterion and their different oligomers in aqueous media: a Raman spectroscopic and theoretical study. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 116:74-83. [PMID: 23912045 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectra of the biologically important molecule sarcosine (SAR) (C3H7NO2) were studied experimentally in aqueous solution at different concentrations. These spectra were also calculated theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. Further, all the observed normal modes were assigned through potential energy distribution (PED). Geometry optimization of SAR produced its three conformers with slightly different energies. The lowest energy conformer of SAR was selected for a systematic solvation study wherein different numbers of water molecules (nW, n=1-9) were placed near it. In the SAR-9W complex, the SAR molecule is located almost at the center of the cage of 9 water molecules. Geometries of different oligomers of SAR (dimer, trimer, tetramer and pentamer) were also optimized in aqueous media taking the input structures from crystallographic data and using the polarizable continuum (PCM). Proton transfer required for the formation of the zwitterionic form of SAR was found to occur when the number of water molecules in the first hydration shell was six or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Sharma
- Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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