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Elendu C, Aguocha CM, Okeke CV, Okoro CB, Peterson JC. HIV-related neurocognitive disorders: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Mental Health Implications: A Review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35652. [PMID: 37904369 PMCID: PMC10615506 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-related neurocognitive disorders (HAND) have emerged as a significant concern in the context of HIV infection. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis, treatment, and mental health implications associated with HAND. Diagnosis of HAND involves a multifaceted approach, combining clinical assessments, neurocognitive testing, and neuroimaging techniques. Various screening tools and standardized assessments have been developed to aid in the early detection and monitoring of HAND. Timely diagnosis allows for appropriate interventions and personalized treatment strategies. Treatment for HAND encompasses a multidisciplinary approach targeting different aspects of cognitive impairment. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains the cornerstone of treatment, effectively reducing viral load and preventing further neurocognitive decline. Adjunctive therapies, including cognitive rehabilitation, pharmacological interventions, and psychosocial support, play crucial roles in managing cognitive symptoms and enhancing overall quality of life. Mental health implications associated with HAND are profound and require special attention. Individuals with HAND are at higher risk of experiencing psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and reduced social functioning. Integrated care models that address physical and mental health aspects are vital in optimizing treatment outcomes and promoting mental well-being in this population. Furthermore, this paper highlights the need for ongoing research to unravel the underlying mechanisms of HAND and develop targeted interventions. Identifying risk factors, understanding the impact of HIV on the brain, and exploring novel treatment modalities are essential areas of focus. Additionally, living with HAND social and cultural aspects must be considered to ensure equitable access to care and support for all affected individuals.
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Awadu JE, Zalwango SK, Sikorskii A, Giordani B, Bovin MJ, Musoke PM, Ezeamama AE. Growth differences by school-age and adolescence according to in utero and peripartum antiretroviral therapy exposure among Ugandan children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32677. [PMID: 36705393 PMCID: PMC9875969 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In utero/peripartum antiretroviral (IPA) drug exposure in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed children has established benefit for prevention of HIV mother-to-child-transmission but its association with height-for-age by adolescence is unknown. Hence we quantify IPA-associated growth differences at 6 to 18 years old among children with perinatally acquired HIV (CPHIV) infection and children HIV exposed but uninfected (CHEU) relative to children HIV unexposed and uninfected (CHUU). Cohort study. Kampala, Uganda. Two hundred thirty eight community controls and 490 children of women living with HIV born between 2000 and 2011 in a community were enrolled at 6 to 18 years of age and followed every 6 months for 1 year. Height-for-age determined at enrollment, 6 and 12 months after enrollment using the World Health Organization reference. IPA exposure was retrospectively determined from medical records and categorized as: no IPA, single-dose nevirapine with/without zidovudine (sdNVP ± AZT), sdNVP + AZT + lamivudine, or combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Mean differences (β) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in height-for-age over 12 months were evaluated according to IPA exposure for CPHIV and CHEU and relative to CHUU using longitudinal linear mixed effects models adjusted for caregiver factors (sex, age, education, functioning in caregiving role, and lifetime adversity) in Statistical Analysis Software (v.9.4). Regardless of IPA type, CPHIV grew worse than CHUU by school-age/adolescence (β = -0.30, 95% CI: -0.48, -0.11). Relative to CHUU height-for-age was similar for CHEU exposed to sdNVP ± AZT (β = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.46, 0.14) and for CHEU exposed to sdNVP + AZT + lamivudine (β = 0.08, 95% CI: -0.20, 0.35). However, CHEU without any IPA exposure had lower height-for-age (β = -0.27, 95% CI: -0.52, -0.00) whereas CHEU with cART exposure had greater height-for-age (β = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.71) in comparison with CHUU by 6 to 18 years old. Our findings suggest that CHEU may achieve height-for-age parity with CHUU by school-age and adolescent years- especially if provided benefit of effective cART in the peripartum period. However, CPHIV regardless of IPA exposure type and CHEU without IPA exposure remain at a disadvantage and will benefit from intervention to support their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorem E. Awadu
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Sarah K. Zalwango
- Directorate of Public Health and Environment, Kampala Capital City Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alla Sikorskii
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Bruno Giordani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael J. Bovin
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Philippa M. Musoke
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Amara E. Ezeamama
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
- * Correspondence: Amara E. Ezeamama, Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (e-mail: )
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Pettit AC, Pichon LC, Ahonkhai AA, Robinson C, Randolph B, Gaur A, Stubbs A, Summers NA, Truss K, Brantley M, Devasia R, Teti M, Gimbel S, Dombrowski JC. Comprehensive Process Mapping and Qualitative Interviews to Inform Implementation of Rapid Linkage to HIV Care Programs in a Mid-Sized Urban Setting in the Southern United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 90:S56-S64. [PMID: 35703756 PMCID: PMC9204789 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, in which people living with HIV start ART within days of diagnosis, is a key component of the US Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative. SETTING The Memphis Metropolitan Statistical Area ranked fourth in the United States for the highest HIV incidence per 100,000 population in 2018. Rapid ART programs are limited in the Memphis Metropolitan Statistical Area, and our objective was to identify local implementation barriers. METHODS We conducted participatory process mapping and in-depth interviews to detail steps between HIV testing at the municipal health department's Sexually Transmitted Infections Clinic and ART prescription from a nearby high-volume Ryan White-funded HIV Clinic. RESULTS Process mapping identified 4 modifiable, rate-limiting rapid ART barriers: (1) requiring laboratory-based confirmatory HIV results, (2) eligibility documentation requirements for Ryan White-funded services, (3) insufficient HIV Clinic medical provider availability, and (4) variability in ART initiation timing among HIV Clinic providers. Staff at both sites highlighted suboptimal communication and sense of shared management between facilities, limited resources to address important social determinants of health, and lack of Medicaid expansion in Tennessee as key barriers. In-depth interview themes negatively affecting rapid ART initiation included clinic burden; provider knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs; and client psychosocial needs. CONCLUSIONS Our preimplementation work identified modifiable and systemic barriers to systems flow and patient-level outcomes. This work will inform the design and implementation of a locally relevant rapid ART program in Memphis, a community disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aditya Gaur
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrea Stubbs
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Nathan A. Summers
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Regional One Health, Adult Special Care Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Rose Devasia
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennessee
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Longino AA, Paul R, Wang Y, Lama JR, Brandes P, Ruiz E, Correa C, Keating S, Spudich SS, Pilcher C, Vecchio A, Pasalar S, Ignacio RAB, Valdez R, Dasgupta S, Robertson K, Duerr A. HIV Disease Dynamics and Markers of Inflammation and CNS Injury During Primary HIV Infection and Their Relationship to Cognitive Performance. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:183-190. [PMID: 34629415 PMCID: PMC8752485 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early systemic and central nervous system viral replication and inflammation may affect brain integrity in people with HIV, leading to chronic cognitive symptoms not fully reversed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study examined associations between cognitive performance and markers of CNS injury associated with acute HIV infection and ART. METHODS HIV-infected MSM and transgender women (average age: 27 years and education: 13 years) enrolled within 100 days from the estimated date of detectable infection (EDDI). A cognitive performance (NP) protocol was administered at enrollment (before ART initiation) and every 24 weeks until week 192. An overall index of cognitive performance (NPZ) was created using local normative data. Blood (n = 87) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; n = 29) biomarkers of inflammation and neuronal injury were examined before ART initiation. Regression analyses assessed relationships between time since EDDI, pre-ART biomarkers, and NPZ. RESULTS Adjusting for multiple comparisons, shorter time since EDDI was associated with higher pre-ART VL and multiple biomarkers in plasma and CSF. NPZ scores were within the normative range at baseline (NPZ = 0.52) and at each follow-up visit, with a modest increase through week 192. Plasma or CSF biomarkers were not correlated with NP scores at baseline or after ART. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers of CNS inflammation, immune activation, and neuronal injury peak early and then decline during acute HIV infection, confirming and extending results of other studies. Neither plasma nor CSF biomarkers during acute infection corresponded to NP scores before or after sustained ART in this cohort with few psychosocial risk factors for cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yixin Wang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Peter Brandes
- Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Ruiz
- Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | - Alyssa Vecchio
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Rachel A. Bender Ignacio
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sayan Dasgupta
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin Robertson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ann Duerr
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Knettel BA, Fernandez KM, Wanda L, Amiri I, Cassiello-Robbins C, Watt MH, Mmbaga BT, Relf MV. The Role of Community Health Workers in HIV Care Engagement: A Qualitative Study of Stakeholder Perspectives in Tanzania. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2021; 32:682-692. [PMID: 33908407 PMCID: PMC8548405 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Suboptimal retention in HIV care is a major driver of the global epidemic, including in sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, the national Community-Based HIV Services program integrates volunteer community health workers (CHWs) to support patient care engagement and reduce the burden placed on HIV clinic nurses; however, few studies have assessed the value of CHWs supporting HIV care. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 48 administrators, nurses, CHWs, and patients to explore strengths and limitations of the Community-Based HIV Services program. Stakeholders believed CHWs are uniquely positioned to establish trust and provide patient support. Patients who had frequent contact with CHWs described them as valued sources of education and encouragement, but fewer than half of the patients interviewed had ever met with a CHW. Clinic nurses described feeling disconnected from CHWs, and stakeholders highlighted the need for financial, logistical, and educational support to rejuvenate the program and effectively address care engagement challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A. Knettel
- Duke University School of Nursing and Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Lisa Wanda
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Ismail Amiri
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Clair Cassiello-Robbins
- Center for Misophonia and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa H. Watt
- University of Utah, Department of Population Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Director of Research and Consultancy at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Director of the Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, and Adjunct Associate Professor at Duke Global Health Institute
| | - Michael V. Relf
- JANAC and the Associate Dean for Global and Community Health Affairs, Duke University School of Nursing and Associate Professor, Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Ghandour M, Shereef H, Adam O, Osman-Malik Y, Bhat Z. Discontinuation of Intermittent Hemodialysis in HIV-Associated Nephropathy Following Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy. Cureus 2021; 13:e13181. [PMID: 33717725 PMCID: PMC7939417 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection occurs due to the HIV virus. It results in an immunodeficient state and multi-organ system infections and malignancy known as AIDS. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is the most common HIV kidney involvement and may present as acute kidney injury (AKI), as well as chronic kidney disease (CKD). HIVAN is a collapsing form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). HIVAN treatment options include antiretroviral therapy (ART), steroids, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB), and hemodialysis (HD). We herein describe the case of a 40-year-old patient with an established diagnosis of HIVAN who has had partial recovery of end-stage renal failure following the initiation of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamedanwar Ghandour
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Omeralfaroug Adam
- Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Yahya Osman-Malik
- Nephrology, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Zeenat Bhat
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
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Namale G, Kamacooko O, Bagiire D, Mayanja Y, Abaasa A, Kilembe W, Price M, Ssemwanga D, Lunkuse S, Nanyonjo M, Ssenyonga W, Mayaud P, Newton R, Kaleebu P, Seeley J. Sustained virological response and drug resistance among female sex workers living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Kampala, Uganda: a cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect 2019; 95:405-411. [PMID: 31266818 PMCID: PMC6824617 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2018-053854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the prevalence and risk factors associated with virological failure among female sex workers living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Kampala, Uganda. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study between January 2015 and December 2016 using routinely collected data at a research clinic providing services to women at high risk of STIs including HIV. Plasma samples were tested for viral load from HIV-seropositive women aged ≥18 years who had been on ART for at least 6 months and had received adherence counselling. Samples from women with virological failure (≥1000 copies/mL) were tested for HIV drug resistance by population-based sequencing. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with virological failure. RESULTS Of 584 women, 432 (74%) with a mean age of 32 (SD 6.5) were assessed, and 38 (9%) were found to have virological failure. HIV resistance testing was available for 78% (28/38), of whom 82.1% (23/28) had at least one major drug resistance mutation (DRM), most frequently M184V (70%, 16/23) and K103N (65%, 15/23). In multivariable analysis, virological failure was associated with participant age 18-24 (adjusted OR (aOR)=5.3, 95% CI 1.6 to 17.9), self-reported ART non-adherence (aOR=2.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 5.8) and baseline CD4+ T-cell count ≤350 cells/mm3 (aOR=3.1, 95% CI 1.4 to 7.0). CONCLUSIONS A relatively low prevalence of virological failure but high rate of DRM was found in this population at high risk of transmission. Younger age, self-reported ART non-adherence and low CD4+ T-cell count on ART initiation were associated with increased risk of virological failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Bagiire
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yunia Mayanja
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Abaasa
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Kampala, Uganda
| | - William Kilembe
- Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group, Emory University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Matt Price
- Medical Affairs, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York City, New York, USA,University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Sandra Lunkuse
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maria Nanyonjo
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Philippe Mayaud
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Kampala, Uganda,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rob Newton
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Kampala, Uganda,University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Janet Seeley
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Kampala, Uganda,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Kaida A, Kabakyenga J, Bwana M, Bajunirwe F, Muyindike W, Bennett K, Kembabazi A, Haberer JE, Boum Y, Martin JN, Hunt PW, Bangsberg DR, Matthews LT. High Incidence of Intended Partner Pregnancy Among Men Living With HIV in Rural Uganda: Implications for Safer Conception Services. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 81:497-507. [PMID: 30973545 PMCID: PMC6625849 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many men with HIV express fertility intentions and nearly half have HIV-uninfected sexual partners. We measured partner pregnancy among a cohort of men accessing antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. METHODS Self-reported partner pregnancy incidence and bloodwork (CD4, HIV-RNA) were collected quarterly. Interviewer-administered questionnaires assessed men's sexual and reproductive health annually and repeated at time of reported pregnancy (2011-2015). We measured partner pregnancy incidence overall, by pregnancy intention and by reported partner HIV serostatus. We assessed viral suppression (≤400 copies/mL) during the periconception period. Cox proportional hazard regression with repeated events identified predictors of partner pregnancy. RESULTS Among 189 men, the baseline median age was 39.9 years (interquartile range: 34.7-47.0), years on antiretroviral therapy was 3.9 (interquartile range: 0.0-5.1), and 51% were virally suppressed. Over 530.2 person-years of follow-up, 63 men reported 85 partner pregnancies (incidence = 16.0/100 person-years); 45% with HIV-serodifferent partners. By 3 years of follow-up, 30% of men reported a partner pregnancy, with no difference by partner HIV serostatus (P = 0.75). Sixty-nine percent of pregnancies were intended, 18% wanted but mistimed, and 8% unwanted. Seventy-eight percent of men were virally suppressed before pregnancy report. Men who were younger [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 0.94/yr; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89 to 0.99], had incomplete primary education (aHR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.36 to 6.40), and reported fertility desires (aHR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.04 to 4.85) had higher probability of partner pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS A high incidence of intended partner pregnancy highlights the need to address men's reproductive goals within HIV care. Nearly half of pregnancy partners were at-risk for HIV, and one-quarter of men were not virally suppressed during periconception. Safer conception care provides opportunity to support men's health and reproductive goals, while preventing HIV transmission to women and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kaida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Jerome Kabakyenga
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Mwebesa Bwana
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Winnie Muyindike
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Kara Bennett
- Bennett Statistical Consulting, Ballston Lake, New York, USA
| | - Annet Kembabazi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Jessica E. Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Global Health and Department of General Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Yap Boum
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
- Epicentre, Médicins sans Frontières (MSF), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - David R. Bangsberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA
| | - Lynn T. Matthews
- MGH Global Health and Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, USA
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Kharsany ABM, Cawood C, Khanyile D, Lewis L, Grobler A, Puren A, Govender K, George G, Beckett S, Samsunder N, Madurai S, Toledo C, Chipeta Z, Glenshaw M, Hersey S, Abdool Karim Q. Community-based HIV prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: results of a cross-sectional household survey. Lancet HIV 2018; 5:e427-e437. [PMID: 30021700 PMCID: PMC7498647 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In high HIV burden settings, maximising the coverage of prevention strategies is crucial to achieving epidemic control. However, little is known about the reach and effect of these strategies in some communities. METHODS We did a cross-sectional community survey in the adjacent Greater Edendale and Vulindlela areas in the uMgungundlovu district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Using a multistage cluster sampling method, we randomly selected enumeration areas, households, and individuals. One household member (aged 15-49 years) selected at random was invited for survey participation. After obtaining consent, questionnaires were administered to obtain sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioural information, and exposure to HIV prevention and treatment programmes. Clinical samples were collected for laboratory measurements. Statistical analyses were done accounting for multilevel sampling and weighted to represent the population. A multivariable logistic regression model assessed factors associated with HIV infection. FINDINGS Between June 11, 2014, and June 22, 2015, we enrolled 9812 individuals. The population-weighted HIV prevalence was 36·3% (95% CI 34·8-37·8, 3969 of 9812); 44·1% (42·3-45·9, 2955 of 6265) in women and 28·0% (25·9-30·1, 1014 of 3547) in men (p<0·0001). HIV prevalence in women aged 15-24 years was 22·3% (20·2-24·4, 567 of 2224) compared with 7·6% (6·0-9·3, 124 of 1472; p<0·0001) in men of the same age. Prevalence peaked at 66·4% (61·7-71·2, 517 of 760) in women aged 35-39 years and 59·6% (53·0-66·3, 183 of 320) in men aged 40-44 years. Consistent condom use in the last 12 months was 26·5% (24·1-28·8, 593 of 2356) in men and 22·7% (20·9-24·4, 994 of 4350) in women (p=0·0033); 35·7% (33·4-37·9, 1695 of 5447) of women's male partners and 31·9% (29·5-34·3, 1102 of 3547) of men were medically circumcised (p<0·0001), and 45·6% (42·9-48·2, 1251 of 2955) of women and 36·7% (32·3-41·2, 341 of 1014) of men reported antiretroviral therapy (ART) use (p=0·0003). HIV viral suppression was achieved in 54·8% (52·0-57·5, 1574 of 2955) of women and 41·9% (37·1-46·7, 401 of 1014) of men (p<0·0001), and 87·2% (84·6-89·8, 1086 of 1251) of women and 83·9% (78·5-89·3, 284 of 341; p=0·3670) of men on ART. Age, incomplete secondary schooling, being single, having more than one lifetime sex partner (women), sexually transmitted infections, and not being medically circumcised were associated with HIV-positive status. INTERPRETATION The HIV burden in specific age groups, the suboptimal differential coverage, and uptake of HIV prevention strategies justifies a location-based approach to surveillance with finer disaggregation by age and sex. Intensified and customised approaches to seek, identify, and link individuals to HIV services are crucial to achieving epidemic control in this community. FUNDING The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha B M Kharsany
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Cherie Cawood
- Epicentre AIDs Risk Management (Pty) Limited, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Khanyile
- Epicentre AIDs Risk Management (Pty) Limited, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lara Lewis
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anneke Grobler
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adrian Puren
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service (NICD/NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kaymarlin Govender
- Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gavin George
- Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sean Beckett
- Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Natasha Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Carlos Toledo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zawadi Chipeta
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Pretoria, South Africa; BroadReach, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary Glenshaw
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sara Hersey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Pretoria, South Africa; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Dravid AN, Natrajan K, Kulkarni MM, Saraf CK, Mahajan US, Kore SD, Rathod NM, Mahajan US, Wadia RS. Discordant CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA in individuals on virologically suppressive antiretroviral therapy in Western India. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9969. [PMID: 29465595 PMCID: PMC5841989 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/Plasma HIV-1 RNA discordance in virologically suppressed individuals presenting with incident neurologic symptoms.In this retrospective cohort study conducted between March 1, 2009, and March 1, 2017, HIV-1 infected adults exposed to atleast 12 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and having plasma viral load (VL) <1000 copies/mL (virologically suppressed) were included. Among these, individuals presenting with neurologic symptoms during follow-up were assessed for CSF/Plasma HIV-1 RNA discordance by measuring HIV-1 RNA in collected plasma and CSF samples. CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA discordance was defined as either detectable CSF HIV-1 RNA (VL > 20 copies/mL) with an undetectable plasma RNA (complete viral suppression, VL ≤20 copies/mL) or CSF HIV-1 RNA ≥ 0.5 log10 higher than plasma RNA when plasma VL was between 20 and 1000 copies/mL (low-level viremia, LLV).Out of 1584 virologically suppressed patients, 71 (4.4%) presented with incident neurologic symptoms. Twenty out of 71 (28.2%) patients were diagnosed with CSF/Plasma HIV-1 discordance. Median plasma and CSF VL in patients with discordance was 120 [interquartile range (IQR): <20 to 332.5] and 4250 (IQR: 2550.0- 9615.0) copies/mL, respectively. All 9 individuals in which CSF HIV-1 genotypic resistance testing was done showed mutations that would compromise efficacy of prescribed ART regimen. Prevalence of CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA discordance was higher among neurologically symptomatic patients with plasma LLV as compared with those with complete viral suppression (70% vs 11.8%, P < .001). The risk of discordance was also greater in patients who received protease inhibitor (PI) containing ART (P < .001) and those on ART regimens with central nervous system (CNS) penetration effectiveness (CPE) value <6 (P = .006).CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA discordance indicates replication of HIV-1 that has adapted to the CNS or has developed antiretroviral drug resistance. Larger studies should be performed to study incidence of discordance in India. This will help in managing patients presenting with neurologic symptoms on suppressive ART with appropriate neuroeffective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameet N. Dravid
- Department of Medicine, Ruby Hall Clinic
- Department of Medicine, Poona Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Noble Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | - Sachin D. Kore
- Department of Dermatology, Ashwini Sahakari Rugnalaya, Solapur
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Treves-Kagan S, Steward WT, Ntswane L, Haller R, Gilvydis JM, Gulati H, Barnhart S, Lippman SA. Why increasing availability of ART is not enough: a rapid, community-based study on how HIV-related stigma impacts engagement to care in rural South Africa. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:87. [PMID: 26823077 PMCID: PMC4730651 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma is a known barrier to HIV testing and care. Because access to antiretroviral therapy reduces overt illness and mortality, some scholars theorized that HIV-related stigma would decrease as treatment availability increased. However, the association between ART accessibility and stigma has not been as straightforward as originally predicted. METHODS We conducted a "situational analysis"--a rapid, community-based qualitative assessment to inform a combination HIV prevention program in high prevalence communities. In the context of this community-based research, we conducted semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 684 individuals in four low-resource sub-districts in North West Province, South Africa. In addition to using this data to inform programming, we examined the impact of stigma on the uptake of services. RESULTS Findings suggested that anticipated stigma remains a barrier to care. Although participants reported less enacted stigma, or hostility toward people living with HIV, they also felt that HIV remains synonymous with promiscuity and infidelity. Participants described community members taking steps to avoid being identified as HIV-positive, including avoiding healthcare facilities entirely, using traditional healers, or paying for private doctors. Such behaviors led to delays in testing and accessing care, and problems adhering to medications, especially for men and youth with no other health condition that could plausibly account for their utilization of medical services. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that providing access to ART alone will not end HIV-related stigma. Instead, individuals will remain hesitant to seek care as long as they fear that doing so will lead to prejudice and discrimination. It is critical to combat this trend by increasing cultural acceptance of being seropositive, integrating HIV care into general primary care and normalizing men and youths' accessing health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Treves-Kagan
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Wayne T Steward
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Lebogang Ntswane
- University of Washington, International Training and Education Center for Health (ITECH) - South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Robin Haller
- University of California, San Francisco, Global Health Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Gilvydis
- University of Washington, International Training and Education Center for Health (ITECH) - South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Harnik Gulati
- University of Washington, International Training and Education Center for Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Scott Barnhart
- University of Washington, International Training and Education Center for Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Sheri A Lippman
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Torre P, Hoffman HJ, Springer G, Cox C, Young MA, Margolick JB, Plankey M. Hearing loss among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative men and women. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 141:202-10. [PMID: 25541676 PMCID: PMC4369193 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2014.3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Age-related hearing loss affects quality of life. Data on hearing loss among aging human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive (HIV+) adults are limited. OBJECTIVE To evaluate pure-tone hearing thresholds among HIV+ and HIV-seronegative (HIV-) adults and to determine whether HIV disease variables and antiretroviral therapy are associated with pure-tone threshold levels. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 262 men (117 HIV+) from the Baltimore, Maryland/Washington, DC, site of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and 134 women (105 HIV+) from the Washington, DC, site of the Women's Interagency HIV Study participated. Pure-tone air conduction thresholds were collected in a sound-treated room for each ear at frequencies from 250 through 8000 Hz. Linear mixed regression models tested the effect of HIV on hearing after adjustment for age, sex, race, and noise exposure history. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Low-frequency pure-tone average (LPTA) at 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz and high-frequency PTA (HPTA) at 3000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz. Differential HIV effects for LPTA and HPTA and better/worse ear were also examined. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell counts, log10 plasma HIV RNA concentrations, receipt of AIDS diagnosis, and cumulative duration of antiretroviral therapy were included in the models for HIV+ participants only. RESULTS HPTA and LPTA were significantly higher (18%: estimated ratio, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.02-1.36]; P = .02; and 12%: estimated ratio, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.00-1.26]; P = .05, respectively) for HIV+ participants compared with HIV- participants for the better ear. The direction of the effect was consistent across both the better and worse ears. There were no significant associations between HIV disease variables or treatment variables and LPTA or HPTA. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The HIV+ adults had significantly poorer lower-frequency and higher-frequency hearing than HIV- adults. High-frequency hearing loss is consistent with an accelerated aging (presbycusis); low-frequency hearing loss in middle age is unexpected. Because some vowels and consonants have predominantly low-frequency acoustic energy, poor low-frequency hearing may impair communication in HIV+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Torre
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Howard J. Hoffman
- Epidemiology and Statistics Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gayle Springer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher Cox
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary A. Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Plankey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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13
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Field N, Lim MSC, Murray J, Dowdeswell RJ, Glynn JR, Sonnenberg P. Timing, rates, and causes of death in a large South African tuberculosis programme. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:3858. [PMID: 25528248 PMCID: PMC4297465 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) mortality remains high across sub-Saharan Africa despite integration of TB and HIV/ART programmes. To inform programme design and service delivery, we estimated mortality by time from starting TB treatment. METHODS Routinely collected data on TB treatment, vital status, and the timing and causes of death, were linked to cardio-respiratory autopsy data, from 1995-2008, from a cohort of male platinum miners in South Africa. Records were expanded into person-months at risk (pm). RESULTS 4162 TB episodes were registered; 3170 men were treated for the first time and 833 men underwent retreatment. Overall, 509 men died, with a case fatality of 12.2% and mortality rate of 2.0/100 pm. Mortality was highest in the first month after starting TB treatment for first (2.3/100 pm) and retreatment episodes (4.8/100 pm). When stratified by HIV status, case fatality was higher in HIV positive men not on ART (first episode 14.0%; retreatment episode 26.2%) and those on ART (12.0%; 22.0%) than men of negative or unknown HIV status (2.6%; 3.6%). Mortality was also highest in the first month for each of these groups. Mortality risk factors included older age, previous TB, HIV, pulmonary TB, and diagnostic uncertainty. The proportion of deaths attributable to TB was consistently overestimated in clinical records versus cardio-respiratory autopsy. CONCLUSIONS Programme mortality was highest in those with HIV and during the first month of TB treatment in all groups, and many deaths were not caused by TB. Resource allocation should prioritise TB prevention and accurate earlier diagnosis, recognise the role of HIV, and ensure effective clinical care in the early stages of TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Field
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, Mortimer Market Centre (off Capper St), London, WC1E6JB, UK.
| | - Megan S C Lim
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, Mortimer Market Centre (off Capper St), London, WC1E6JB, UK.
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jill Murray
- National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | | - Judith R Glynn
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Pam Sonnenberg
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, Mortimer Market Centre (off Capper St), London, WC1E6JB, UK.
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Reniers G, Slaymaker E, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, Nyamukapa C, Crampin AC, Herbst K, Urassa M, Otieno F, Gregson S, Sewe M, Michael D, Lutalo T, Hosegood V, Kasamba I, Price A, Nabukalu D, Mclean E, Zaba B. Mortality trends in the era of antiretroviral therapy: evidence from the Network for Analysing Longitudinal Population based HIV/AIDS data on Africa (ALPHA). AIDS 2014; 28 Suppl 4:S533-42. [PMID: 25406756 PMCID: PMC4251911 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rollout of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is one of the largest public health interventions in Eastern and Southern Africa of recent years. Its impact is well described in clinical cohort studies, but population-based evidence is rare. METHODS We use data from seven demographic surveillance sites that also conduct community-based HIV testing and collect information on the uptake of HIV services. We present crude death rates of adults (aged 15-64) for the period 2000-2011 by sex, HIV status, and treatment status. Parametric survival models are used to estimate age-adjusted trends in the mortality rates of people living with HIV (PLHIV) before and after the introduction of ART. RESULTS The pooled ALPHA Network dataset contains 2.4 million person-years of follow-up time, and 39114 deaths (6893 to PLHIV). The mortality rates of PLHIV have been relatively static before the availability of ART. Mortality declined rapidly thereafter, with typical declines between 10 and 20% per annum. Compared with the pre-ART era, the total decline in mortality rates of PLHIV exceeds 58% in all study sites with available data, and amounts to 84% for women in Masaka (Uganda). Mortality declines have been larger for women than for men; a result that is statistically significant in five sites. Apart from the early phase of treatment scale up, when the mortality of PLHIV on ART was often very high, mortality declines have been observed in PLHIV both on and off ART. CONCLUSION The expansion of treatment has had a large and pervasive effect on adult mortality. Mortality declines have been more pronounced for women, a factor that is often attributed to women's greater engagement with HIV services. Improvements in the timing of ART initiation have contributed to mortality reductions in PLHIV on ART, but also among those who have not (yet) started treatment because they are increasingly selected for early stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Reniers
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Slaymaker
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jessica Nakiyingi-Miiro
- Research Unit on AIDS, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Constance Nyamukapa
- Manicaland HIV/STD prevention project, Bio-medical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Amelia Catharine Crampin
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Karonga Prevention Study, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Kobus Herbst
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, Somkhele, South Africa
| | - Mark Urassa
- TAZAMA project, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Fred Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute / Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Simon Gregson
- Manicaland HIV/STD prevention project, Bio-medical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Maquins Sewe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute / Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Denna Michael
- TAZAMA project, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Tom Lutalo
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Makerere University School of Public Health, Rakai, Uganda
| | - Victoria Hosegood
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu Natal, Somkhele, South Africa
- Department of Social Statistics and Demography, Southampton University, Southampton, UK
| | - Ivan Kasamba
- Research Unit on AIDS, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alison Price
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Karonga Prevention Study, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Dorean Nabukalu
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Makerere University School of Public Health, Rakai, Uganda
| | - Estelle Mclean
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Basia Zaba
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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15
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Lebouché B, Jenabian MA, Singer J, Graziani GM, Engler K, Trottier B, Thomas R, Brouillette MJ, Routy JP. The role of extended-release niacin on immune activation and neurocognition in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy - CTN PT006: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:390. [PMID: 25293882 PMCID: PMC4283109 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30% of HIV-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy who achieve virologic control have unsatisfactory immune reconstitution, with CD4+ T-cell counts persistently below 350 cells/μL. These patients are at elevated risk for clinical progression to AIDS and non-AIDS events. CD4+ T-cell depletion following infection and persistent immune activation can partially explain this low CD4+ T-cell recovery. Recent data suggest a link between the tryptophan oxidation pathway, immune activation and HIV disease progression based on overstimulation of the tryptophan oxidation pathway by HIV antigens and by interferon-gamma. This overstimulation reduces levels of circulating tryptophan, resulting in inflammation which has been implicated in the development of neurocognitive dysfunction. Niacin (vitamin B3) is able to control the excess tryptophan oxidation, correcting tryptophan depletion, and therefore represents an interesting strategy to improve CD4 recovery.We aim to design a crossover proof-of-concept study to assess supplementation with an extended-release form of niacin (Niaspan FCT™) in combination with antiretroviral therapy, compared to antiretroviral therapy alone, on T-cell immune activation as defined by changes in the percentage of CD8+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ T-cells. METHODS/DESIGN This randomized, open-label, interventional crossover study with an immediate versus deferred use of Niaspan FCT for 24 weeks will assess its ability to reduce immune activation and thus increase CD4 recovery in 20 HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune responses despite sustained virologic suppression. A substudy evaluating neurocognitive function will also be conducted. DISCUSSION This randomized trial will provide an opportunity to evaluate the potential benefit of oral extended-release niacin, a drug that can indirectly increase tryptophan, to reduce immune activation and in turn increase CD4+ T-cell recovery. The study will also allow for the evaluation of the impact of Niaspan FCT on neurocognitive function in HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune responses despite sustained virologic suppression. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov on 17 December 2013 (registration number: NCT02018965).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Lebouché
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
- />Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858, chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1 Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
| | - Joel Singer
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
| | - Gina M Graziani
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
- />Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6 Canada
| | - Kim Engler
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
| | - Benoit Trottier
- />Clinique médicale l’Actuel, 1001 boul. de Maisonneuve E, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9 Canada
| | - Réjean Thomas
- />Clinique médicale l’Actuel, 1001 boul. de Maisonneuve E, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9 Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Brouillette
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
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16
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Joshi B, Chauhan S, Pasi A, Kulkarni R, Sunil N, Bachani D, Mankeshwar R. Level of suboptimal adherence to first line antiretroviral treatment & its determinants among HIV positive people in India. Indian J Med Res 2014; 140:84-95. [PMID: 25222782 PMCID: PMC4181166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES National Anti-retroviral treatment (ART) programme in India was launched in 2004. Since then, there has been no published country representative estimate of suboptimal adherence among people living with HIV (PLHIV) on first line ART in public settings. Hence a multicentric study was undertaken in 15 States of India to assess the level of suboptimal adherence and its determinants among PLHIV. METHODS Using a prospective observational study design, 3285 PLHIV were enrolled and followed up to six months across 30 ART centres in India. Adherence was assessed using pill count and self-reported recall method and determinants of suboptimal adherence were explored based on the responses to various issues as perceived by them. RESULTS Suboptimal adherence was found in 24.5 per cent PLHIV. Determinants of suboptimal adherence were illiteracy (OR--1.341, CI--1.080-1.665), on ART for less than 6 months (OR--1.540, CI--1.280-1.853), male gender (OR for females--0.807, CI--0.662-0.982), tribals (OR--2.246, CI--1.134-4.447), on efavirenz (EFA) regimen (OR--1.479, CI--1.190-1.837), presence of anxiety (OR--1.375, CI--1.117-1.692), non-disclosure of HIV status to family (OR--1.549, CI--1.176-2.039), not motivated for treatment (OR--1.389, CI--1.093-1.756), neglect from friends (OR--1.368, CI--1.069-1.751), frequent change of residence (OR--3.373, CI--2.659-4.278), travel expenses (OR--1.364, CI--1.138-1.649), not meeting the PLHIV volunteer/community care coordinator at the ART center (OR--1.639, CI--1.330-2.019). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS To enhance identification of PLHIV vulnerable to suboptimal adherence, the existing checklist to identify the barriers to adherence in the National ART Guidelines needs to be updated based on the study findings. Quality of comprehensive adherence support services needs to be improved coupled with vigilant monitoring of adherence measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena Joshi
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India,Reprint requests: Dr Beena Nitin Joshi, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR) J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India e-mail:
| | - Sanjay Chauhan
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Achhelal Pasi
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Ragini Kulkarni
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Nithya Sunil
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Damodar Bachani
- Lady Hardinge Medical College & Smt. S.K. Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
HIV research has identified approaches that can be combined to be more effective in transmission reduction than any 1 modality alone: delayed adolescent sexual debut, mutual monogamy or sexual partner reduction, correct and consistent condom use, pre-exposure prophylaxis with oral antiretroviral drugs or vaginal microbicides, voluntary medical male circumcision, antiretroviral therapy (ART) for prevention (including prevention of mother to child HIV transmission [PMTCT]), treatment of sexually transmitted infections, use of clean needles for all injections, blood screening prior to donation, a future HIV prime/boost vaccine, and the female condom. The extent to which evidence-based modalities can be combined to prevent substantial HIV transmission is largely unknown, but combination approaches that are truly implementable in field conditions are likely to be far more effective than single interventions alone. Analogous to PMTCT, "treatment as prevention" for adult-to-adult transmission reduction includes expanded HIV testing, linkage to care, antiretroviral coverage, retention in care, adherence to therapy, and management of key co-morbidities such as depression and substance use. With successful viral suppression, persons with HIV are far less infectious to others, as we see in the fields of sexually transmitted infection control and mycobacterial disease control (tuberculosis and leprosy). Combination approaches are complex, may involve high program costs, and require substantial global commitments. We present a rationale for such investments and cite an ongoing research agenda that seeks to determine how feasible and cost-effective a combination prevention approach would be in a variety of epidemic contexts, notably that in a sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten H Vermund
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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Clouse K, Pettifor AE, Maskew M, Bassett J, Van Rie A, Behets F, Gay C, Sanne I, Fox MP. Patient retention from HIV diagnosis through one year on antiretroviral therapy at a primary health care clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 62:e39-46. [PMID: 23011400 PMCID: PMC3548953 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318273ac48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare patient retention at 3 stages of pre-antiretroviral (ART) care and 2 stages of post-ART care to identify when greatest attrition occurs. DESIGN An observational cohort study. METHODS We reviewed files of all adult nonpregnant individuals testing HIV-positive January 1-June 30, 2010, at a primary health clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa (N = 842). We classified retention in pre-ART stage 1 (HIV diagnosis to CD4 results notification in ≤3 months), pre-ART stage 2 (initially ineligible for ART with repeat CD4 test ≤1 year of prior CD4), pre-ART stage 3 (initiating ART ≤3 months after first eligible CD4 result), and at 0-6 and 6-12 months post-ART. RESULTS Retention among all patients during pre-ART stage 1 was 69.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 66.7% to 72.9%]. For patients initially ART ineligible (n = 221), 57.4% (95% CI: 49.5% to 65.0%) returned for a repeat CD4 during pre-ART stage 2. Among those who were ART eligible (n = 589), 73.5% (95% CI: 69.0% to 77.6%) were retained during pre-ART stage 3. Retention increased with time on ART, from 80.2% (95% CI: 75.3% to 84.5%) at 6 months to 95.3% (95% CI: 91.7% to 97.6%) between 6 and 12 months. Cumulative retention from diagnosis to 12 months on ART was 36.9% (95% CI: 33.0% to 41.1%) for those ART eligible and 43.0% (95% CI: 36.4% to 49.8%) from diagnosis to repeat CD4 testing within one year among those ART ineligible. CONCLUSIONS Patient attrition in the first year after HIV diagnosis was greatest before ART initiation: more than 25% at each of 3 pre-ART stages. As countries expand HIV testing and ART programs, success will depend on linkage to care, especially before ART eligibility and initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Clouse
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Abstract
We assessed sexual behaviors before and 12-months after ART initiation among 277 Mozambicans attending an HIV clinic. Measured behaviors included the number of sexual partners, condom use, concurrent relationships, disclosure of HIV status, alcohol use, and partners' serostatus. Compared to before ART initiation, increases were seen 12 months after ART in the proportion of participants who were sexually active (48% vs. 64% respondents, P < 0.001) and the proportion of participants with HIV-negative or unknown serostatus partners (45% vs. 80%, P < 0.001). Almost all (96%) concurrent partnerships reported at 12 months formed after ART initiation. Although reported correct and consist condom use increased, the number of unprotected sexual relationships remained the same (n = 45). Non-disclosure of HIV-serostatus to sexual partners was the only significant predictor of practicing unprotected sex with partners of HIV-negative or unknown serostatus. Sexual activity among HIV-positive persons on ART increased 12 months after ART initiation. Ongoing secondary transmission prevention programs addressing sexual activity with multiple partners, disclosure to partners and consistent condom use with serodisconcordant partners must be incorporated throughout HIV care programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Pearson
- School of Social Work, Indigenous Wellness and Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.
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Rebolledo P, Kourbatova E, Rothenberg R, del Rio C. Factors associated with utilization of HAART amongst hard-to-reach HIV-infected individuals in Atlanta, Georgia. J AIDS HIV Res 2011; 3:63-70. [PMID: 21866279 PMCID: PMC3159491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The study is aimed at identifying clinical, demographic and behavioral factors, including participation in HIV care, associated with the utilization of antiretroviral therapy (ART), among hard-to-reach HIV-positive individuals in Atlanta, GA. The study included 184 HIV-positive participants of the Infectious Disease Program (IDP) of the Grady Health System between February 1999 to March 2001. Individuals were categorized as regular attendees (those who consistently kept their outpatient appointments, n = 65), irregular (those who inconsistently kept their appointments, n = 60) or non-attendees (those who failed routinely to keep their appointments, n = 59). Univariate and multivariate analyses using log-binomial regression modeling were done. HIV-infected individuals who consistently kept their appointments at the IDP received ART at a frequency (86%) that is twice that of those who missed some appointments (42%) and four times that of those who routinely failed to keep appointments (20%). In multivariate analysis, category of clinic attendance (regular, irregular or non-attendee) was the only risk factor independently associated with utilization of ART: Regular attendees (RR = 3.59, 95% CI 2.12 to 6.08) and irregular attendees (RR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.28 to 4.01) compared to non-attendees. The positive association between routine clinic attendance and use of antiretroviral therapy observed in this study should encourage the development of strategies to retain patients in outpatient HIV care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos del Rio
- Rollins School of Public Health Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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