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Arumugam G, Durairaj S, Gonçale JC, Fonseca do Carmo PH, Terra Garcia M, Soares da Silva N, Borges BM, Loures FV, Ghosh D, Vivanco JF, Junqueira JC. Silver Nanoparticle-Embedded Carbon Nitride: Antifungal Activity on Candida albicans and Toxicity toward Animal Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:25727-25739. [PMID: 38742469 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of engineered nanomaterials has been considered a promising strategy to control oral infections. In this study, silver-embedded carbon nitrides (Ag@g-CN) were synthesized and tested against Candida albicans, investigating their antifungal action and biocompatibility in animal cells. Ag@g-CN was synthesized by a simple one-pot thermal polymerization technique and characterized by various analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed slight alterations in the crystal structure of g-CN upon the incorporation of Ag. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Ag-N bonds, indicating successful silver incorporation and potential interactions with g-CN's amino groups. UV-vis spectroscopy demonstrated a red shift in the absorption edge of Ag@g-CN compared with g-CN, attributed to the surface plasmon resonance effect of silver nanoparticles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the 2D layered sheet like morphology of both materials. The Ag 3d peaks found in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of metallic Ag0 nanoparticles in Ag@g-CN. The Ag@g-CN materials exhibited high antifungal activity against reference and oral clinical strains of C. albicans, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges between 16-256 μg/mL. The mechanism of Ag@g-CN on C. albicans was attributed to the disruption of the membrane integrity and disturbance of the biofilm. In addition, the Ag@g-CN material showed good biocompatibility in the fibroblastic cell line and in Galleria mellonella, with no apparent cytotoxicity observed at a concentration up to 1000 μg/mL. These findings demonstrate the potential of the Ag@g-CN material as an effective and safe antifungal agent for the treatment of oral fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshkumar Arumugam
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
- Department of Materials Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMTS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivaraj Durairaj
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar 2580335, Chile
| | - Juliana Caparroz Gonçale
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Fonseca do Carmo
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Newton Soares da Silva
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo/UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Flavio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo/UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Deepa Ghosh
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Juan F Vivanco
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Viña del Mar 2580335, Chile
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil
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Luo X, Zhai Y, Wang P, Tian B, Liu S, Li J, Yang C, Strehmel V, Li S, Matyjaszewski K, Yilmaz G, Strehmel B, Chen Z. Light-Mediated Polymerization Catalyzed by Carbon Nanomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316431. [PMID: 38012084 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, specifically carbon dots and carbon nitrides, play a crucial role as heterogeneous photoinitiators in both radical and cationic polymerization processes. These recently introduced materials offer promising solutions to the limitations of current homogeneous systems, presenting a novel approach to photopolymerization. This review highlights the preparation and photocatalytic performance of these nanomaterials, emphasizing their application in various polymerization techniques, including photoinduced i) free radical, ii) RAFT, iii) ATRP, and iv) cationic photopolymerization. Additionally, it discusses their potential in addressing contemporary challenges and explores prospects in this field. Moreover, carbon nitrides, in particular, exhibit exceptional oxygen tolerance, underscoring their significance in radical polymerization processes and allowing their applications such as 3D printing, surface modification of coatings, and hydrogel engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yingxiang Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA-15213, USA
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA-15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
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Laniel D, Trybel F, Aslandukov A, Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Yin Y, Miyajima N, Tasnádi F, Ponomareva AV, Jena N, Akbar FI, Winkler B, Néri A, Chariton S, Prakapenka V, Milman V, Schnick W, Rudenko AN, Katsnelson MI, Abrikosov IA, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N. Synthesis of Ultra-Incompressible and Recoverable Carbon Nitrides Featuring CN 4 Tetrahedra. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2308030. [PMID: 37822038 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides featuring three-dimensional frameworks of CN4 tetrahedra are one of the great aspirations of materials science, expected to have a hardness greater than or comparable to diamond. After more than three decades of efforts to synthesize them, no unambiguous evidence of their existence has been delivered. Here, the high-pressure high-temperature synthesis of three carbon-nitrogen compounds, tI14-C3 N4 , hP126-C3 N4 , and tI24-CN2 , in laser-heated diamond anvil cells, is reported. Their structures are solved and refined using synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Physical properties investigations show that these strongly covalently bonded materials, ultra-incompressible and superhard, also possess high energy density, piezoelectric, and photoluminescence properties. The novel carbon nitrides are unique among high-pressure materials, as being produced above 100 GPa they are recoverable in air at ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Laniel
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Florian Trybel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Andrey Aslandukov
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuqing Yin
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Miyajima
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ferenc Tasnádi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Alena V Ponomareva
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, NUST "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Nityasagar Jena
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | | | - Bjoern Winkler
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Abteilung Kristallographie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adrien Néri
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander N Rudenko
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heijendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Mikhail I Katsnelson
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heijendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Igor A Abrikosov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
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4
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Sportelli G, Grando G, Bevilacqua M, Filippini G, Melchionna M, Fornasiero P. Graphitic Carbon Nitride as Photocatalyst for the Direct Formylation of Anilines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301718. [PMID: 37439718 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) for the photocatalytic radical formylation of anilines, which represents a more sustainable and attractive alternative to the currently used approaches, is reported herein. Our operationally simple method occurs under mild conditions, employing air as an oxidant. In particular, the chemistry is driven by the ability of g-CN to reach an electronically excited state upon visible-light absorption, which has a suitable potential energy to trigger the formation of reactive α-amino radical species from anilines. Mechanistic investigations also proved the key role of the g-CN to form reactive superoxide radicals from O2 via single electron transfer. Importantly, this photocatalytic transformation provides a variety of functionalized formamides (15 examples, up to 89 % yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sportelli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaia Grando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuela Bevilacqua
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Melchionna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Fornasiero
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and, Transport Giacomo Ciamician and ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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5
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Li C, Lepre E, Bi M, Antonietti M, Zhu J, Fu Y, López-Salas N. Oxygen-Rich Carbon Nitrides from an Eutectic Template Strategy Stabilize Ni, Fe Nanosites for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2300526. [PMID: 37246284 PMCID: PMC10401138 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized porous carbons are central to various important applications such as energy storage and conversion. Here, a simple synthetic route to prepare oxygen-rich carbon nitrides (CNOs) decorated with stable Ni and Fe-nanosites is demonstrated. The CNOs are prepared via a salt templating method using ribose and adenine as precursors and CaCl2 ·2H2 O as a template. The formation of supramolecular eutectic complexes between CaCl2 ·2H2 O and ribose at relatively low temperatures facilitates the formation of a homogeneous starting mixture, promotes the condensation of ribose through the dehydrating effect of CaCl2 ·2H2 O to covalent frameworks, and finally generates homogeneous CNOs. As a specific of the recipe, the condensation of the precursors at higher temperatures and the removal of water promotes the recrystallization of CaCl2 (T < Tm = 772 °C), which then acts as a hard porogen. Due to salt catalysis, CNOs with oxygen and nitrogen contents as high as 12 and 20 wt%, respectively, can be obtained, while heteroatom content stayed about unchanged even at higher temperatures of synthesis, pointing to the extraordinarily high stability of the materials. After decorating Ni and Fe-nanosites onto the CNOs, the materials exhibit high activity and stability for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction with an overpotential of 351 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Enrico Lepre
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Min Bi
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Junwu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yongsheng Fu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Nieves López-Salas
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Maxim FI, Tanasa E, Mitrea B, Diac C, Skála T, Tanase LC, Ianăși C, Ciocanea A, Antohe S, Vasile E, Fagadar-Cosma E, Stamatin SN. Polymeric Carbon Nitrides for Photoelectrochemical Applications: Ring Opening-Induced Degradation. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1248. [PMID: 37049341 PMCID: PMC10097008 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Active and stable materials that utilize solar radiation for promoting different reactions are critical for emerging technologies. Two of the most common polymeric carbon nitrides were prepared by the thermal polycondensation of melamine. The scope of this work is to investigate possible structural degradation before and after photoelectrochemical testing. The materials were characterized using synchrotron radiation and lab-based techniques, and subsequently degraded photoelectrochemically, followed by post-mortem analysis. Post-mortem investigations reveal: (1) carbon atoms bonded to three nitrogen atoms change into carbon atoms bonded to two nitrogen atoms and (2) the presence of methylene terminals in post-mortem materials. The study concludes that polymeric carbon nitrides are susceptible to photoelectrochemical degradation via ring opening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenia Tanasa
- Department of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Mitrea
- 3Nano-SAE Research Centre, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Cornelia Diac
- 3Nano-SAE Research Centre, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Cătălin Ianăși
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Ciocanea
- Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering Department, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan Antohe
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists (AOSR), Ilfov No 3, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Department of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Serban N. Stamatin
- 3Nano-SAE Research Centre, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
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7
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Ma J, Das J, Zhang J, Cheng J, Sorcar S, Rosen BA, Shekhter P, Dobrovetsky R, Flaxer E, Yavor Y, Shen R, Kaminker I, Goldbourt A, Gozin M. Carbon-Nitride Popcorn-A Novel Catalyst Prepared by Self-Propagating Combustion of Nitrogen-Rich Triazenes. Small 2023; 19:e2205994. [PMID: 36638248 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The interest in development of non-graphitic polymeric carbon nitrides (PCNs), with various C-to-N ratios, having tunable electronic, optical, and chemical properties is rapidly increasing. Here the first self-propagating combustion synthesis methodology for the facile preparation of novel porous PCN materials (PCN3-PCN7) using new nitrogen-rich triazene-based precursors is reported. This methodology is found to be highly precursor dependent, where variations in the terminal functional groups in the newly designed precursors (compounds 3-7) lead to different combustion behaviors, and morphologies of the resulted PCNs. The foam-type highly porous PCN5, generated from self-propagating combustion of 5 is comprehensively characterized and shows a C-to-N ratio of 0.67 (C3 N4.45 ). Thermal analyses of PCN5 formulations with ammonium perchlorate (AP) reveal that PCN5 has an excellent catalytic activity in the thermal decomposition of AP. This catalytic activity of PCN5 is further evaluated in a closer-to-application scenario, showing an increase of 18% in the burn rate of AP-Al-HTPB (with 2 wt% of PCN5) solid composite propellant. The newly developed template- and additive-free self-propagating combustion synthetic methodology using specially designed nitrogen-rich precursors should provide a novel platform for the preparation of non-graphitic PCNs with a variety of building block chemistries, morphologies, and properties suitable for a broad range of technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Jagadish Das
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Saurav Sorcar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Brian A Rosen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Advanced Combustion Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Pini Shekhter
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Eli Flaxer
- Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Tel Aviv, 69107, Israel
| | - Yinon Yavor
- Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Tel Aviv, 69107, Israel
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Ilia Kaminker
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amir Goldbourt
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Gozin
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Advanced Combustion Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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8
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Lv Y, Zhang W, Gu Q, Gao Z. Simultaneous Loading of Ni 2 P Cocatalysts on the Inner and Outer Surfaces of Mesopores P-Doped Carbon Nitride Hollow Spheres for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water-Splitting Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202678. [PMID: 36210336 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Promoting charge separation, constructing active sites, and improving the utilization of metal atoms are very important for the design of efficient photocatalysts. A simultaneous loading of Ni2 P cocatalysts on the inner and outer surfaces of mesoporous P-doped carbon nitride hollow nanospheres (PCNHS) to construct a Ni2 P@PCNHS@Ni2 P photocatalyst is reported. Ni2 P cocatalysts loading provides enough active sites on both the inner and outer surfaces for proton reduction, and the formed heterojunctions simultaneously promote the migration and separation of the photogenerated charges on the inner and outer surfaces. The photocatalytic reaction proceeds simultaneously on the inner and outer surfaces of Ni2 P@PCNHS@Ni2 P, which leads to a significantly improved photocatalytic water splitting performance and enhanced atomic utilization. Notably, the hydrogen evolution rate of Ni2 P@PCNHS@Ni2 P is 2.4 times higher than that of Pt-loaded PCNHS. The findings guide the design of hollow nanostructured composites with high-boosting photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, P.R. China
| | - Quan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, P.R. China
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9
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Wang R, Cao X, Huang H, Ji X, Chen X, Liu J, Yan P, Wei S, Chen L, Wang Y. Facile Chemical Vapor Modification Strategy to Construct Surface Cyano-Rich Polymer Carbon Nitrides for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202201575. [PMID: 36149300 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The surface grafting of electro-negative cyano groups on polymer carbon nitrides (PCNs) is an effective way to tail their electronic structure. Despite the significant progress in the synthesis of cyano group-enriched PCN, developing a simple and efficient method remains challenging. Here, a facile strategy was developed for fabricating surface cyano-rich PCN (PCN-DM) with a porous structure via chemical vapor modification using diaminomaleonitrile. The cyano groups of diaminomaleonitrile substituted the amino groups on PCN surface via a deamination. The hydrogen production rate of the PCN-DM was approximately 17 times higher than that of pristine PCN. This significant increase in photocatalytic performance could be assigned to the fusion of cyano groups in the surface of PCN, forming new gap states that broadened the visible-light harvesting and accelerated charge separation for photoredox reactions. This study unveils a promising approach for incorporating functional units in the design of novel photocatalysts for efficient hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Huanan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xingtao Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiudong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jinhang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Shunhang Wei
- School of Mathematical Information, Shaoxing University, 312000, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
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10
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Rogolino A, Silva IF, Tarakina NV, da Silva MAR, Rocha GFSR, Antonietti M, Teixeira IF. Modified Poly(Heptazine Imides): Minimizing H 2O 2 Decomposition to Maximize Oxygen Reduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:49820-49829. [PMID: 36315872 PMCID: PMC9650642 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis provides a sustainable pathway to produce the consumer chemical H2O2 from atmospheric O2 via an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Such an alternative is attractive to replace the cumbersome traditional anthraquinone method for H2O2 synthesis on a large scale. Carbon nitrides have shown very interesting results as heterogeneous photocatalysts in ORR because their covalent two-dimensional (2D) structure is believed to increase selectivity toward the two-electron process. However, an efficient and scalable application of carbon nitrides for this reaction is far from being achieved. Poly(heptazine imides) (PHIs) are a more powerful subgroup of carbon nitrides whose structure provides high crystallinity and a scaffold to host transition-metal single atoms. Herein, we show that PHIs functionalized with sodium and the recently reported fully protonated PHI exhibit high activity in two-electron ORR under visible light. The latter converted O2 to up to 1556 mmol L-1 h-1 g-1 H2O2 under 410 nm irradiation using inexpensive but otherwise chemically demanding glycerin as a sacrificial electron donor. We also prove that functionalization with transition metals is not beneficial for H2O2 synthesis, as the metal also catalyzes its decomposition. Transient photoluminescence spectroscopy suggests that H-PHIs exhibit higher activity due to their longer excited-state lifetime. Overall, this work highlights the high photocatalytic activity of the rarely examined fully protonated PHI and represents a step forward in the application of inexpensive covalent materials for photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rogolino
- Galilean
School of Higher Education, University of
Padova, Via Venezia 20, Padova35131, Italy
| | - Ingrid F. Silva
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Nadezda V. Tarakina
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Marcos A. R. da Silva
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São
Carlos, Washington Luis Highway, s/n Km 235, São
Carlos13565-905, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F. S. R. Rocha
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São
Carlos, Washington Luis Highway, s/n Km 235, São
Carlos13565-905, São
Paulo, Brazil
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department
of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Ivo F. Teixeira
- Department
of Chemistry, Federal University of São
Carlos, Washington Luis Highway, s/n Km 235, São
Carlos13565-905, São
Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Büchele S, Yakimov A, Collins SM, Ruiz-Ferrando A, Chen Z, Willinger E, Kepaptsoglou DM, Ramasse QM, Müller CR, Safonova OV, López N, Copéret C, Pérez-Ramírez J, Mitchell S. Elucidation of Metal Local Environments in Single-Atom Catalysts Based on Carbon Nitrides. Small 2022; 18:e2202080. [PMID: 35678101 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tailor the properties of metal centers in single-atom heterogeneous catalysts depends on the availability of advanced approaches for characterization of their structure. Except for specific host materials with well-defined metal adsorption sites, determining the local atomic environment remains a crucial challenge, often relying heavily on simulations. This article reports an advanced analysis of platinum atoms stabilized on poly(triazine imide), a nanocrystalline form of carbon nitride. The approach discriminates the distribution of surface coordination sites in the host, the evolution of metal coordination at different stages during the synthesis of the material, and the potential locations of metal atoms within the lattice. Consistent with density functional theory predictions, simultaneous high-resolution imaging in high-angle annular dark field and bright field modes experimentally confirms the preferred localization of platinum in-plane in the corners of the triangular cavities. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced 15 N nuclear magnetic resonance (DNP-NMR) spectroscopies coupled with density functional theory (DFT) simulations reveal that the predominant metal species comprise Pt(II) bound to three nitrogen atoms and one chlorine atom inside the coordination sites. The findings, which narrow the gap between experimental and theoretical elucidation, contribute to the improved structural understanding and provide a benchmark for exploring the speciation of single-atom catalysts based on carbon nitrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Büchele
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yakimov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sean M Collins
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, School of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrea Ruiz-Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Zupeng Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Elena Willinger
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, UK
| | - Christoph R Müller
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Olga V Safonova
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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12
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Kröger J, Podjaski F, Savasci G, Moudrakovski I, Jiménez-Solano A, Terban MW, Bette S, Duppel V, Joos M, Senocrate A, Dinnebier R, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Conductivity Mechanism in Ionic 2D Carbon Nitrides: From Hydrated Ion Motion to Enhanced Photocatalysis. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2107061. [PMID: 34870342 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides are among the most studied materials for photocatalysis; however, limitations arise from inefficient charge separation and transport within the material. Here, this aspect is addressed in the 2D carbon nitride poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) by investigating the influence of various counterions, such as M = Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Cs+ , Ba2+ , NH4 + , and tetramethyl ammonium, on the material's conductivity and photocatalytic activity. These ions in the PHI pores affect the stacking of the 2D layers, which further influences the predominantly ionic conductivity in M-PHI. Na-containing PHI outperforms the other M-PHIs in various relative humidity (RH) environments (0-42%RH) in terms of conductivity, likely due to pore-channel geometry and size of the (hydrated) ion. With increasing RH, the ionic conductivity increases by 4-5 orders of magnitude (for Na-PHI up to 10-5 S cm-1 at 42%RH). At the same time, the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate is observed for Na-PHI, which is mirrored by increased photogenerated charge-carrier lifetimes, pointing to efficient charge-carrier stabilization by, e.g., mobile ions. These results indicate that also ionic conductivity is an important parameter that can influence the photocatalytic activity. Besides, RH-dependent ionic conductivity is of high interest for separators, membranes, or sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Joos
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessandro Senocrate
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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13
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Kim S, Singh G, Sathish CI, Panigrahi P, Daiyan R, Lu X, Sugi Y, Kim IY, Vinu A. Tailoring the Pore Size, Basicity, and Binding Energy of Mesoporous C 3 N 5 for CO 2 Capture and Conversion. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3999-4005. [PMID: 34653318 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the CO2 adsorption and electrochemical conversion behavior of triazole-based C3 N5 nanorods as a single matrix for consecutive CO2 capture and conversion. The pore size, basicity, and binding energy were tailored to identify critical factors for consecutive CO2 capture and conversion over carbon nitrides. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) analysis of CO2 demonstrates that triazole-based C3 N5 shows higher basicity and stronger CO2 binding energy than g-C3 N4 . Triazole-based C3 N5 nanorods with 6.1 nm mesopore channels exhibit better CO2 adsorption than nanorods with 3.5 and 5.4 nm mesopore channels. C3 N5 nanorods with wider mesopore channels are effective in increasing the current density as an electrocatalyst during the CO2 reduction reaction. Triazole-based C3 N5 nanorods with tailored pore sizes exhibit CO2 adsorption abilities of 5.6-9.1 mmol/g at 0 °C and 30 bar. Their Faraday efficiencies for reducing CO2 to CO are 14-38% at a potential of -0.8 V vs. RHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Kim
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.,GIST Central Research Facilities, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - C I Sathish
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Puspamitra Panigrahi
- Centre for Clean Energy and Nano Convergence, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, 603103, India
| | - Rahman Daiyan
- Particles and Catalysis Research Laboratory School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xunyu Lu
- Particles and Catalysis Research Laboratory School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yoshihiro Sugi
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - In Young Kim
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.,Department of Chemistry College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN) College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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14
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Mitoraj D, Krivtsov I, Li C, Rajagopal A, Im C, Adler C, Köble K, Khainakova O, Hniopek J, Neumann C, Turchanin A, da Silva I, Schmitt M, Leiter R, Lehnert T, Popp J, Kaiser U, Jacob T, Streb C, Dietzek B, Beranek R. A Study in Red: The Overlooked Role of Azo-Moieties in Polymeric Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts with Strongly Extended Optical Absorption. Chemistry 2021; 27:17188-17202. [PMID: 34585790 PMCID: PMC9298046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The unique optical and photoredox properties of heptazine‐based polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) materials make them promising semiconductors for driving various productive photocatalytic conversions. However, their typical absorption onset at ca. 430–450 nm is still far from optimum for efficient sunlight harvesting. Despite many reports of successful attempts to extend the light absorption range of PCNs, the determination of the structural features responsible for the red shift of the light absorption edge beyond 450 nm has often been obstructed by the highly disordered structure of PCNs and/or low content of the moieties responsible for changes in optical and electronic properties. In this work, we implement a high‐temperature (900 °C) treatment procedure for turning the conventional melamine‐derived yellow PCN into a red carbon nitride. This approach preserves the typical PCN structure but incorporates a new functionality that promotes visible light absorption. A detailed characterization of the prepared material reveals that partial heptazine fragmentation accompanied by de‐ammonification leads to the formation of azo‐groups in the red PCN, a chromophore moiety whose role in shifting the optical absorption edge of PCNs has been overlooked so far. These azo moieties can be activated under visible‐light (470 nm) for H2 evolution even without any additional co‐catalyst, but are also responsible for enhanced charge‐trapping and radiative recombination, as shown by spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Mitoraj
- Institute of Electrochemistry Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Igor Krivtsov
- Institute of Electrochemistry Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Chunyu Li
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ashwene Rajagopal
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Changbin Im
- Institute of Electrochemistry Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christiane Adler
- Institute of Electrochemistry Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Köble
- Institute of Electrochemistry Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olena Khainakova
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department Spectroscopy/Imaging, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christof Neumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ivan da Silva
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department Spectroscopy/Imaging, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Leiter
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tibor Lehnert
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department Spectroscopy/Imaging, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute-Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Helmholtz-Institute-Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Radim Beranek
- Institute of Electrochemistry Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Wu Y, Wen J, Xu W, Huang J, Jiao L, Tang Y, Chen Y, Yan H, Cao S, Zheng L, Gu W, Hu L, Zhang L, Zhu C. Defect-Engineered Nanozyme-Linked Receptors. Small 2021; 17:e2101907. [PMID: 34227222 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Though nanozymes are successfully applied in various areas, the increasing demands facilitate the exploitation of nanozymes possessing higher activity and more functions. Natural enzyme-linked receptors (ELRs) are critical components for signal transductions in vivo by expressing activity variations after binding with ligands. Inspired by this, the defect-engineered carbon nitrides (DCN) are reported to serve as nanozyme-linked receptors (NLRs). For one thing, cyano defects increase the enzyme-like activity by a factor of 109.5. For another, DCN-based NLRs are constructed by employing cyano groups as receptors, and variable outputs are ensued upon the addition of ion ligands. Significantly, both the cascade effect and electronic effect are demonstrated to contribute to this phenomenon. Finally, NLRs are used for pattern recognition of metal ions, indicating the signal transduction ability of NLRs as well. This work not only provides great promise of defect engineering in nanozymes, but also contributes to the design of artificial ELRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yinjun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hongye Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenling Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Liuyong Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
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16
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Schmermund L, Reischauer S, Bierbaumer S, Winkler CK, Diaz‐Rodriguez A, Edwards LJ, Kara S, Mielke T, Cartwright J, Grogan G, Pieber B, Kroutil W. Chromoselective Photocatalysis Enables Stereocomplementary Biocatalytic Pathways*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6965-6969. [PMID: 33529432 PMCID: PMC8048449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the selectivity of a chemical reaction with external stimuli is common in thermal processes, but rare in visible-light photocatalysis. Here we show that the redox potential of a carbon nitride photocatalyst (CN-OA-m) can be tuned by changing the irradiation wavelength to generate electron holes with different oxidation potentials. This tuning was the key to realizing photo-chemo-enzymatic cascades that give either the (S)- or the (R)-enantiomer of phenylethanol. In combination with an unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita, green light irradiation of CN-OA-m led to the enantioselective hydroxylation of ethylbenzene to (R)-1-phenylethanol (99 % ee). In contrast, blue light irradiation triggered the photocatalytic oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone, which in turn was enantioselectively reduced with an alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus ruber to form (S)-1-phenylethanol (93 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schmermund
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Sarah Bierbaumer
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Alba Diaz‐Rodriguez
- Chemical Development, Medicinal Science and Technology, Pharma R&DGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- Chemical Development, Medicinal Science and Technology, Pharma R&DGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical EngineeringBiocatalysis and Bioprocessing GroupAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 108000AarhusDenmark
| | - Tamara Mielke
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Jared Cartwright
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz8010GrazAustria
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17
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Schmermund L, Reischauer S, Bierbaumer S, Winkler CK, Diaz‐Rodriguez A, Edwards LJ, Kara S, Mielke T, Cartwright J, Grogan G, Pieber B, Kroutil W. Chromoselective Photocatalysis Enables Stereocomplementary Biocatalytic Pathways. Angew Chem Weinheim Bergstr Ger 2021; 133:7041-7045. [PMID: 38504955 PMCID: PMC10946972 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the selectivity of a chemical reaction with external stimuli is common in thermal processes, but rare in visible-light photocatalysis. Here we show that the redox potential of a carbon nitride photocatalyst (CN-OA-m) can be tuned by changing the irradiation wavelength to generate electron holes with different oxidation potentials. This tuning was the key to realizing photo-chemo-enzymatic cascades that give either the (S)- or the (R)-enantiomer of phenylethanol. In combination with an unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita, green light irradiation of CN-OA-m led to the enantioselective hydroxylation of ethylbenzene to (R)-1-phenylethanol (99 % ee). In contrast, blue light irradiation triggered the photocatalytic oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone, which in turn was enantioselectively reduced with an alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus ruber to form (S)-1-phenylethanol (93 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schmermund
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Sarah Bierbaumer
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Alba Diaz‐Rodriguez
- Chemical Development, Medicinal Science and Technology, Pharma R&DGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- Chemical Development, Medicinal Science and Technology, Pharma R&DGlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageSG1 2NYUK
| | - Selin Kara
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical EngineeringBiocatalysis and Bioprocessing GroupAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 108000AarhusDenmark
| | - Tamara Mielke
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Jared Cartwright
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryDepartment of Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth-University of Graz8010GrazAustria
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18
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Zhou X, Liu Y, Jin Z, Huang M, Zhou F, Song J, Qu J, Zeng Y, Qian P, Wong W. Solar-Driven Hydrogen Generation Catalyzed by g-C 3N 4 with Poly(platinaynes) as Efficient Electron Donor at Low Platinum Content. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2002465. [PMID: 33643789 PMCID: PMC7887596 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A metal-complex-modified graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) bulk heterostructure is presented here as a promising alternative to high-cost noble metals as artificial photocatalysts. Theoretical and experimental studies of the spectral and physicochemical properties of three structurally similar molecules Fo-D, Pt-D, and Pt-P confirm that the Pt(II) acetylide group effectively expands the electron delocalization and adjusts the molecular orbital levels to form a relatively narrow bandgap. Using these molecules, the donor-acceptor assemblies Fo-D@CN, Pt-D@CN, and Pt-P@CN are formed with g-C3N4. Among these assemblies, the Pt(II) acetylide-based composite materials Pt-D@CN and Pt-P@CN with bulk heterojunction morphologies and extremely low Pt weight ratios of 0.19% and 0.24%, respectively, exhibit the fastest charge transfer and best light-harvesting efficiencies. Among the tested assemblies, 10 mg Pt-P@CN without any Pt metal additives exhibits a significantly improved photocatalytic H2 generation rate of 1.38 µmol h-1 under simulated sunlight irradiation (AM1.5G, filter), which is sixfold higher than that of the pristine g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU)Hung HomHong KongP. R. China
- PolyU Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057P. R. China
| | - Yurong Liu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU)Hung HomHong KongP. R. China
- PolyU Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057P. R. China
| | - Zhengyuan Jin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Meina Huang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Feifan Zhou
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Jun Song
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Junle Qu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Jia Zeng
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Peng‐Cheng Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Functional Materials Technology and Application of Wenzhou CityInstitute of New Materials and IndustryCollege of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou325035P. R. China
| | - Wai‐Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU)Hung HomHong KongP. R. China
- PolyU Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057P. R. China
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19
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Liu X, Yu W, Li C, Zhang B, Yuan M, Ma Y. Impact of Unadorned Carbon Nitride on Photodegradation and Bioavailability of Multifungicides in the Environment. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:28-35. [PMID: 33356212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unadorned carbon nitride was synthesized via different nitrogen-rich precursors by thermal polymerization and applied to multifungicides for simultaneous photodegradation in the present study. Urea-derived carbon nitride (UCN) was verified to be most efficient in fungicide removal. The influences of catalyst dosage and pH were studied during the photodegradation process. Hydroxyl radical (•OH) and holes (h+) are the active species during photodegradation of each of the eight fungicides within an aqueous environment. The primary photodegradation products and pathways of all eight fungicides were systematically identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. In addition, the UCN catalyst was also applied to potted plants. The experimental results revealed that UCN could reduce fungicide residues in plants grown within a contaminated matrix. This study shows promising applications of the UCN catalyst in alleviating the hazards of pesticide residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Institute of Tobacco Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Weisong Yu
- Institute of Tobacco Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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20
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Zhao X, Xue Z, Tan X, Liu Z, Chen W, Zhang B, Yang Y, Mu T. CO 2 -Assisted Fabrication of Defect-Engineered Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:4113-4117. [PMID: 33124161 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, a defect-engineered carbon nitride (DCN) electrocatalyst has been synthesized by directly annealing of a rationally designed urea precursor. The existence of defect sites was investigated by detailed characterizations. When loading a small amount of Ru nanoparticles, the obtained DCN catalyst offers excellent catalytic activity for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yuechao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
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21
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Abstract
Carbon nitrides encompass a class of transition-metal-free materials possessing numerous advantages such as low cost (few Euros per gram), high chemical stability, broad tunability of redox potentials and optical bandgap, recyclability, and a high absorption coefficient (>105 cm-1 ), which make them highly attractive for application in photoredox catalysis. In this Review, we classify carbon nitrides based on their unique properties, structure, and redox potentials. We summarize recently emerging concepts in heterogeneous carbon nitride photocatalysis, with an emphasis on the synthesis of organic compounds: 1) Illumination-Driven Electron Accumulation in Semiconductors and Exploitation (IDEASE); 2) singlet-triplet intersystem crossing in carbon nitride excited states and related energy transfer; 3) architectures of flow photoreactors; and 4) dual metal/carbon nitride photocatalysis. The objective of this Review is to provide a detailed overview regarding innovative research in carbon nitride photocatalysis focusing on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzanti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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22
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Sridhar V, Podjaski F, Kröger J, Jiménez-Solano A, Park BW, Lotsch BV, Sitti M. Carbon nitride-based light-driven microswimmers with intrinsic photocharging ability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24748-56. [PMID: 32958654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007362117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling autonomous propulsion of microswimmers is essential for targeted drug delivery and applications of micro/nanomachines in environmental remediation and beyond. Herein, we report two-dimensional (2D) carbon nitride-based Janus particles as highly efficient, light-driven microswimmers in aqueous media. Due to the superior photocatalytic properties of poly(heptazine imide) (PHI), the microswimmers are activated by both visible and ultraviolet (UV) light in conjunction with different capping materials (Au, Pt, and SiO2) and fuels (H2O2 and alcohols). Assisted by photoelectrochemical analysis of the PHI surface photoreactions, we elucidate the dominantly diffusiophoretic propulsion mechanism and establish the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as the major surface reaction in ambient conditions on metal-capped PHI and even with TiO2-based systems, rather than the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is generally invoked as the source of propulsion under ambient conditions with alcohols as fuels. Making use of the intrinsic solar energy storage ability of PHI, we establish the concept of photocapacitive Janus microswimmers that can be charged by solar energy, thus enabling persistent light-induced propulsion even in the absence of illumination-a process we call "solar battery swimming"-lasting half an hour and possibly beyond. We anticipate that this propulsion scheme significantly extends the capabilities in targeted cargo/drug delivery, environmental remediation, and other potential applications of micro/nanomachines, where the use of versatile earth-abundant materials is a key prerequisite.
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Savateev A, Tarakina NV, Strauss V, Hussain T, ten Brummelhuis K, Sánchez Vadillo JM, Markushyna Y, Mazzanti S, Tyutyunnik AP, Walczak R, Oschatz M, Guldi DM, Karton A, Antonietti M. Potassium Poly(Heptazine Imide): Transition Metal-Free Solid-State Triplet Sensitizer in Cascade Energy Transfer and [3+2]-cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15061-15068. [PMID: 32412175 PMCID: PMC7496904 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride materials have been used in numerous light-to-energy conversion applications ranging from photocatalysis to optoelectronics. For a new application and modelling, we first refined the crystal structure of potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI)-a benchmark carbon nitride material in photocatalysis-by means of X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Using the crystal structure of K-PHI, periodic DFT calculations were performed to calculate the density-of-states (DOS) and localize intra band states (IBS). IBS were found to be responsible for the enhanced K-PHI absorption in the near IR region, to serve as electron traps, and to be useful in energy transfer reactions. Once excited with visible light, carbon nitrides, in addition to the direct recombination, can also undergo singlet-triplet intersystem crossing. We utilized the K-PHI centered triplet excited states to trigger a cascade of energy transfer reactions and, in turn, to sensitize, for example, singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) as a starting point to synthesis up to 25 different N-rich heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Nadezda V. Tarakina
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Tanveer Hussain
- School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway6009PerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Katharina ten Brummelhuis
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Stefano Mazzanti
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Alexander P. Tyutyunnik
- Institute of Solid State ChemistryUral Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences91 Pervomayskaya str.620990EkaterinburgRussia
| | - Ralf Walczak
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Martin Oschatz
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway6009PerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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Yandrapalli N, Robinson T, Antonietti M, Kumru B. Graphitic Carbon Nitride Stabilizers Meet Microfluidics: From Stable Emulsions to Photoinduced Synthesis of Hollow Polymer Spheres. Small 2020; 16:e2001180. [PMID: 32614519 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) has been utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst, but is usually not very well dispersible. The amphiphilic character of g-CN can be altered by surface modifications of g-CN nanopowders. Introducing hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity is a promising avenue for producing advanced emulsion systems. In this study, a special surface-modified g-CN is used to form stable Pickering emulsions. Using a PDMS-based microfluidic device designed for stable production of both single and double emulsions, it is shown that surface-modified g-CNs allow the manufacture of unconventionally stable and precise Pickering emulsions. Shell thickness of the double emulsions is varied to emphasize the robustness of the device and also to demonstrate the extraordinary stabilization brought by the surface-modified carbon nitride used in this study. Due to the electrostatic stabilization also in the oil phase, double emulsions are centered. Finally, when produced from polymerizable styrene, hollow polymer microparticles are formed with precise and tunable sizes, where g-CN is utilized as the only stabilizer and photoinitiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Yandrapalli
- Department of Theory & Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14424, Germany
| | - Tom Robinson
- Department of Theory & Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14424, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14424, Germany
| | - Baris Kumru
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14424, Germany
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25
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Kesavan T, Partheeban T, Vivekanantha M, Prabu N, Kundu M, Selvarajan P, Umapathy S, Vinu A, Sasidharan M. Design of P-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Nitrides as High-Performance Anode Materials for Li-Ion Battery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:24007-24018. [PMID: 32343554 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a simple and unique strategy for the preparation of P-doped into the substructure of mesoporous carbon nitride materials (P-MCN-1) with ordered porous structures as a high-energy and high-power Li-ion battery (LIB) anode. The P-MCN-1 as an anode in LIB delivers a high reversible discharge capacity of 963 mAh g-1 even after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g-1, which is much higher than that of other counterparts comprising s-triazine (C3H3N3, g-C3N4), pristine MCN-1, and B-containing MCN-1 (B-MCN-1) subunits or carbon allotropes like CNT and graphene (rGO) materials. The P-MCN-1 electrode also exhibits exceptional rate capability even at high current densities of 5, 10, and 20 A g-1 delivering 685, 539, and 274 mAh g-1, respectively, after 2500 cycles. The high electrical conductivity and Li-ion diffusivity (D), estimated from electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), very well support the extraordinary electrochemical performance of the P-MCN-1. Higher formation energy, lower bandgap value, and high Li-ion adsorption ability predicted by first principle calculations of P-MCN-1 are in good agreement with experimentally observed high lithium storage, stable cycle life, high power capability, and minimal irreversible capacity (IRC) loss. To the best of our knowledge, it is an entirely new material with the combination of ordered mesostructures with P codoping in carbon nitride substructure which offers superior performance for LIB, and hence we believe that this work will create new momentum for the design and development of clean energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaian Kesavan
- Energy Storage and Conversion and Catalysis Laboratory, SRM Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thamodaran Partheeban
- Energy Storage and Conversion and Catalysis Laboratory, SRM Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Vivekanantha
- Energy Storage and Conversion and Catalysis Laboratory, SRM Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Prabu
- Energy Storage and Conversion and Catalysis Laboratory, SRM Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manab Kundu
- Energy Storage and Conversion and Catalysis Laboratory, SRM Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Premkumar Selvarajan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment (FEBE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Manickam Sasidharan
- Energy Storage and Conversion and Catalysis Laboratory, SRM Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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26
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Xu Y, Li T, Wang L, Kang Y. Interlayered Dendrite-Free Lithium Plating for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1901662. [PMID: 31155762 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For its high theoretical capacity and low redox potential, Li metal is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation batteries. However, practical application of a Li-metal anode is impeded by Li dendrites, which are generated during the cycling of Li plating/stripping, leading to safety issues. Researchers attempt to solve this problem by spatially confining the Li plating. Yet, the effective directing of Li deposition into the confined space is challenging. Here, an interlayer is constructed between a graphitic carbon nitrite layer (g-C3 N4 ) and carbon cloth (CC), enabling site-directed dendrite-free Li plating. The g-C3 N4 /CC as an anode scaffold enables extraordinary cycling stability for over 1500 h with a small overpotential of ≈80 mV at 2 mA cm-2 . Furthermore, prominent battery performance is also demonstrated in a full cell (Li/g-C3 N4 /CC as anode and LiCoO2 as cathode) with high Coulombic efficiency of 99.4% over 300 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yijin Kang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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27
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Fang Y, Li X, Wang X. Phosphorylation of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Photoanodes with Increased Surface Valence Electrons for Solar Water Splitting. ChemSusChem 2019; 12:2605-2608. [PMID: 30773848 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the sluggish kinetics of the water oxidation is the key to a high performance for solar water splitting. Herein, phosphorylated polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) photoanodes were developed and showed enhanced photocurrent densities for solar water splitting. A photocatalytic efficiency of 120 μA cm-2 was achieved in the basic solution (1.0 m NaOH) without sacrificial agents. In this system, phosphates were ionically anchored on the surface of PCN, and the modified films showed significantly increased density of valence electrons, and thus promoting photocatalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P.R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P.R. China
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28
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Kessler FK, Burow AM, Savasci G, Rosenthal T, Schultz P, Wirnhier E, Oeckler O, Ochsenfeld C, Schnick W. Structure Elucidation of a Melam-Melem Adduct by a Combined Approach of Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction and DFT Calculations. Chemistry 2019; 25:8415-8424. [PMID: 31026103 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Melam-melem (1:1), an adduct compound that can be obtained from dicyandiamide in autoclave reactions at 450 °C and elevated ammonia pressure, had previously been described based on mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, but only incompletely characterized. The crystal structure of this compound has now been elucidated by means of synchrotron microfocus diffraction and subsequent quantum-chemical structure optimization applying DFT methods. The structure was refined in triclinic space group P 1 ‾ based on X-ray data. Cell parameters of a=4.56(2), b=19.34(8), c=21.58(11) Å, α=73.34(11)°, β=89.1(2)°, and γ=88.4(2)° were experimentally obtained. The resulting cell volumes agree with the DFT optimized value to within 7 %. Molecular units in the structure form stacks that are interconnected by a vast array of hydrogen bridge interactions. Remarkably large melam dihedral angles of 48.4° were found that allow melam to interact with melem molecules from different stack layers, thus forming a 3D network. π-stacking interactions appear to play no major role in this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian K Kessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Asbjörn M Burow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tobias Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Peter Schultz
- Institute for Mineralogy, Crystallography and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Scharnhorststr. 20, 04275, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eva Wirnhier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Oliver Oeckler
- Institute for Mineralogy, Crystallography and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Scharnhorststr. 20, 04275, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
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29
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Hou Y, Chu F, Ma S, Hu Y, Hu W, Gui Z. Rapid Synthesis of Oxygen-Rich Covalent C 2N (CNO) Nanosheets by Sacrifice of HKUST-1: Advanced Metal-Free Nanofillers for Polymers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:32688-32697. [PMID: 30178652 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A covalent oxygen-rich C2N (CNO) network derived from metal-organic framework (HKUST-1) was innovatively synthesized by a rapid and green microwave irradiation method. This method can produce CNO multilayers efficiently, which paves a way for practical application of the nanosheets. Structural characterization and synthesis processes of CNO nanosheets were investigated to further understand the key role of HKUST-1. The as-prepared CNO has a layered feature, which theoretically favors to improve flame retardancy and mechanical performance of polymers. Desirable results were obtained as expected: the fire safety, antitensile, and impact resistance of polylactic acid (PLA) were prominently enhanced after adding CNO nanosheets, which can be attributed to the excellent dispersion and compatibility. PLA/CNO nanocomposite was self-distinguished at 2 wt % content of CNO, whereas the tensile strength was increased more than 36% compared with that of pure PLA, as well as the impact strength. This work broadens the application fields of CNO and endows it a possibility of actual application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Fukai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Shicong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
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30
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Lanzilotto V, Silva JL, Zhang T, Stredansky M, Grazioli C, Simonov K, Giangrisostomi E, Ovsyannikov R, De Simone M, Coreno M, Araujo CM, Brena B, Puglia C. Spectroscopic Fingerprints of Intermolecular H-Bonding Interactions in Carbon Nitride Model Compounds. Chemistry 2018; 24:14198-14206. [PMID: 30009392 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The effect of intermolecular H-bonding interactions on the local electronic structure of N-containing functional groups (amino group and pyridine-like N) that are characteristic of polymeric carbon nitride materials p-CN(H), a new class of metal-free organophotocatalysts, was investigated. Specifically, the melamine molecule, a building block of p-CN(H), was characterized by X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The molecule was studied as a noninteracting system in the gas phase and in the solid state within a H-bonded network. With the support of DFT simulations of the spectra, it was found that the H-bonds mainly affect the N 1s level of the amino group, leaving the N 1s level of the pyridine-like N mostly unperturbed. This is responsible for a reduction of the chemical shift between the two XPS N 1s levels relative to free melamine. Consequently, N K-edge NEXAFS resonances involving the amino N 1s level also shift to lower photon energies. Moreover, the solid-state absorption spectra showed significant modification/quenching of resonances related to transitions from the amino N 1s level to σ* orbitals involving the NH2 termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lanzilotto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Luis Silva
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matuš Stredansky
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,IOM-CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Konstantin Simonov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Institute Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monica De Simone
- IOM-CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Moyses Araujo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Brena
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carla Puglia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 516, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Podjaski F, Kröger J, Lotsch BV. Toward an Aqueous Solar Battery: Direct Electrochemical Storage of Solar Energy in Carbon Nitrides. Adv Mater 2018; 30. [PMID: 29318675 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitrides have emerged as an earth-abundant family of polymeric materials for solar energy conversion. Herein, a 2D cyanamide-functionalized polyheptazine imide (NCN-PHI) is reported, which for the first time enables the synergistic coupling of two key functions of energy conversion within one single material: light harvesting and electrical energy storage. Photo-electrochemical measurements in aqueous electrolytes reveal the underlying mechanism of this "solar battery" material: the charge storage in NCN-PHI is based on the photoreduction of the carbon nitride backbone and charge compensation is realized by adsorption of alkali metal ions within the NCN-PHI layers and at the solution interface. The photoreduced carbon nitride can thus be described as a battery anode operating as a pseudocapacitor, which can store light-induced charge in the form of long-lived, "trapped" electrons for hours. Importantly, the potential window of this process is not limited by the water reduction reaction due to the high intrinsic overpotential of carbon nitrides for hydrogen evolution, potentially enabling new applications for aqueous batteries. Thus, the feasibility of light-induced electrical energy storage and release on demand by a one-component light-charged battery anode is demonstrated, which provides a sustainable solution to overcome the intermittency of solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799, München, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, 80799, München, Germany
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32
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Chen Z, Zhang Q, Chen W, Dong J, Yao H, Zhang X, Tong X, Wang D, Peng Q, Chen C, He W, Li Y. Single-Site Au I Catalyst for Silane Oxidation with Water. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1704720. [PMID: 29226544 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-site Au anchored on mpg-C3 N4 (519 ppm Au loading) is developed as a highly active, selective, and stable catalyst for the oxidation of silanes with water with a turnover frequency as high as 50 200 h-1 , far exceeding most known catalysts based on total gold content. Other hydrosilanes bearing unsaturated functional groups also lead to corresponding silanols under mild reaction conditions without formation of any side products in good or excellent yields. The spherical aberration correction electron microscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements both confirm the atomic dispersion of Au atoms stabilized by mpg-C3 N4 . The coordination of the catalytically active AuI by three nitrogen or carbon atoms in the tri-s-triazine repeating units not only prevents the Au atoms from aggregation, but also renders the surface AuI highly active, which is completely different than homogeneous AuI species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juncai Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hurong Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuanjue Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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33
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Cui Q, Xu J, Shen G, Zhang C, Li L, Antonietti M. Hybridizing Carbon Nitride Colloids with a Shell of Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers for Tunable Full-Color Emission and Synergistic Cell Imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:43966-43974. [PMID: 29172432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the preparation of a new multicolor emission system constructed from two complementary conjugated materials that are highly photoluminescent, that is, phenyl-modified carbon nitride (PhCN) colloids as the core and water-soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs) adsorbed as the shell. The fluorescence bands of the PhCN and WSCPs effectively complement each other and the overall emission can be simply adjusted to fully cover the visible light spectrum with white light emission also accessible. Photophysical insights imply that the interactions between PhCN and WSCPs preserve the binary system from emission distortion and degradation, which is essential to delicately tune the overall fluorescence bands. Notably, the continuously tunable emission color is achieved under single-wavelength excitation (365 nm). This hybrid shows a synergistic permeation performance in cell imaging, that is, PhCN nanoparticles help the WSCP to enter the cells and therefore multicolor cellular imaging achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingsan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Guizhi Shen
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lidong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam 14424, Germany
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34
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Tan JZY, Nursam NM, Xia F, Sani MA, Li W, Wang X, Caruso RA. High-Performance Coral Reef-like Carbon Nitrides: Synthesis and Application in Photocatalysis and Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:4540-4547. [PMID: 28134519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of carbon nitrides (CNx) by refluxing under nitrogen exhibited mixed growth mechanisms of oriented attachment and Ostwald ripening, leading to the formation of coral reef-like microstructures from spherical agglomerates. Some phase transformation from β-phase to α-phase CNx occurred upon refluxing for 1.5 h, producing a biphasic CNx. The N content relative to C was determined from CHN elemental analysis, and the presence of C═N and terminal groups (i.e., COOH and NH2) was consistent with the Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic results. The sample refluxed for 2.0 h (CNx/2.0 h) had the highest surface area of 24.5 m2·g-1 and displayed enhanced adsorption capacities for methylene blue (MB) molecules and heavy metal ions Pb2+ (720 mg·g-1), Cd2+ (480 mg·g-1), and As(V) (220 mg·g-1), which was attributed to the presence of COOH functional groups. CNx samples had a negative surface charge that electrostatically attracted the cationic heavy metal ions as well as MB molecules for subsequent photodecomposition under visible-light illumination. The photocatalytic activity of CNx/2.0 h toward phenol, a common pollutant in aqueous waste, was also demonstrated and a possible photocatalytic route was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie Z Y Tan
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Natalita M Nursam
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Fang Xia
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Xingdong Wang
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Rachel A Caruso
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization , Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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35
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Lau VW, Klose D, Kasap H, Podjaski F, Pignié M, Reisner E, Jeschke G, Lotsch BV. Dark Photocatalysis: Storage of Solar Energy in Carbon Nitride for Time-Delayed Hydrogen Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:510-514. [PMID: 27930846 PMCID: PMC6680103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
While natural photosynthesis serves as the model system for efficient charge separation and decoupling of redox reactions, bio-inspired artificial systems typically lack applicability owing to synthetic challenges and structural complexity. We present herein a simple and inexpensive system that, under solar irradiation, forms highly reductive radicals in the presence of an electron donor, with lifetimes exceeding the diurnal cycle. This radical species is formed within a cyanamide-functionalized polymeric network of heptazine units and can give off its trapped electrons in the dark to yield H2 , triggered by a co-catalyst, thus enabling the temporal decoupling of the light and dark reactions of photocatalytic hydrogen production through the radical's longevity. The system introduced here thus demonstrates a new approach for storing sunlight as long-lived radicals, and provides the structural basis for designing photocatalysts with long-lived photo-induced states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wing‐hei Lau
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstrasse 170569StuttgartGermany
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus D81377MunichGermany
| | - Daniel Klose
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 28093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Hatice Kasap
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstrasse 170569StuttgartGermany
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus D81377MunichGermany
- Ecole Polytechnique Féderale de LausanneStation 121015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Marie‐Claire Pignié
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstrasse 170569StuttgartGermany
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus D81377MunichGermany
- Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie4 place Jussieu75005ParisFrance
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 28093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstrasse 170569StuttgartGermany
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus D81377MunichGermany
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36
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Li HJ, Qian DJ, Chen M. Templateless Infrared Heating Process for Fabricating Carbon Nitride Nanorods with Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:25162-25170. [PMID: 26501184 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up fabrication of carbon nitride nanorods is realized through the direct infrared heating of dicyandiamide. The approach requires no templates or extra organics. The controlled infrared heating has a major influence on the morphology of the obtained carbon nitrides. The precursors assemble into carbon nitride nanorods at low power levels, and they grow into nanoplates at high power levels. The formation mechanism of the carbon nitride nanorods is proposed to be a kinetically driven process, and the photocatalytic activity of the carbon nitride nanorods prepared at 50% power for hydrogen evolution is about 2.9 times that of carbon nitride nanoplates at 100% power. Structural, optical, and electronic analysis demonstrates that the enhancement is primarily attributed to the elimination of structural defects and the improved charge-carrier separation in highly condensed and oriented carbon nitride nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Jin Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Long B, Ding Z, Wang X. Carbon nitride for the selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols in water under visible light. ChemSusChem 2013; 6:2074-2078. [PMID: 24039175 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols in water is achieved by using a carbon nitride (CN) catalyst, dioxygen, and visible light. The unique electronic structure of CN avoids the direct formation of hydroxyl radicals, which typically cause the total oxidation of organics. The chemical stability of CN allows several chemical protocols for photoredox catalysis in water, as exemplified by cooperative catalysis involving Brønsted acids. This leads to a new, green pathway for diverse organic transformations using sunlight and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Long
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002 (PR China), Fax: (+86) 59183778608
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