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Chen M, Shin M, Ware TB, Donvito G, Muchhala KH, Mischel R, Mustafa MA, Serbulea V, Upchurch CM, Leitinger N, Akbarali HI, Lichtman AH, Hsu KL. Endocannabinoid biosynthetic enzymes regulate pain response via LKB1-AMPK signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304900120. [PMID: 38109529 PMCID: PMC10756258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase-beta (DAGLβ) serves as a principal 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) biosynthetic enzyme regulating endocannabinoid and eicosanoid metabolism in immune cells including macrophages and dendritic cells. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of DAGLβ ameliorates inflammation and hyper-nociception in preclinical models of pathogenic pain. These beneficial effects have been assigned principally to reductions in downstream proinflammatory lipid signaling, leaving alternative mechanisms of regulation largely underexplored. Here, we apply quantitative chemical- and phospho-proteomics to find that disruption of DAGLβ in primary macrophages leads to LKB1-AMPK signaling activation, resulting in reprogramming of the phosphoproteome and bioenergetics. Notably, AMPK inhibition reversed the antinociceptive effects of DAGLβ blockade, thereby directly supporting DAGLβ-AMPK crosstalk in vivo. Our findings uncover signaling between endocannabinoid biosynthetic enzymes and ancient energy-sensing kinases to mediate cell biological and pain responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Myungsun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Timothy B. Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Giulia Donvito
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Karan H. Muchhala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Ryan Mischel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Mohammed A. Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Clint M. Upchurch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Hamid I. Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA23298
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA22908
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22903
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Yu L, Shen W, Fan J, Sah SK, Mavraganis I, Wang L, Gao P, Gao J, Zheng Q, Meesapyodsuk D, Yang H, Li Q, Zou J, Xu C. A chloroplast diacylglycerol lipase modulates glycerolipid pathway balance in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2023. [PMID: 37006186 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Two parallel pathways compartmentalized in the chloroplast and the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to thylakoid lipid synthesis in plants, but how these two pathways are coordinated during thylakoid biogenesis and remodeling remains unknown. We report here the molecular characterization of a homologous ADIPOSE TRIGLYCERIDE LIPASE-LIKE gene, previously referred to as ATGLL. The ATGLL gene is ubiquitously expressed throughout development and rapidly upregulated in response to a wide range of environmental cues. We show that ATGLL is a chloroplast non-regioselective lipase with a hydrolytic activity preferentially towards 16:0 of diacylglycerol (DAG). Comprehensive lipid profiling and radiotracer labeling studies revealed a negative correlation of ATGLL expression and the relative contribution of the chloroplast lipid pathway to thylakoid lipid biosynthesis. Additionally, we show that genetic manipulation of ATGLL expression resulted in changes in triacylglycerol levels in leaves. We propose that ATGLL, through affecting the level of prokaryotic DAG in the chloroplast, plays important roles in balancing the two glycerolipid pathways and in maintaining lipid homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenyun Shen
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jilian Fan
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Saroj Kumar Sah
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
| | - Ioannis Mavraganis
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Liping Wang
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Peng Gao
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jie Gao
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Qian Zheng
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Dauenpen Meesapyodsuk
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Hui Yang
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Qiang Li
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada-Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
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Alcaraz-Silva J, Feingold D, Viana-Torre G, Budde H, Imperatori C, Machado S, Murillo-Rodríguez E. The Endocannabinoid System as a Biomarker for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications in Depression and Anxiety. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2023; 22:417-430. [PMID: 35382720 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220405114402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety belong to a family of mental disturbances that have increased significantly in recent years. The etiology of both disorders comprises multiple and complex factors, from genetic background to environmental influence. Since depression and anxiety present severe symptoms, they represent a greater clinical burden and greater therapeutic difficulty. Currently, standardized diagnostic procedures for depression and anxiety allow for the addition of further treatments, including psychotherapy and/or pharmacological intervention, with effective outcomes. However, further steps should be considered with regard to consideration of the endocannabinoid system's role in depression and anxiety. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to review the evidence from animal research and clinical studies on the role of cannabinoid receptors, the major endocannabinoids -anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)- and the enzymes related to the synthesis and degradation of these chemicals as putative biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic elements of depression and anxiety. METHODS This review included the online search, identification, and analysis of articles (basic and clinical trials) published in English in PubMed linked to the role of cannabinoid receptors, AEA, 2- AG, and the enzymes associated with the synthesis and degradation of these endocannabinoids in depression and anxiety. RESULTS The neurobiological relevance of the endocannabinoid system offers genetic or pharmacological manipulation of this system as a potential strategy for the diagnostic and clinical management of mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. CONCLUSION Although the described approach in this review is promising, no solid evidence is yet available, and along with additional experiments using animal models that mimic human depression and anxiety, clinical trials are needed to explore the role of the endocannabinoid system's elements as well as the anandamide membrane transporter, none of which have been adequately studied in depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Alcaraz-Silva
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Merida, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Viana-Torre
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Merida, Mexico
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Merida, Mexico
- Institute for Systems Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg. Germany
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Merida, Mexico
- Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Merida, Mexico
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Neurodiversity Institute Queimados, Río de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Merida, Mexico
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Berger N, van der Wel T, Hirschmugl B, Baernthaler T, Gindlhuber J, Fawzy N, Eichmann T, Birner-Gruenberger R, Zimmermann R, van der Stelt M, Wadsack C. Inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase β modulates lipid and endocannabinoid levels in the ex vivo human placenta. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1092024. [PMID: 36864832 PMCID: PMC9971001 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1092024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipids and fatty acids are key components in metabolic processes of the human placenta, thereby contributing to the development of the fetus. Placental dyslipidemia and aberrant activity of lipases have been linked to diverse pregnancy associated complications, such as preeclampsia and preterm birth. The serine hydrolases, diacylglycerol lipase α and β (DAGLα, DAGLβ) catalyze the degradation of diacylglycerols, leading to the formation of monoacylglycerols (MAG), including one main endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The major role of DAGL in the biosynthesis of 2-AG is evident from various studies in mice but has not been investigated in the human placenta. Here, we report the use of the small molecule inhibitor DH376, in combination with the ex vivo placental perfusion system, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and lipidomics, to determine the impact of acute DAGL inhibition on placental lipid networks. METHODS DAGLα and DAGLβ mRNA expression was detected by RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization in term placentas. Immunohistochemistry staining for CK7, CD163 and VWF was applied to localize DAGLβ transcripts to different cell types of the placenta. DAGLβ activity was determined by in- gel and MS-based activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) and validated by addition of the enzyme inhibitors LEI-105 and DH376. Enzyme kinetics were measured by EnzChek™ lipase substrate assay. Ex vivo placental perfusion experiments were performed +/- DH376 [1 µM] and changes in tissue lipid and fatty acid profiles were measured by LC-MS. Additionally, free fatty acid levels of the maternal and fetal circulations were determined. RESULTS We demonstrate that mRNA expression of DAGLβ prevails in placental tissue, compared to DAGLα (p ≤ 0.0001) and that DAGLβ is mainly located to CK7 positive trophoblasts (p ≤ 0.0001). Although few DAGLα transcripts were identified, no active enzyme was detected applying in-gel or MS-based ABPP, which underlined that DAGLβ is the principal DAGL in the placenta. DAGLβ dependent substrate hydrolysis in placental membrane lysates was determined by the application of LEI-105 and DH376. Ex vivo pharmacological inhibition of DAGLβ by DH376 led to reduced MAG tissue levels (p ≤ 0.01), including 2-AG (p≤0.0001). We further provide an activity landscape of serine hydrolases, showing a broad spectrum of metabolically active enzymes in the human placenta. DISCUSSION Our results emphasize the role of DAGLβ activity in the human placenta by determining the biosynthesis of 2-AG. Thus, this study highlights the special importance of intra-cellular lipases in lipid network regulation. Together, the activity of these specific enzymes may contribute to the lipid signaling at the maternal-fetal interface, with implications for function of the placenta in normal and compromised pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Berger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tom van der Wel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Birgit Hirschmugl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Baernthaler
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juergen Gindlhuber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nermeen Fawzy
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Eichmann
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University and Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Christian Wadsack,
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Rostami-Mansoor S, Kalantari N, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Ghaffari S, Ghasemi-Kasman M. Modulation of mRNA Expression of Monoacylglycerol Lipase, Diacylglycerol Lipase and Cannabinoid Receptor-1 in Mice Experimentally Infected with T. gondii. Int J Mol Cell Med 2021; 10:149-155. [PMID: 34703798 PMCID: PMC8496245 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.10.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, infects more than 30% of world's population. This parasite is considered to be neurotropic, and has high tropism for the central nervous system, and potentially induces cryptogenic epilepsy by no clear mechanism. The current study aimed to investigate the alteration of the main components of the endocannabinoid signaling systems in T. gondii-infected mice. For this purpose, the levels of mRNA expression of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) and cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1), were measured by quantitative real time PCR.The mRNA expression level of MAGL was increased by ~ 8-fold in the brains of the Toxoplasma-infected group in comparison with non-infected mice (P<0.0001). The mRNA expression of CB1 gene in the brain of the infected mice was ~ 2 times higher than that measured in control group (P<0.01). The mRNA expression level of DAGL remained unchanged in the infected mice. Overall a substantial increase in MAGL and CB1 expression without any changes in DAGL, in the brain of infected mice suggests that T. gondii disturbs the endocannabinoid signaling pathways, which are known as neurotransmitter modulators involved in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Rostami-Mansoor
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Narges Kalantari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Salman Ghaffari
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Murray CH, Gaulden AD, Kawa AB, Milovanovic M, Caccamise AJ, Funke JR, Patel S, Wolf ME. CaMKII Modulates Diacylglycerol Lipase-α Activity in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens after Incubation of Cocaine Craving. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0220-21.2021. [PMID: 34544759 PMCID: PMC8503962 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0220-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapse is a major challenge to the treatment of substance use disorders. A progressive increase in cue-induced drug craving, termed incubation of craving, is observed after withdrawal from multiple drugs of abuse in humans and rodents. Incubation of cocaine craving involves the strengthening of excitatory synapses onto nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons via postsynaptic accumulation of high-conductance Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors. This enhances reactivity to drug-associated cues and is required for the expression of incubation. Additionally, incubation of cocaine craving is associated with loss of the synaptic depression normally triggered by stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), leading to endocannabinoid production, and expressed presynaptically via cannabinoid receptor 1 activation. Previous studies have found alterations in mGlu5 and Homer proteins associated with the loss of this synaptic depression. Here we conducted coimmunoprecipitation studies to investigate associations of diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGL), which catalyzes formation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), with mGlu5 and Homer proteins. Although these interactions were unchanged in the NAc core at incubation-relevant withdrawal times, the association of DGL with total and phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) and CaMKIIβ was increased. This would be predicted, based on other studies, to inhibit DGL activity and therefore 2-AG production. This was confirmed by measuring DGL enzymatic activity. However, the magnitude of DGL inhibition did not correlate with the magnitude of incubation of craving for individual rats. These results suggest that CaMKII contributes to the loss of mGlu5-dependent synaptic depression after incubation, but the functional significance of this loss remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor H Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-3095
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Andrew D Gaulden
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Alex B Kawa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Mike Milovanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-3095
| | - Aaron J Caccamise
- Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-3095
| | - Jonathan R Funke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Marina E Wolf
- Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-3095
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
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Wiley MB, Perez PA, Argueta DA, Avalos B, Wood CP, DiPatrizio NV. UPLC-MS/MS Method for Analysis of Endocannabinoid and Related Lipid Metabolism in Mouse Mucosal Tissue. Front Physiol 2021; 12:699712. [PMID: 34335305 PMCID: PMC8317065 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.699712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is expressed in cells throughout the body and controls a variety of physiological and pathophysiological functions. We describe robust and reproducible UPLC-MS/MS-based methods for analyzing metabolism of the endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol and arachidonoyl ethanolamide, and related monoacylglycerols (MAGs) and fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs), respectively, in mouse mucosal tissues (i.e., intestine and lung). These methods are optimized for analysis of activity of the MAG biosynthetic enzyme, diacylglycerol lipase (DGL), and MAG degradative enzymes, monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and alpha/beta hydrolase domain containing-6 (ABHD6). Moreover, we describe a novel UPLC-MS/MS-based method for analyzing activity of the FAE degradative enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), that does not require use of radioactive substrates. In addition, we describe in vivo pharmacological methods to inhibit MAG biosynthesis selectively in the mouse small-intestinal epithelium. These methods will be useful for profiling endocannabinoid metabolism in rodent mucosal tissues in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Wiley
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Pedro A Perez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Bryant Avalos
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Courtney P Wood
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Tortoriello G, Beiersdorf J, Romani S, Williams G, Cameron GA, Mackie K, Williams MJ, Di Marzo V, Keimpema E, Doherty P, Harkany T. Genetic Manipulation of sn-1- Diacylglycerol Lipase and CB 1 Cannabinoid Receptor Gain-of-Function Uncover Neuronal 2-Linoleoyl Glycerol Signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:119-136. [PMID: 33912677 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In mammals, sn-1-diacylglycerol lipases (DAGL) generate 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) that, as the major endocannabinoid, modulates synaptic neurotransmission by acting on CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1R). Even though the insect genome codes for inaE, which is a DAGL ortholog (dDAGL), its products and their functions remain unknown particularly because insects lack chordate-type cannabinoid receptors. Materials and Methods: Gain-of-function and loss-of-function genetic manipulations were carried out in Drosophila melanogaster, including the generation of both dDAGL-deficient and mammalian CB1R-overexpressing flies. Neuroanatomy, dietary manipulations coupled with targeted mass spectrometry determination of arachidonic acid and 2-linoleoyl glycerol (2-LG) production, behavioral assays, and signal transduction profiling for Akt and Erk kinases were employed. Findings from Drosophilae were validated by a CB1R-binding assay for 2-LG in mammalian cortical homogenates with functionality confirmed in neurons using high-throughput real-time imaging in vitro. Results: In this study, we show that dDAGL is primarily expressed in the brain and nerve cord of Drosophila during larval development and in adult with 2-LG being its chief product as defined by dietary precursor availability. Overexpression of the human CB1R in the ventral nerve cord compromised the mobility of adult Drosophilae. The causality of 2-LG signaling to CB1R-induced behavioral impairments was shown by inaE inactivation normalizing defunct motor coordination. The 2-LG-induced activation of transgenic CB1Rs affected both Akt and Erk kinase cascades by paradoxical signaling. Data from Drosophila models were substantiated by showing 2-LG-mediated displacement of [3H]CP 55,940 in mouse cortical homogenates and reduced neurite extension and growth cone collapsing responses in cultured mouse neurons. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that 2-LG is an endocannabinoid-like signal lipid produced by dDAGL in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tortoriello
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Beiersdorf
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susana Romani
- Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary A Cameron
- School of Applied Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec and Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Center for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Rodrigues MS, Ferreira C, Dias C, Pliássova A, Souza L, Ledo A, Laranjinha J, Cunha RA, Köfalvi A. An optimized spectrophotometric assay reveals increased activity of enzymes involved in 2-arachidonoyl glycerol turnover in the cerebral cortex of a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 55:1051-1062. [PMID: 32813905 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is implicated in a plethora of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, it is technically challenging to assess the turnover of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), the principal endocannabinoid molecule in the brain. Two recent studies showed that diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), an enzyme chiefly responsible for the cerebral production of 2-AG, also accepts the surrogate chromogenic substrate 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (4-NPB). Here, we aimed to optimize this spectrophotometric assay for ex vivo brain tissue, in particular, rat cerebrocortical homogenates, to measure the activity of the major enzymes responsible for the production and degradation of 2-AG. The initial velocity of 4-NPB hydrolysis was dependent on protein, substrate, and Ca2+ concentrations, and was sensitive to the non-selective serine hydrolase inhibitor, methoxy arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, the DAGLα inhibitors, OMDM188, tetrahydrolipstatin, and RHC80267, as well as the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor, JZL184, respectively. Next, we tested the usefulness of this assay in ex vivo brain tissue of rat models of human health conditions known to affect cerebrocortical 2-AG production, i.e. pathological stress and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). In rats submitted to chronic restraint stress, cortical CB1 R density was significantly decreased, as assessed with radioligand binding. Nevertheless, 4-NPB hydrolysis remained at control levels. However, in rats 4 weeks after intracerebroventricular injection with streptozotocin - an established model of sporadic AD -, both CB1 R levels and 4-NPB hydrolysis and its DAGL- and MAGL-dependent fractions were significantly increased. Altogether, we optimized a simple complementary ex vivo technique for the quantification of DAGL and MAGL activity in brain samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde S Rodrigues
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ferreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cândida Dias
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anna Pliássova
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lisiane Souza
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Attila Köfalvi
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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Shonesy BC, Stephenson JR, Marks CR, Colbran RJ. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and D1 dopamine receptors regulate diacylglycerol lipase-α and synaptic 2-arachidonoyl glycerol signaling. J Neurochem 2020; 153:334-345. [PMID: 31985073 PMCID: PMC7367494 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brain endocannabinoids serve as retrograde neurotransmitters, being synthesized in post-synaptic neurons "on demand" and released to bind pre-synaptic cannabinoid receptors and suppress glutamatergic or GABAergic transmission. The most abundant brain endocannabinoid, 2 arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), is primarily synthesized by diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGLα), which is activated by poorly understood mechanisms in response to calcium influx following post-synaptic depolarization and/or the activation of Gq -coupled group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors. However, the impact of other neurotransmitters and their downstream signaling pathways on synaptic 2-AG signaling has not been intensively studied. Here, we found that DGLα activity in membrane fractions from transfected HEK293T cells was significantly increased by in vitro phosphorylation using cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Moreover, PKA directly phosphorylated DGLα at Ser798 in vitro. Elevation of cAMP levels in HEK293 cells expressing DGLα increased Ser798 phosphorylation, as detected using a phospho-Ser798-specific antibody, and enhanced DGLα activity; this in situ enhancement of DGLα activity was prevented by mutation of Ser798 to Ala. We investigated the impact of PKA on synaptic 2-AG mobilization in mouse striatal slices by manipulating D1-dopamine receptor (D1R) signaling and assessing depolarization-induced suppression of excitation, a DGLα- and 2-AG-dependent form of short-term synaptic depression. The magnitude of depolarization-enhanced suppression of excitation in direct pathway medium spiny neurons was increased by pre-incubation with a D1R agonist, and this enhancement was blocked by post-synaptic inhibition of PKA. Taken together, these findings provide new molecular insights into the complex mechanisms regulating synaptic endocannabinoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Shonesy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615
| | - Jason R. Stephenson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615
| | - Christian R. Marks
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615
| | - Roger J. Colbran
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0615
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11
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Shin M, Ware TB, Hsu KL. DAGL-Beta Functions as a PUFA-Specific Triacylglycerol Lipase in Macrophages. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:314-321.e5. [PMID: 31991095 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we apply quantitative chemical proteomics and untargeted lipidomics to assign a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-specific triacylglycerol (TAG) lipase activity for diacylglycerol lipase-beta (DAGLβ) in macrophages. We demonstrate that DAGLβ but not DAGLα is expressed and active in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) as determined by activity-based protein profiling analysis of SILAC BMDMs. Genetic disruption of DAGLβ resulted in accumulation of cellular TAGs composed of PUFA but not saturated/low unsaturated fatty acid counterparts, which is recapitulated in wild-type macrophages treated with a DAGLβ-selective inhibitor. Biochemical assays with synthetic substrates confirm PUFA-TAGs as authentic DAGLβ substrates. In summary, our findings identify DAGLβ as a PUFA-specific TAG lipase in primary macrophages.
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12
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van Esbroeck ACM, Kantae V, Di X, van der Wel T, den Dulk H, Stevens AF, Singh S, Bakker AT, Florea BI, Stella N, Overkleeft HS, Hankemeier T, van der Stelt M. Identification of α,β-Hydrolase Domain Containing Protein 6 as a Diacylglycerol Lipase in Neuro-2a Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:286. [PMID: 31849602 PMCID: PMC6901982 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is involved in neuronal differentiation. This study aimed to identify the biosynthetic enzymes responsible for 2-AG production during retinoic acid (RA)-induced neurite outgrowth of Neuro-2a cells. First, we confirmed that RA stimulation of Neuro-2a cells increases 2-AG production and neurite outgrowth. The diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) inhibitor DH376 blocked 2-AG production and reduced neuronal differentiation. Surprisingly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of DAGLα and DAGLβ in Neuro-2a cells did not reduce 2-AG levels, suggesting another enzyme capable of producing 2-AG in this cell line. Chemical proteomics revealed DAGLβ and α,β-hydrolase domain containing protein (ABHD6) as the only targets of DH376 in Neuro-2a cells. Biochemical, genetic and lipidomic studies demonstrated that ABHD6 possesses DAGL activity in conjunction with its previously reported monoacylglycerol lipase activity. RA treatment of Neuro-2a cells increased by three-fold the amount of active ABHD6. Our study shows that ABHD6 exhibits significant DAG lipase activity in Neuro-2a cells in addition to its known MAG lipase activity and suggest it is involved in neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelot C M van Esbroeck
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Xinyu Di
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Wel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans den Dulk
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anna F Stevens
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexander T Bakker
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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13
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Schurman LD, Carper MC, Moncayo LV, Ogasawara D, Richardson K, Yu L, Liu X, Poklis JL, Liu QS, Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH. Diacylglycerol Lipase-Alpha Regulates Hippocampal-Dependent Learning and Memory Processes in Mice. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5949-65. [PMID: 31127001 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1353-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase-α (DAGL-α), the principal biosynthetic enzyme of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) on neurons, plays a key role in CB1 receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity and hippocampal neurogenesis, but its contribution to global hippocampal-mediated processes remains unknown. Thus, the present study examines the role that DAGL-α plays on LTP in hippocampus, as well as in hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory tasks, and on the production of endocannabinoid and related lipids through the use of complementary pharmacologic and genetic approaches to disrupt this enzyme in male mice. Here we show that DAGL-α gene deletion or pharmacological inhibition disrupts LTP in CA1 of the hippocampus but elicits varying magnitudes of behavioral learning and memory deficits in mice. In particular, DAGL-α-/- mice display profound impairments in the Object Location assay and Morris Water Maze (MWM) acquisition engaging in nonspatial search strategies. In contrast, WT mice administered the DAGL-α inhibitor DO34 show delays in MWM acquisition and reversal learning, but no deficits in expression, extinction, forgetting, or perseveration processes in this task, as well as no impairment in Object Location. The deficits in synaptic plasticity and MWM performance occur in concert with decreased 2-AG and its major lipid metabolite (arachidonic acid), but increases of a 2-AG diacylglycerol precursor in hippocampus, PFC, striatum, and cerebellum. These novel behavioral and electrophysiological results implicate a direct and perhaps selective role of DAGL-α in the integration of new spatial information.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here we show that genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase-α (DAGL-α) impairs hippocampal CA1 LTP, differentially disrupts spatial learning and memory performance in Morris water maze (MWM) and Object Location tasks, and alters brain levels of endocannabinoids and related lipids. Whereas DAGL-α-/- mice exhibit profound phenotypic spatial memory deficits, a DAGL inhibitor selectively impairs the integration of new information in MWM acquisition and reversal tasks, but not memory processes of expression, extinction, forgetting, or perseveration, and does not affect performance in the Objection Location task. The findings that constitutive or short-term DAGL-α disruption impairs learning and memory at electrophysiological and selective in vivo levels implicate this enzyme as playing a key role in the integration of new spatial information.
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14
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Shin M, Buckner A, Prince J, Bullock TNJ, Hsu KL. Diacylglycerol Lipase-β Is Required for TNF-α Response but Not CD8 + T Cell Priming Capacity of Dendritic Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1036-1041.e3. [PMID: 31105063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase-β (DAGLβ) hydrolyzes arachidonic acid (AA)-esterified diacylglycerols to produce 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and downstream prostanoids that mediate inflammatory responses of macrophages. Here, we utilized DAGL-tailored activity-based protein profiling and genetic disruption models to discover that DAGLβ regulates inflammatory lipid and protein signaling pathways in primary dendritic cells (DCs). DCs serve as an important link between innate and adaptive immune pathways by relaying innate signals and antigen to drive T cell clonal expansion and prime antigen-specific immunity. We discovered that disruption of DAGLβ in DCs lowers cellular 2-AG and AA that is accompanied by reductions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated tumor necrosis factor α secretion. Cell-based vaccination studies revealed that DC maturation ex vivo and immunogenicity in vivo was surprisingly unaffected by DAGLβ inactivation. Collectively, we identify DAGLβ pathways as a means for attenuating DC inflammatory signaling while sparing critical adaptive immune functions and further expand the utility of targeting lipid pathways for immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319 Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Andrew Buckner
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jessica Prince
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Timothy N J Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319 Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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15
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Shin M, Snyder HW, Donvito G, Schurman LD, Fox TE, Lichtman AH, Kester M, Hsu KL. Liposomal Delivery of Diacylglycerol Lipase-Beta Inhibitors to Macrophages Dramatically Enhances Selectivity and Efficacy in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:721-728. [PMID: 28901776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase-beta (DAGLβ) hydrolyzes arachidonic acid (AA)-containing diacylglycerols to produce bioactive lipids including endocannabinoids and AA-derived eicosanoids involved in regulation of inflammatory signaling. Previously, we demonstrated that DAGLβ inactivation using the triazole urea inhibitor KT109 blocked macrophage inflammatory signaling and reversed allodynic responses of mice in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Here, we tested whether we could exploit the phagocytic capacity of macrophages to localize delivery of DAGLβ inhibitors to these cells in vivo using liposome encapsulated KT109. We used DAGLβ-tailored activity-based probes and chemical proteomic methods to measure potency and selectivity of liposomal KT109 in macrophages and tissues from treated mice. Surprisingly, delivery of ∼5 μg of liposomal KT109 was sufficient to achieve ∼80% inactivation of DAGLβ in macrophages with no apparent activity in other tissues in vivo. Our macrophage-targeted delivery resulted in a >100-fold enhancement in antinociceptive potency compared with free compound in a mouse inflammatory pain model. Our studies describe a novel anti-inflammatory strategy that is achieved by targeted in vivo delivery of DAGLβ inhibitors to macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsun Shin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Helena W Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Giulia Donvito
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23298 United States
| | - Lesley D Schurman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23298 United States
| | - Todd E Fox
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States.,University of Virginia Cancer Center , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22903 , United States
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23298 United States
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States.,University of Virginia Cancer Center , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22903 , United States
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22908 , United States
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16
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Buczynski MW, Herman MA, Hsu KL, Natividad LA, Irimia C, Polis IY, Pugh H, Chang JW, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Roberto M, Parsons LH. Diacylglycerol lipase disinhibits VTA dopamine neurons during chronic nicotine exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1086-91. [PMID: 26755579 PMCID: PMC4743781 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522672113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic nicotine exposure (CNE) alters synaptic transmission in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in a manner that enhances dopaminergic signaling and promotes nicotine use. The present experiments identify a correlation between enhanced production of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and diminished release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the VTA following CNE. To study the functional role of on-demand 2-AG signaling in GABAergic synapses, we used 1,2,3-triazole urea compounds to selectively inhibit 2-AG biosynthesis by diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL). The potency and selectivity of these inhibitors were established in rats in vitro (rat brain proteome), ex vivo (brain slices), and in vivo (intracerebroventricular administration) using activity-based protein profiling and targeted metabolomics analyses. Inhibition of DAGL (2-AG biosynthesis) rescues nicotine-induced VTA GABA signaling following CNE. Conversely, enhancement of 2-AG signaling in naïve rats by inhibiting 2-AG degradation recapitulates the loss of nicotine-induced GABA signaling evident following CNE. DAGL inhibition reduces nicotine self-administration without disrupting operant responding for a nondrug reinforcer or motor activity. Collectively, these findings provide a detailed characterization of selective inhibitors of rat brain DAGL and demonstrate that excessive 2-AG signaling contributes to a loss of inhibitory GABAergic constraint of VTA excitability following CNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Buczynski
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Melissa A Herman
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Luis A Natividad
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cristina Irimia
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ilham Y Polis
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Holly Pugh
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jae Won Chang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Loren H Parsons
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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17
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Iglesias J, Lamontagne J, Erb H, Gezzar S, Zhao S, Joly E, Truong VL, Skorey K, Crane S, Madiraju SRM, Prentki M. Simplified assays of lipolysis enzymes for drug discovery and specificity assessment of known inhibitors. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:131-41. [PMID: 26423520 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d058438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are used as cellular building blocks and condensed energy stores and also act as signaling molecules. The glycerolipid/ fatty acid cycle, encompassing lipolysis and lipogenesis, generates many lipid signals. Reliable procedures are not available for measuring activities of several lipolytic enzymes for the purposes of drug screening, and this resulted in questionable selectivity of various known lipase inhibitors. We now describe simple assays for lipolytic enzymes, including adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), sn-1-diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), monoacylglycerol lipase, α/β-hydrolase domain 6, and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) using recombinant human and mouse enzymes either in cell extracts or using purified enzymes. We observed that many of the reported inhibitors lack specificity. Thus, Cay10499 (HSL inhibitor) and RHC20867 (DAGL inhibitor) also inhibit other lipases. Marked differences in the inhibitor sensitivities of human ATGL and HSL compared with the corresponding mouse enzymes was noticed. Thus, ATGListatin inhibited mouse ATGL but not human ATGL, and the HSL inhibitors WWL11 and Compound 13f were effective against mouse enzyme but much less potent against human enzyme. Many of these lipase inhibitors also inhibited human CES1. Results describe reliable assays for measuring lipase activities that are amenable for drug screening and also caution about the specificity of the many earlier described lipase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Iglesias
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Julien Lamontagne
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Heidi Erb
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Sari Gezzar
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Shangang Zhao
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Erik Joly
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | | | | | - Sheldon Crane
- NuChem Therapeutics, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4P 2R2
| | - S R Murthy Madiraju
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Marc Prentki
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
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18
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Reyes BAS, Heldt NA, Mackie K, Van Bockstaele EJ. Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic contacts between cortical noradrenergic afferents and endocannabinoid-synthesizing post-synaptic neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 303:323-37. [PMID: 26162236 PMCID: PMC4542008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are involved in a myriad of physiological processes that are mediated through the activation of cannabinoid receptors, which are ubiquitously distributed within the nervous system. One neurochemical target at which cannabinoids interact to have global effects on behavior is brain noradrenergic circuitry. We, and others, have previously shown that CB type 1 receptors (CB1r) are positioned to pre-synaptically modulate norepinephrine (NE) release in the rat frontal cortex (FC). Diacylglycerol lipase (DGL) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). While DGL-α is expressed in the FC in the rat brain, it is not known whether noradrenergic afferents target neurons expressing synthesizing enzymes for the endocannabinoid, 2-AG. In the present study, we employed high-resolution neuroanatomical approaches to better define cellular sites for interactions between noradrenergic afferents and FC neurons expressing DGL-α. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed close appositions between processes containing the norepinephrine transporter (NET) or dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) and cortical neurons expressing DGL-α-immunoreactivity. Ultrastructural analysis using immunogold-silver labeling for DGL-α and immunoperoxidase labeling for NET or DβH confirmed that NET-labeled axon terminals were directly apposed to FC somata and dendritic processes that exhibited DGL-α-immunoreactivity. Finally, tissue sections were processed for immunohistochemical detection of DGL-α, CB1r and DβH. Triple label immunofluorescence revealed that CB1r and DβH were co-localized in common cellular profiles and these were in close association with DGL-α. Taken together, these data provide anatomical evidence for direct synaptic associations between noradrenergic afferents and cortical neurons exhibiting endocannabinoid synthesizing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - N A Heldt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - K Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - E J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
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19
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Gyires K, Rónai AZ, Zádori ZS, Tóth VE, Németh J, Szekeres M, Hunyady L. Angiotensin II-induced activation of central AT1 receptors exerts endocannabinoid-mediated gastroprotective effect in rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:971-8. [PMID: 24145131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze whether angiotensin II via the endocannabinoid system can induce gastric mucosal protection, since transactivation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors by angiotensin AT1 receptor in CHO cells was described. Experimental ulcer was induced by acidified ethanol given orally in male Wistar rats, CB1(+/+) wild type and CB1(-/-) knockout mice. The compounds were administered intracerebroventricularly. It was found, that 1. Angiotensin II inhibited the ethanol-induced gastric lesions (11.9-191pmol); the effect of angiotensin II (191pmol) was inhibited by the CB1 receptor inverse agonist AM 251 (1.8nmol) and the inhibitor of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), tetrahydrolipstatin (0.2nmol). 2. Angiotensin II exerted gastroprotection in wild type, but not in CB1(-/-) mice. 3. The gastroprotective effect of angiotensin II (191pmol) was reduced by atropine (1mg/kg i.v.) and bilateral cervical vagotomy. In conclusion, stimulation of central angiotensin AT1 receptors via activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors induces gastroprotection in a DAGL-dependent and vagus-mediated mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Atropine/pharmacology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetulus
- Ethanol
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Lactones/pharmacology
- Lipoprotein Lipase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipoprotein Lipase/genetics
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Orlistat
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Stomach/drug effects
- Stomach/pathology
- Stomach Ulcer/chemically induced
- Stomach Ulcer/drug therapy
- Stomach Ulcer/metabolism
- Stomach Ulcer/pathology
- Vagotomy
- Vagus Nerve
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Z Rónai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória E Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Németh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mária Szekeres
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47., 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47., 1094 Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University and Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tűzoltó u. 37-47., 1094 Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Galve-Roperh I, Chiurchiù V, Díaz-Alonso J, Bari M, Guzmán M, Maccarrone M. Cannabinoid receptor signaling in progenitor/stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:633-50. [PMID: 24076098 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids, the active components of cannabis (Cannabis sativa) extracts, have attracted the attention of human civilizations for centuries, much earlier than the discovery and characterization of their substrate of action, the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The latter is an ensemble of endogenous lipids, their receptors [in particular type-1 (CB1) and type-2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors] and metabolic enzymes. Cannabinoid signaling regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, with different outcomes depending on the molecular targets and cellular context involved. Cannabinoid receptors are expressed and functional from the very early developmental stages, when they regulate embryonic and trophoblast stem cell survival and differentiation, and thus may affect the formation of manifold adult specialized tissues derived from the three different germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). In the ectoderm-derived nervous system, both CB1 and CB2 receptors are present in neural progenitor/stem cells and control their self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. CB1 and CB2 show opposite patterns of expression, the former increasing and the latter decreasing along neuronal differentiation. Recently, endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling has also been shown to regulate proliferation and differentiation of mesoderm-derived hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, with a key role in determining the formation of several cell types in peripheral tissues, including blood cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts/osteoclasts and epithelial cells. Here, we will review these new findings, which unveil the involvement of eCB signaling in the regulation of progenitor/stem cell fate in the nervous system and in the periphery. The developmental regulation of cannabinoid receptor expression and cellular/subcellular localization, together with their role in progenitor/stem cell biology, may have important implications in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology, Complutense University, IUIN, CIBERNED and IRYCIS, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Reisenberg M, Singh PK, Williams G, Doherty P. The diacylglycerol lipases: structure, regulation and roles in and beyond endocannabinoid signalling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:3264-75. [PMID: 23108545 PMCID: PMC3481529 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The diacylglycerol lipases (DAGLs) hydrolyse diacylglycerol to generate 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the most abundant ligand for the CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors in the body. DAGL-dependent endocannabinoid signalling regulates axonal growth and guidance during development, and is required for the generation and migration of new neurons in the adult brain. At developed synapses, 2-AG released from postsynaptic terminals acts back on presynaptic CB(1) receptors to inhibit the secretion of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, with this DAGL-dependent synaptic plasticity operating throughout the nervous system. Importantly, the DAGLs have functions that do not involve cannabinoid receptors. For example, 2-AG is the precursor of arachidonic acid in a pathway that maintains the level of this essential lipid in the brain and other organs. This pathway also drives the cyclooxygenase-dependent generation of inflammatory prostaglandins in the brain, which has recently been implicated in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Remarkably, we still know very little about the mechanisms that regulate DAGL activity-however, key insights can be gleaned by homology modelling against other α/β hydrolases and from a detailed examination of published proteomic studies and other databases. These identify a regulatory loop with a highly conserved signature motif, as well as phosphorylation and palmitoylation as post-translational mechanisms likely to regulate function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gareth Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, SE1 9RT, UK
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22
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Certain cognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia have been linked to disturbed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate neurotrans-mission in the prefrontal cortex. Thus, it is important to understand how the mechanisms that regulate GABA and glutamate neurotransmission are altered in schizophrenia. For example, group I metabo-tropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1α, mGluR5) modulate both GABA and gluta-mate systems. In addition, regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) reduces intra-cellular signaling through several different G protein-coupled receptors, including group I mGluRs. Finally, the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in regulating GABA and glutamate neurotrans-mission. The status of endocannabinoid ligands, such as 2-arachidonoylglycerol, can be inferred in part through measures of diacylglycerol lipase and monoglyceride lipase, which synthesize and degrade 2-arachidonoylglycerol, respectively. METHOD Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure mRNA levels for group I mGluRs, RGS4, and markers of the endocannabinoid system in the prefrontal cortex Brodmann's area 9 of 42 schizophrenia subjects and matched normal comparison subjects. Similar analyses in monkeys chronically exposed to haloperidol, olanzapine, or placebo were also conducted. RESULTS Schizophrenia subjects had higher mRNA levels for mGluR1α and lower mRNA levels for RGS4, and these differences did not appear to be attributable to antipsychotic medications or other potential confounds. In contrast, no differences between subject groups were found in mRNA levels for endocannabinoid synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Together, higher mGluR1α and lower RGS4 mRNA levels may represent a disturbed "molecular hub" in schizophrenia that may disrupt the function of prefrontal cortical networks, including both GABA and glutamate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Volk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Stephen M. Eggan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Patel S, Kingsley PJ, Mackie K, Marnett LJ, Winder DG. Repeated homotypic stress elevates 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels and enhances short-term endocannabinoid signaling at inhibitory synapses in basolateral amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:2699-709. [PMID: 19675536 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is a risk factor for development and exacerbation of neuropsychiatric illness. Repeated stress causes biochemical adaptations in endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling that contribute to stress-response habituation, however, the synaptic correlates of these adaptations have not been examined. Here, we show that the synthetic enzyme for the eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), diacylglycerol (DAG) lipase alpha, is heterogeneously expressed in the amygdala, and that levels of 2-AG and precursor DAGs are increased in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) after 10 days, but not 1 day, of restraint stress. In contrast, arachidonic acid was decreased after both 1 and 10 days of restraint stress. To examine the synaptic correlates of these alterations in 2-AG metabolism, we used whole-cell electrophysiology to determine the effects of restraint stress on depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) in the BLA. A single restraint stress exposure did not alter DSI compared with control mice. However, after 10 days of restraint stress, DSI duration, but not magnitude, was significantly prolonged. Inhibition of 2-AG degradation with MAFP also prolonged DSI duration; the effects of repeated restraint stress and MAFP were mutually occlusive. These data indicate that exposure to repeated, but not acute, stress produces neuroadaptations that confer BLA neurons with an enhanced capacity to elevate 2-AG content and engage in 2-AG-mediated short-term retrograde synaptic signaling. We suggest stress-induced enhancement of eCB-mediated suppression of inhibitory transmission in the BLA could contribute to affective dysregulation associated with chronic stress.
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