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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Ghavipanje N, Torres-Gonzalez T, Angeles-Hernandez JC, Velázquez-Ordoñez V, Castelán-Ortega OA, Robles Jimenez LE, Roskopf SD, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M. Effect of calcium soaps from garlic ( Allium sativum) and willow ( Salix babylonica) extracts on nematode loads, nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation kinetics in dairy goats. J DAIRY RES 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38757385 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary calcium soaps from garlic (Allium sativum) and willow (Salix babylonica) extracts on nematode loads, nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumen fermentation kinetics in dairy goats. Nine adult non-lactating Saanen goats were grouped into a complete randomized block design with 3 treatments (n = 3) over a period of 28 d. Animals were fed a diet based on alfalfa hay and a concentrate that was supplemented (65 g/kg DM) with calcium soaps of safflower (control), garlic or willow. Intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were not affected by dietary calcium soaps. However, the highest digestibility of DM and OM were observed in willow supplemented goats. In vitro gas kinetics and fermentation profile were not affected by diets. Results from fecal egg count indicated a reduction in total count, Haemonchus spp. and Trychostrongylus spp. for both garlic and willow compared to control. Our results suggest that calcium soaps of garlic or willow extracts can be used to reduce gastrointestinal parasites in goats without compromising productive traits or rumen function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Periférico R. Aldama km 1, 31031 Chihuahua, México
| | - Navid Ghavipanje
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand 97175-331, Iran
| | - Teresa Torres-Gonzalez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100. Toluca, Estado de México, 50000, México
| | - Juan Carlos Angeles-Hernandez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad km. 1, Tulancingo de Bravo, Hidalgo, 43600, México
| | - Valente Velázquez-Ordoñez
- Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100. Toluca, Estado de México, 50000, México
| | - Octavio Alonso Castelán-Ortega
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100. Toluca, Estado de México, 50000, México
| | - Lizbeth E Robles Jimenez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100. Toluca, Estado de México, 50000, México
| | - Sergio Daniel Roskopf
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805 (3080). Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario 100. Toluca, Estado de México, 50000, México
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Karaer MC, Sönmez Hİ, Madak E, Kankılıç T, Tavşanoğlu Ç, Sarımehmetoğlu HO. Helminths of captive and free-ranging populations of the mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella): Evidence from faecal examination. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1429. [PMID: 38555575 PMCID: PMC10981916 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding parasite diversity in wild and captive animal populations has critical implications for both individual animal health and ecosystem dynamics in a broader sense. In mountain gazelles (Gazella gazella), the gastrointestinal helminth community is poorly understood, limiting our efforts in the conservation of this endangered bovid species. This species has only two remaining populations in the world, including the isolated northernmost population in Türkiye. OBJECTIVES To identify and compare the diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in captive and free-ranging populations of mountain gazelles in Hatay, Türkiye, and to assess potential zoonotic risks. METHODS In total, 105 fresh faecal samples, 45 individual samples and 60 faecal samples, representing 16 pools, from both captive and free-ranging populations were collected and analysed using Fulleborn flotation, Benedek sedimentation and Bearman-Wetzel methods faecal flotation methods, including the McMaster technique to determine the severity of infection. RESULTS We detected 12 helminth taxa in our examination of faecal samples, including gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms and trematodes. Parasites from the Trichostrongyloidea family demonstrated variable hatching stages and rates, potentially influenced by ambient conditions. We also detected one protozoan among the samples. Our results revealed a higher diversity of parasites in free-ranging populations compared to captive ones. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the necessity for regular parasitological surveillance in both captive and free-ranging wildlife populations for effective conservation management. It also contributes to the 'One Health' perspective by highlighting the potential zoonotic risks posed by parasites in wild ruminants. Our results have implications for the conservation and management of the mountain gazelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Cansu Karaer
- Institute of ScienceHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
- Division of EcologyDepartment of BiologyHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
- Food and Agriculture Vocational SchoolÇankırı Karatekin UniversityÇankırıTürkiye
| | - Hande İrem Sönmez
- Institute of Health SciencesDepartment of ParasitologyAnkara UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
| | - Elif Madak
- Institute of Health SciencesDepartment of ParasitologyAnkara UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
| | - Tolga Kankılıç
- Department of Biology, Sabire Yazıcı Faculty of Science and LetterAksaray UniversityAksarayTürkiye
| | - Çağatay Tavşanoğlu
- Division of EcologyDepartment of BiologyHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
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Rampacci E, Diaferia M, Lucentini L, Brustenga L, Capasso M, Girardi S, Gizzi I, Primavilla S, Veronesi F, Passamonti F. Detection of zoonotic enteropathogens in captive large felids in Italy. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:200-209. [PMID: 38017609 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Within the One Health paradigm, infectious disease surveillance have been developed for domestic and wild animals, leaving the role of captive non-domestic populations, especially felids in zoos and circuses, less explored. This study addresses the proximity of these captive animals to urban areas, necessitating focused monitoring for potential zoonotic enteropathogens. The present work aimed to investigate the presence of such zoonotic enteropathogens in faecal samples from captive large felid populations. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 108 faecal samples were collected in three circuses, five zoos and one rescue centre across Italy. Salmonella spp. isolation, serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were conducted on all samples. Additionally, 60 samples were also examined for gastrointestinal parasites using standard coprological techniques. Giardia spp. detection employed direct immunofluorescent staining and specific PCR, while Toxoplasma gondii was detected using PCR targeting B1 gene. A total of 51 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were isolated, with predominant serovariants including Infantis (43.1%), Coeln (11.8%) and Newport (11.8%). The captive felids likely act as asymptomatic carriers of foodborne Salmonella, with notable resistance ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, no resistance to enrofloxacin was noted. Microscopic analysis revealed Toxascaris leonina eggs in 11 faecal samples (18.3%) and Giardia duodenalis cysts in one animal (1.7%). CONCLUSIONS Captive animals in public settings may act as sources of Salmonella infection and enteroparasitosis for both occupational and general exposure. The study emphasizes the role of captive animals in antimicrobial resistance dynamics, highlighting the need for routine pathogen screening in the management practices of zoological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Diaferia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Livia Lucentini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brustenga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Capasso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Production, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Girardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gizzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Primavilla
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'Togo Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Thanasuwan S, Piratae S, Thaowandee K, Amporn C. Prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites on pig farms in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Vet World 2024; 17:273-281. [PMID: 38595646 PMCID: PMC11000488 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.273-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Gastrointestinal (GI) parasite infections are the foremost and prevalent diseases that affect pigs in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GI parasites among pigs in Kalasin Province. This study is the first attempt to understand the occurrence of GI parasites in pigs within Kalasin province using fecal samples as the methodology. Materials and Methods We collected 324 fecal samples directly from the rectums of pigs from May to July 2023. The formalin-ethyl acetate concentration and floatation methods were used to examine these samples. The eggs or oocysts were identified by observing their morphology and size under a light microscope. Results Of the 324 fecal samples examined, 276 tested positive for gastrointestinal parasitic infections, resulting in a prevalence rate of 85.19%. Nematodes were the most prevalent, with Strongyle-type infections being the highest in 267 cases (82.41%), followed by Ascaris suum in 222 cases (68.52%), and Trichuris spp. in 152 cases (46.91%). Strongyloides spp. infections were also observed in 92 cases (28.40%). However, trematode infection was relatively rare, with only Fasciola spp. found in 15 cases (4.63%). We identified Eimeria spp. in 87 cases (26.85%), Iodamoeba spp. in 70 cases (21.60%), Balantidium coli in 67 cases (20.68%), and Isospora spp. in 52 cases (16.05%). Notably, most of the positive fecal samples showed double infections with a prevalence rate of approximately 38.27%. Single infections were the next most common, accounting for 25.31% of the cases, followed by 3 parasites (14.81%) and 4-5 parasites (6.79%). Conclusion This study underscores the high endemicity of GI parasites among pigs in Kalasin province. To improve prevention and control measures, it is recommended to establish a health monitoring program that includes deworming and emphasizes good hygiene practices. The insights gained from this study will contribute to the enhancement of pig farming practices in Kalasin province, ultimately leading to improved production and profitability. In addition, future research should focus on detecting these parasites in Kalasin and exploring their relationship with human transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikanda Thanasuwan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Keattipong Thaowandee
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
| | - Chalothon Amporn
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand
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Dashti A, Alonso H, Escolar-Miñana C, Köster PC, Bailo B, Carmena D, González-Barrio D. Evaluation of the Use of Singleplex and Duplex CerTest VIASURE Real-Time PCR Assays to Detect Common Intestinal Protist Parasites. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:319. [PMID: 38337835 PMCID: PMC10855428 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica are species of protozoa- causing diarrhoea that are common worldwide, while Entamoeba dispar, Dientamoeba fragilis and Blastocystis sp. appear to be commensal parasites whose role in pathogenicity remains controversial. We conducted the clinical evaluation of five singleplex and one duplex CerTest VIASURE Real-Time PCR Assays against a large panel of positive DNA samples (n = 358), and specifically to Cryptosporidium spp. (n = 96), G. duodenalis (n = 115), E. histolytica (n = 25) E. dispar (n = 11), Blastocystis sp. (n = 42), D. fragilis (n = 37), and related parasitic phylum species such as Apicomplexa, Euglenozoa, Microsporidia and Nematoda. DNA samples were obtained from clinical stool specimens or cultured isolates in a national reference centre. Estimated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values were 0.94-1 for Cryptosporidium spp., 0.96-0.99 for G. duodenalis, 0.96-1 for E. histolytica, 1-1 for E. dispar, and 1-0.99 for D. fragilis in the evaluated singleplex assays. In the duplex assay for the simultaneous detection of Blastocystis sp. and D. fragilis these values were 1-0.98 and 1-0.99, respectively. Measures of diagnostic precision for repeatability and reproducibility were found to be under acceptable ranges. The assays identified six Cryptosporidium species (C. hominis, C. parvum, C. canis, C. felis, C. scrofarum, and C. ryanae), four G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B, C, and F), and six Blastocystis subtypes (ST1-ST5, and ST8). The evaluated singleplex and duplex VIASURE Real-Time PCR assays provide sensitive, practical, and cost-effective choices to the molecular diagnosis of the main diarrhoea-causing intestinal protists in clinical microbiology and research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
| | - Henar Alonso
- Department of Microbiology, Paediatrics, Radiology, and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Saragossa, Spain
| | - Cristina Escolar-Miñana
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Saragossa, Spain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX), 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, 28008 Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (A.D.); (P.C.K.); (B.B.); (D.G.-B.)
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Sodi I, Martini M, Salari F, Perrucci S. Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections and Environmental Sustainability of the Ovine Sector: Eimeria spp. Infections and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Excretions in Dairy Sheep in Italy. Pathogens 2023; 12:1459. [PMID: 38133342 PMCID: PMC10746012 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In sheep farming, gastrointestinal parasites can be responsible for significant reductions in animal health and production. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fecal excretions are the main determining factors for N2O emissions from manure management and may pose other environmental problems, such as the acidification and eutrophication of natural habitats. By using the Mini-FLOTAC technique on fecal samples from sheep of different ages and physiological status from 19 dairy sheep farms in Tuscany (central Italy), gastrointestinal parasite infections were evaluated. The animal N and P fecal contents were also assessed, with the aim of evaluating possible relationships between the identified parasites and the environmental sustainability of the examined farms. The obtained results showed that Eimeria spp. (86.36%) and gastrointestinal strongyle (54.55%) infections are prevalent in the examined farms. Moreover, significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) P and Eimeria oocyst/gram-of-feces (OPG) values were found in fecal samples from animals < 1 year of age, and a significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive correlation resulted between N content and Eimeria OPG in fecal samples from animals in the first month of lactation. The findings from this study suggest for the first time that Eimeria spp. infections may have an impact on the environmental sustainability of sheep farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sodi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Mina Martini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (I.S.); (M.M.)
- Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Salari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Stefania Perrucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (I.S.); (M.M.)
- Research Center Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Sangpeng J, Eamudomkarn C, Hongsrichan N, Artchayasawat A, Chaisongkram C, Ponsrila K, Kimkamkaew S, Laoprom N, Boonmars T, Sithithaworn P, Pitaksakulrat O. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals at Khon Kaen Zoo, Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:2416-2424. [PMID: 38328364 PMCID: PMC10844781 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2416-2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Captive animals are susceptible to parasitic diseases due to the stress and confinement they experience. In addition, they can serve as reservoirs of zoonotic parasites that have the potential to infect humans. To investigate this possibility, we estimated the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in captive mammals at Khon Kaen Zoo, Thailand. Materials and Methods One hundred and forty-seven individual mammals (37 primates, 43 carnivores, 62 herbivores, and 5 rodents) were examined for parasitic infections by fecal examination daily for 3 consecutive days using the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) and the agar plate culture method. Results According to FECT, the overall prevalence of GI parasites was 62.6% (92/147). Within animal groups, the numbers were as follows: 67.6% (25/37) in primates, 23.3% (10/43) in carnivores, 85.5% (53/62) in herbivores, and 80.0% (4/5) in rodents. Using the agar plate culture method, 21.43% (27/126) were positive for Strongyloides spp. and hookworm infections. The GI parasites identified belonged to three categories: protozoa (including Entamoeba histolytica species complex, Entamoeba coli, Giardia spp., coccidia, and ciliated protozoa), trematodes (minute intestinal flukes and rumen flukes), and nematodes (strongyle/hookworm, Strongyloides spp., Ascarididae, and Trichuris spp.). Conclusion The findings of this study indicate the prevalence of several GI parasites in zoo animals with the potential for transmission to humans, given the animals' close proximity to both visitors and animal caretakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirawat Sangpeng
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nuttanan Hongsrichan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Atchara Artchayasawat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Chavin Chaisongkram
- Department of Research Conservation and Animal Health, Khon Kaen Zoo, 40280, Thailand
| | - Kanda Ponsrila
- Department of Research Conservation and Animal Health, Khon Kaen Zoo, 40280, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Kimkamkaew
- Department of Research Conservation and Animal Health, Khon Kaen Zoo, 40280, Thailand
| | - Nonglak Laoprom
- Department of General Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Opal Pitaksakulrat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Rizwan HM, Zohaib HM, Sajid MS, Abbas H, Younus M, Farid MU, Iftakhar T, Muzaffar HA, Hassan SS, Kamran M, Raza MH, Bajwa MH. Inflicting Significant Losses in Slaughtered Animals: Exposing the Hidden Effects of Parasitic Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1291. [PMID: 38003757 PMCID: PMC10674797 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We started a campaign in the heart of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan, to expose the hidden threats of parasitic illnesses in ruminants and the severe financial consequences associated with them. Our in-depth investigations focused on the prevalence, impact, and astounding financial losses brought on by organ contamination in slaughtered animals. Of the 384 slaughtered ruminants examined for gastrointestinal parasites, a prevalence of 44.79% was recorded. It is interesting to note that we found no conclusive association between parasitic infection and the various ruminant species under study (p > 0.05). However, goats (52.0%) had the highest numerical prevalence of parasitic infection, followed by cattle (46.1%), buffalo (46.0%), and sheep (34.7%) in that order. A significant finding (p < 0.05) showed that the majority of animals had light parasitism (46.5%), as opposed to those with moderate (30.2%) or severe loads (23.2%). Our research revealed substantial (p < 0.05) relationships between ruminant age, sex, and parasitic infection prevalence. In comparison to females (56.4%) and adults (48.1%), males (36.1%) and young (36.9%) ruminants showed considerably decreased infection rates (p < 0.05). On the other hand, we discovered a non-significant (p > 0.05) association between the months and the prevalence of parasitic infection. As a result of the condemnation of contaminated organs such as the rumen, lungs, and liver, an estimated financial loss of PKR 133,731,400 (USD = 466,939.2) was incurred. The yearly economic losses caused by liver condemnation were much greater than those caused by rumen and lung condemnation (p < 0.05). Our research not only reported a significantly higher abundance but also economic threats of the parasitic diseases among the slaughtered animals in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Our findings highlighted the critical need for preventive and therapeutic interventions for parasitic infections in animals, in order to mitigate the economic losses through strengthened animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.M.Z.); (H.A.)
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zohaib
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.M.Z.); (H.A.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Haider Abbas
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.M.Z.); (H.A.)
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Section of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Umar Farid
- Section of Meat Science, Department of Animal Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Tahira Iftakhar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Hizqeel Ahmed Muzaffar
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Syed Soban Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Hussnain Raza
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Haziq Bajwa
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
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9
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Chaudhary B, Parajuli RP, Dhakal P. Survey of intestinal parasites in swine farms raised in Western Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2107-2117. [PMID: 37463607 PMCID: PMC10508489 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), an important domestic livestock, are generally affected by helminth and protozoan parasites. Rearing pigs in rural regions in Nepal is a common practice for subsistence farming. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in pigs raised in Western Nepal. METHODS A total of 200 faecal samples from commercial and smallholder farms were examined by wet mounts, flotation, sedimentation and staining techniques. RESULTS The results revealed that overall 86.5% of samples were found shedding oocysts or eggs of one or more GIPs. Three species of protozoa [Eimeria sp. (26%), Entamoeba coli (25.5%) and Coccidia (29%)] and nine species of helminths parasites (Ascaris suum (32.5%), Trichuris suis (30%), strongyle-type nematode (27.5%), hookworm (26%), Fasciola sp. (17.5%), Physaloptera sp. (17.5%), Strongyloides sp. (17.5%), Metastrongylus sp. (8%) and Oesophagostomum sp. (5.5%)] were identified. Female pigs were found to have higher protozoan infection than males, but such a difference was not noticed with regard to helminth parasites. Strongyles and Oesophagostomum infection were higher in commercial farms compared to smallholder farms, whereas the prevalences of E. coli and other protozoans were higher in smallholder farms. Among the contextual factors evaluated for association, weight and gender of pigs, and annual income and gender of managers/caretakers were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the prevalence of GIPs in pigs. The overall prevalence of certain helminths such as strongyle-type nematode and A. suum was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the weight of pigs after adjusting other contextual factors. CONCLUSIONS This study detected relatively high prevalence of intestinal parasites in domestic pig facilities. Molecular epidemiological studies are essential to verify the exact zoonotic potential of parasites carried by pigs in the region. An effective periodic monitoring of GIPs of pigs needs to be carried out to minimize their further dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barshat Chaudhary
- Central Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, KirtipurKathmanduNepal
| | - Rajendra Prasad Parajuli
- Central Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, KirtipurKathmanduNepal
| | - Pitambar Dhakal
- Central Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, KirtipurKathmanduNepal
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10
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Abstract
Despite advances in modern human and veterinary medicine, gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections remain a significant health issue worldwide, mainly in developing countries. Increasing evidence of the multi-drug resistance of these parasites and the side effects of currently available synthetic drugs have led to increased research on alternative medicines to treat parasitic infections. The exploration of potential botanical antiparasitics, which are inexpensive and abundant, may be a promising alternative in this context. This study summarizes the in vitro/in vivo antiparasitic efficacy of different medicinal plants and their components against GI parasites. Published literature from 1990-2020 was retrieved from Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus. A total of 68 plant species belonging to 32 families have been evaluated as antiparasitic agents against GI parasites worldwide. The majority of studies (70%) were conducted in vitro. Most plants were from the Fabaceae family (53%, n = 18). Methanol (37%, n = 35) was the most used solvent. Leaf (22%, n = 16) was the most used plant part, followed by seed and rhizome (each 12%, n = 9). These studies suggest that herbal medicines hold a great scope for new drug discoveries against parasitic diseases and that the derivatives of these plants are useful structures for drug synthesis and bioactivity optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandamalie Ranasinghe
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Armson
- Exercise Science and Chiropractic, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alan J. Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Ash
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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11
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Aghazadeh M, Jones M, Perera S, Nair J, Tan L, Clark B, Curtis A, Jones J, Ellem J, Olma T, Stark D, Melki J, Coulston N, Baker R, Millar D. The Application of 3base™ Technology to Diagnose Eight of the Most Clinically Important Gastrointestinal Protozoan Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13387. [PMID: 37686192 PMCID: PMC10487386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, over 3.5 billion people are infected with intestinal parasites each year, resulting in over 200,000 deaths. Three of the most common protozoan pathogens that affect the gastrointestinal tract of humans are Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. Other protozoan agents that have been implicated in gastroenteritis in humans include Cyclospora cayetanensis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Blastocystis hominis, and the microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Genetic Signatures previously developed a 3base™ multiplexed Real-Time PCR (mRT-PCR) enteric protozoan kit (EP001) for the detection of Giardia intestinalis/lamblia/duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica, D. fragilis, and B. hominis. We now describe improvements to this kit to produce a more comprehensive assay, including C. cayetanensis, E. bieneusi, and E. intestinalis, termed EP005. The clinical performance of EP005 was assessed using a set of 380 clinical samples against a commercially available PCR test and other in-house nucleic acid amplification tests where commercial tests were not available. All methods provided at least 90% agreement. EP005 had no cross-reactivity against 82 organisms commonly found in the gut. The EP005 method streamlines the detection of gastrointestinal parasites and addresses the many challenges of traditional microscopic detection, resulting in cost savings and significant improvements in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdis Aghazadeh
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Meghan Jones
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Suneth Perera
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Jiny Nair
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Litty Tan
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Brett Clark
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Angela Curtis
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Jackson Jones
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Justin Ellem
- Microbiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (J.E.); (T.O.)
| | - Tom Olma
- Microbiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (J.E.); (T.O.)
| | - Damien Stark
- St. Vincent’s Pathology, Level 6, Xavier Building, 390 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia;
| | - John Melki
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Neralie Coulston
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Rohan Baker
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Douglas Millar
- Genetic Signatures, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; (M.A.); (M.J.); (S.P.); (J.N.); (B.C.); (A.C.); (J.J.); (J.M.); (N.C.); (R.B.)
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12
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Kļaviņa A, Keidāne D, Ganola K, Lūsis I, Šukele R, Bandere D, Kovalcuka L. Anthelmintic Activity of Tanacetum vulgare L. (Leaf and Flower) Extracts against Trichostrongylidae Nematodes in Sheep In Vitro. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2176. [PMID: 37443974 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the high prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep, the growing anthelmintic resistance, and the development of organic farming systems, sustainable alternatives are being sought. One such method is phytotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of extracts of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) growing in Latvia on gastrointestinal nematodes (Trichostrongylidae) in sheep. The leaves and flowers of the tansy were extracted separately in 70%, 50%, and 30% ethanol and acetone. Six concentrations were prepared from each extract 500 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL. In vitro egg hatching test and micro-agar larval development test were performed. Extracts of tansy have strong larvicidal activity. The highest percentage of larvae inhibition for most of the extracts was 100%, but for egg inhibition, it was 95.8% for the 200 mg/mL concentration of 50% acetone and 93.3% for the 500 mg/mL concentration of 50% ethanol leaf extracts. All tansy extracts had ovicidal and larvicidal activity against Trichostrongylidae in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alīna Kļaviņa
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmana Street 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Dace Keidāne
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmana Street 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Kristīne Ganola
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmana Street 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Ivars Lūsis
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmana Street 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Renāte Šukele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rīga Stradiņš University, Konsula Street 21, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Red Cross Medical College of Rīga Stradiņš University, J. Asara Street 5, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rīga Stradiņš University, Konsula Street 21, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liga Kovalcuka
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, K. Helmana Street 8, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
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13
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Fontoura‐Gonçalves C, Portocarrero É, Oliveira A, Lozano J, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, Madeira de Carvalho L, Santos N. Challenges of copro-parasitological surveys in wild Iberian ibex ( Capra pyrenaica) populations addressed through a combination of molecular and statistical tools. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10172. [PMID: 37287853 PMCID: PMC10243152 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Copro-parasitological surveys in wildlife face challenges due to the secretive nature of many species and the unknown performance of the diagnostic tests employed. To overcome these issues, we used a combination of hierarchical models (site-occupancy and N-mixture models) applied to copro-parasitological data obtained from fecal samples assigned to the host species by molecular methods in the Iberian ibex in north-western Iberian Peninsula. The aims were to compare the performance of four diagnostic tests (Mini-FLOTAC, McMaster, Willis flotation, and natural sedimentation) and to use this methodological approach (molecular analysis with hierarchical models) to better estimate positivity proportion and shedding intensity in a wild ibex population. Pooled fecal samples were collected, and those confirmed by molecular analyses to be the host species in question were included in the study. Hierarchical models confirmed different performances of each diagnostic test, with Mini-FLOTAC showing higher sensitivity for eimeriid coccidia, Willis flotation (for proportion positive) and McMaster (for shedding intensity) in gastrointestinal Strongylida, and equal performance of MiniFlotac/Willis flotation (for proportion positive) and MiniFlotac/McMaster (for shedding intensity) in Moniezia spp. This study employed a combination of molecular and statistical methods that improved the estimates of prevalence and shedding intensity and allowed us to compare the performance of four diagnostic tests while assessing the effect of covariates. Such improvements are critical to enhancing inference in non-invasive wildlife copro-parasitological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Érica Portocarrero
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS)Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - João Lozano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CIISA – Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal HealthUniversity of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade TécnicaLisbonPortugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS)LisbonPortugal
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionUniversity of Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Luís Madeira de Carvalho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CIISA – Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal HealthUniversity of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade TécnicaLisbonPortugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS)LisbonPortugal
| | - Nuno Santos
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório AssociadoUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOVairãoPortugal
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Elghandour MMMY, Maggiolino A, Vázquez-Mendoza P, Alvarado-Ramírez ER, Cedillo-Monroy J, De Palo P, Salem AZM. Moringa oleifera as a Natural Alternative for the Control of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Equines: A Review. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12091921. [PMID: 37176979 PMCID: PMC10181162 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown a wide variety of parasites that infect horses, causing major gastrointestinal damage that can lead to death, and although the main method of control has been synthetic anthelmintics, there are parasites that have developed resistance to these drugs. For generations, plants have been used throughout the world as a cure or treatment for countless diseases and their symptoms, as is the case of Moringa oleifera, a plant native to the western region. In all its organs, mainly in leaves, M. oleifera presents a diversity of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, saponins, and vitamins, which provide antioxidant power to the plant. The compounds with the greatest antiparasitic activity are tannins and saponins, and they affect both the larvae and the oocytes of various equine gastrointestinal parasites. Therefore, M. oleifera is a promising source for the natural control of gastrointestinal parasites in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Paulina Vázquez-Mendoza
- Facultad Maya de Estudios Agropecuarios, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Catazajá 29980, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | - José Cedillo-Monroy
- Temascaltepec University Center, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Temascaltepec 51300, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Abdelfattah Zeidan Mohamed Salem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca 50295, Estado de México, Mexico
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15
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Băieş MH, Cotuţiu VD, Spînu M, Mathe A, Cozma-Petruț A, Miere D, Bolboacǎ SD, Cozma V. The Effects of Coriandrum sativum L. and Cucurbita pepo L. against Gastrointestinal Parasites in Swine: An In Vivo Study. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1230. [PMID: 37317204 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are responsible for substantial losses in reproduction and productivity in swine, creating a major impairment to efficient and profitable livestock management. The use of phytotherapeutic remedies has notably increased over the past decade due to their bioavailability, decreased toxicity, non-polluting nature, and to some extent due to their antiparasitic effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiparasitic potential of Cucurbita pepo L. and Coriandrum sativum L. against protozoa and nematodes found in swine. The samples were collected from weaners, fatteners, and sows and examined via flotation (Willis and McMaster), active sedimentation, Ziehl-Neelsen staining as modified by Henricksen, a modified Blagg method, and eggs/oocyst culture. The parasite species detected were Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum spp., Balantioides coli (syn. Balantidium coli), Eimeria spp., and Cryptosporidium spp., depending on age category. A dose of 500 mg/kg bw/day of C. pepo and 170 mg/kg bw/day of C. sativum powders, administered for ten consecutive days, demonstrated a pronounced anthelmintic (pumpkin) and antiprotozoal (coriander) effect against the aforementioned parasites. Future studies are required to ascertain the optimal dose that maximizes their antiparasitic effectiveness. The current study represents the first Romanian report on the in vivo antiparasitic activity of these two plants tested on digestive parasites in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai-Horia Băieş
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad-Dan Cotuţiu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Mathe
- Agricultural Research and Development Station of Turda, 27 Agriculturii Street, 401100 Turda, Romania
| | - Anamaria Cozma-Petruț
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Doina Miere
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorana D Bolboacǎ
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vasile Cozma
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Mǎnǎştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Gheorghe Ionescu-Siseşti (A.S.A.S.), 61 Mǎrǎşti Boulevard, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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16
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Daryani A, Amouei A, Pagheh AS, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Rahimi MT, Rezaei F. Prevalence of Ecto and Gastrointestinal Parasites of Rattus rattus in Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2023; 47:53-58. [PMID: 36872487 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2022.85570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Rodents act as reservoir hosts and are an important potential source for many zoonotic pathogens such as parasites, which pose a public health risk to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the prevalence of parasites among rodents. Methods A total of 118 Rattus rattus were captured in Mazandaran province, north of Iran, using snap live traps. Various samples were collected from feces and each rat was combed with a fine-tooth comb to extricate any ectoparasite. Fecal specimens were examined by direct wet mounting, formalin-ether concentration, modified acid-fast, and trichrome staining methods. Results The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the examined rats was 75.4%. Cryptosporidium spp. (30.5%) were the most prevalent protozoan, followed by Giardia spp. (20.3%), Entamoeba muris (13.5%), Trichomonas muris (10.1%), and Spironucleus muris (3.3%). Regarding helminths' eggs, Syphacia obvelata (24.5%), Hymenolepis diminuta (10.1%), and Trichuris muris (9.3%) had the highest prevalence, respectively. Furthermore, 3060 ectoparasites collected from 102 rodents were infested with lice (40% Polyplax spp.), mites (33.3%), and flea (16.1% Xenopsylla cheopis and 10.6% Xenopsylla astia). Conclusion According to the results of this study, the prevalence of ecto and gastrointestinal parasites in the collected rats in the area being studied was remarkably high. Additionally, Rattus rattus can be considered a potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Amouei
- Department of Parasitology, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Rahimi
- Shahroud University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch, Chalous, Iran
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Frias H, Maraví C, Arista-Ruiz MA, Yari-Briones DI, Paredes-Valderrama JR, Bravo YR, Cortez JV, Segura GT, Ruiz RE, Lapa RML, Valderrama NLM. Prevalence, coinfection, and risk factors associated with Fasciola hepatica and other gastrointestinal parasites in cattle from the Peruvian Amazon. Vet World 2023; 16:546-553. [PMID: 37041847 PMCID: PMC10082736 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.546-553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Extensive cattle rearing is a major source of economy for the inhabitants of the Amazon region of Peru. Milk and meat production is generally affected by the prevalence of various parasites, including hepatic and gastrointestinal parasites, as these products provide ideal conditions for parasitic growth. This poses a serious public health threat. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, coinfection, and risk factors associated with the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) and other gastrointestinal parasites in cattle from the Amazon region of Peru. Materials and Methods Fecal samples obtained from 1450 bovine specimens were analyzed using flotation and sedimentation methods to identify parasites, including Eimeria spp., strongyle-type eggs (STEs), and F. hepatica. We collected information about the specimens, including age, sex, origin, breed, category, frequency of deworming, farm size, herd size, water sources, and rearing system by conducting simple inspections and interviewing owners. The data obtained were statistically evaluated using the Chi-square test (p < 0.05) to determine the association between the qualitative variables. We also calculated the odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval to identify the risk factors. Results We observed that F. hepatica, Eimeria spp., and STEs were 45.6%, 39.8%, and 35.3% prevalent, respectively. We found risk factors related to distomatosis in the animals from Huambo, where the drinking water sources are mainly streams, ditches, and rivers, while the specimens from Valle Chico were predisposed to coccidiosis. Further, the risk factors related to the presence of STEs in feces were age (61-90 months), origin (Valle Chico), herd size (<50 animals), and type of extensive rearing. Furthermore, significant coinfection was observed between Eimeria spp. and STEs. Conclusion The high percentages of parasites in cattle observed were related to epidemiological factors, such as the origin of the sample, water sources, age, herd size, and extensive breeding. Similarly, the presence of STEs was a risk factor for contracting coccidiosis. Our future goals include investigating these parasites using a larger sample size and identifying more risk factors using more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Frias
- Academic Department of Zootechnics, Faculty of Zootechnical Engineering, Agribusiness and Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - César Maraví
- Academic Department of Zootechnics, Faculty of Zootechnical Engineering, Agribusiness and Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Miguel A. Arista-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Domestic Animals, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Danitza I. Yari-Briones
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Juan R. Paredes-Valderrama
- Research Unit, Instituto de Educación Superior Tecnológico Público Mache, La Libertad, Perú
- Corresponding author: Juan R. Paredes-Valderrama, e-mail: Co-authors: HF: , CM: , MAA: , DIY: , YRB: , JVC: , GTS: , RER: , RMLL: , NLMV:
| | - Yesica Rojas Bravo
- Laboratory of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Domestic Animals, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - J. V. Cortez
- Department of Science School Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - G. T. Segura
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Ricardo Encina Ruiz
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Rainer M. Lopez Lapa
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
| | - Nilton Luis Murga Valderrama
- Livestock and Biotechnology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Perú
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Abbas I, Baghdadi HB, Rizk MA, El-Alfy ES, Elmishmishy B, Gwida M. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dogs in Egypt: An Update on the Prevalence in Dakahlia Governorate and a Meta-Analysis for the Published Data from the Country. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36766385 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the last survey on gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites infecting dogs in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt, was published 40 years ago, the present study detected various GIT parasites in feces of 78 stray dogs in this governorate. Twenty-one dogs (35.9%) had eggs/oocysts of eight different parasites including Toxocara canis (19.2%), Toxascaris leonina (2.6%), hookworms (1.3%), Taenia species (5.1%), Dipylidium caninum (2.6%), Cystoisospora canis (5.1%), Cystoisospora ohioensis (2.6%), and Neospora caninum-like oocysts (1.3%). These results were combined in various meta-analyses with findings of all published surveys on GIT parasites of dogs in Egypt to underline the potential parasitic zoonoses from dogs in the country. Feces and/or gastrointestinal tracts of 19,807 dogs from various Egyptian governorates, but particularly Cairo, have been microscopically tested in 182 datasets published between 1938 and 2022, revealed during our systematic database search. Toxocara canis, interestingly, displayed a twofold higher pooled prevalence (24.7%) when compared to the published global pooled prevalence for T. canis, indicating that dogs represent a major risk for toxocariasis in humans from Egypt. Dipylidium caninum (25.4%) as well as various Taenia species (17.1%) also displayed high pooled prevalences. On the contrary, lower pooled prevalence was estimated for the most important zoonotic taeniid "Echinococcus granulosus" (2.4%) as well as for hookworms (1.8%) in comparison to what has been published from other countries in the region. Relatively high prevalences were estimated for three protozoa detected in dogs and are common to infect children in Egypt; Cryptosporidium (5.5%), Giardia (7.4%), and Entamoeba histolytica (9.8%). In general, the pooled prevalence estimated for various parasites detected in dogs from Egypt has decreased in the recent years, sometimes by as much as one-fifth, but this great decline is statistically insignificant, which should alert the veterinary and public health authorities to continue their efforts for controlling these parasites in a "One Health" approach.
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Tiele D, Sebro E, H/Meskel D, Mathewos M. Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle in and Around Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2023; 14:1-9. [PMID: 36691608 PMCID: PMC9863452 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s389787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal parasites are ubiquitous parasitic agents of cattle all over the world, and cause both clinical and subclinical parasitism that results in significant financial losses. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and the risk variables related to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parasites in cattle in Hossana town and the nearby area. Methods On a total of 400 faecal samples, a cross-sectional investigation with a random sampling technique was carried out utilizing a coprologic parasitological examination. Results Two hundred and sixty-nine (67.2%) of the 400 faecal samples analyzed had one or more gastrointestinal parasites. Of this, 163 (40.75%) cattle had two or more parasites while a single infection was recorded in 106 (26.5%) cattle. Mixed infection of Strongyle+Fasciola (14%) was found a higher prevalence followed by Strongyle+Paramphistomum (7.75%) as compared to other GIT parasite combination. Major classes of parasites recorded include Trematodes, Nematodes, Cestodes, and Protozoa. The major parasites observed were Strongyle type (18.25%), Paramphistomum (9.5%), Fasciola (8.25%), Toxocara (3.25%) and Eimeria (2.75%). Strongyle type eggs were the most predominant type of eggs identified while Trichuris (2.25%) and Moniezia (1.5%) were observed to have relatively lowprevalence. There was a high relationship between risk factors such as age, body condition, and management system with the prevalence of GIT parasites. Conclusion The high frequency of GIT parasite infection in cattle in the research area necessitates the strategic deworming and effective management practices necessary for gastrointestinal parasite eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dembelo Tiele
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Southern Region, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Sebro
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Southern Region, Ethiopia
| | - Deginet H/Meskel
- Department of Animal Science, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Southern Region, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Southern Region, Ethiopia
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Mavungu GN, Mutombo CS, Numbi DM, Nsenga SN, Muyumba WN, Pongombo CS, Bakari SA, Nachtergael A, Vandenput S, Okombe VE, Duez P. Smallholders' knowledge about healing goat gastrointestinal parasite infections with wild plants in southern DR Congo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1124267. [PMID: 36937835 PMCID: PMC10016610 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1124267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infections control has an important role to play in increasing livestock production from a limited natural resource base and to improve animal health and welfare. This study aimed to collect indigenous knowledge and identify wild plants locally used by goat smallholders of three territories of Haut-Katanga province for treating signs of gastrointestinal parasitism. Ethnoveterinary surveys were conducted by semi-structured interviews and a bibliographic screening of the biological activities relating to cited plants was carried out. Our interviews showed that ethnosemantic diagnoses of GIP diseases are based on signs. Eighty-seven informants reported that 27 plant species from 15 families, dominated by Fabaceae (29.6%) and Lamiaceae (18.5%) were commonly used in their goats treatment. Among these plants, five species with palmately compound leaves were considerably more used. From those, we noted a substitution of Vitex congolensis De Wild. and T. Durand (Lamiaceae) by Oldfieldia dactylophylla (Welw. Ex Oliv.) J. Leonard (Picrodendraceae) and of Vitex mombassae Vatke by Vitex madiensis Oliv. Subsp. Milanjiensis (Britten) F. White. Roots (46.9%), leaves (28.0%) and seeds (12.5%) were the most frequently used plant organs, and maceration is applied for most of the medicinal preparations (62.2%). Recipes were administered by oral route, for GIP 1) prevention (33.3%), by macerating the ground plant material in drinking water for 2 weeks at the start of each season (dry and rainy); and 2) treatment (66.7%). According to the literature, some of these plants have few or no studies investigating their anthelmintic activity. The cited plants are worth investigating further as they could constitute an effective alternative strategy in maintaining animal productivity. Studies on the biological activity of these plants can also provide indications of promising leads for extracts that could be developed into commercial standardized medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nzuzi Mavungu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, University of Lubumbashi (UNILU), Lubumbashi, Congo
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège (ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Liege, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Gaël Nzuzi Mavungu,
| | - Cedrick Shakalenga Mutombo
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lubumbashi (UNILU), Lubumbashi, Congo
| | - Désiré Mujike Numbi
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Lubumbashi (UNILU), Lubumbashi, Congo
| | | | - Welcome Nonga Muyumba
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry-physics Lubumbashi, High college training teachers of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Congo
| | - Celestin Shongo Pongombo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, University of Lubumbashi (UNILU), Lubumbashi, Congo
| | - Salvius Amuri Bakari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lubumbashi (UNILU), Lubumbashi, Congo
| | - Amandine Nachtergael
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Université de Mons (UMONS), Mons, Belgium
| | - Sandrina Vandenput
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège (ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Liege, Belgium
| | - Victor Embeya Okombe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, University of Lubumbashi (UNILU), Lubumbashi, Congo
| | - Pierre Duez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège (ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Liege, Belgium
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Dhakal P, Sharma HP, Shah R, Thapa PJ, Pokheral CP. Copromicroscopic study of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals at Central Zoo, Lalitpur, Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:457-464. [PMID: 36495198 PMCID: PMC9857001 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoological gardens (Zoo) provide abode to various threatened animals or trafficked animals seized by the authorities, and injured and orphaned animals. Captive animals are more susceptible to infection as they are under significant stress due to diet and space which further dwindle their resistance to parasitic infections. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and burden of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals housed at Central Zoo. METHODS Fresh faecal samples from three orders of mammals including carnivora (n = 24), rodentia (n = 28) and artiodactyla (n = 35) were examined by direct smear, faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques, and the McMaster technique was applied to quantify parasite eggs per gram (EPG)/oocysts per gram (OPG) of a faecal sample. RESULTS One or more parasite taxa were detected in 19.54% of the examined samples and five types of GIPs including one protozoon (Eimeria spp.) and four helminths (Strongyloides spp., Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. and hookworm) were recorded. The protozoan prevalence (6.89 %) was lower than helminths (12.64%). The Eimeria spp. was the most prevalent parasite (6.89%) with the highest OPG (427.77 ± 25.45SD) in spotted deer (Axis axis), and the highest prevalence was noticed among artiodactyla (34.28%) followed by carnivora (12.5%) and rodentia (7.14%). Artiodactyla had both single infection (25.71%) and double (8.57%) infection. The percentage of single infection (16.09%) was found to be higher than double infection (3.44%) among the captive mammals. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) had the highest EPG of 383.33 ± 76.37SD (Strongyloides spp.), while the spotted deer had the lowest EPG of 216.66 ± 76.37SD (hookworm). CONCLUSIONS Despite careful management practices, the parasitic infection may be attributed to the narrow enclosure, group housing and environmental contamination. The present finding provides baseline information on the parasitic infection in captive mammals, and can be used by zoo managers for the better life of captive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitambar Dhakal
- Central Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKirtipurNepal
| | - Hari Prasad Sharma
- Central Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKirtipurNepal
| | - Rachana Shah
- National Trust for Nature Conservation‐Central ZooLalitpurNepal
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Ali Ahmed SA, Mohamed SF, Fouad AM, Karanis P. Gastrointestinal parasites diagnoses at the primary health care units: a comparative analysis of diagnostic abilities of parasitology staff technicians versus medical parasitologists in Ismailia, Egypt. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 116:1191-1201. [PMID: 35906091 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to compare parasitology technicians (ParaTechs) with medical staff parasitologists (MedParas) in terms of diagnostic ability and to assess the actual occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in selected faecal samples from primary health care units (PHCUs). METHODS The study included five PHCU ParaTechs in the El-Kassassin rural area, evaluated using a scoring system for their knowledge, skills, practices and parasitology laboratory facilities. Seventy-five faecal samples previously examined for ova and parasites by ParaTechs were chosen for re-evaluation by MedParas. RESULTS The most deficient ParaTechs-related factor was the parasitological knowledge, which scored 23.9% of the maximum score, while ParaTechs had acceptable levels of skills and practices, scored 60% and 61%, respectively. Compared with MedParas, false positive ParaTech diagnoses made up 8.8% of all negative samples, while false negative diagnoses made up 85.4% of all positive samples. ParaTechs underestimated the count or misidentified the type of parasites in one-third of the true positive samples. The overall rate of misdiagnosis among ParaTechs was 53.3% of all samples. CONCLUSIONS Regular ParaTech training, including culture and staining at parasitology labs, and collaboration between the Ministry of Health and Population and academic institutions are essential to increase ParaTechs diagnostic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samar Farag Mohamed
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Fouad
- Department of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.,University of Nicosia Medical School, 24005, CY-1700, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Antunes MI, Lima MS, Stilwell G, Romeiras MI, Fragoso L, Madeira de Carvalho LM. Anthelmintic Efficacy in Sheep and Goats under Different Management and Deworming Systems in the Region of Lisbon and Tagus Valley, Portugal. Pathogens 2022; 11. [PMID: 36558791 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by gastrointestinal parasites have been described worldwide as one of the most important issues impacting small ruminant production. The systematic administration of anthelmintic (AH) drugs without following good practice principles has led to an increase in anthelmintic resistance (AR). There is scarce information regarding AH efficacy in small ruminants in Portugal. This study aimed to characterize by in vivo methods the presence and level of AR in four farms in the region of Lisbon and Tagus Valley. All four farms kept small herds in extensive management systems and used different deworming protocols. The active substances used were fenbendazole and a combination of mebendazole plus closantel in a dosage according to the manufacturers' instructions. On day 0 (T0), fecal samples were collected from all study animals, and animals in the treatment group (n = 40) were dewormed with the AH previously chosen by the assistant veterinarian. Animals in the control group (n = 30) did not receive any AH drug. The fecal sample collection was repeated on day 15 (T15), and the control group was treated. Egg counts were performed using the McMaster method for the eggs per gram (EPG), and AR was evaluated by the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) with a 95% confidence level (CL). The results from this experiment indicated that the four farms presented AR with two farms to fenbendazole (FECRT of 48% and 85%) and two farms to mebendazole plus closantel (FECRT of 66% and 79%). These results indicate that the gastrointestinal parasites of the four studied Portuguese farms are resistant to benzimidazoles, which suggests an increase in AR regarding nematodes in small ruminant production systems in Portugal.
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Băieş MH, Boros Z, Gherman CM, Spînu M, Mathe A, Pataky S, Lefkaditis M, Cozma V. Prevalence of Swine Gastrointestinal Parasites in Two Free-Range Farms from Nord-West Region of Romania. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090954. [PMID: 36145387 PMCID: PMC9506248 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases cause significant economic losses in swine, including free-range swine farms, the number of which in Romania has increased in the last decades. The current study aimed to identify the parasitic profile of swine raised on two free-range (low-input) farms from Transylvania. Nine hundred sixty samples collected from weaners, fatteners, and sows were investigated by flotation, centrifugal sedimentation, modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained fecal smear, modified Blagg technique, and oocyst/egg cultures. The number of oocysts (OPG), cysts (CPG), and eggs (EPG) were counted per gram of fecal matter. The examination revealed parasitic infections with Balantidium coli, Eimeria spp., Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides ransomi and Cryptosporidium spp. Prevalence (P) and the mean intensity (MI) of the infections varied according to age, swine category, farm, and season. The overall prevalence in both free-range farms according to the age category was 63.2%—Eimeria spp., 70.31%—B. coli, 9.38%—Oesophagostomum spp., 3.75% S. ransomi, and 18.12% Cryptosporidium spp. in weaners. In fatteners Eimeria spp. revealed a prevalence of 50.93%, B. coli—72.5 %, A. suum—63.13%, T. suis—39.06%, and in sows Eimeria spp.—39.06%, B. coli—62.19%, A. suum—34.06%, Oesophagostomum spp.—27.19%, S. ransomi—1.56% and Cryptosporidium spp.—9.38%. The study revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between age groups, seasons, and farms for all diagnosed parasites. Further research is required to better understand the epidemiology of these infections in swine from Transylvania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai-Horia Băieş
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zsolt Boros
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Călin Mircea Gherman
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-722344916
| | - Marina Spînu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Mathe
- Agricultural Research and Development Station of Turda, Agriculturii Street 27, 401100 Turda, Romania
| | - Stefan Pataky
- Agricultural Research and Development Station of Turda, Agriculturii Street 27, 401100 Turda, Romania
| | - Menelaos Lefkaditis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vasile Cozma
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Mănăştur Street 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Gheorghe Ionescu-Siseşti (A.S.A.S.), Mărăști Boulevard 61, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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Dashti A, Alonso H, Escolar-Miñana C, Köster PC, Bailo B, Carmena D, González-Barrio D. Evaluation of a Novel Commercial Real-Time PCR Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0053122. [PMID: 35502919 PMCID: PMC9241732 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00531-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica are the most common diarrhea-causing protozoan species globally. Misdiagnosis is a concern for asymptomatic and chronic infections. Multiplexing, i.e., the detection of more than one parasite in a single test by real-time PCR, allows high diagnostic performance with favorable cost-effectiveness. We conducted a clinical evaluation of the VIASURE Cryptosporidium, Giardia, & E. histolytica real-time PCR assay (CerTest Biotec, San Mateo de Gállego, Spain) against a large panel (n = 358) of well-characterized DNA samples positive for Cryptosporidium spp. (n = 96), G. duodenalis (n = 115), E. histolytica (n = 25), and other parasitic species of the phyla Amoebozoa (n = 11), Apicomplexa (n = 14), Euglenozoa (n = 8), Heterokonta (n = 42), Metamonada (n = 37), Microsporidia (n = 4), and Nematoda (n = 6). DNA samples were obtained from clinical stool specimens or cultured isolates in a national reference center. Estimated sensitivity and specificity were 0.96 and 0.99 for Cryptosporidium spp., 0.94 and 1 for G. duodenalis, and 0.96 and 1 for E. histolytica, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were calculated as 1 and 0.98 for Cryptosporidium spp., 0.99 and 0.98 for G. duodenalis, and 1 and 0.99 for E. histolytica, respectively. The assay identified six Cryptosporidium species (Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium canis, Cryptosporidium felis, Cryptosporidium scrofarum, and Cryptosporidium ryanae) and four G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B, C, and F). The VIASURE assay provides rapid and accurate simultaneous detection and identification of the most commonly occurring species and genetic variants of diarrhea-causing parasitic protozoa in humans. IMPORTANCE Thorough independent assessment of the diagnostic performance of novel diagnostic assays is essential to ascertain their true usefulness and applicability in routine clinical practice. This is particularly true for commercially available kits based on multiplex real-time PCR aimed to detect and differentiate multiple pathogens in a single biological sample. In this study, we conducted a clinical evaluation of the VIASURE Cryptosporidium, Giardia, & E. histolytica real-time PCR assay (CerTest Biotec) for the detection and identification of the diarrhea-causing enteric protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. histolytica. A large panel of well-characterized DNA samples from clinical stool specimens or cultured isolates from a reference center was used for this purpose. The VIASURE assay demonstrated good performance for the routine testing of these pathogens in clinical microbiological laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henar Alonso
- Department of Microbiology, Paediatrics, Radiology, and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Cristina Escolar-Miñana
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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Dibakou SE, Ngoubangoye B, Boundenga L, Ntie S, Moussadji C, Tsoumbou TA, Setchell JM. Preliminary assessment of gastrointestinal parasites of the sun-tailed monkey (Allochrocebus solatus) in a semi-free-ranging colony. J Med Primatol 2022; 51:127-133. [PMID: 35338662 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in the sun-tailed monkey (Allochrocebus solatus) at the CIRMF primatology center is unknown. We, therefore, assessed the presence and richness (number of different parasite taxa) of gastrointestinal parasites in a semi-free-ranging colony of A. solatus. METHODS A total of 46 fecal samples were screened using a modified McMaster technique for fecal egg counts. RESULTS In the 46 samples collected, seven taxa of gastrointestinal parasites, including protozoa and nematodes were identified. The most prevalent parasite was strongyles parasites (98%), followed by Trichuris spp. (72%), Strongyloides spp. (67%) and Entamoeba coli (65%). Balantioides coli (33%), Endolimax nana (25%), and Spirurid eggs (26%) were only found in a minority of the animals. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes new host records of gastrointestinal parasites in semi-free-ranging A. solatus and highlights the need to investigate the health of this species and implement proper precautions in the management of this colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge-Ely Dibakou
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Barthélémy Ngoubangoye
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Groupe Evolution et Transmission Inter-espèces de Parasites (GETIP) du Département de Parasitologie, CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Stephan Ntie
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Cyr Moussadji
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Thierry-Audrey Tsoumbou
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Joanna M Setchell
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Hamad AJ, Albdairi AJ, Alkemawy SNY, Khudair SA, Abdulhadi NR. Assessment of the incidence and etiology of nosocomial diarrhea in a medical ward in Iraq. J Med Life 2022; 15:132-137. [PMID: 35186147 PMCID: PMC8852629 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detect the incidence, etiology, risk factors, and severity of nosocomial diarrhea among adult inpatients in a medical ward in Iraq. The study was conducted among patients admitted to the medical ward from June 1, 2019, to January 31, 2020, in AL-Sader medical city. The surveillance for nosocomial diarrhea was performed by monitoring every patient in the ward 3 times/week. 1050 patients were admitted to the medical ward in AL-Sader medical city. Of these, 52 patients (mean age 58±12.91 years, range 32 to 80) developed new-onset diarrhea during hospitalization. There was a significant relationship between the severity of diarrhea and age, residence, antibiotic use, including number and duration of antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents (steroids/chemotherapy), duration of hospital stay, level of consciousness, and enema use. Nosocomial diarrhea is a significant clinical problem that complicates about 5% of all admission in the medical ward. Various microorganisms account for nosocomial diarrhea, including E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and Candida. Several risk factors associated with the severe form of nosocomial diarrhea include old age, antibiotic use, immunosuppressive use, and length of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Jabbar Hamad
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq
| | | | | | - Safaa Ali Khudair
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq
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Mahlehla MA, Molapo SM, Phoofolo MW, Matebesi PA, Phalatsi M, Johannes Moiloa M. Awareness and control methods of gastrointestinal parasites of merino sheep among farmers from different agro-ecological zones of Lesotho. Vet World 2021; 14:2554-2560. [PMID: 34840477 PMCID: PMC8613782 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2554-2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Sheep production plays a crucial role in the economy of Lesotho by increasing economic state of the rural poor. However, gastrointestinal parasites infection is the most limiting factor in sheep productivity and has a highly detrimental effect on the sheep industry. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate farmers’ awareness and understanding of controlling gastrointestinal parasites of merino sheep in four Lesotho agro-ecological zones. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using a simple random sampling of 106 farmers in the lowlands, foothills, mountains, and Senqu river valley. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 20.00). Descriptive statistics were employed with cross-tabulations and tested with Chi-square and post hoc tests. Results: The majority of farmers (80%) were aware of the gastrointestinal parasites. Most farmers (70%) reported a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and associated it with lamb mortality in summer and autumn. Farmers use anthelmintics for treating gastrointestinal parasites in animals, and 93% of them reported the effectiveness of the drugs. However, more than 80% of farmers routinely use anthelmintics. The results revealed that 81.5%, 66.7%, 80%, and 66.7% of farmers from the lowlands, foothills, mountains, and Senqu river valley, respectively, keep sheep in non-roofed enclosures cleaned only after rains to avoid mud. Communal grazing is used as the main source of animal feeding where different livestock species share the same rangelands. Most farmers (more than 70%) believed that grazing lands were the main source of gastrointestinal parasites transmission. Conclusion: Farmers in Lesotho are aware of gastrointestinal parasites and apply control methods to combat the gastrointestinal parasites in merino sheep. However, a need still exists for them to be empowered with skills for improving management systems and the knowledge on how the gastrointestinal parasites behave at different times of the year and in different agro-ecological zones. This will assist them in adhering to the dosing schedule designed by animal health experts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Moeketsi Phalatsi
- Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho
| | - Morai Johannes Moiloa
- Department of Animal Sciences, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho
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Ico-Gómez R, González-Garduño R, Ortiz-Pérez D, Mosqueda-Gualito JJ, Flores-Santiago EDJ, Sosa-Pérez G, Salazar-Tapia AA. Assessment of anthelmintic effectiveness to control Fasciola hepatica and paramphistome mixed infection in cattle in the humid tropics of Mexico. Parasitology 2021; 148:1458-1466. [PMID: 35060454 PMCID: PMC11010186 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the main anthelmintics used for the control of trematodes in cattle in an endemic area in the humid Mexican tropics. A diagnostic study was carried out in nine cattle farms to determine the prevalence of flukes through faecal examination. Only three farms with more than 20 cows positive to trematodes were chosen to determine the effectiveness of commercial anthelmintics (triclabendazole, TCBZ; ivermectin + closantel, (IVM + CLOS); IVM + clorsulon, (CLORS); nitroxynil, NITROX). The prevalence of Fasciola hepatica was 27.1% and 29.6% of paramphistomes. The faecal egg count of trematodes ranged from 0.0 to 12.2 eggs per gram of faeces. The highest effectiveness against F. hepatica was 96.7%, and 92.7% against paramphistomes. NITROX was the most effective in the control of trematodes, while other products, such as IVM + CLORS and TCBZ obtained values lower than 90%, which puts sustainable trematode control at risk. The presence of trematodes was observed on most farms, although the prevalence per herd was highly variable, which indicates that the trematodes F. hepatica and paramphistomes are endemic to the region and a suitable management programme is suggested to control infections caused by these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ico-Gómez
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km. 7 Carr. Teapa-V. Guerrero, Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Roberto González-Garduño
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km. 7 Carr. Teapa-V. Guerrero, Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Diego Ortiz-Pérez
- Facultad De Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Extensión Pichucalco. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Libramiento de la Ciudad, Boulevard Universitario S/N. Col. Napaná, Pichucalco, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Juan J. Mosqueda-Gualito
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Vacunas. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Ever del J. Flores-Santiago
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km. 7 Carr. Teapa-V. Guerrero, Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Sosa-Pérez
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km. 7 Carr. Teapa-V. Guerrero, Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Abel A. Salazar-Tapia
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
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Thanasuwan S, Piratae S, Tankrathok A. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Vet World 2021; 14:2091-2096. [PMID: 34566325 PMCID: PMC8448635 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2091-2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Parasitic infections are one of the major problems to the production of cattle in Thailand. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of cattle in Kalasin Province, Thailand. Materials and Methods A total of 333 fecal samples of cattle were collected directly from the rectum. The fecal samples were subjected to formalin-ethyl acetate concentration methods for examination. The eggs or oocysts were identified based on the morphology and size of the eggs or oocysts. Results Out of 333 fecal samples examined, 320 were found positive for GI parasitic infections with a prevalence of 96.09%. Overall, among the prevalence of nematodes, trematodes, and protozoa, the most prevalent parasites were Strongyle-type 278 (84.24%), followed by Strongyloides spp. 54 (16.36%) and Trichuris spp. 75 (22.73%), while Protozoan oocyst recorded Eimeria spp. amounted to 131 (39.7%). Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp. were 67 (20.30%) and 81 (24.55%), respectively. Most of the positive fecal samples were infected with the double infection which has the highest prevalence rate of about 40.24%, followed by single, three, and 4-5 types of parasites 30.63, 16.82, and 7.21%, respectively. Conclusion This study suggests that Kalasin Province is highly endemic for GI parasites and this area may be an important source for an outbreak. Therefore, every household should deworm its cattle and eliminate and control snails as intermediate hosts. Findings from this study provide information that will assist in improving the cattle in Kalasin Province for better production and higher profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikanda Thanasuwan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Anupong Tankrathok
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
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Lozano J, Almeida C, Victório AC, Melo P, Rodrigues JP, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, Gomes L, Oliveira M, Paz-Silva A, Madeira de Carvalho L. Implementation of Mini-FLOTAC in Routine Diagnosis of Coccidia and Helminth Infections in Domestic and Exotic Birds. Vet Sci 2021; 8:160. [PMID: 34437482 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mini-FLOTAC (MF) has recently been proposed for the fecal quantification of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in birds due to its higher sensitivity and precision in comparison with the McMaster method. The current research aimed to test the use of MF in routine diagnosis of coccidia and helminth infections in several domestic and exotic bird collections in Portugal. Between July 2020 and April 2021, a total of 142 fecal samples from organic layers, peacocks and ratites were collected in four Portuguese bird collections and processed using MF and fecal cultures to identify and calculate GI parasite shedding and prevalence. The McMaster method was also used to compare the shedding levels obtained for both quantitative techniques. MF’s relative sensitivity and specificity were also assessed, using McMaster as the reference technique. The implementation of MF resulted in an average Eimeria spp. shedding higher in peacocks from bird collection 2 (502 OPG), followed by peacocks from collection 1 (107 OPG) and organic layers (24 OPG) and peacocks from collection 3 (9 OPG). Peacocks were also positive for Capillaria spp., Trichostrongylus tenuis and Strongyloides pavonis, whereas ostriches and emus were infected by L. douglassii. The MF protocol for exotic animals and the McMaster method did not differ significantly for each parasitic agent and bird species, and MF achieved relative sensitivities and specificities higher than 70% for Galliform Eimeria spp., peacock helminths and ratites’ L. douglassii infections. Higher L. douglassii EPG values were identified using the MF protocol for exotic species (2 g of feces/38 mL of sucrose solution), followed by McMaster 2/28, MF 5/45 and MF 2/18. The use of MF allowed for obtaining different intestinal parasitic populations in several bird species and locations, and MF 2/38 is globally proposed as the most suitable protocol for bird fecal samples as an alternative to the McMaster method in the diagnosis of avian intestinal parasitic infections.
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Damrongsukij P, Doemlim P, Kusolsongkhrokul R, Tanee T, Petcharat P, Siriporn B, Piratae S, Pumipuntu N. One Health Approach of Melioidosis and Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections from Macaca fascicularis to Human at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:2213-2223. [PMID: 34163186 PMCID: PMC8214530 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s299797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Gastrointestinal parasitic and melioidosis infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease in rural areas, especially in northeastern Thailand. Both diseases are zoonotic giving rise to health problems in both long-tailed macaques and in humans. In Thailand, macaques have adapted to live and share space with humans and can spread some zoonoses to humans. Therefore, this research aimed to measure the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections and melioidosis in long-tailed macaques at Kosumpee Forest Park and measure associated risk factors of their diseases among people in this area. Methods This study was conducted at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Twenty-eight blood samples and 135 fecal samples were collected from free-ranging long-tailed macaques. Blood samples were tested by indirect hemagglutination test and fecal samples were analyzed by formalin–ethyl acetate concentration technique. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 respondents who were involved with the Forest Park using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method and performed to measure knowledge, attitude, and practice toward the zoonoses among the respondents. Results It was found that seroprevalence of melioidosis was 57.1% from macaque samples. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites infection was 35.11% from fecces samples, including Strongyloides spp. (15.27%), Trichuris spp. (22.9%), hookworm (4.58%) and Ascarid spp. (1.53%). KAP study indicated that the level of knowledge related to melioidosis and gastrointestinal parasites of people in the area was very low and moderate, respectively. The attitude of respondents who were aware of the diseases was at a moderate level for melioidosis and a high level for parasitic infection. Conclusion The study therefore emphasizes the importance of one health approach for diagnosis, surveillance and management of zoonotic diseases to promote the development of hygiene measures and to educate people in the community around Kosumpee Forest Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panitporn Damrongsukij
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Papichchaya Doemlim
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Ratchanon Kusolsongkhrokul
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Tanee
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Pitchakorn Petcharat
- Farm Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Pak Chong Animal Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30130, Thailand
| | - Bunnada Siriporn
- Stress and Oxidative Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Natapol Pumipuntu
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
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Adhikari RB, Adhikari Dhakal M, Thapa S, Ghimire TR. Gastrointestinal parasites of indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) in south-central Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1820-1830. [PMID: 34021721 PMCID: PMC8464252 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal parasites have a significant impact on productivity of pigs. Additionally, presence of zoonotic parasites in pig faeces used as fertilizer and ingestion of raw or undercooked pork products originated from parasite-infested pigs pose a risk to human health. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in indigenous pigs (Sus domesticus) maintained under traditional rearing system in Nepal. METHODS Fresh faecal samples (n = 100) were collected from the pigs of varying age and sex maintained in 18 small-scale farms in south-central Nepal. Samples were processed using various standard methods and examined for parasite eggs, cysts or oocysts. RESULTS Prevalence of GI parasites in indigenous pigs was 91%, comprising of 14 different genera of protozoans and helminths. Male pigs generally had a higher (97.5%) prevalence of GI parasites than females (87%). While 90% of the suckling and weaner piglets were positive for the GI parasites, all growers and 85% the adult pigs were infected with the parasites. Entamoeba spp. were the primary protozoans in all age groups. Strongyloides sp. was more prevalent helminths in suckling and weaner piglets, whereas Ascarid spp. were higher in both growers and adults. Triplet infection was higher (33.3%) in suckling and weaner piglets, while quadruplet and pentuplet infections were higher (p < .05) among growers (46.7%) and adults (30%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The indigenous pigs harbour a higher prevalence and greater diversity of GI parasites. GI parasitism varies by sex and age of the pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan B Adhikari
- Animal Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.,Third Pole Conservancy, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | | | - Santosh Thapa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tirth R Ghimire
- Animal Research Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.,Department of Zoology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Singh M, Kaur P, Singla LD, Kashyap N, Bal MS. Assessment of risk factors associated with prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in poultry of central plain zone of Punjab, India. Vet World 2021; 14:972-977. [PMID: 34083948 PMCID: PMC8167519 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.972-977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Parasitic diseases are an important hurdle to the economy for the developing poultry industry due to their deleterious effects resulting into malnutrition, diminished feed conversion ratio, weight loss, decreased egg production, and mortality in young birds. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites in poultry farms of central plain zone of Punjab. Materials and Methods A total of 490 pooled droppings and 351 intact intestines of poultry from slaughterhouses from seven districts of central plain zone of Punjab state, India, were collected and analyzed from September 2016 to May 2018 by qualitative and quantitative techniques. Results An overall prevalence of GIT parasites was 38.36% with significantly (p<0.01) highest (74.1%) in Ludhiana and lowest (12.0%) in Shri Fatehgarh Sahib. The most predominant (86.2%) infection was coccidia. The birds reared under a deep litter system were having a higher (p<0.01) fecal load of helminthic eggs and coccidian oocysts (54.4%) compared to the cage system (37.5%). Infection rate was apparently more (40%) in broilers than layers (35.7%). Prevalence of GIT parasites was higher (p<0.01) in monsoon season (58.5%) and lower in summer season (24.48%). The broilers in the age group of 0-2 weeks possessed a significant higher (p<0.05) level of GIT parasitic infection (57.5%), while in case of layers, a higher infection rate (46.66%) was observed in birds between 9 and 18 weeks of age as compared in other groups. Higher (p<0.05) infection rate of GIT parasites was seen in crossbred (45.55%) birds as compared to desi birds (20.00%). Conclusion The study showed that coccidiosis was the predominant infection among all GIT parasites based on fecal and intestinal tract content analysis. The risk factors associated with the prevalence of GIT parasitic infections were geographical location, deep litter system, broilers, age, crossbred breeds, and monsoon season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malkeet Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana; Punjab, India
| | - Paramjit Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana; Punjab, India
| | - Lachhman Das Singla
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana; Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Kashyap
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mandeep Singh Bal
- Animal Diseases Research Centre, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Matsepe LG, Molapo S, Phalatsi M, Phororo M. Prevalence and fecal egg load of gastrointestinal parasites of Angora goats in four agro-ecological zones in Lesotho. Vet World 2021; 14:339-346. [PMID: 33776299 PMCID: PMC7994121 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.339-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Goats are reared for their meat, mohair and other socio-cultural needs in Lesotho. Helminth infections are some of the major setbacks in the goat production industry due to their negative impact on animals’ health, resulting in significant losses on meat and mohair production and death. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, fecal egg infestation, and morphological identification of gastrointestinal parasites in goats. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 765 goats and subjected to McMaster egg counting techniques using the flotation method. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v.26.0). Results: The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 94.7%, and the identified gastrointestinal parasites were nematodes (64.7%), coccidia (25.8%), and cestodes (4.2%). Haemonchus contortus was identified as the prevalent gastrointestinal nematode species found in goats. The prevalence and fecal egg count of gastrointestinal parasites were significantly higher (p<0.05) in goats located in the highlands and Senqu River Valley, while goats in the lowlands demonstrated a significantly (p<0.05) higher prevalence of H. contortus. Immature goats and kids were more significantly (p<0.05) prone to gastrointestinal parasites. Conclusion: The nematodes and coccidia infestations were prevalent in goats located in the highlands and foothills, respectively, whereas nematode and coccidia fecal egg loads were higher in goats located in the foothills and Senqu River Valley, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leballo G Matsepe
- Department of Animal Science, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Setsumi Molapo
- Department of Animal Science, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Moeketsi Phalatsi
- Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Mamajone Phororo
- Department of Animal Science, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho
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Ramalho Sousa S, Anastácio S, Nóvoa M, Paz-Silva A, Madeira de Carvalho LM. Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Miranda Donkeys: Epidemiology and Selective Control of Strongyles Infection in the Northeast of Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E155. [PMID: 33440886 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the northeast of Portugal, the Association for the Study and Protection of Donkeys (AEPGA) works to recuperate the autochthonous Miranda do Douro donkey breed. Donkeys living in the three rehabilitation centers of the association have been assessed since 2005 with regards to the parasite control, since parasitism is an important issue affecting their health. Firstly, a strategic approach was implemented for parasite control, but over the years, a lack of anthelmintic efficacy over cyathostomins was observed. Thus, a different strategy was designed, using a targeted selective treatment (TST), and the effects of this approach were studied through the evaluation of parasite dynamics in the animals. Generally, it was observed that TST promoted a rational use of resources, as well as a reduction of parasite prevalence, although with a reduction of parasite biodiversity. Abstract In Portugal, equine parasitism in pasture animals is characterized by high parasitic burden and high helminthic biodiversity; both factors are potentially pathogenic for their hosts. The decrease in the number of donkeys over the last years in Portugal, their importance in rural lowland and mountain ecosystems and pastures and the scarce information regarding their parasitism led to this research, which aimed to evaluate the parasitological status of a Miranda donkey breed population, a native breed mainly located in the northeast of Portugal. This study provides better knowledge of their gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly strongyles, and the assessment of a targeted selective treatment (TST) as an alternative control approach of their parasitism. A longitudinal observational study was developed during a period of five years in a population of 62 Miranda donkeys. At first, strategic deworming of these animals was performed every semester, but this was progressively replaced by a TST approach according to the levels of Eggs per Gram (EPG). This new deworming strategy was conducted in association with a regular parasitological monitoring of the animals every three months, being dewormed with ivermectin when egg shedding was higher than 500 EPG. Over the study period, a decrease of the annual prevalence rate of infection by gastrointestinal strongyles was observed, from 35.5% to 19.4%, as well as a negative binomial distribution of parasitic strongyles in donkeys submitted to selective anthelminthic control. The prevalence rate of infection was higher in females (39.5%), in individuals under four years (46.7%) and in those presenting a lower body condition (40.8%). The egg output was higher in animals younger than four years (589.3 EPG) than in those older than 10 years (533.6 EPG) (p < 0.05). However, no differences were observed according to sex during the study period. Results from this study allowed to note the influence of swampy pastures and of the weather changes in the epidemiology of strongylosis in Miranda donkeys. Moreover, it was possible to establish the annual epidemiological curve of strongyle egg shedding, with June being the month with the highest EPG, December having the lowest EPG and March and September showing intermediate numbers. Overall, a lower biodiversity of gastrointestinal parasites was observed. Cyathostomum sensu lato was the most prevalent genus and Strongylus vulgaris was the most observed large strongyle of the Strongylidae family. Trichostrongylus axei and Parascaris sp. were other nematodes with a minor frequency. The higher prevalence of strongyles at the beginning of the study showed a progressive decrease throughout the research period, and also for parasite biodiversity. Therefore, a targeted selective treatment seems to be a rational anthelminthic control approach in Miranda donkey strongyle infection and in other gastrointestinal parasites, since it reduces the antiparasitic treatments, the parasite’ prevalence and the EPG level. However, a loss of parasite biodiversity was noted at the end of the study period, as Cyathostominae were the only isolated strongyles. This can be a challenging situation in the long run, taking the ability of these nematodes to adapt easily to any deworming program, meaning that fecal EPG monitoring should be kept as a rule to a rational parasite control program.
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Gecchele LV, Pedersen AB, Bell M. Fine-scale variation within urban landscapes affects marking patterns and gastrointestinal parasite diversity in red foxes. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13796-13809. [PMID: 33391681 PMCID: PMC7771116 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban areas are often considered to be a hostile environment for wildlife as they are highly fragmented and frequently disturbed. However, these same habitats can contain abundant resources, while lacking many common competitors and predators. The urban environment can have a direct impact on the species living there but can also have indirect effects on their parasites and pathogens. To date, relatively few studies have measured how fine-scale spatial heterogeneity within urban landscapes can affect parasite transmission and persistence.Here, we surveyed 237 greenspaces across the urban environment of Edinburgh (UK) to investigate how fine-scale variation in socio-economic and ecological variables can affect red fox (Vulpes vulpes) marking behavior, gastrointestinal (GI) parasite prevalence, and parasite community diversity.We found that the presence and abundance of red fox fecal markings were nonuniformly distributed across greenspaces and instead were dependent on the ecological characteristics of a site. Specifically, common foraging areas were left largely unmarked, which indicates that suitable resting and denning sites may be limiting factor in urban environments. In addition, the amount of greenspace around each site was positively correlated with overall GI parasite prevalence, species richness, and diversity, highlighting the importance of greenspace (a commonly used measure of landscape connectivity) in determining the composition of the parasite community in urban areas.Our results suggest that fine-scale variation within urban environments can be important for understanding the ecology of infectious diseases in urban wildlife and could have wider implication for the management of urban carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V. Gecchele
- Ashworth LaboratoriesSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Amy B. Pedersen
- Ashworth LaboratoriesSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Matthew Bell
- Ashworth LaboratoriesSchool of Biological SciencesInstitute of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Guowu Z, Kai Z, Xifeng W, Chunhui J, Chengcheng N, Yue Z, Jun Q, Qingling M, Xingxing Z, Kuojun C, Jinsheng Z, Zaichao Z, Xuepeng C. Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Camels in the Tianshan Mountains Pastoral Area in China. J Vet Res 2020; 64:509-15. [PMID: 33367139 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal parasites are some of the most common pathogens which are seriously harmful to the camel’s health. The infection status of gastrointestinal parasites in camels (Camelus bactrianus) in the Tianshan Mountains pastoral area in China is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the species and infection intensity of gastrointestinal tract parasites in local camels. Material and Methods A total of 362 fresh faecal samples were collected and examined for parasite eggs using the saturated saline floating and natural sedimentation method. The parasite eggs were subjected to morphological and molecular examination and identification, and the infection rate and mean intensity of the parasites were analysed. Results A total of 15 gastrointestinal tract parasite species’ eggs were identified, with a detection rate of 100%. Ostertagia spp. (100%) and Trichostrongylus spp. (98.1%) were dominant. Camels were often coinfected by 5–14 species. The average number of eggs per gram of faeces was higher for Ostertagia spp. (298), Haemonchus contortus (176) and Nematodirus spp. (138). The number of species of parasites infecting young camels was significantly lower than that of adult camels, but the infection intensity in young camels was significantly higher. Conclusion Gastrointestinal parasites were highly prevalent in camels from the Tianshan Mountains pastoral area in China. This finding provides important epidemiological data for the prevention and control of associated infections in camels.
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Arfuso F, Bazzano M, Brianti E, Gaglio G, Passantino A, Tesei B, Laus F. Nutritional Supplements Containing Cardus mariano, Eucalyptus globulus, Gentiana lutea, Urtica urens, and Mallotus philippinensis Extracts Are Effective in Reducing Egg Shedding in Dairy Jennies ( Equus asinus) Naturally Infected by Cyathostomins. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:556270. [PMID: 33251253 PMCID: PMC7676897 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.556270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance together with the restrictions in the use of drugs in food producing animals have enforced the search for sustainable alternative approaches for parasite control. The current study aimed to investigate the safety and the efficacy of a commercially available phytotherapic formulation against gastrointestinal strongyles in donkeys. Twenty-two Ragusana jennies (2.6 ± 0.5 years old) were assigned to two equal groups. One group was treated with two doses of a phytotherapic supplement Paraxitebio® containing Cardus mariano, Eucalyptus globulus, Gentiana lutea, Urtica urens, and Mallotus philippinensis, 14 days apart (Group A). One group was used as negative control (Group B). Individual fecal samples were collected at the beginning of the study (T−1), and after 7, 14, and 28 days (T7, T14, T28). Blood samples were collected on T−1 and T28 in order to assess changes in donkeys' hematological profile. After the initial rise in EPG values observed on T7, Group A showed a significant EPG decrease with lower eggs per gram (EPG) count compared to Group B on T28 and an overall fecal egg count reduction of 56.9% on the same time-point. Hematological parameters were within the normal physiological ranges for enrolled donkeys. However, significant differences in the values of RBCs, Hb, MCHC, MCV, WBCs, eosinophils, and basophils were recorded between groups after phytotherapic treatments, with Group A showing a general improvement in the hemogram picture. The phytotherapic supplement used in the current study was helpful in controlling intestinal parasites allowing a significant reduction in the fecal egg count 28 days after treatment. Further studies are needed to better explore the specific mode of action of the plant-derived formulation herein tested as well as to encourage their use as tool for the control of equine strongylosis under multimodal integrated approach in dairy donkey farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Beniamino Tesei
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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Le Bodo E, Hornick JL, Moula N, Zuñiga SA, Martínez-Alfaro JC. Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasites and Productive Parameters on Sheep Fed on a Ration Supplemented with Guazuma ulmifolia Leaves in Southern Mexico. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1617. [PMID: 32927686 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastrointestinal (GI) parasite infections represent a serious problem in small ruminant production. This issue is currently potentiated by anthelmintic resistance. Thus, the need for more sustainable control alternatives has increased during recent decades. The use of bioactive forages with condensed tannins (CTs) has shown encouraging results. The local Mexican plant Guazuma ulmifolia is cited in ethnoveterinary studies and naturally selected by sheep (Pelibuey breed). G. ulmifolia contains a certain amount of CTs. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the impact of G. ulmifolia in sheep diet on animal performance and GI parasites eggs/oocysts excretion. Twenty-two sheep were randomly distributed into two groups: a control group without G. ulmifolia and a test group receiving a diet which contained G. ulmifolia fresh foliage at 30% of the total diet dry matter. For 30 days, weight, body condition, and GI parasite load were assessed. The results showed no significant anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects (p > 0.05) as well as inconsistent impact on live weight during the 30-days experiment. Nevertheless, considering the bromatological analysis of G. ulmifolia, its use as a diet supplement to adjust protein and calcium deficits of poor-quality forage is justified. Abstract This study aimed at evaluating the impact of a diet supplemented with Guazuma ulmifolia leaves on the productive performance and gastrointestinal parasites (GI) eggs/oocysts shedding of sheep (Pelibuey breed). Twenty-two non-lactating ewes were used. They were randomly allocated to two similar groups in terms of age, weight, body condition score (BCS), and GI parasites status. For 30 days, while the control group (G0) was given basic forage hay of Cynodon nlemfuensis, the test group (G1) received a blend of G. ulmifolia fresh foliage and C. nlemfuensis hay (respectively 30 and 70% of the diet on a DM basis). Animals were housed in separate covered pens. Quantitative coprological analysis was performed. Weight and BCS were evaluated. The daily feed amounts given and refused were measured in order to assess nutrient components intake (minerals, energy, and nitrogen). The results showed no significant differences between G1 and G0 regarding the anthelmintic and anticoccidial effects (p = 0.57, p = 0.91, respectively). Similarly, no significant overall impact on weight and BCS during the experiment (p = 0.77, p = 0.32, respectively) was observed. Nevertheless, concerning the bromatological analysis of G. ulmifolia, its use as a diet supplement to address protein and mineral deficits due to a poor-quality diet is fully justified.
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Schneider-Crease I, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ, Gomery MA, Koklic L, Lu A, Snyder-Mackler N. Ecology eclipses phylogeny as a major driver of nematode parasite community structure in a graminivorous primate. Funct Ecol 2020; 34:1898-1906. [PMID: 33071424 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the relative strength of ecology and phylogeny in shaping parasite communities can inform parasite control and wildlife conservation initiatives while contributing to the study of host species evolution.We tested the relative strengths of phylogeny and ecology in driving parasite community structure in a host whose ecology diverges significantly from that of its closest phylogenetic relatives.We characterized the gastrointestinal (GI) parasite community of wild geladas (Theropithecus gelada), primates that are closely related to baboons but specialized to graminovory in the Ethiopian Highlands.Geladas exhibited very constrained GI parasite communities: only two genera (Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus) were identified across 303 samples. This is far below the diversity reported for baboons (Papio spp.) and at the low end of the range of domestic grazers (e.g., Bos taurus, Ovis aries) inhabiting the same region and ecological niche.Using deep amplicon sequencing, we identified 15 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) within the two genera, seven of which matched to Oesophagostomum sp., seven to Trichostrongylus sp., and one to T. vitrinus.Population was an important predictor of ASV richness. Geladas in the most ecologically disturbed area of the national park exhibited ~4x higher ASV richness than geladas at a less disturbed location within the park.In this system, ecology was a stronger predictor of parasite community structure than phylogeny, with geladas sharing more elements of their parasite communities with other grazers in the same area than with closely related sister taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Schneider-Crease
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794.,Simien Mountains Gelada Research Project, Sankaber, Ethiopia.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85281
| | - Jacinta C Beehner
- Simien Mountains Gelada Research Project, Sankaber, Ethiopia.,Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Thore J Bergman
- Simien Mountains Gelada Research Project, Sankaber, Ethiopia.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Megan A Gomery
- Simien Mountains Gelada Research Project, Sankaber, Ethiopia
| | - Lia Koklic
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794.,Simien Mountains Gelada Research Project, Sankaber, Ethiopia
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Simien Mountains Gelada Research Project, Sankaber, Ethiopia.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85281.,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195.,Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
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Iliev PT, Kirkova ZT, Tonev AS. Preliminary Study on the Prevalence of Endoparasite Infections and Vector-borne Diseases in Outdoor Dogs in Bulgaria. Helminthologia 2020; 57:171-8. [PMID: 32518494 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work was designed to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and some vector-borne pathogens in dogs in Bulgaria. A total of 172 owned dogs, keeping outside, were included in the study. Fecal samples were examined using standard flotation and sedimentation methods. Blood samples were processed by Knott's technique, SNAP™ 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX) and Angio Detect™ Test (IDEXX). The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 64.5%. Eggs of hookworms (Ancylostoma sp. and Uncinaria sp.) were the most frequently detected (54.1%), followed by Trichuris vulpis (15.1%), Capillaria sp. (11.0%), Toxocara canis (6.4%), Cystoisospora sp. (4.1%), Sarcocystis sp. (2.3%), Toxascaris leonina (1.7%), Taenia sp. (1.2%) and Linguatula serrata (0.6%). In addition, hookworms were the most commonly involved in the cases of single infection (20.3%). Combinations between Capillaria sp./hookworms and T. vulpis/hookworms were the most common co-infections (4.1% and 2.9%, respectively). Blood samples revealed the presence of antibodies against Ehrlichia sp. (13.4%), Anaplasma sp. (13.4%) and Borrelia burgdorferi (1.7%). Antigens of Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus vasorum were detected in 10.5% and 0.6% of the samples tested, respectively. Microfilariae of Dirofilaria repens were found in 5.8% of the blood samples. Additionally, the prevalence of D. immitis and Ehrlichia sp. was significantly higher in adult than in young dogs (p<0.05). In contrast, the gender was not considered as a risk factor contributing to the occurrence of infections.
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Cao Y, Yang Y, Duszynski DW, Zhu Y, Shang G, Hou C, Zhang T, Bian J. PREVALENCE AND PARASITE COMPOSITION OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN THE ENDANGERED TIBETAN ANTELOPE ( PANTHOLOPS HODGSONII) FROM THE CALVING GROUND OF HOH XIL NATURE WORLD HERITAGE SITE, QINGHAI, CHINA. J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:372-377. [PMID: 31750770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to provide baseline information on the gastrointestinal parasites of the female Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) on its calving ground at the Zhuonai Lake region, in the Hoh Xil Nature World Heritage site, Qinghai, China. On 3 July 2018, 238 freshly deposited fecal samples were collected from the calving grounds and analyzed by flotation technique to recover eggs, oocysts, and nematode larvae. All fecal samples demonstrated the presence of gastrointestinal parasites: 93% (221/238) had nematodes, 36% (86/238) had cestodes, and 99% (235/238) had coccidian oocysts. For each Tibetan antelope, mean (SD) parasite species richness was 3.4 (1.3). Coinfections with five parasite genera were found in 19% (45/238) of fecal samples. These results showed that prevalence of Trichostrongylus, Marshallagia, and Eimeria infections in these Tibetan antelopes were sufficiently high to suggest long-term monitoring be implemented because the climate there is becoming warmer and moisture is increasing, both presumably due to the influence of global warming which, in turn, may be contributing to increased infection risks with these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuangang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Donald W Duszynski
- Biology Professor Emeritus, 76 Homesteads Rd., Placitas, New Mexico 87043, USA
| | - Yahui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Shang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongzuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghui Bian
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China
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Sharma D, Singh NK, Singh H, Rath SS. Copro-prevalence and Risk Factor Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasitism in Indian Domestic Pigs. Helminthologia 2020; 57:28-36. [PMID: 32063737 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine copro-prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and their associated potential risk factors in pigs of Punjab (India). A total of 839 faecal samples were collected from pigs of all age group and sex from different agro-climatic zones of Punjab covering all seasons and subjected to qualitative and quantitative examination. Among the samples examined, 28.4 % were positive for gastrointestinal parasites and their respective prevalences were Ascaris suum (11.1 %), coccidia (9.41 %), Trichuris suis (6.43 %), Balantidium coli (4.5 %), amphistome (3.33 %), strongyle (2.14 %) and Ascarops strongylina (1.78 %). Upon sporulation of coccidian positive samples, 8 species of Eimeria were recorded (Eimeria polita, E. spinosa, E. scabra, E. perminuta, E. suis, E. debliecki, E. neodebliecki and E. porci). Among the various risk factors analysed, season, agro-climatic zones and managemental practices had a signifi cant (p<0.05) effect on gastrointestinal parasitism of pigs. Quantification of the infection levels in various seasons and age groups revealed the highest mean egg per gram in rainy season (1966. 6± 1146.5) and grower pigs (1457.1 ± 500.4). Coproculture analysis revealed the presence of larvae of Hyostrongylus rubidus and Oesophagostomum species. The results of the current study would be of immense help in formulation and implementation of control strategies for effective control of gastrointestinal parasitism in pigs.
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Maganga GD, Kombila LB, Boundenga L, Kinga ICM, Obame-Nkoghe J, Tchoffo H, Gbati OB, Awah-Ndukum J. Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in farmed pigs in Southeast Gabon, Central Africa. Vet World 2019; 12:1888-1896. [PMID: 32095037 PMCID: PMC6989316 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1888-1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Gastrointestinal infestations caused by intestinal parasites are the most important diseases and the most common in pigs in the tropics. These parasites are often associated with a huge economic loss. This study aimed to assess the diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in farmed pigs from Haut-Ogooue Province, in South East Gabon. Materials and Methods From March 2018 to July 2018, 156 samples of pig feces collected from nine different farms were analyzed under light microscopy. The identification of eggs, cysts, and oocysts in fecal samples was done using two qualitative techniques: Flotation and sedimentation. Results After examination, the results obtained revealed an overall infestation level of 98.7% (154/156). We found ten parasite types with infestation levels that varied from species: Balantidium coli (120/156), Oesophagostomum spp. (100/156), Isospora suis (102/156), Ancylostoma spp. (17/156), Trichostrongylus spp. (28/156), Hyostrongylus spp. (13/156), Strongyloides spp. (7/156), Ascaris suum (8/156), Globocephalus spp. (1/156), and spirurida (1/156). The study of risk factors revealed that factors such as sex, age, and physiological condition may influence the diversity and level of infestation of animals by gastrointestinal parasites. Conclusion For better prevention of parasitism in these farms, it would be interesting to implement health monitoring and to ensure good hygiene. Finally, further studies would be needed to better evaluate the distribution of these parasites in Gabon and the involvement of these animals in the transmission cycle of parasitic zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Darren Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Zootechnologie, Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Linda Bohou Kombila
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Judicael Obame-Nkoghe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), BP 901, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Herve Tchoffo
- Animal Physiology and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 188, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Oubri Bassa Gbati
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie de l'EISMV, BP 5077, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Julius Awah-Ndukum
- Animal Physiology and Health Research Unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 188, Dschang, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Ecole des Sciences et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroun
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Gogarten JF, Calvignac-Spencer S, Nunn CL, Ulrich M, Saiepour N, Nielsen HV, Deschner T, Fichtel C, Kappeler PM, Knauf S, Müller-Klein N, Ostner J, Robbins MM, Sangmaneedet S, Schülke O, Surbeck M, Wittig RM, Sliwa A, Strube C, Leendertz FH, Roos C, Noll A. Metabarcoding of eukaryotic parasite communities describes diverse parasite assemblages spanning the primate phylogeny. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 20:204-215. [PMID: 31600853 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite their ubiquity, in most cases little is known about the impact of eukaryotic parasites on their mammalian hosts. Comparative approaches provide a powerful method to investigate the impact of parasites on host ecology and evolution, though two issues are critical for such efforts: controlling for variation in methods of identifying parasites and incorporating heterogeneity in sampling effort across host species. To address these issues, there is a need for standardized methods to catalogue eukaryotic parasite diversity across broad phylogenetic host ranges. We demonstrate the feasibility of a metabarcoding approach for describing parasite communities by analysing faecal samples from 11 nonhuman primate species representing divergent lineages of the primate phylogeny and the full range of sampling effort (i.e. from no parasites reported in the literature to the best-studied primates). We detected a number of parasite families and regardless of prior sampling effort, metabarcoding of only ten faecal samples identified parasite families previously undescribed in each host (x̅ = 8.5 new families per species). We found more overlap between parasite families detected with metabarcoding and published literature when more research effort-measured as the number of publications-had been conducted on the host species' parasites. More closely related primates and those from the same continent had more similar parasite communities, highlighting the biological relevance of sampling even a small number of hosts. Collectively, results demonstrate that metabarcoding methods are sensitive and powerful enough to standardize studies of eukaryotic parasite communities across host species, providing essential new tools for macroecological studies of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gogarten
- Project Group 3: Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Viral Evolution, Robert Koch-Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Project Group 3: Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Viral Evolution, Robert Koch-Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Markus Ulrich
- Project Group 3: Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nasrin Saiepour
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Vedel Nielsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany.,Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany.,Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Work Group, Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Müller-Klein
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia Ostner
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Somboon Sangmaneedet
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin Surbeck
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | | | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Project Group 3: Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany.,Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Angela Noll
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
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Hanafiah M, Aliza D, Abrar M, Karmil F, Rachmady D. Detection of parasitic helminths in cattle from Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Vet World 2019; 12:1175-1179. [PMID: 31641294 PMCID: PMC6755380 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1175-1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The objective of this research was to identify the parasite species found in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of Aceh cattle slaughtered in a Banda Aceh slaughterhouse using lactophenol and semichon carmine staining. Materials and Methods Each sample out of 50 samples of gastrointestinal tract and pancreas from Aceh cattle slaughtered in a Banda Aceh slaughterhouse was separated by organ. Each organ was examined for the presence of worm. Then, the parasitic worms found were subsequently collected and separated based on class and species, followed by staining using lactophenol and semichon carmine. The worms were then identified and their prevalence was determined. Results The results showed that three species of parasites were successfully identified, all belonging to the nematode class, namely, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Oesophagostomum columbianum, and Setaria labiatopapillosa with the prevalence of 12%, 10%, and 6%, respectively. In addition, there was one species of parasite from the trematode class, namely, Eurytrema pancreaticum with prevalence of 0.4%. Conclusion The nematode class worms, such as O. radiatum, O. columbianum, and S. labiatopapillosa, can be stained by lactophenol, while the trematode class worm such as E. pancreaticum can be stained by semichon's carmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hanafiah
- Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Dwinna Aliza
- Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Mahdi Abrar
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Fadrial Karmil
- Laboratory of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Didy Rachmady
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Department Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Ferreira SCM, Hofer H, Madeira de Carvalho L, East ML. Parasite infections in a social carnivore: Evidence of their fitness consequences and factors modulating infection load. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8783-8799. [PMID: 31410280 PMCID: PMC6686355 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are substantial individual differences in parasite composition and infection load in wildlife populations. Few studies have investigated the factors shaping this heterogeneity in large wild mammals or the impact of parasite infections on Darwinian fitness, particularly in juveniles. A host's parasite composition and infection load can be shaped by factors that determine contact with infective parasite stages and those that determine the host's resistance to infection, such as abiotic and social environmental factors, and age. Host-parasite interactions and synergies between coinfecting parasites may also be important. We test predictions derived from these different processes to investigate factors shaping infection loads (fecal egg/oocyte load) of two energetically costly gastrointestinal parasites: the hookworm Ancylostoma and the intracellular Cystoisospora, in juvenile spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Serengeti National Park, in Tanzania. We also assess whether parasite infections curtail survival to adulthood and longevity. Ancylostoma and Cystoisospora infection loads declined as the number of adult clan members increased, a result consistent with an encounter-reduction effect whereby adults reduced encounters between juveniles and infective larvae, but were not affected by the number of juveniles in a clan. Infection loads decreased with age, possibly because active immune responses to infection improved with age. Differences in parasite load between clans possibly indicate variation in abiotic environmental factors between clan den sites. The survival of juveniles (<365 days old) to adulthood decreased with Ancylostoma load, increased with age, and was modulated by maternal social status. High-ranking individuals with low Ancylostoma loads had a higher survivorship during the first 4 years of life than high-ranking individuals with high Ancylostoma loads. These findings suggest that high infection loads with energetically costly parasites such as hookworms during early life can have negative fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heribert Hofer
- Department of Ecological DynamicsLeibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Luis Madeira de Carvalho
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina VeterinariaUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Marion L. East
- Department of Ecological DynamicsLeibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
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Ezema KU, Malgwi SA, Zango MK, Kyari F, Tukur SM, Mohammed A, Kayeri BK. Gastrointestinal parasites of dogs ( Canis familiaris) in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria: Risk factors and zoonotic implications for human health. Vet World 2019; 12:1150-1153. [PMID: 31528046 PMCID: PMC6702552 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1150-1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors, and zoonotic implications of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 rectal fecal samples were collected from dogs in Maiduguri for coprological examination using the saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Detection of eggs or oocyst was done on the basis of keys of identification of parasites based on the morphology and size of eggs or oocyst. Results: The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs was 31.5% (63/200) in Maiduguri. The prevalence of the infection was higher in young, male dogs kept outdoor in terms of age, sex, and management; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The parasites detected in Maiduguri include Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara spp., Dipylidium spp., Isospora spp., and Taenia spp., with Ancylostoma spp. (16%) having the highest prevalence rate. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal parasites have high prevalence in Maiduguri and constitute potential risk to human health because all genera of parasites detected in the study area are of public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samson Anjikwi Malgwi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Kyari Zango
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Falmata Kyari
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Salamatu Mohammed Tukur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Ali Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Babagana Kachalla Kayeri
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
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Spaan RS, Epps CW, Ezenwa VO, Jolles AE. Why did the buffalo cross the park? Resource shortages, but not infections, drive dispersal in female African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5651-5663. [PMID: 31160988 PMCID: PMC6540691 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal facilitates population health and maintains resilience in species via gene flow. Adult dispersal occurs in some species, is often facultative, and is poorly understood, but has important management implications, particularly with respect to disease spread. Although the role of adult dispersal in spreading disease has been documented, the potential influence of disease on dispersal has received little attention. African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) are wide-ranging and harbor many pathogens that can affect nearby livestock. Dispersal of adult buffalo has been described, but ecological and social drivers of buffalo dispersal are poorly understood. We investigated drivers of adult buffalo dispersal during a 4-year longitudinal study at Kruger National Park, South Africa. We monitored the spatial movement of 304 female buffalo in two focal areas using satellite and radio collars, capturing each buffalo every 6 months to assess animal traits and disease status. We used generalized linear mixed models to determine whether likelihood of dispersal for individual female buffalo was influenced by animal traits, herd identity, environmental variables, gastrointestinal parasites, or microparasite infections. The likelihood and drivers of buffalo dispersal varied by herd, area, and year. In the Lower Sabie herd, where resources were abundant, younger individuals were more likely to disperse, with most dispersal occurring in the early wet season and during an unusually dry year, 2009. In the resource-poor Crocodile Bridge area, buffalo in poor condition were most likely to disperse. Our findings suggest that dispersal of female buffalo is driven by either seasonal (Lower Sabie) or perhaps social (Crocodile Bridge) resource restriction, indicating resource limitation and dispersal decisions are tightly linked for this social ungulate. We found no direct effects of infections on buffalo dispersal, assuaging fears that highly infectious individuals might be more prone to dispersing, which could accelerate the spatial spread of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Spaan
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Clinton W. Epps
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Vanessa O. Ezenwa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odum School of EcologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia
| | - Anna E. Jolles
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
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