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Sun Q, Xu Y, Yang L, Zheng CL, Wang G, Wang HB, Fang Z, Wang CS, Guo K. Direct C-H Sulfuration: Synthesis of Disulfides, Dithiocarbamates, Xanthates, Thiocarbamates and Thiocarbonates. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400124. [PMID: 38421239 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In light of the important biological activities and widespread applications of organic disulfides, dithiocarbamates, xanthates, thiocarbamates and thiocarbonates, the continual persuit of efficient methods for their synthesis remains crucial. Traditionally, the preparation of such compounds heavily relied on intricate multi-step syntheses and the use of highly prefunctionalized starting materials. Over the past two decades, the direct sulfuration of C-H bonds has evolved into a straightforward, atom- and step-economical method for the preparation of organosulfur compounds. This review aims to provide an up-to-date discussion on direct C-H disulfuration, dithiocarbamation, xanthylation, thiocarbamation and thiocarbonation, with a special focus on describing scopes and mechanistic aspects. Moreover, the synthetic limitations and applications of some of these methodologies, along with the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future are also discussed. The majority of examples covered in this review are accomplished via metal-free, photochemical or electrochemical approaches, which are in alignment with the overraching objectives of green and sustainable chemistry. This comprehensive review aims to consolidate recent advancements, providing valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies for these crucial classes of organosulfur compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Sun
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Chun-Ling Zheng
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Guowei Wang
- School of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Zheng Fang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Chang-Sheng Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Kai Guo
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, PR China
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2
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Yoshimura G, Sakamoto J, Kitajima M, Ishikawa H. Indole C5-Selective Bromination of Indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidine Alkaloids via In Situ-Generated Indoline Intermediate. Chemistry 2024:e202401153. [PMID: 38584124 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
There are many indole alkaloids that contain diverse functional groups attached to the benzene ring on the indole core. Promising biological activities of these alkaloids have been reported. Herein, we report the indole C5-selective bromination of indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidine alkaloids by adding nearly equimolar amounts of Br3 ⋅ PyH and HCl in MeOH. The resulting reaction plausibly proceeds through an indoline intermediate by the nucleophilic addition of MeOH to the C3-brominated indolenine intermediate. Data support the intermediacy of a C3-, C5-dibrominated indolenine intermediate as a brominating agent. These conditions demonstrate excellent selectivity for indole C5 bromination of natural products and their derivatives. Thus, these simple, mild, and metal-free conditions allow for selective, late-stage bromination followed by further chemical modifications. The utility of the brominated product prepared from naturally occurring yohimbine was demonstrated through various derivatizations, including a bioinspired heterodimerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, 260-8675, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jukiya Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, 260-8675, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, 260-8675, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, 260-8675, Chiba, Japan
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3
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Gunasekera S, Pryyma A, Jung J, Greenwood R, Patrick BO, Perrin DM. Diphenylphosphinylhydroxylamine (DPPH) Affords Late-Stage S-imination to access free-NH Sulfilimines and Sulfoximines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314906. [PMID: 38289976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Sulfilimines, as potential aza-isosteres of sulfoxides, are valued as building blocks, auxiliaries, ligands, bioconjugation handles, and as precursors to versatile S(VI) scaffolds including sulfoximines and sulfondiimines. Here, we report a thioether imination methodology that exploits O-(diphenylphosphinyl)hydroxyl amine (DPPH). Under mild, metal-free, and biomolecule-compatible conditions, DPPH enables late-stage S-imination on peptides, natural products, and a clinically trialled drug, and shows both excellent chemoselectivity and broad functional group tolerance. This methodological report is extended to an efficient and high-yielding one-pot reaction for accessing free-NH sulfoximines with diverse substrates including ones of potential clinical importance. In the presence of a rhodium catalyst, sulfoxides are S-iminated in higher yields to afford free-NH sulfoximines. S-imination was validated on an oxidatively delicate amatoxin to give sulfilimine and sulfoximine congeners. Interestingly, these new sulfilimine and sulfoximine-amatoxins show cytotoxicity. This method is further extended to create sulfilimine and sulfoximine-Fulvestrant and buthionine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanal Gunasekera
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Alla Pryyma
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Jimin Jung
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Rebekah Greenwood
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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4
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Cai YM, Liu XT, Xu LL, Shang M. Electrochemical Ni-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp 3 )-N Cross-Electrophile Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315222. [PMID: 38299697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A new electrochemical transformation is presented that enables chemists to couple simple alkyl carboxylic acid derivatives with an electrophilic amine reagent to construct C(sp3 )-N bond. The success of this reaction hinges on the merging of cooperative electrochemical reduction with nickel catalysis. The chemistry exhibits a high degree of practicality, showcasing its wide applicability with 1°, 2°, 3° carboxylic acids and remarkable compatibility with diverse functional groups, even in the realm of late-stage functionalization. Furthermore, extensive mechanistic studies have unveiled the engagement of alkyl radicals and iminyl radicals; and elucidated the multifaceted roles played by i Pr2 O, Ni catalyst, and electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Cai
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ting Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ming Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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5
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Zuo Q, Li Y, Lai X, Bao G, Chen L, He Z, Song X, E R, Wang P, Shi Y, Luo H, Sun W, Wang R. Cysteine-Specific Multifaceted Bioconjugation of Peptides and Proteins Using 5-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazines. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2308491. [PMID: 38466927 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Peptide and protein postmodification have gained significant attention due to their extensive impact on biomolecule engineering and drug discovery, of which cysteine-specific modification strategies are prominent due to their inherent nucleophilicity and low abundance. Herein, the study introduces a novel approach utilizing multifunctional 5-substituted 1,2,3-triazine derivatives to achieve multifaceted bioconjugation targeting cysteine-containing peptides and proteins. On the one hand, this represents an inaugural instance of employing 1,2,3-triazine in biomolecular-specific modification within a physiological solution. On the other hand, as a powerful combination of precision modification and biorthogonality, this strategy allows for the one-pot dual-orthogonal functionalization of biomolecules utilizing the aldehyde group generated simultaneously. 1,2,3-Triazine derivatives with diverse functional groups allow conjugation to peptides or proteins, while bi-triazines enable peptide cyclization and dimerization. The examination of the stability of bi-triazines revealed their potential for reversible peptide modification. This work establishes a comprehensive platform for identifying cysteine-selective modifications, providing new avenues for peptide-based drug development, protein bioconjugation, and chemical biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xuanliang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Song
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyao E
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Pengxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yuntao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Huixin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
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6
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Shah JA, Banerjee A, Mukherjee U, Ngai MY. Merging Excited-State Copper Catalysis and Triplet Nitro(hetero)arenes for Direct Synthesis of 2-Aminophenol Derivatives. Chem 2024; 10:686-697. [PMID: 38405332 PMCID: PMC10882994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Nitro(hetero)arene derivatives are essential commodity chemicals used in various products, such as drugs, polymers, and agrochemicals. In this study, we leverage the excited-state reactivities of copper catalysts and nitro(hetero)arenes, and the Umpolung reactivity of acyl radicals to convert readily available nitro(hetero)arenes directly to valuable 2-aminophenol derivatives, which are important scaffolds in many top-selling pharmaceuticals. This reaction is applicable to a variety of nitro(hetero)arenes, acyl chlorides, and late-stage modifications of complex molecules, making it a useful tool for the discovery of new functional molecules. Mechanistic studies, including radical trapping experiments, Stern Volmer quenching studies, light ON/OFF experiments, and 18O-labeling studies, suggest a reaction mechanism involving photoexcitation of a copper complex, diradical couplings, and an in-cage contact ion pair (CIP) migration. Our findings offer a streamlined protocol for synthesizing essential pharmacophores from nitro(hetero)arenes while simultaneously advancing knowledge in excited-state and radical chemistry and stimulating new reaction design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagrut A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
- Lead Contact
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7
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Iyer K, Kavthe R, Hu Y, Lipshutz BH. Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Catalysts for ppm Pd-Catalyzed Aminations in Water. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2024; 12:1997-2008. [PMID: 38333203 PMCID: PMC10848299 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A general protocol employing heterogeneous catalysis has been developed that enables ppm of Pd-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling reactions under aqueous micellar catalysis. A new nanoparticle catalyst containing specifically ligated Pd, in combination with nanoreactors composed of the designer surfactant Savie, a biodegradable amphiphile, catalyzes C-N bond formations in recyclable water. A variety of coupling partners, ranging from highly functionalized pharmaceutically relevant APIs to educts from the Merck Informer Library, readily participate under these environmentally responsible, sustainable reaction conditions. Other key features associated with this report include the low levels of residual Pd found in the products, the recyclability of the aqueous reaction medium, the use of ocean water as an alternative source of reaction medium, options for the use of pseudohalides as alternative reaction partners, and associated low E factors. In addition, an unprecedented 5-step, one-pot sequence is presented, featuring several of the most widely used transformations in the pharmaceutical industry, suggesting potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuting Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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8
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Singh S, Kumar A, Nebhani L, Hazra CK. Sustainable Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Tubular Shape Mesoporous Silica as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Selective Unsymmetrical Friedel-Crafts Alkylation in One Pot. JACS Au 2023; 3:3400-3411. [PMID: 38155639 PMCID: PMC10751772 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of general and more sustainable heterogeneous catalytic processes for Friedel-Crafts (FC) alkylation reactions is a key objective of interest for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and commodity chemicals. Sustainable heterogeneous catalysis for the typical FC alkylation of an easily accessible carbonyl electrophile and arenes or with two different arene nucleophiles in one-pot is a prime challenge. Herein, we present a resolution to these issues through the design and utilization of a mesoporous silica catalyst that has been functionalized with sulfonic acid. For the synthesis of sulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica (MSN-SO3H), thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica was first synthesized by the co-condensation method, followed by oxidation of the thiol functionality to the sulfonic acid group. Sulfonation of mesoporous silica was confirmed by 13C CP MAS NMR spectroscopy. Further, the devised heterogeneous catalysis using MSN-SO3H has been successfully employed in the construction of diverse polyalkanes including various bioactive molecules, viz arundine, tatarinoid-C, and late-stage functionalization of natural products like menthol and Eugenol. Further, we have utilized this sustainable technique to facilitate the formation of unsymmetrical C-S bonds in a one-pot fashion. In addition, the catalyst was successfully recovered and recycled for eight cycles, demonstrating the high sustainability and cost-effectiveness of this protocol for both academic and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Leena Nebhani
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Kumar Hazra
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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9
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Shim SY. Late-Stage C-H Activation of Drug (Derivative) Molecules with Pd(ll) Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302620. [PMID: 37846586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This review comprehensively analyses representative examples of Pd(II)-catalyzed late-stage C-H activation reactions and demonstrates their efficacy in converting C-H bonds at multiple positions within drug (derivative) molecules into diverse functional groups. These transformative reactions hold immense potential in medicinal chemistry, enabling the efficient and selective functionalization of specific sites within drug molecules, thereby enhancing their pharmacological activity and expanding the scope of potential drug candidates. Although notable articles have focused on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug-like molecules using transition-metal catalysts, reviews specifically focusing on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug (derivative) molecules using Pd(II) catalysts are required owing to their prominence as the most widely utilized metal catalysts for C-H activation and their ability to introduce a myriad of functional groups at specific C-H bonds. The utilization of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation methodologies demonstrates impressive success in introducing various functional groups, such as cyano (CN), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), aromatic rings, olefin, alkyl, alkyne, and hydroxyl groups, to drug (derivative) molecules with high regioselectivity and functional-group tolerance. These breakthroughs in late-stage C-H activation reactions serve as invaluable tools for drug discovery and development, thereby offering strategic options to optimize drug candidates and drive the exploration of innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yong Shim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ottenbacher RV, Bryliakova AA, Kurganskii VI, Prikhodchenko PV, Medvedev AG, Bryliakov KP. Bioinspired Non-Heme Mn Catalysts for Regio- and Stereoselective Oxyfunctionalizations with H 2 O 2. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302772. [PMID: 37642264 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, metalloenzymes-mediated highly selective oxidations of organic substrates under mild conditions have been inspiration for developing synthetic bioinspired catalyst systems, capable of conducting such processes in the laboratory (and, in the future, in industry), relying on easy-to-handle and environmentally benign oxidants such as H2 O2 . To date, non-heme manganese complexes with chiral bis-amino-bis-pyridylmethyl and structurally related ligands are considered as possessing the highest synthetic potential, having demonstrated the ability to mediate a variety of chemo- and stereoselective oxidative transformations, such as epoxidations, C(sp3 )-H hydroxylations and ketonizations, oxidative desymmetrizations, kinetic resolutions, etc. Furthermore, in the past few years non-heme Mn based catalysts have become the major platform for studies focused on getting insight into the molecular mechanisms of oxidant activation and (stereo)selective oxygen transfer, testing non-traditional hydroperoxide oxidants, engineering catalytic sites with enzyme-like substrate recognition-based selectivity, exploration of catalytic regioselectivity trends in the oxidation of biologically active substrates of natural origin. This contribution summarizes the progress in manganese catalyzed C-H oxygenative transformations of organic substrates, achieved essentially in the past 5 years (late 2018-2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Ottenbacher
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Anna A Bryliakova
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Kurganskii
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Petr V Prikhodchenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G Medvedev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin P Bryliakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, Leninsky Pr. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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11
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Chow W, Gonzalez MA, Avanes AA, Olson DE. Rapid Synthesis of Psychoplastogenic Tropane Alkaloids. JACS Au 2023; 3:2703-2708. [PMID: 37885569 PMCID: PMC10598824 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids are an important class of biologically active small molecules characterized by their 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core. Because of their numerous medicinal applications, microbial biosynthesis and a variety of chemical syntheses have been designed for individual family members. However, current approaches are not amenable to late-stage structural diversification at N8, C3, C6, or C7, positions that are critical for modulating the biological properties of these molecules. Here, we describe a general approach to the synthesis of tropane alkaloids and their analogues that relies on the construction of the 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane core through aziridination of a cycloheptadiene intermediate, followed by vinyl aziridine rearrangement. Using this strategy, we synthesized six tropane alkaloids and several analogues in only 5-7 steps. Given that the tropane alkaloid scopolamine has been reported to promote structural neuroplasticity and produce antidepressant effects, we tested five tropane-containing compounds for their ability to promote dendritic spine growth in cultured cortical neurons. We found that the orientation of the C3 substituent may play a role in the psychoplastogenic effects of tropane alkaloids. Our work provides a robust platform for producing tropane analogs for future structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston
L. Chow
- Graduate
Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Institute
for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Monica A. Gonzalez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Institute
for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Arabo A. Avanes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Institute
for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Graduate
Program in Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - David E. Olson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Institute
for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Center
for
Neuroscience, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95618, United States
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12
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Abstract
It is argued that each of the three key steps in drug discovery, (i) reaction screening to find successful routes to desired drug candidates, (ii) scale up of the synthesis to produce amounts adequate for testing, and (iii) bioactivity assessment of the candidate compounds, can all be performed using mass spectrometry (MS) in a sequential fashion. The particular ionization method of choice, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), is both an analytical technique and a procedure for small-scale synthesis. It is also highly compatible with automation, providing for high throughput in both synthesis and analysis. Moreover, because accelerated reactions take place in the secondary DESI microdroplets generated from individual reaction mixtures, this allows either online analysis by MS or collection of the synthetic products by droplet deposition. DESI also has the unique advantage, amongst spray-based MS ionization methods, that complex buffered biological solutions can be analyzed directly, without concern for capillary blockage. Here, all these capabilities are illustrated, the unique chemistry at droplet interfaces is presented, and the possible future implementation of DESI-MS based drug discovery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Yunfei Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Kai-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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13
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Das A, Maji B. Direct C(3)5-H Polyfluoroarylation of 2-Amino/alkoxy Pyridines Enabled by a Transient and Electron-deficient Palladium Intermediate. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301436. [PMID: 37154162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an unprecedented azine-limited C5-H polyfluoroarylation of 2-aminopyridines enabled by a transient and electron-deficient perfluoroaryl-Pd species via C-H/C-H coupling. The protocol further allows C3(5)-H polyfluoroarylation of 2-alkoxypyridines guided by sterics and electronics for the first time. The late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs, drug derivatives, and natural product derivatives and synthesis of C5-aryl drug derivatives further demonstrated the method's utility. The preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the synergistic combination of the bulky yet electrophilic perfluoroaryl-Pd species and the partial nucleophilicity of the C5-position of 2-amino/alkoxy-pyridines is the origin of reactivity and selectivity. Importantly, the first experimental evidence for the role of diisopropyl sulfide is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
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14
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Xie R, Han Y, Luo W, Zhao Q, Li Y, Chen G. Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Olefination for Nucleic Acid Production. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e829. [PMID: 37498139 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed direct C-H olefination of unprotected uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine, uridine monophosphate, and uridine analogues are described here. This protocol provides an efficient, atom-economical, and environmentally friendly method for the introduction of an alkenyl group at the C5 position of the uracil without pre-functionalization. A series of C5-alkenylated uridine analogues, including some biologically significant compounds and potential pharmaceutical candidates, were synthesized with exposed hydroxyl groups on the ribose. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: The reaction of uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine, and sofosbuvir for the C-H olefination with methyl acrylate Basic Protocol 2: The reaction of uridine and 2'-deoxyuridine for the C-H olefination with styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqian Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxi Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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15
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Egbewande FA, Schwartz BD, Duffy S, Avery VM, Davis RA. Synthesis and Antimalarial Evaluation of Halogenated Analogues of Thiaplakortone A. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050317. [PMID: 37233511 DOI: 10.3390/md21050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of bromine, iodine or fluorine into the tricyclic core structure of thiaplakortone A (1), a potent antimalarial marine natural product, is reported. Although yields were low, it was possible to synthesise a small nine-membered library using the previously synthesised Boc-protected thiaplakortone A (2) as a scaffold for late-stage functionalisation. The new thiaplakortone A analogues (3-11) were generated using N-bromosuccinimide, N-iodosuccinimide or a Diversinate™ reagent. The chemical structures of all new analogues were fully characterised by 1D/2D NMR, UV, IR and MS data analyses. All compounds were evaluated for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (drug-sensitive) and Dd2 (drug-resistant) strains. Incorporation of halogens at positions 2 and 7 of the thiaplakortone A scaffold was shown to reduce antimalarial activity compared to the natural product. Of the new compounds, the mono-brominated analogue (compound 5) displayed the best antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 0.559 and 0.058 μM against P. falciparum 3D7 and Dd2, respectively, with minimal toxicity against a human cell line (HEK293) observed at 80 μM. Of note, the majority of the halogenated compounds showed greater efficacy against the P. falciparum drug-resistant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake A Egbewande
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Brett D Schwartz
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Discovery Biology, Centre for Cellular Phenomics, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Discovery Biology, Centre for Cellular Phenomics, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- NatureBank, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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16
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Hickey J, Sindhikara D, Zultanski SL, Schultz DM. Beyond 20 in the 21st Century: Prospects and Challenges of Non-canonical Amino Acids in Peptide Drug Discovery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:557-565. [PMID: 37197469 PMCID: PMC10184154 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Life is constructed primarily using a toolbox of 20 canonical amino acids-relying upon these building blocks for the assembly of proteins and peptides that regulate nearly every cellular task, including cell structure, function, and maintenance. While Nature continues to be a source of inspiration for drug discovery, medicinal chemists are not beholden to only 20 canonical amino acids and have begun to explore non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) for the construction of designer peptides with improved drug-like properties. However, as our toolbox of ncAAs expands, drug hunters are encountering new challenges in approaching the iterative peptide design-make-test-analyze cycle with a seemingly boundless set of building blocks. This Microperspective focuses on new technologies that are accelerating ncAA interrogation in peptide drug discovery (including HELM notation, late-stage functionalization, and biocatalysis) while shedding light on areas where further investment could not only accelerate the discovery of new medicines but also improve downstream development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
L. Hickey
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dan Sindhikara
- Department
of Modeling and Informatics, Merck &
Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L. Zultanski
- Department
of Process Research & Development, Merck
& Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Danielle M. Schultz
- Department
of Process Research & Development, Merck
& Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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17
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Seino Y, Yamaguchi Y, Suzuki A, Yamashita M, Kamei Y, Kamiyama F, Yoshino T, Kojima M, Matsunaga S. Synthesis of Polysubstituted Enamides by Hydrogen Atom Transfer Alkene Isomerization Using Dual Cobalt/Photoredox Catalysis. Chemistry 2023:e202300804. [PMID: 37072900 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
M-HAT isomerization is a highly reliable method to access thermodynamically stable alkenes with high functional group tolerance. However, synthesis of heteroatom-substituted alkenes by M-HAT isomerization reaction is still underdeveloped. Herein, we report an enamide synthesis using M-HAT via a combination of cobalt and photoredox catalysis. This method tolerates a variety of functional groups including haloarenes, heteroarenes, free hydroxy groups, non-protected indoles, and drug derivatives. Furthermore, this method can isomerize styrene derivatives in good yield and E/Z selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Seino
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Yuto Yamaguchi
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Akihiko Suzuki
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Masaaki Yamashita
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Yuji Kamei
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Futa Kamiyama
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Hokkaido University: Hokkaido Daigaku, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Hokkaido University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Lab of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, 060-0812, Sapporo, JAPAN
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18
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Zhao Y, Shen Y, He J, Li J, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li C, Liu H. Late-Stage functionalization for the divergent synthesis of novel podophyllotoxin derivatives by rhodium catalysis. Chemistry 2023:e202300960. [PMID: 37070241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
A divergent synthesis of novel podophyllotoxin derivatives was here reported from simple and readily available starting materials via Late-Stage functionalization strategy by rhodium catalysis. This strategy utilizes the ketone and oxime in substrates as internal direacting groups and requires no external ligand or removable directing group. 75 podophyllotoxin derivatives have been obtained without any erosion of the enantiopurity, indicating the broad substrate scope of this method. Additionally, by using the newly developed strategy, 9aa can be prepared via sequential transformation, which exhibited excellent anticancer activity against eight cancer cell lines. In particularly, 9aa suppressed Hela cells with IC50 values of 74.5 nM, which provides a promising lead compound for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of chinese materia mecica, CHINA
| | - Yangpeng Shen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of chinese materia mecica, CHINA
| | - Jian He
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, School of chinese materia mecica, CHINA
| | - Jing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, State key laboratory of drug research, CHINA
| | - Shengbin Zhou
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical science and technology, CHINA
| | - Yunbo Wang
- GUCAS: University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of pharmaceutical science and technology, CHINA
| | - Chunpu Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica CAS: Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, State key laboratory of drug research, CHINA
| | - Hong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, DDDC, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech, 201203, Shanghai, CHINA
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19
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Muegge I, Hu Y. Recent Advances in Alchemical Binding Free Energy Calculations for Drug Discovery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:244-250. [PMID: 36923913 PMCID: PMC10009785 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigorous physics-based methods to calculate binding free energies of protein-ligand complexes have become a valued component of structure-based drug design. Relative and absolute binding free energy calculations have been deployed prospectively in support of solving diverse drug discovery challenges. Here we review recent applications of binding free energy calculations to fragment growing and linking, scaffold hopping, binding pose validation, virtual screening, covalent enzyme inhibition, and positional analogue scanning. Furthermore, we discuss the merits of using protein models and highlight recent efforts to replace costly binding free energy calculations with predictions from machine learning models trained on a limited number of free energy perturbation or thermodynamic integration calculations thereby allowing for extended chemical space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Muegge
- Alkermes,
Inc, 852 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451-1420, United States
| | - Yuan Hu
- Frontier
Medicines Corp, 451 D
Street, Suite 207, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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20
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Hogg A, Wheatley M, Domingo-Legarda P, Carral-Menoyo A, Cottam N, Larrosa I. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Monoselective C-H Methylation and d 3-Methylation of Arenes. JACS Au 2022; 2:2529-2538. [PMID: 36465534 PMCID: PMC9709947 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective installation of C-Me bonds remains a powerful and sought-after tool to alter the chemical and pharmacological properties of a molecule. Direct C-H functionalization provides an attractive means of achieving this transformation. Such protocols, however, typically utilize harsh conditions and hazardous methylating agents with poor applicability toward late-stage functionalization. Furthermore, highly monoselective methylation protocols remain scarce. Herein, we report an efficient monoselective, directed ortho-methylation of arenes using N,N,N-trimethylanilinium salts as noncarcinogenic, bench-stable methylating agents. We extend this protocol to d 3-methylation in addition to the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically active compounds. Detailed kinetic studies indicate the rate-limiting in situ formation of MeI is integral to the observed reactivity.
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21
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Tian X, Kaur J, Yakubov S, Barham JP. α-Amino Radical Halogen Atom Transfer Agents for Metallaphotoredox-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Couplings of Distinct Organic Halides. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200906. [PMID: 35587725 PMCID: PMC9541218 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
α-Amino radicals from simple tertiary amines were employed as halogen atom transfer (XAT) agents in metallaphotoredox catalysis for cross-electrophile couplings of organic bromides with organic iodides. This XAT strategy proved to be efficient for the generation of carbon radicals from a range of partners (alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl iodides). The reactivities of these radical intermediates were captured by nickel catalysis with organobromides including aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, and alkyl bromides, enabling six diverse C-C bond formations. Classic named reactions including Negishi, Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira reactions were readily achieved in a net-reductive fashion under mild conditions. More importantly, the cross coupling was viable with either organic bromide or iodide as limiting reactant based on the availability of substrates, which is beneficial to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. The scalability of this method in batch and flow was investigated, further demonstrating its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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22
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Openy J, Amrahova G, Chang JY, Noisier A, Hart P'. Solid-Phase Peptide Modification via Deaminative Photochemical Csp 3 -Csp 3 Bond Formation Using Katritzky Salts. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201121. [PMID: 35438838 PMCID: PMC9401037 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of unnatural amino acids can significantly improve the binding affinity and stability of peptides. Commercial availability of such amino acids is limited, and their synthesis is a long and tedious process. We here describe a method that allows the functionalization of peptides directly on solid-support by converting lysine residues to Katritzky salts, and subjecting them to a photochemical Giese reaction under mild reaction conditions. The method avoids the need for amino acid synthesis and instead offers a late-stage modification route for rapid peptide diversification. While numerous modification approaches at the lysine amine have been described, this work provides the first example of deaminative functionalization of peptides at lysine. The two-step protocol is compatible with various substrates, lysine analogues, resins, and all proteinogenic amino acids. Finally, by leveraging solid-phase modification, this protocol facilitates the functionalization of longer peptides as was demonstrated using biologically relevant peptides of up to 15 amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Openy
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gulshan Amrahova
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jen-Yao Chang
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anaïs Noisier
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter 't Hart
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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23
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Harel O, Jbara M. Posttranslational Chemical Mutagenesis Methods to Insert Posttranslational Modifications into Recombinant Proteins. Molecules 2022; 27:4389. [PMID: 35889261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) dramatically expand the functional diversity of the proteome. The precise addition and removal of PTMs appears to modulate protein structure and function and control key regulatory processes in living systems. Deciphering how particular PTMs affect protein activity is a current frontier in biology and medicine. The large number of PTMs which can appear in several distinct positions, states, and combinations makes preparing such complex analogs using conventional biological and chemical tools challenging. Strategies to access homogeneous and precisely modified proteins with desired PTMs at selected sites and in feasible quantities are critical to interpreting their molecular code. Here, we summarize recent advances in posttranslational chemical mutagenesis and late-stage functionalization chemistry to transfer novel PTM mimicry into recombinant proteins with emphasis on novel transformations.
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24
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Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Earth-abundant 3d transition metals on the rise in catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:86-88. [PMID: 35047085 PMCID: PMC8744453 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Artault M, Vitse K, Martin-Mingot A, Thibaudeau S. Direct Superacid-Promoted Difluoroethylation of Aromatics. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103926. [PMID: 34845770 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Under superacid conditions, aromatic amines are directly and regioselectively 1,1-difluoroethylated. Low temperature in situ NMR studies confirmed the presence of benzylic α-fluoronium and α-chloronium ions as key intermediates in the reaction. This method has a wide substrate scope and can be applied to the late-stage functionalization of natural alkaloids and active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Artault
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Poitiers cedex 9, Brunet, 86073, France
| | - Kassandra Vitse
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Poitiers cedex 9, Brunet, 86073, France
| | - Agnès Martin-Mingot
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Poitiers cedex 9, Brunet, 86073, France
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285, Equipe "Synthèse Organique", Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel, Poitiers cedex 9, Brunet, 86073, France
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26
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Ozaki T, Yorimitsu H, Perry GJP. Primary Sulfonamide Functionalization via Sulfonyl Pyrroles: Seeing the N-Ts Bond in a Different Light. Chemistry 2021; 27:15387-15391. [PMID: 34409663 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite common occurrence in molecules of value, methods for transforming sulfonamides are distinctly lacking. Here we introduce easy-to-access sulfonyl pyrroles as synthetic linchpins for sulfonamide functionalization. The versatility of the sulfonyl pyrrole unit is shown by generating a variety of products through chemical, electrochemical and photochemical pathways. Preliminary results on the direct functionalization of primary sulfonamides are also provided, which may lead to new modes of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Gregory J P Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Hypervalent iodine compounds are powerful reagents for the development of novel transformations. As they exhibit low toxicity, high functional group tolerance, and stability in biocompatible media, they have been used for the functionalization of biomolecules. Herein, we report recent advances up to June 2021 in peptide and protein modification using hypervalent iodine reagents. Their use as group transfer or oxidizing reagents is discussed in this Minireview, including methods targeting polar, aromatic, or aliphatic amino acids and peptide termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle M D Allouche
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, SB ISIC, LCSO, BCH 1402, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elija Grinhagena
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, SB ISIC, LCSO, BCH 1402, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, SB ISIC, LCSO, BCH 1402, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Zhang K, Rombach D, Nötel NY, Jeschke G, Katayev D. Radical Trifluoroacetylation of Alkenes Triggered by a Visible-Light-Promoted C-O Bond Fragmentation of Trifluoroacetic Anhydride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22487-22495. [PMID: 34289531 PMCID: PMC8518413 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a mild and operationally simple trifluoroacylation strategy of olefines, that utilizes trifluoroacetic anhydride as a low‐cost and readily available reagent. This light‐mediated process is fundamentally different from conventional methodologies and occurs through a trifluoroacyl radical mechanism promoted by a photocatalyst, which triggers a C−O bond fragmentation. Mechanistic studies (kinetic isotope effects, spectroelectrochemistry, optical spectroscopy, theoretical investigations) highlight the evidence of a fleeting CF3CO radical under photoredox conditions. The trifluoroacyl radical can be stabilized under CO atmosphere, delivering the trifluoroacetylation product with higher chemical efficiency. Furthermore, the method can be turned into a trifluoromethylation protocol by simply changing the reaction parameters. Beyond simple alkenes, this method allows for chemo‐ and regioselective functionalization of small‐molecule drugs and common pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Rombach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Yannick Nötel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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29
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Son J. Sustainable manganese catalysis for late-stage C-H functionalization of bioactive structural motifs. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1733-1751. [PMID: 34386100 PMCID: PMC8329386 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The late-stage C–H functionalization of bioactive structural motifs is a powerful synthetic strategy for accessing advanced agrochemicals, bioimaging materials, and drug candidates, among other complex molecules. While traditional late-stage diversification relies on the use of precious transition metals, the utilization of 3d transition metals is an emerging approach in organic synthesis. Among the 3d metals, manganese catalysts have gained increasing attention for late-stage diversification due to the sustainability, cost-effectiveness, ease of operation, and reduced toxicity. Herein, we summarize recent manganese-catalyzed late-stage C–H functionalization reactions of biologically active small molecules and complex peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoo Son
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, South Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Graduate Program), Dong-A University, Busan 49315, South Korea
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30
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Bay AV, Fitzpatrick KP, González-Montiel GA, Farah AO, Cheong PHY, Scheidt KA. Light-Driven Carbene Catalysis for the Synthesis of Aliphatic and α-Amino Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17925-17931. [PMID: 34097802 PMCID: PMC8338790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-electron N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis has gained attention recently for the synthesis of C-C bonds. Guided by density functional theory and mechanistic analyses, we report the light-driven synthesis of aliphatic and α-amino ketones using single-electron NHC operators. Computational and experimental results reveal that the reactivity of the key radical intermediate is substrate-dependent and can be modulated through steric and electronic parameters of the NHC. Catalyst potential is harnessed in the visible-light driven generation of an acyl azolium radical species that undergoes selective coupling with various radical partners to afford diverse ketone products. This methodology is showcased in the direct late-stage functionalization of amino acids and pharmaceutical compounds, highlighting the utility of single-electron NHC operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Bay
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Keegan P. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
| | | | - Abdikani Omar Farah
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 2145
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 2145
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208
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31
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Besson T, Fruit C. Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Free Late-Stage C-H and N-H Arylation of Heteroarenes Using Diaryliodonium Salts. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:661. [PMID: 34358087 PMCID: PMC8308686 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal-free direct arylation of C-H or N-H bonds is one of the key emerging methodologies that is currently attracting tremendous attention. Diaryliodonium salts serve as a stepping stone on the way to alternative environmentally friendly and straightforward pathways for the construction of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds. In this review, we emphasize the recent synthetic advances of late-stage C(sp2)-N and C(sp2)-C(sp2) bond-forming reactions under metal-free conditions using diaryliodonium salts as arylating reagent and its applications to the synthesis of new arylated bioactive heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Fruit
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, F-76000 Rouen, France;
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32
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Alvarez EM, Karl T, Berger F, Torkowski L, Ritter T. Late-Stage Heteroarylation of Hetero(aryl)sulfonium Salts Activated by α-Amino Alkyl Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13609-13613. [PMID: 33835680 PMCID: PMC8251951 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a late‐stage heteroarylation of aryl sulfonium salts through activation with α‐amino alkyl radicals in a mechanistically distinct approach from previously reported halogen‐atom transfer (XAT). The new mode of activation of aryl sulfonium salts proceeds in the absence of light and photoredox catalysts, engaging a wide range of hetarenes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of this methodology in synthetically useful cross‐coupling transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Alvarez
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Teresa Karl
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Luca Torkowski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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33
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Czerwiński PJ, Furman B. Reductive Functionalization of Amides in Synthesis and for Modification of Bioactive Compounds. Front Chem 2021; 9:655849. [PMID: 33981672 PMCID: PMC8107389 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.655849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, applications of the amide reductive functionalization methodology for the synthesis and modification of bioactive compounds are covered. A brief summary of the different protocols is presented in the introduction, followed by the synthetic application of these in late-stage functionalization, leading to known pharmaceuticals or to their derivatives, including bioisosteres, with potential higher activity as the main axis of the article. The synthetic approach to natural products based on amide reduction is also discussed; however, this is given in a condensed form focusing on recent or as yet unexplored applications due to a number of recently published excellent reviews covering this topic. The aim of this review is to illustrate the potential of reductive functionalization of amides as an elegant and useful tool in the synthesis of bioactive compounds and inspire further work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł J Czerwiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Furman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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34
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Abstract
Polyfluoroarenes are useful building blocks in several areas such as drug discovery, materials, and crop protection. Herein, we report the first polyfluoroarylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids via photoredox decarboxylation. The method proceeds with broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance. Moreover, small complex molecules such as natural products and drugs can be modified by late-stage modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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35
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Johnson DJG, Jenkins ID, Huxley C, Coster MJ, Lum KY, White JM, Avery VM, Davis RA. Synthesis of New Triazolopyrazine Antimalarial Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092421. [PMID: 33919319 PMCID: PMC8122397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A radical approach to late-stage functionalization using photoredox and Diversinate™ chemistry on the Open Source Malaria (OSM) triazolopyrazine scaffold (Series 4) resulted in the synthesis of 12 new analogues, which were characterized by NMR, UV, and MS data analysis. The structures of four triazolopyrazines were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. Several minor and unexpected side products were generated during these studies, including two resulting from a possible disproportionation reaction. All compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 and Dd2 strains) and for cytotoxicity against a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line. Moderate antimalarial activity was observed for some of the compounds, with IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to >20 µM; none of the compounds displayed any toxicity against HEK293 at 80 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. G. Johnson
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Ian D. Jenkins
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Cohan Huxley
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Mark J. Coster
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Kah Yean Lum
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
- NatureBank, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Rohan A. Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
- NatureBank, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3735-6043
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36
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Larraufie MH, Gao X, Xia X, Devine PJ, Kallen J, Liu D, Michaud G, Harsch A, Savage N, Ding J, Tan K, Mihalic M, Roggo S, Canham SM, Bushell SM, Krastel P, Gao J, Izaac A, Altinoglu E, Lustenberger P, Salcius M, Harbinski F, Williams ET, Zeng L, Loureiro J, Cong F, Fryer CJ, Klickstein L, Tallarico JA, Jain RK, Rothman DM, Wang S. Phenotypic screen identifies calcineurin-sparing FK506 analogs as BMP potentiators for treatment of acute kidney injury. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1271-1282.e12. [PMID: 33894161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life-threatening disease with no known curative or preventive therapies. Data from multiple animal models and human studies have linked dysregulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling to AKI. Small molecules that potentiate endogenous BMP signaling should have a beneficial effect in AKI. We performed a high-throughput phenotypic screen and identified a series of FK506 analogs that act as potent BMP potentiators by sequestering FKBP12 from BMP type I receptors. We further showed that calcineurin inhibition was not required for this activity. We identified a calcineurin-sparing FK506 analog oxtFK through late-stage functionalization and structure-guided design. OxtFK demonstrated an improved safety profile in vivo relative to FK506. OxtFK stimulated BMP signaling in vitro and in vivo and protected the kidneys in an AKI mouse model, making it a promising candidate for future development as a first-in-class therapeutic for diseases with dysregulated BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Joerg Kallen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dong Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Michaud
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Harsch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nik Savage
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Ding
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kian Tan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Mihalic
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Roggo
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Simon M Bushell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp Krastel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jinhai Gao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aude Izaac
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erhan Altinoglu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Salcius
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fred Harbinski
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric T Williams
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liling Zeng
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Feng Cong
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christy J Fryer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Rishi K Jain
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Shaowen Wang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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37
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Ceballos J, Grinhagena E, Sangouard G, Heinis C, Waser J. Cys-Cys and Cys-Lys Stapling of Unprotected Peptides Enabled by Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9022-9031. [PMID: 33450121 PMCID: PMC8048981 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Easy access to a wide range of structurally diverse stapled peptides is crucial for the development of inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Herein, we report bis-functional hypervalent iodine reagents for two-component cysteine-cysteine and cysteine-lysine stapling yielding structurally diverse thioalkyne linkers. This stapling method works with unprotected natural amino acid residues and does not require pre-functionalization or metal catalysis. The products are stable to purification and isolation. Post-stapling modification can be accessed via amidation of an activated ester, or via cycloaddition onto the formed thioalkyne group. Increased helicity and binding affinity to MDM2 was obtained for a i,i+7 stapled peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ceballos
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 14021015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Elija Grinhagena
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 14021015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Gontran Sangouard
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Proteins and PeptidesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LPPT, BCH 53051015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Christian Heinis
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Proteins and PeptidesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LPPT, BCH 53051015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic SynthesisEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneEPFL SB ISIC LCSO, BCH 14021015LausanneSwitzerland
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38
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David F, Davis AM, Gossing M, Hayes MA, Romero E, Scott LH, Wigglesworth MJ. A Perspective on Synthetic Biology in Drug Discovery and Development-Current Impact and Future Opportunities. SLAS Discov 2021; 26:581-603. [PMID: 33834873 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global impact of synthetic biology has been accelerating, because of the plummeting cost of DNA synthesis, advances in genetic engineering, growing understanding of genome organization, and explosion in data science. However, much of the discipline's application in the pharmaceutical industry remains enigmatic. In this review, we highlight recent examples of the impact of synthetic biology on target validation, assay development, hit finding, lead optimization, and chemical synthesis, through to the development of cellular therapeutics. We also highlight the availability of tools and technologies driving the discipline. Synthetic biology is certainly impacting all stages of drug discovery and development, and the recognition of the discipline's contribution can further enhance the opportunities for the drug discovery and development value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian David
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew M Davis
- Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Gossing
- Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elvira Romero
- Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louis H Scott
- Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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39
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Fawcett A, Keller MJ, Herrera Z, Hartwig JF. Site Selective Chlorination of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds Suitable for Late-Stage Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8276-8283. [PMID: 33480134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
C(sp3 )-Cl bonds are present in numerous biologically active small molecules, and an ideal route for their preparation is by the chlorination of a C(sp3 )-H bond. However, most current methods for the chlorination of C(sp3 )-H bonds are insufficiently site selective and tolerant of functional groups to be applicable to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. We report a method for the highly selective chlorination of tertiary and benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds to produce the corresponding chlorides, generally in high yields. The reaction occurs with a mixture of an azidoiodinane, which generates a selective H-atom abstractor under mild conditions, and a readily-accessible and inexpensive copper(II) chloride complex, which efficiently transfers a chlorine atom. The reaction's exceptional functional group tolerance is demonstrated by the chlorination of >30 diversely functionalized substrates and the late-stage chlorination of a dozen derivatives of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fawcett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M Josephine Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zachary Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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40
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McMillan AJ, Sieńkowska M, Di Lorenzo P, Gransbury GK, Chilton NF, Salamone M, Ruffoni A, Bietti M, Leonori D. Practical and Selective sp 3 C-H Bond Chlorination via Aminium Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7132-7139. [PMID: 33458924 PMCID: PMC8048631 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of chlorine atoms into organic molecules is fundamental to the manufacture of industrial chemicals, the elaboration of advanced synthetic intermediates and also the fine-tuning of physicochemical and biological properties of drugs, agrochemicals and polymers. We report here a general and practical photochemical strategy enabling the site-selective chlorination of sp3 C-H bonds. This process exploits the ability of protonated N-chloroamines to serve as aminium radical precursors and also radical chlorinating agents. Upon photochemical initiation, an efficient radical-chain propagation is established allowing the functionalization of a broad range of substrates due to the large number of compatible functionalities. The ability to synergistically maximize both polar and steric effects in the H-atom transfer transition state through appropriate selection of the aminium radical has provided the highest known selectivity in radical sp3 C-H chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martyna Sieńkowska
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Piero Di Lorenzo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Gemma K. Gransbury
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Nicholas F. Chilton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità “Tor Vergata”Via della Ricerca Scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità “Tor Vergata”Via della Ricerca Scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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41
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Guariento S, Biagetti M, Ronchi P. Non-regioselective functionalization: an underestimate chemical diversity generator in medicinal chemistry. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:595-9. [PMID: 33657835 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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42
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Zhao R, Fu K, Fang Y, Zhou J, Shi L. Site-Specific C(sp 3 )-H Aminations of Imidates and Amidines Enabled by Covalently Tethered Distonic Radical Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20682-20690. [PMID: 32706927 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of N-centered radicals to synthesize nitrogen-containing compounds has attracted considerable attention recently, due to their powerful reactivities and the concomitant construction of C-N bonds. However, the generation and control of N-centered radicals remain particularly challenging. We report a tethering strategy using SOMO-HOMO-converted distonic radical anions for the site-specific aminations of imidates and amidines with aid of the non-covalent interaction. This reaction features a remarkably broad substrate scope and also enables the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism is thoroughly investigated through kinetic studies, Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, revealing that the aminations likely involve direct homolytic cleavage of N-H bonds and subsequently controllable 1,5 or 1,6 hydrogen atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kang Fu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuanding Fang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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43
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Gardner ED, Dimas DA, Finneran MC, Brown SM, Burgett AW, Singh S. Indole C6 Functionalization of Tryprostatin B Using Prenyltransferase CdpNPT. Catalysts 2020; 10:1247. [PMID: 33643664 DOI: 10.3390/catal10111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryprostatin A and B are prenylated, tryptophan-containing, diketopiperazine natural products, displaying cytotoxic activity through different mechanisms of action. The presence of the 6-methoxy substituent on the indole moiety of tryprostatin A was shown to be essential for the dual inhibition of topoisomerase II and tubulin polymerization. However, the inability to perform late-stage modification of the indole ring has limited the structure–activity relationship studies of this class of natural products. Herein, we describe an efficient chemoenzymatic approach for the late-stage modification of tryprostatin B using a cyclic dipeptide N-prenyltransferase (CdpNPT) from Aspergillus fumigatus, which generates novel analogs functionalized with allylic, benzylic, heterocyclic, and diene moieties. Notably, this biocatalytic functionalizational study revealed high selectivity for the indole C6 position. Seven of the 11 structurally characterized analogs were exclusively C6-alkylated, and the remaining four contained predominant C6-regioisomers. Of the 24 accepted substrates, 10 provided >50% conversion and eight provided 20–50% conversion, with the remaining six giving <20% conversion under standard conditions. This study demonstrates that prenyltransferase-based late-stage diversification enables direct access to previously inaccessible natural product analogs.
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44
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Kallepu S, Neeli PK, Mallappa S, Nagendla NK, Reddy Mudiam MK, Mainkar PS, Kotamraju S, Chandrasekhar S. sp 3 -Rich Glycyrrhetinic Acid Analogues Using Late-Stage Functionalization as Potential Breast Tumor Regressing Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1826-1833. [PMID: 32893968 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) aids drug discovery efforts by introducing functional groups onto C-H bonds on pre-existing skeletons. We adopted the LSF strategy to synthesize analogues of the abundantly available triterpenoid, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), by introducing aryl groups in the A-ring, expanding the A-ring and selectively activating one methyl group of the gem-dimethyl groups. Intriguingly, two compounds were found to preferentially accumulate in the mitochondrial compartment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, to cause depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and to induce antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects through enhanced mitochondrial superoxide production with parallel depletion of GSH levels. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of these two compounds, in comparison with GA, greatly regressed breast tumor growth and metastasis in a SCID mouse model bearing labeled MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivakrishna Kallepu
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Neeli
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Sreevidya Mallappa
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Narendra Kumar Nagendla
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Department of Analytical & Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Prathama S Mainkar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Srigiridhar Kotamraju
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Srivari Chandrasekhar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110020, India
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45
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Robinson H, Oatley SA, Rowedder JE, Slade P, Macdonald SJF, Argent SP, Hirst JD, McInally T, Moody CJ. Late-Stage Functionalization by Chan-Lam Amination: Rapid Access to Potent and Selective Integrin Inhibitors. Chemistry 2020; 26:7678-7684. [PMID: 32129907 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A late-stage functionalization of the aromatic ring in amino acid derivatives is described. The key step is a copper-catalysed diversification of a boronate ester by amination (Chan-Lam reaction) that can be carried out on a complex β-aryl-β-amino acid scaffold. This not only considerably extends the substrate scope of amination partners, but also delivers an array of potent and selective integrin inhibitors as potential treatment agents of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This versatile chemical strategy, which is amenable to high-throughput-array protocols, allows the installation of pharmaceutically valuable heteroaromatic fragments at a late stage by direct coupling to NH heterocycles, leading to compounds with drug-like attributes. It thus constitutes a useful addition to the medicinal chemist's repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Robinson
- School of Chemistry, GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Steven A Oatley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - James E Rowedder
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Pawel Slade
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Simon J F Macdonald
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jonathan D Hirst
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Thomas McInally
- School of Chemistry, GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Christopher J Moody
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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46
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Abstract
A formal C-H carboxylation of unactivated arenes using CO2 in green solvents is described. The present strategy combines a sterically controlled Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation followed by a Cu-catalyzed carboxylation of the in situ generated organoboronates. The reaction is highly regioselective for the C-H carboxylation of 1,3-disubstituted and 1,2,3-trisubstituted benzenes, 1,2- or 1,4-symmetrically substituted benzenes, fluorinated benzenes and different heterocycles. The developed methodology was applied to the late-stage C-H carboxylation of commercial drugs and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kathrin H Hopmann
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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47
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Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Natural Compounds as Pharmaceuticals: The Key Role of Cytochromes P450 Reactivity. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:511-525. [PMID: 32413326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of drugs from natural products is a re-emerging area due to the need for bioactive compounds. The exploitation of natural products and their derivatives obtained by biocatalysis is in line with the higher attention given today to new sustainable technologies that better preserve the environment (green chemistry). The research field of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) is continuously providing new enzymes and mutants that produce metabolites suitable for late-stage functionalization for new potential drugs. This review provides an overview of the exploitation of CYPs as biocatalysts in drug synthesis. Additionally, recent progress in protein and metabolic engineering is provided to show how these enzymes offer a toolbox that can be combined with other biocatalytic or chemical processes to build new platforms for the green production of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
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48
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Xu P, Zhao D, Berger F, Hamad A, Rickmeier J, Petzold R, Kondratiuk M, Bohdan K, Ritter T. Site-Selective Late-Stage Aromatic [ 18 F]Fluorination via Aryl Sulfonium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1956-1960. [PMID: 31697427 PMCID: PMC7004179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization of C-H bonds in small complex molecules is a long-standing challenge in organic chemistry. Herein, we report a broadly applicable and site-selective aromatic C-H dibenzothiophenylation reaction. The conceptual advantage of this transformation is further demonstrated through the two-step C-H [18 F]fluorination of a series of marketed small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Da Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Florian Berger
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Aboubakr Hamad
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Roland Petzold
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Mykhailo Kondratiuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Kostiantyn Bohdan
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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49
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Tan C, Liu X, Jia H, Zhao X, Chen J, Wang Z, Tan J. Practical Synthesis of Phosphinic Amides/Phosphoramidates through Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Amines and P(O)-H Compounds. Chemistry 2019; 26:881-887. [PMID: 31625634 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a highly efficient ZnI2 -triggered oxidative cross-coupling reaction of P(O)-H compounds and amines. This operationally simple protocol provides unprecedented generic access to phosphinic amides/phosphoramidate derivatives in good yields and short reaction time. Besides, the reaction proceeds under mild conditions, which avoids the use of hazardous reagents, and is applicable to scale-up syntheses as well as late-stage functionalization of drug molecules. The stereospecific coupling is also achieved from readily available optically enriched P(O)-H compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for, Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for, Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Huanxin Jia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for, Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for, Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for, Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry &, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China Institution, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jiajing Tan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for, Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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50
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Egbewande FA, Coster MJ, Jenkins ID, Davis RA. Reaction of Papaverine with Baran Diversinates TM. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213938. [PMID: 31683610 PMCID: PMC6864744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of papaverine with a series of Baran DiversinatesTM is reported. Although the yields were low, it was possible to synthesize a small biodiscovery library using this plant alkaloid as a scaffold for late-stage C–H functionalization. Ten papaverine analogues (2–11), including seven new compounds, were synthesized. An unexpected radical-induced exchange reaction is reported where the dimethoxybenzyl group of papaverine was replaced by an alkyl group. This side reaction enabled the synthesis of additional novel fragments based on the isoquinoline scaffold, which is present in numerous natural products. Possible reasons for the poor yields in the DiversinateTM reactions with this particular scaffold are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake A Egbewande
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Mark J Coster
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Ian D Jenkins
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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