1
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Fang Z, Wu C, Cao L, Wang T, Hong X, Moser MAJ, Zhang W, Zhang B. Development of non-invasive flexible directional microwave ablation for central lung cancer: a simulation study. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:09NT04. [PMID: 38527368 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Transbronchial microwave ablation (MWA) with flexible antennas has gradually become an attractive alternative to percutaneous MWA for lung cancer due to its characteristic of non-invasiveness. However, flexible antennas for the precision ablation of lung tumors that are adjacent to critical bronchial structures are still not available. In this study, a non-invasive flexible directional (FD) antenna for early stage central lung tumors surrounding the bronchia was proposed. A comprehensive numerical MWA model with the FD antenna was developed in a real human-sized left lung model. The structure of the antenna and the treatment protocol were optimized by a generic algorithm for the precision ablation of two cases of early stage central lung cancer (i.e. spherical-like and ellipsoidal tumors). The electromagnetic efficiency of the optimized antenna was also improved by implementing an optimizedπ-matching network for impedance matching. The results indicate that the electromagnetic energy of MWA can be restricted to a particular area for precision ablation of specific lung tumors using the FD antenna. This study contributes to the field of lung cancer management with MWA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- Intelligent Energy-based Tumor Ablation Laboratory, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Chen Wu
- Intelligent Energy-based Tumor Ablation Laboratory, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Cao
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Fudan University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael A J Moser
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Bing Zhang
- Intelligent Energy-based Tumor Ablation Laboratory, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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2
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Tang H, Wang M, Li Y, Wang Y. A Study on the Effect and Suppression of Hydrogen Permeation Behavior on the Friction Characteristics of PEEK/PTFE Composites via Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1000. [PMID: 38611258 PMCID: PMC11013744 DOI: 10.3390/polym16071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To research the effect of hydrogen permeation on the friction characteristics of the seal materials on the hydrogen equipment, the molecular models of 10% PEEK/PTFE composites and its frictional models were established, respectively, and molecular dynamics (MDs) and giant canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) methods were used to simulate the diffusion coefficient, dissolution coefficient and permeability coefficient of the hydrogen in PEEK/PTFE composites. The effect of a different amount of hydrogen on the friction and wear of PEEK/PTFE composites was also studied. The results showed that few permeations of the hydrogen gas mainly demonstrated having a positive effect on the surface of the PEEK/PTFE composites, and the wear rate of the PEEK/PTFE composites showed a slight decreasing trend. The wear rate of the PEEK/PTFE composites gradually decreased when more hydrogen molecules penetrated the matrix. With the further penetration of the hydrogen molecules, the wear rate and friction coefficient of the PEEK/PTFE composites rapidly increased, showing a negative effect. With the further penetration of the hydrogen molecule, the friction coefficient of the composite displayed a small fluctuation and then a rapid decreasing trend. Meanwhile, effective improvement measures were proposed, and the introduction of the graphene was verified to be effective to reduce the negative effect of the hydrogen permeation, thereby improving the friction performance of the PEEK/PTFE composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yunlong Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; (H.T.); (M.W.); (Y.W.)
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3
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Chenyakin Y, Chen DDY. Numerical modeling and experimental optimization of Taylor dispersion analysis with and without an electric field. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38506142 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Numerical modeling of Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) was performed using COMSOL Multiphysics to facilitate better and faster optimization of the experimental conditions. Parameters, such as pressure, electric field, diameter, and length of capillary on the TDA conditions, were examined for particles with hydrodynamic radius (Rh ) of 2.5-250 Å. The simulations were conducted using 25, 50, and 100 cm length tubes with diameters of 25, 50, and 100 µm. It was shown that particles with larger diffusion coefficients gave more accurate results at higher velocities, and in longer and wider columns; particles with smaller diffusion coefficients gave more accurate results at smaller velocities, and in shorter and thinner columns. Moreover, the effect of electric field on the validity and the applicability of TDA was studied using TDA in conjunction with capillary electrophoresis. Diffusion coefficients were obtained using a pressure and the TDA equation and compared with those obtained with a pressure in combination of an electric field for fluorescein, FD4, FD20, FD70, and FD500. We found that TDA can be used with the presence of moderate electrophoretic migration and electroosmotic flow, when appropriate conditions were met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Chenyakin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Tian S, Tan B, Lin Y, Wang T, Hu K. A Eulerian Numerical Model to Predict the Enhancement Effect of the Gravity-Driven Motion Melting Process for Latent Thermal Energy Storage. Entropy (Basel) 2024; 26:175. [PMID: 38392430 PMCID: PMC10887655 DOI: 10.3390/e26020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Latent thermal energy storage (LTES) devices can efficiently store renewable energy in thermal form and guarantee a stable-temperature thermal energy supply. The gravity-driven motion melting (GDMM) process improves the overall melting rate for packaged phase-change material (PCM) by constructing an enhanced flow field in the liquid phase. However, due to the complex mechanisms involved in fluid-solid coupling and liquid-solid phase transition, numerical simulation studies that demonstrate physical details are necessary. In this study, a simplified numerical model based on the Eulerian method is proposed. We aimed to introduce a fluid deformation yield stress equation to the "solid phase" based on the Bingham fluid assumption. As a result, fluid-solid coupling and liquid-solid phase transition processes become continuously solvable. The proposed model is validated by the referenced experimental measurements. The enhanced performance of liquid-phase convection and the macroscopic settling of the "solid phase" are numerically analyzed. The results indicate that the enhanced liquid-phase fluidity allows for a stronger heat transfer process than natural convection for the pure liquid phase. The gravity-driven pressure difference is directly proportional to the vertical melting rate, which indicates the feasibility of controlling the pressure difference to improve the melting rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Bolun Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Yuchen Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Tieying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Kaiyong Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
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5
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Beloglazov I, Plaschinsky V. Development MPC for the Grinding Process in SAG Mills Using DEM Investigations on Liner Wear. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:795. [PMID: 38399046 PMCID: PMC10890367 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The rapidly developing mining industry poses the urgent problem of increasing the energy efficiency of the operation of basic equipment, such as semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mills. For this purpose, a large number of studies have been carried out on the establishment of optimal operating parameters of the mill, the development of the design of lifters, the rational selection of their materials, etc. However, the dependence of operating parameters on the properties of the ore, the design of the linings and the wear of lifters has not been sufficiently studied. This work analyzes the process of grinding rock in SAG mill and the wear of lifters. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to simulate the grinding of apatite-nepheline ore in a mill using different types of linings and determining the process parameters. It was found that the liners operating in cascade mode were subjected to impact-abrasive wear, while the liners with the cascade mode of operation were subjected predominantly to abrasive wear. At the same time, the results showed an average 40-50% reduction in linear wear. On the basis of modelling results, the service life of lifters was calculated. It is concluded that the Archard model makes it possible to reproduce with sufficient accuracy the wear processes occurring in the mills, taking into account the physical and mechanical properties of the specified materials. The control system design for the grinding process for SAG mills with the use of modern variable frequency drives (VFD) was developed. With the use of the proposed approach, the model predictive control (MPC) was developed to provide recommendations for controlling the optimum speed of the mill drum rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Beloglazov
- Department of Automation of Technological Processes and Production, Saint Petersburg Mining University, 199106 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Plaschinsky
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Saint Petersburg Mining University, 199106 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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6
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Gou J, Zhang Z, Wang S, Huang J, Cui K, Wang H. An Ultrahigh Modulus Gel Electrolytes Reforming the Growing Pattern of Li Dendrites for Interfacially Stable Lithium-Metal Batteries. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2309677. [PMID: 37909896 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have aroused intensive attention for their moderate comprehensive performances in lithium-metal batteries (LMBs). However, GPEs with low elastic moduli of MPa magnitude cannot mechanically regulate the Li deposition, leading to recalcitrant lithium dendrites. Herein, a porous Li7 La3 Zr2 O12 (LLZO) framework (PLF) is employed as an integrated solid filler to address the intrinsic drawback of GPEs. With the incorporation of PLF, the composite GPE exhibits an ultrahigh elastic modulus of GPa magnitude, confronting Li dendrites at a mechanical level and realizing steady polarization at high current densities in Li||Li cells. Benefiting from the compatible interface with anodes, the LFP|PLF@GPE|Li cells deliver excellent rate capability and cycling performance at room temperature. Theoretical models extracted from the topology of solid fillers reveal that the PLF with unique 3D structures can effectively reinforce the gel phase of GPEs at the nanoscale via providing sufficient mechanical support from the load-sensitive direction. Numerical models are further developed to reproduce the multiphysical procedure of dendrite propagation and give insights into predicting the failure modes of LMBs. This work quantitatively clarifies the relationship between the topology of solid fillers and the interface stability of GPEs, providing guidelines for designing mechanically reliable GPEs for LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingren Gou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Suqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jiale Huang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Kaixuan Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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7
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Kumar V, Behera MP, Singamneni S. Polymeric Microfluidic Fuel Cells with Controlled Printed Patterns. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2024; 11:78-93. [PMID: 38434494 PMCID: PMC10908328 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Since its first appearance almost a couple of decades ago, microfluidic fuel cells (MFFCs) have gained considerable research momentum due to their potential applications in portable devices. The main focus has been on the effective fabrication of microfluidic channels with different materials, where the manufacturing limitations proved to be the main stumbling blocks. Paper-based MFFCs have been reported with some success, where the porosity of the flow channel medium drives the reactants, greatly reducing the need for elaborate external devices and complex manufacturing obstacles, although the longevity of these cells remains questionable. The current article addresses this issue by replacing the paper-based flow channels with 3D-printed substrates of different structural forms to serve as pathways for controlled flow and mixing responses of the reactant liquids without the use of other devices, such as micro pumps and valves. The line-by-line material consolidation mechanics of fused filament fabrication and the porous mesostructural responses of a commercial polymer filament are combined to build the microfluidic fuel channels of varying configurations. Numerical and experimental characterizations proved the cells to perform better than the current paper-based counterparts, apart from better longevity and possible new opportunities for future improvements based on more complex micro-, meso-, and macrostructural advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Additive Manufacturing Research Center, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Malaya Prasad Behera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Additive Manufacturing Research Center, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarat Singamneni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Additive Manufacturing Research Center, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Kumar A, Hatayama J, Soucy A, Carpio E, Rahmani N, Anagnostopoulos C, Faghri M. Fluid Flow Dynamics in Partially Saturated Paper. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:212. [PMID: 38398941 PMCID: PMC10892355 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an integrated approach to understanding fluid dynamics in Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (µPADs), combining empirical investigations with advanced numerical modeling. Paper-based devices are recognized for their low cost, portability, and simplicity and are increasingly applied in health, environmental monitoring, and food quality analysis. However, challenges such as lack of flow control and the need for advanced detection methods have limited their widespread adoption. To address these challenges, our study introduces a novel numerical model that incorporates factors such as pore size, fiber orientation, and porosity, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of fluid dynamics across various saturation levels of paper. Empirical results focused on observing the wetted length in saturated paper substrates. The numerical model, integrating the Highly Simplified Marker and Cell (HSMAC) method and the High Order accuracy scheme Reducing Numerical Error Terms (HORNET) scheme, successfully predicts fluid flow in scenarios challenging for empirical observation, especially at high saturation levels. The model effectively mimicked the Lucas-Washburn relation for dry paper and demonstrated the increasing time requirement for fluid movement with rising saturation levels. It also accurately predicted faster fluid flow in Whatman Grade 4 filter paper compared with Grade 41 due to its larger pore size and forecasted an increased flow rate in the machine direction fiber orientation of Whatman Grade 4. These findings have significant implications for the design and application of µPADs, emphasizing the need for precise control of fluid flow and the consideration of substrate microstructural properties. The study's combination of empirical data and advanced numerical modeling marks a considerable advancement in paper-based microfluidics, offering robust frameworks for future development and optimization of paper-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammad Faghri
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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9
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Dzięgielewski M, Korycki R, Szafrańska H, Barburski M. Numerical Modeling of the Thermal Insulating Properties of Space Suits. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:648. [PMID: 38591512 PMCID: PMC10856586 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to model the thermal insulating properties in an exemplary multi-layer layup of space suits utilizing computer simulation techniques and physics and mathematical models. The main system responsible for thermal insulation is the Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG) material layup. Its structure consists of eight layers with different functions. The utilized textile materials are Rip-Stop-type fabrics, strengthened with the addition of a stronger fiber at fixed intervals. The state variable in thermal problems is the temperature field inside the analyzed TMG. The results obtained from the computer simulation were compared to verification calculations from the mathematical model, which allowed for an assessment of the models' quality and the obtained results. Two numerical models were analyzed in Ansys Workbench software. This enabled an assessment of the model's quality and the possible discrepancies. The modeling of the structure was carried out using the Finite Element Method. The possibility of using this exemplary material layup for a suit was verified using normalized data for an adult in outer space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Dzięgielewski
- Faculty of Material Technologies and Textile Design, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego, 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ryszard Korycki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego, 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Halina Szafrańska
- Department of New Technologies and Materials, Radom University, Chrobrego Str., 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland;
| | - Marcin Barburski
- Institute of Architecture of Textiles, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego, 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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10
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Szablewski P. Analysis of the Stability of a Flat Textiles with a Two-Parameter Deflection Curve. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:503. [PMID: 38276442 PMCID: PMC10817654 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The issue of large deflections of textiles occurs primarily when analyzing the "drape" of curtains, tablecloths and other flat textile products. The correct drape is particularly important from an aesthetic point of view. Additionally, there is a problem with the stability of the folds created during the drape process. The analysis of this problem is difficult due to the occurrence of large deflections and non-linear properties of the material. In this article, a selected fragment of the above-mentioned issue was tested, relating only to the stability of the fold formed under given loading conditions. A typical example is a fabric resting on a flat surface and loaded with compressive forces. The presented considerations lead to obtaining the deflection curve for a given self-weight and compressive force. Additionally, the obtained shape was tested for stability. Two shape parameters used in the analysis can be applied for the simulation of different shapes of the deflection curve. The analysis has been made using the energy method relating to the total potential energy of the object. The obtained results may be used in algorithms and simulation programs for fabric folding, buckling and for another applications in the area of textile mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szablewski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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11
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Vinnakota M, Bellur K, Starnes SL, Schulz MJ. Scaling a Hydraulic Motor for Minimally Invasive Medical Devices. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:131. [PMID: 38258250 PMCID: PMC10818856 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Aligned with the medical device industry's trend of miniaturization, academic and commercial researchers are constantly attempting to reduce device sizes. Many applications require miniature actuators (2 mm range) to perform mechanical work; however, biocompatible micromotors are not readily available. To that end, a hydraulic motor-driven cutting module that aims to combine cutting and drug delivery is presented. The hydraulic motor prototype developed has an outside diameter (OD) of ~4 mm (twice the target size) and a 1 mm drive shaft to attach a cutter. Four different designs were explored and fabricated using additive manufacturing. The benchtop experimental data of the prototypes are presented herein. For the prototype motor with fluid inlet perpendicular to the blades, the average angular velocity was 10,593 RPM at a flowrate of 3.6 mL/s and 42,597 RPM at 10.1 mL/s. This design was numerically modeled using 3D-transient simulations in ANSYS CFX (version 2022 R2) to determine the performance characteristics and the internal resistance of the motor. Simplified mathematical models were also used to compute and compare the peak torque with the simulation estimates. The viability of current design represents a crucial milestone in scaling the hydraulic motor to a 2 mm OD to power a microcutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeera Vinnakota
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (M.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Kishan Bellur
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (M.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Sandra L. Starnes
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Mark J. Schulz
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (M.V.); (M.J.S.)
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12
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Peixoto J, Hall D, Broer DJ, Smalyukh II, Liu D. Mechanical Actuation via Homeomorphic Transformations of Topological Solitons within Polymer Coatings. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2308425. [PMID: 37967470 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Topological solitons are currently under investigation for their exotic properties, especially in nonlinear physics, optics, and material sciences. However, challenges of robust generation and limited stability over time have hindered their practical uses. To address this issue, an approach is developed to form structured arrays of solitons in films of polymerizable liquid crystals. Their complex molecular architecture is preserved by in situ photopolymerization forming a stable liquid crystal network. Most excitingly, their properties are advanced to include responsiveness functions. When thermally actuated, these topological solitons mediate the reconfiguration of surface topographies. Complex shape changes occur depending on the intrinsic complex spatial distribution of the director, which may even lead to full shape inversion and topographical changes as high as ≈40% of the initial thickness. Conversely, the shape changes provide information on the initial director profile, which is consistent with the mathematical model. The soliton-containing polymer coatings are applicable in multiple domains, ranging from tunable optics to haptics, and from shape-coupled sensing systems to temperature-coupled heat management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Peixoto
- Laboratory of Human Interactive Materials (HIM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Darian Hall
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Dirk J Broer
- Laboratory of Human Interactive Materials (HIM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan I Smalyukh
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Danqing Liu
- Laboratory of Human Interactive Materials (HIM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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13
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Hawryluk M, Polak S, Rychlik M, Dudkiewicz Ł, Borowski J, Suliga M. Possibilities of Measuring and Detecting Defects of Forged Parts in Die Hot-Forging Processes. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:213. [PMID: 38204068 PMCID: PMC10779470 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents research results in the field of industrial die forging, mostly related to the use of advanced measuring techniques and tools, numerical simulations, and other IT tools and methods for a geometrical analysis of the forged items as well as detection of forging flaws and their prevention, and optimization of the hot-forging processes. The results of the conducted investigations were divided into three main areas. The first area refers to the application of, e.g., optical scanners and programs related to their operation, data analysis, including the construction of virtual gauges, measurements of selected geometrical features of both the manufactured forgings and their physical and virtual models, as well as an analysis of the durability of the forging tools based on the proprietary reverse scanning method. The second area presents the results of measurements and analyses performed with the use of finite element modeling and by means of some special functions in the calculation packages, such as contact, flow lines, trap, or fold, for the detection of forging defects and an analysis of the force parameters. In turn, the third area presents a combination of different methods of measurement and analysis, both FEM and scanning, as well as other IT methods (physical modeling, image analysis, etc.) for the analysis of the geometry and defects of the forgings. The presented results point to the great potential of these types of tools and techniques in forging industry applications as they significantly shorten the time and increase the accuracy of the measurement, as well as providing a lot of valuable information, physical variables, and technological parameters that are difficult or impossible to determine either analytically or through experimental means. The use and development of these techniques and methods are fully justified, both in the aspect of science and the increased effectiveness and efficiency of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Hawryluk
- Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (S.P.); (M.R.); (Ł.D.)
| | - Sławomir Polak
- Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (S.P.); (M.R.); (Ł.D.)
| | - Marcin Rychlik
- Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (S.P.); (M.R.); (Ł.D.)
- Kuźnia Jawor, S.A, Kuziennicza 4 Street, 59-400 Jawor, Poland
| | - Łukasz Dudkiewicz
- Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (S.P.); (M.R.); (Ł.D.)
- Schraner Polska Sp. z o. o., Lotnicza 19G Street, 99-100 Leczyca, Poland
| | - Jacek Borowski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Poznań Institute of Technology, Jana Pawła II 14 Street, 61-139 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Maciej Suliga
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland;
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14
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Zhu Y, Gribniak V, Ding C, Zhu H, Chen B. The Material Heterogeneity Effect on the Local Resistance of Pultruded GFRP Columns. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:153. [PMID: 38204004 PMCID: PMC10779590 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Pultruded GFRP (glass fiber-reinforced polymer) materials are widely used in structural engineering because of their lightweight, corrosion immunity, and electromagnetic transparency. However, the design of load-bearing components facing substantial compressive stresses, e.g., columns, must be more stringent than steel structures due to excessive deformability, material heterogeneity, and vulnerability to stress concentration. This manuscript investigates the failure performance of locally produced GFRP materials, focusing on the material heterogeneity effect on the mechanical resistance of a support joint of a pultruded tubular GFRP column. This experimental campaign employs relatively short rectangular profile fragments to isolate the support behavior and verify a simplified numerical finite element model, which neglects the nonlinearity of GFRP material. This work determines the material failure mechanisms behind the mechanical performance of pultruded profiles subjected to longitudinal compression for various column lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheng Zhu
- Department of Steel and Composite Structures, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VILNIUS TECH), Sauletekio Av. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, 1st Xiwangdadao Road, Yancheng 224051, China; (H.Z.); (B.C.)
| | - Viktor Gribniak
- Department of Steel and Composite Structures, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VILNIUS TECH), Sauletekio Av. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Chaofeng Ding
- Changzhou Institute of Building Science Group Co., Ltd., 288 Changjiang Middle Road, Changzhou 213002, China;
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, 1st Xiwangdadao Road, Yancheng 224051, China; (H.Z.); (B.C.)
| | - Baiqi Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, 1st Xiwangdadao Road, Yancheng 224051, China; (H.Z.); (B.C.)
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15
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West I, Walton G, Sinha S. Evaluating the Accuracy of Bonded Block Models for Prediction of Rockmass Analog Mechanical Behavior. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:88. [PMID: 38203942 PMCID: PMC10779684 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Large-scale rock formations, referred to as "rockmasses", consist of intact rock separated by pre-existing discontinuities (i.e., joints). The mechanical behavior of rockmasses is difficult to directly test in the laboratory due to the required specimen scale. Instead, Synthetic Rockmass Modeling (SRM) is often used to simulate field-scale rockmass behavior. SRM requires a calibrated discrete element model (DEM) of intact rock combined with a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN). While the SRM concept has been informally determined to provide reasonable results based on practitioner experience, detailed and peer-reviewed validation is lacking. The goal of this study was to evaluate the predictive capabilities of the SRM method. Previously available data on intact and rockmass analog laboratory specimens of Blanco Mera granite containing DFNs with two joint sets were used as a basis for the SRM created in this study. Specifically, the intact DEM was a Bonded Block Model (BBM), generated to match the grain structure and composition of Blanco Mera granite and the model's input parameters were calibrated so that the behavior of the BBM matched that of the intact laboratory specimens. The predictive capabilities of the model were evaluated by recreating the DFN from the jointed laboratory specimens within the intact BBM and comparing the behavior of the jointed models back to the jointed laboratory specimens, which has not been previously studied in the literature. The BBM was found capable of approximately predicting the behavior of rockmass analog specimens containing a pre-existing DFN without further calibration, which shows potential for the use of SRM in both industry and academia. Specifically, the BBM predicted the strength, dilatancy, and microfracturing behavior of the jointed laboratory specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella West
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (I.W.); (S.S.)
- WSP USA Inc., Lakewood, CO 80226, USA
| | - Gabriel Walton
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (I.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Sankhaneel Sinha
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (I.W.); (S.S.)
- Equilibrium Mining, Kolkata 700042, India
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16
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Mróz S, Szota P, Garstka T, Stradomski G, Gróbarczyk J, Gryczkowski R. The Selection of Leveler Parameters Using FEM Simulation. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:52. [PMID: 38203906 PMCID: PMC10779611 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to select parameters for the roll pre-leveler to provide sheet metal waviness reduction after unwinding from the coil. Straightening parameters were selected based on the results of numerical simulations with the use of an FEM-based computer program. The material used for research was a hot-rolled sheet metal of grade S235JR + AR with a thickness of 3 mm and width of 1500 mm after unwinding from the coil. A mathematical model was developed to determine straightening roll arrangements in the pre-leveler. It enabled roll arrangement selection and a straightening scheme to be elaborated. The model's innovative feature was conducting straightening numerical simulations for the real sheet metal geometric models obtained as a result of 3D laser scanning, which increased the accuracy of the numerical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mróz
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (P.S.); (T.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Piotr Szota
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (P.S.); (T.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Tomasz Garstka
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (P.S.); (T.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Stradomski
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (P.S.); (T.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Jakub Gróbarczyk
- Serwistal Sp. z. o.o., 2A Dojazdowa str., 19-300 Ełk, Poland; (J.G.); (R.G.)
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17
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Merder T, Warzecha P, Pieprzyca J, Warzecha M, Wende R, Hutny A. Model Investigation of Argon Injection into Liquid Steel at Ladle Furnace Station with Using of Innovative Module. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7698. [PMID: 38138841 PMCID: PMC10744442 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
High-quality steels are defined primarily by a small quantity of non-metallic inclusions and a high degree of chemical homogenisation. The ladle furnace (LF) is the most important metallurgical unit in which the quantity of non-metallic inclusions can be significantly reduced while ensuring metal chemical homogenisation. It is achieved largely due to appropriate controlling and the use of increasingly developed inert gas purging techniques. Various types of porous plugs (channel or radial type) are used in the metallurgical ladles. In aggregate units of intermediate-ladle type, various types of channel plugs and/or gas curtains are successfully used. In the research presented herein, a new and innovative module for inert gas injection into liquid steel for deep refining was tested. The presented research relates to the innovative module using to replace the standard porous plug in the steelmaking ladle on the outside-furnace (LF) processing station. Hybrid modelling methods (numerical and physical modelling) were used to carry out research. Module using causes significantly faster alloy additive dispersion in ladle volume compared with the standard solution (the standard porous plug). Furthermore, the obtained flowing structure positively affects liquid steel refining and mixing processes after alloy additive addition. A new technological solution, i.e., gas-injection module-differs from the traditional porous plugs currently used in the steel mills in terms of geometric parameters, external and internal structure, and what is most importantly, terms of the active surface area-shall be understood in as the surface area wherein slots occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Merder
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasinskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland; (T.M.)
| | - Piotr Warzecha
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (P.W.)
| | - Jacek Pieprzyca
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasinskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland; (T.M.)
| | - Marek Warzecha
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (P.W.)
| | - Robert Wende
- Cognor SA Ferrostal Łabędy Gliwice, Anny Jagiellonki Street 47, 44-109 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Artur Hutny
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (P.W.)
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18
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Chakraborty TC, Wang J, Qian Y, Pringle W, Yang Z, Xue P. Urban Versus Lake Impacts on Heat Stress and Its Disparities in a Shoreline City. Geohealth 2023; 7:e2023GH000869. [PMID: 38023387 PMCID: PMC10664081 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Shoreline cities are influenced by both urban-scale processes and land-water interactions, with consequences on heat exposure and its disparities. Heat exposure studies over these cities have focused on air and skin temperature, even though moisture advection from water bodies can also modulate heat stress. Here, using an ensemble of model simulations covering Chicago, we find that Lake Michigan strongly reduces heat exposure (2.75°C reduction in maximum average air temperature in Chicago) and heat stress (maximum average wet bulb globe temperature reduced by 0.86°C) during the day, while urbanization enhances them at night (2.75 and 1.57°C increases in minimum average air and wet bulb globe temperature, respectively). We also demonstrate that urban and lake impacts on temperature (particularly skin temperature), including their extremes, and lake-to-land gradients, are stronger than the corresponding impacts on heat stress, partly due to humidity-related feedback. Likewise, environmental disparities across community areas in Chicago seen for skin temperature are much higher (1.29°C increase for maximum average values per $10,000 higher median income per capita) than disparities in air temperature (0.50°C increase) and wet bulb globe temperature (0.23°C increase). The results call for consistent use of physiologically relevant heat exposure metrics to accurately capture the public health implications of urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- TC. Chakraborty
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Jiali Wang
- Environmental Science DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryLemontILUSA
| | - Yun Qian
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - William Pringle
- Environmental Science DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryLemontILUSA
| | - Zhao Yang
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Pengfei Xue
- Environmental Science DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryLemontILUSA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geospatial EngineeringMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
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19
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Fontana S, Caramazza L, Marracino P, Cuenca Ortolá I, Colella M, Dolciotti N, Paffi A, Gisbert Roca F, Ivashchenko S, Más Estellés J, Consales C, Balucani M, Apollonio F, Liberti M. Electric field bridging-effect in electrified microfibrils' scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1264406. [PMID: 37954020 PMCID: PMC10634785 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1264406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The use of biocompatible scaffolds combined with the implantation of neural stem cells, is increasingly being investigated to promote the regeneration of damaged neural tissue, for instance, after a Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). In particular, aligned Polylactic Acid (PLA) microfibrils' scaffolds are capable of supporting cells, promoting their survival and guiding their differentiation in neural lineage to repair the lesion. Despite its biocompatible nature, PLA is an electrically insulating material and thus it could be detrimental for increasingly common scaffolds' electric functionalization, aimed at accelerating the cellular processes. In this context, the European RISEUP project aims to combine high intense microseconds pulses and DC stimulation with neurogenesis, supported by a PLA microfibrils' scaffold. Methods: In this paper a numerical study on the effect of microfibrils' scaffolds on the E-field distribution, in planar interdigitated electrodes, is presented. Realistic microfibrils' 3D CAD models have been built to carry out a numerical dosimetry study, through Comsol Multiphysics software. Results: Under a voltage of 10 V, microfibrils redistribute the E-field values focalizing the field streamlines in the spaces between the fibers, allowing the field to pass and reach maximum values up to 100 kV/m and values comparable with the bare electrodes' device (without fibers). Discussion: Globally the median E-field inside the scaffolded electrodes is the 90% of the nominal field, allowing an adequate cells' exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fontana
- BioEM Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Caramazza
- BioEM Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Irene Cuenca Ortolá
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Micol Colella
- BioEM Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi Dolciotti
- BioEM Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Paffi
- BioEM Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fernando Gisbert Roca
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergiy Ivashchenko
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Más Estellés
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudia Consales
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Apollonio
- BioEM Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Liberti
- BioEM Lab, Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications (DIET), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
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20
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Wang SW, Tang KQ, Zhang HR, Liu WW, Bai L, Li N. [Effect of Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction Policy on Air Quality Improvement in Jiangsu Province]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2023; 44:5443-5455. [PMID: 37827762 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon emission peaking and air quality improvement is an urgent issue in the research of the atmospheric environment. Here, the emission factor method was used to compile the city-level greenhouse gas emission inventory of Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2019, which was then combined with greenhouse gas-air pollutant synergy analysis and WRF-Chem air quality model simulation to analyze the synergistic gain of air quality improvement under different carbon emission reduction scenarios. The results revealed that the annual mean CO2 emission in Jiangsu Province from 2010 to 2019 was 701.74-897.47 Mt. Suzhou, Xuzhou, and Nanjing had the highest emissions (91.19-182.12 Mt·a-1); Yangzhou, Suqian, and Lianyungang had the lowest emissions (13.19-32.54 Mt·a-1); and majority of the cities had a continuous upward trend in the CO2 emissions. Energy activities were the main source of CO2 emissions, accounting for nearly 90%, whereas industrial production processes contributed to the remaining 10%. This study designed three types of CO2 emission reduction conditions according to different emission reduction priorities, namely, sector-wide collaborative, energy priority, and industrial priority. Each type of emission reduction condition included a different intensity of CO2 emission reduction (10%, 20%, and 40%). The condition-based simulation results demonstrated that, taking 2017 as the base year, the average annual decrease in PM2.5 concentration in sector-wide collaborative, energy priority, and industrial priority emission reduction was 6.7-21.1, 3.1-12.0, and 3.4-14.3 μg·m-3, respectively. Sector-wide collaborative emission reduction had the most notable improvement in PM2.5 pollution. Under the condition of the sector-wide collaborative emission reduction of 40%, the average annual PM2.5 concentration of all cities, excluding Xuzhou and Suqian, met the national Ⅱ standard (35 μg·m-3). The change responses of PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO were similar to that of PM2.5, but O3 pollution increased under the conditions of energy and industrial priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring & Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ke-Qin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring & Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hao-Ran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring & Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wan-Wan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring & Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring & Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Nan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring & Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Barbosa F, Dueñas-Pamplona J, Abreu CS, Oliveira MSN, Lima RA. Numerical Model Validation of the Blood Flow through a Microchannel Hyperbolic Contraction. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1886. [PMID: 37893323 PMCID: PMC10608998 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of blood flow through hyperbolic contraction with a discrete phase model (DPM) was experimentally validated. For this purpose, the positions and velocities of red blood cells (RBCs) flowing in a microchannel with hyperbolic contraction were experimentally assessed using image analysis techniques, and were subsequently compared with the numerical results. The numerically and experimentally obtained velocity fields were in good agreement, with errors smaller than 10%. Additionally, a nearly constant strain rate was observed in the contraction region, which can be attributed to the quasilinear increase in the velocity along the hyperbolic contraction. Therefore, the numerical technique used was validated due to the close similarity between the numerically and experimentally obtained results. The tested CFD model can be used to optimize the microchannel design by minimizing the need to fabricate prototypes and evaluate them experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Barbosa
- Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (METRICS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Jorge Dueñas-Pamplona
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristiano S. Abreu
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Physics Department, Porto Superior Engineering Institute, ISEP, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica S. N. Oliveira
- James Weir Fluids Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK;
| | - Rui A. Lima
- Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (METRICS), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- CEFT—Transport Phenomena Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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22
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Kim YI, Choi Y, Park J. The role of continuous glucose monitoring in physical activity and nutrition management: perspectives on present and possible uses. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:44-51. [PMID: 37946446 PMCID: PMC10636508 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is on the rise as the prevalence of obesity and diabetes increases. This review aimed to explore the use of CGM and its potential novel applications in physical activity and nutrition management. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library databases using the keywords 'continuous glucose monitor,' 'nutrition,' 'physical activity,' and 'numerical modeling.' RESULTS Continuous blood glucose measurement is useful for individuals with obesity and diabetes. Long-term blood glucose data allow for personalized planning of nutritional composition, meal timing, and physical activity type and intensity, as well as help prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Thus, understanding the limitations of CGM is important for its effective use. CONCLUSION CGM systems are being increasingly used to monitor and identify appropriate blood glucose controlling interventions. Blood glucose level is influenced by various factors such as nutrient composition, meal timing, physical activity, circadian rhythm, and cortisol levels. Numerical modeling can be used to analyze the complex relationship between stress, sleep, nutrition, and physical activity, which affect blood glucose levels. In future, blood glucose, sleep, and stress data will be integrated to predict appropriate lifestyle levels for blood glucose management. This integrated approach improves glucose control and overall wellbeing, potentially reducing societal costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Im Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Choi
- Institute of Specialized Teaching and Research, Inha University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Republic of Korea
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23
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Liu S, Feng R, Zhong Y. Numerical Study on the Seismic Performance of Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls with Steel Sheathing and Gypsum Board. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5685. [PMID: 37629976 PMCID: PMC10456788 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The cold-formed steel shear wall with steel sheathing has gained increasing popularity due to its excellent shear capacity. To extend the applicability of this system to multi-story residences, aside from experimental investigations on the shear walls, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive study on the seismic performance of buildings. In this paper, numerical simulations were conducted on specimens subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. Subsequently, seismic analysis of mid-rise building models was also carried out to investigate the influence of the proposed shear wall on building seismic performance. The research findings indicate that this study's modeling method can effectively simulate the shear performance of the proposed shear wall under monotonic and cyclic loading. In addition, the proposed shear wall significantly enhances the structural stiffness and improves the seismic performance of the structure under seismic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Concrete and Pre-Stressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; (S.L.)
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ruoqiang Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Concrete and Pre-Stressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; (S.L.)
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuting Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Concrete and Pre-Stressed Concrete Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; (S.L.)
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Korendiy V, Kachur O. Locomotion characteristics of a wheeled vibration-driven robot with an enhanced pantograph-type suspension. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1239137. [PMID: 37636992 PMCID: PMC10453804 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1239137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The paper considers the improved design of the wheeled vibration-driven robot equipped with an inertial exciter (unbalanced rotor) and enhanced pantograph-type suspension. The primary purpose and objectives of the study are focused on mathematical modeling, computer simulation, and experimental testing of locomotion conditions of the novel robot prototype. The primary scientific novelty of the present research consists in substantiating the possibilities of implementing the enhanced pantograph-type suspension in order to improve the robot's kinematic characteristics, particularly the average translational speed. Methods: The simplified dynamic diagram of the robot's oscillatory system is developed, and the mathematical model describing its locomotion conditions is derived using the Euler-Lagrange differential equations. The numerical modeling is carried out in the Mathematica software with the help of the Runge-Kutta methods. Computer simulation of the robot motion is performed in the SolidWorks Motion software using the variable step integration method (Gear's method). The experimental investigations of the robot prototype operating conditions are conducted at the Vibroengineering Laboratory of Lviv Polytechnic National University using the WitMotion accelerometers and software. The experimental data is processed in the MathCad software. Results and discussion: The obtained results show the time dependencies of the robot body's basic kinematic parameters (accelerations, velocities, displacements) under different operating conditions, particularly the angular frequencies of the unbalanced rotor. The numerical modeling, computer simulation, and experimental investigations present almost similar results: the smallest horizontal speed of about 1 mm/s is observed at the supplied voltage of 3.47 V when the forced frequency is equal to 500 rpm; the largest locomotion speed is approximately 40 mm/s at the supplied voltage of 10 V and forced frequency of 1,500 rpm. The paper may be interesting for designers and researchers of similar vibration-driven robotic systems based on wheeled chassis, and the results may be used while implementing the experimental and industrial prototypes of vibration-driven robots for various purposes, particularly, for inspecting and cleaning the pipelines. Further investigation on the subject of the paper should be focused on analyzing the relations between the power consumption, average translational speed, and working efficiency of the considerer robot under various operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Korendiy
- Department of Technical Mechanics and Engineering Graphics, Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Transport, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
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Banaszek G, Ozhmegov K, Kawałek A, Sawicki S, Arbuz A, Naizabekov A. Modeling of Closure of Metallurgical Discontinuities in the Process of Forging Zirconium Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5431. [PMID: 37570135 PMCID: PMC10419707 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of testing the conditions of closing foundry voids during the hot forging operation of an ingot made of zirconium with 1% Nb alloy and use of physical and numerical modeling, continuing research presented in a previous thematically related article published in the journal Materials. The study of the impact of forging operation parameters on the rheology of zirconium with 1% Nb alloy was carried out on a Gleeble 3800 device. Using the commercial FORGE®NxT 2.1 program, a numerical analysis was performed of the influence of thermo-mechanical parameters of the hot elongation operation in trapezoidal flat and rhombic trapezoidal anvils on the closure of foundry voids. The analysis of the obtained test results was used to formulate recommendations on the technology of hot forging and the anvilgeometry, ensuring closure of foundry voids. Based on their research, the authors conclude that the shape of the deformation basin and the value and hydrostatic pressure have the greatest influences on the closure of foundry voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Banaszek
- Metal Forming Department, Częstochowa University of Technology, ul. J.H. Dąbrowskiego 69, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (G.B.); (K.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Kirill Ozhmegov
- Metal Forming Department, Częstochowa University of Technology, ul. J.H. Dąbrowskiego 69, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (G.B.); (K.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kawałek
- Metal Forming Department, Częstochowa University of Technology, ul. J.H. Dąbrowskiego 69, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (G.B.); (K.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Sylwester Sawicki
- Metal Forming Department, Częstochowa University of Technology, ul. J.H. Dąbrowskiego 69, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (G.B.); (K.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexandr Arbuz
- Mechanical Engineering Department, AbylkasSaginov Karaganda Technical University, 56 Nursultan Nazarbayev Ave., Karaganda 100027, Kazakhstan;
- Core Facilities Department, Nazarbayev University, 53 KabanbayBatyr Ave, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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Maślanka P, Szafrańska H, Aleksieiev A, Korycki R, Kaziur P, Dąbrowska A. Influence of Material Degradation on Deformation of Paraglider during Flight. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5396. [PMID: 37570100 PMCID: PMC10420326 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to determine experimentally and numerically the influence of material degradation on the deformation of a paraglider during flight. The presented method regards numerical modeling of pressure distribution over the wing and its effect on paraglider behavior; the considerations are preceded by experiments on three types of Polyamide 6.6 paraglider fabrics, subjected and not subjected to thermal, UV and flexing degradation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) records allowed to determine the structural characteristics of the analyzed samples. Air permeability and mechanical tests are the input data for the computational simulations. When a pressure drop of 200 Pa is applied, all the analyzed samples are impermeable, except for those damaged by flexing. Thus, flexing damage has the greatest influence on the air permeability change among all considered aging factors. Aging caused by UV radiation has the greatest influence on mechanical properties. No major influence of thermal ageing on the mechanical properties of the considered samples is observed. Safety factors of the considered materials not subjected to degradation range between 3.94 and 6.00. Safety factor of fabric no. 1 subjected to the UV degradation is equal to 1.33; this result does not secure a safe usage of the considered material. The methodology described in this research can help to predict paraglider covering materials' behavior in flight; it assumes many cases, i.e., applying a new material or the material at any point of its life cycle. Thus, the practical implications of this model supported by numerical methods may result in saving time and cost in producing prototypes, as well as potentially assessing the safety of used wings. Future research activity can introduce the application of different elastic-plastic damage models to determine the paraglider behavior during collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Maślanka
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Halina Szafrańska
- Department of Physicochemistry and Materials Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Commodity Science, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland;
| | - Andrii Aleksieiev
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Ryszard Korycki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Patrycja Kaziur
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Anna Dąbrowska
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), 90-133 Lodz, Poland;
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AlZoubi T, Mourched B, Al Gharram M, Makhadmeh G, Abu Noqta O. Improving Photovoltaic Performance of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic MAGeI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells via Numerical Optimization of Carrier Transport Materials (HTLs/ETLs). Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2221. [PMID: 37570538 PMCID: PMC10420907 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cell (PSC) based on methylammonium germanium triiodide (MAGeI3), which is composed of methylammonium (CH3NH3+) cations and germanium triiodide (GeI3-) anions, has been numerically studied using SCAPS-1d codes. An extensive investigation of various electron transport layers (ETLs) and hole transport layers (HTLs) was conducted to identify the most optimal device configuration. The FTO/ZnOS/MAGeI3/PEDOT-WO3 structure performed the highest efficiency of all combinations tested, with an impressive optimized efficiency of 15.84%. This configuration exhibited a Voc of 1.38 V, Jsc of 13.79 mA/cm2, and FF of 82.58%. J-V characteristics and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements indicate that this device offers superior performance, as it has reduced current leakage, improved electron and hole extraction characteristics, and reduced trap-assisted interfacial recombination. Optimum device performance was achieved at active layer thickness of 560 nm. These findings may also serve as a basis for developing lightweight and ultra-thin solar cells, in addition to improving overall efficiency. Furthermore, a comprehensive correlation study was conducted to evaluate the optimum thickness and doping level for both ZnOS-ETL and PEDOT-WO3-HTL. The photovoltaic performance parameters of the FTO/ZnOS/MAGeI3/PEDOT-WO3 structure were analyzed over a wide temperature range (275 K to 450 K). The structure exhibited stable performance at elevated operating temperatures up to 385 K, with only minimal degradation in PCE of approximately 0.42%. Our study underscores the promise of utilizing cost-effective and long-term stability materials like ZnOS and PEDOT-WO3 alongside the toxic-free MAGeI3 perovskite. This combination exhibits significant potential for eco-friendly PSC, paving the way for the development of highly efficient ultra-thin PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq AlZoubi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Bachar Mourched
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Mahmoud Al Gharram
- Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences and Humanities, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan
| | - Ghaseb Makhadmeh
- Bio-Medical Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Osama Abu Noqta
- MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
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Lou T, Hu H, Pang M. Effect of Tendon-Related Variables on the Behavior of Externally CFRP Prestressed Concrete Beams. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5197. [PMID: 37512472 PMCID: PMC10386506 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This work assesses the flexural performance of prestressed concrete beams with external carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons, focusing on tendon-related variables. A finite element analysis (FEA) method is verified. A numerical parametric analysis of prestressed concrete beams with external CFRP tendons is carried out. Four tendon-related variables are considered, namely, the area, initial prestress, depth and elastic modulus of tendons. The analysis shows that flexural ductility decreases as the tendon area, initial prestress or elastic modulus increases but is insensitive to the tendon depth. The ultimate tendon stress increment (Δσp) is influenced by all of the four variables investigated. JGJ 92-2016 (Chinese technical specification for concrete structures prestressed with unbonded tendons) significantly underestimates Δσp and, hence, is over-conservative for the strength design of these beams. An equation is proposed for calculating Δσp, taking into account all four variables investigated. An analytical model is then developed to estimate the flexural strength (Mu) of prestressed concrete beams with external CFRP tendons. The proposed analytical model shows good agreement with FEA, i.e., the mean discrepancy for Δσp is 0.9% with a standard deviation of 11.1%; and the mean discrepancy for Mu is -1.6% with a standard deviation of 2.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejiong Lou
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- CEMMPRE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Han Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Miao Pang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Mrówczyński D, Gajewski T, Garbowski T. A Simplified Dynamic Strength Analysis of Cardboard Packaging Subjected to Transport Loads. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5131. [PMID: 37512406 PMCID: PMC10385285 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The article presents a simplified method for determining the strength of corrugated board packaging subjected to dynamic transport loads. The proposed algorithm consists of several calculation steps: (1) a static analysis of the compressive strength of the package, (2) an analysis of random vibrations in the frequency domain used to determine the resonance frequencies and (3) a dynamic analysis of the package loaded with computed resonant frequencies. For this purpose, numerical models of the static compression test of the packaging before and after the dynamic analysis of the package subjected to general transport loads were developed. In order to validate the model, laboratory packaging compression tests were also performed for samples of boxes using three-layer cardboard. Due to this, it was possible to verify the numerical simulation results of the compression tests for several box geometries. This, in turn, allowed for the development of a method based on dynamic and post-dynamic (static) numerical analyses, permitting a high-accuracy determination of the resistance of the selected packaging to vibrations and dynamic loads. The results of the (experimentally validated) numerical analysis proved the usefulness of the simplified method presented herein for precise estimation of the load capacity of various packages dynamically loaded during transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Mrówczyński
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gajewski
- Institute of Structural Analysis, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Garbowski
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
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30
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Wang Y, Ahmadi Moghaddam H, Palacios Moreno J, Mertiny P. Magnetic Filler Polymer Composites-Morphology Characterization and Experimental and Stochastic Finite Element Analyses of Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2897. [PMID: 37447542 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites containing magnetic fillers are promising materials for a variety of applications, such as in energy storage and medical fields. To facilitate the engineering design of respective components, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical behavior of such inhomogeneous and potentially highly anisotropic materials is important. Therefore, the authors created magnetic composites by compression molding. The epoxy polymer matrix was modified with a commercial-grade thickening agent. Isotropic magnetic particles were added as the functional filler. The microstructural morphology, especially the filler distribution, dispersion, and alignment, was characterized using microscopy techniques. The mechanical properties of the composites were experimentally characterized and studied by stochastic finite element analysis (SFEA). Modeling was conducted employing four cases to predict the elastic modulus: fully random distribution, randomly aligned distribution, a so-called "rough" interface contact, and a bonded interface contact. Results from experiments and SFEA modeling were compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | | | - Jorge Palacios Moreno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pierre Mertiny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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Vinnakota M, Bellur K, Starnes SL, Schulz MJ. Design and Modeling of a Miniature Hydraulic Motor for Powering a Cutting Tool for Minimally Invasive Procedures. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1338. [PMID: 37512649 PMCID: PMC10386006 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of multifunctional instruments is key to evolving less invasive medical procedures. The current work outlines steps towards developing a miniature motor to power a cutting tool of a millimeter-scale robot/device (target outside diameter ~2 mm) for minimally invasive procedures. Multiple motor concepts were explored and ranked using a Pugh matrix. The single-rotor hydraulic design was deemed most viable for prototyping and scale-down to the target size. Prototypes were manufactured to be progressively smaller using additive manufacturing. The smallest prototype fabricated was 2:1 scale of the desired final size with a 2 mm outside diameter (OD) rotor and a device OD of 4 mm. The scaled prototypes with an 8 mm rotor were lab tested and achieved average speeds of 5000-6000 RPM at a flowrate of 15-18 mL/s and 45 PSI water pressure. Ansys CFX was used as a design tool to explore the parameter space and 3D transient simulations were implemented using the immersed solid method. The predicted rotor RPM from the modeling matched the experimental values within 3% error. The model was then used to develop performance curves for the miniature hydraulic motor. In summary, the single-rotor hydraulic design shows promise for miniaturization to the target 2 mm size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeera Vinnakota
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Kishan Bellur
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Sandra L Starnes
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Mark J Schulz
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Ruyle BJ, Thackray CP, Butt CM, LeBlanc DR, Tokranov AK, Vecitis CD, Sunderland EM. Centurial Persistence of Forever Chemicals at Military Fire Training Sites. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:8096-8106. [PMID: 37184088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is widespread near more than 300 United States (U.S.) military bases that used aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) for fire training and firefighting activities. Much of the PFAS at these sites consist of precursors that can transform into terminal compounds of known health concern but are omitted from standard analytical methods. Here, we estimate the expected duration and contribution of precursor biotransformation to groundwater PFAS contamination at an AFFF-contaminated military base on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, United States, by optimizing a geochemical box model using measured PFAS concentrations from a multidecadal time series of groundwater and a soil survey in the source zone. A toolbox of analytical techniques used to reconstruct the mass budget of PFAS showed that precursors accounted for 46 ± 8% of the extractable organofluorine (a proxy for total PFAS) across years. Terminal PFAS still exceed regulatory limits by 2000-fold decades after AFFF use ceased. Measurements and numerical modeling show that sulfonamido precursors are retained in the vadose zone and their slow biotransformation into perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (half-life > 66 yr) sustains groundwater concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). The estimated PFAS reservoir in the vadose zone and modeled flux into groundwater suggest PFAS contamination above regulatory guidelines will persist for centuries without remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridger J Ruyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Colin P Thackray
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Craig M Butt
- SCIEX, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, United States
| | - Denis R LeBlanc
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Northborough, Massachusetts 01532, United States
| | - Andrea K Tokranov
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Northborough, Massachusetts 01532, United States
| | - Chad D Vecitis
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Elsie M Sunderland
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Ganchenko GS, Alekseev MS, Moroz IA, Mareev SA, Shelistov VS, Demekhin EA. Electrokinetic and Electroconvective Effects in Ternary Electrolyte Near Ion-Selective Microsphere. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:membranes13050503. [PMID: 37233564 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents theoretical and experimental investigations of the behavior of an electrolyte solution with three types of ions near an ion-selective microparticle with electrokinetically and pressure-driven flow. A special experimental cell has been developed for the investigations. An anion-selective spherical particle composed of ion-exchange resin is fixed in the center of the cell. An enriched region with a high salt concentration appears at the anode side of the particle when an electric field is turned on, according to the nonequilibrium electrosmosis behavior. A similar region exists near a flat anion-selective membrane. However, the enriched region near the particle produces a concentration jet that spreads downstream akin to a wake behind an axisymmetrical body. The fluorescent cations of Rhodamine-6G dye are chosen as the third species in the experiments. The ions of Rhodamine-6G have a 10-fold lower diffusion coefficient than the ions of potassium while bearing the same valency. This paper shows that the concentration jet behavior is described accurately enough with the mathematical model of a far axisymmetric wake behind a body in a fluid flow. The third species also forms an enriched jet, but its distribution turns out to be more complex. The concentration of the third species increases in the jet with an increase in pressure gradient. The pressure-driven flow stabilizes the jet, yet electroconvection has been observed near the microparticle for sufficiently strong electric fields. The electrokinetic instability and the electroconvection partially destroy the concentration jet of salt and the third species. The conducted experiments show good qualitative agreement with the numerical simulations. The presented results could be used in future for implementing microdevices based on membrane technology for solving problems of detection and preconcentration, and thus simplifying chemical and medical analyses utilizing the superconcentration phenomenon. Such devices are called membrane sensors, and are actively being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy S Ganchenko
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanoscale Electro- and Hydrodynamics, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, 53 Leningradsky Prospect str., Moscow 125167, Russia
| | - Maxim S Alekseev
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanoscale Electro- and Hydrodynamics, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, 53 Leningradsky Prospect str., Moscow 125167, Russia
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya str., Krasnodar 350040, Russia
| | - Ilya A Moroz
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya str., Krasnodar 350040, Russia
| | - Semyon A Mareev
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya str., Krasnodar 350040, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Shelistov
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanoscale Electro- and Hydrodynamics, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, 53 Leningradsky Prospect str., Moscow 125167, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Demekhin
- Laboratory of Micro- and Nanoscale Electro- and Hydrodynamics, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, 53 Leningradsky Prospect str., Moscow 125167, Russia
- Laboratory of General Aeromechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University, 1 Michurinsky Prospect, Moscow 119192, Russia
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Campelo SN, Lorenzo MF, Partridge B, Alinezhadbalalami N, Kani Y, Garcia J, Saunier S, Thomas SC, Hinckley J, Verbridge SS, Davalos RV, Rossmeisl JH. High-frequency irreversible electroporation improves survival and immune cell infiltration in rodents with malignant gliomas. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1171278. [PMID: 37213298 PMCID: PMC10196182 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1171278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been previously investigated in preclinical trials as a treatment for intracranial malignancies. Here, we investigate next generation high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE), as both a monotherapy and a combinatorial therapy, for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Methods Hydrogel tissue scaffolds and numerical modeling were used to inform in-vivo H-FIRE pulsing parameters for our orthotopic tumor-bearing glioma model. Fischer rats were separated into five treatment cohorts including high-dose H-FIRE (1750V/cm), low-dose H-FIRE (600V/cm), combinatorial high-dose H-FIRE + liposomal doxorubicin, low-dose H-FIRE + liposomal doxorubicin, and standalone liposomal doxorubicin groups. Cohorts were compared against a standalone tumor-bearing sham group which received no therapeutic intervention. To further enhance the translational value of our work, we characterize the local and systemic immune responses to intracranial H-FIRE at the study timepoint. Results The median survival for each cohort are as follows: 31 days (high-dose H-FIRE), 38 days (low-dose H-FIRE), 37.5 days (high-dose H-FIRE + liposomal doxorubicin), 27 days (low-dose H-FIRE + liposomal doxorubicin), 20 days (liposomal doxorubicin), and 26 days (sham). A statistically greater overall survival fraction was noted in the high-dose H-FIRE + liposomal doxorubicin (50%, p = 0.044), high-dose H-FIRE (28.6%, p = 0.034), and the low-dose H-FIRE (20%, p = 0.0214) compared to the sham control (0%). Compared to sham controls, brain sections of rats treated with H-FIRE demonstrated significant increases in IHC scores for CD3+ T-cells (p = 0.0014), CD79a+ B-cells (p = 0.01), IBA-1+ dendritic cells/microglia (p = 0.04), CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells (p = 0.0004), and CD86+ M1 macrophages (p = 0.01). Conclusions H-FIRE may be used as both a monotherapy and a combinatorial therapy to improve survival in the treatment of malignant gliomas while also promoting the presence of infiltrative immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N. Campelo
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Melvin F. Lorenzo
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brittanie Partridge
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Nastaran Alinezhadbalalami
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Yukitaka Kani
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Josefa Garcia
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sofie Saunier
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sean C. Thomas
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jonathan Hinckley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Scott S. Verbridge
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Szczecina M. Study of Complexity of Numerical Models of a Strengthened Timber Beam. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16093466. [PMID: 37176347 PMCID: PMC10180125 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory research of wood-CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) structural elements, especially beams, is a scientific issue undertaken by many scientists. Research is often complemented with numerical analysis with the use of complex finite element method (FEM) models. Modern FEM software offers models that can reproduce such properties and phenomena as orthotropy and plasticity of wood and CFRP, delamination and mechanical behavior of adhesive layers, and damage of a strengthened element. The author of the paper reproduces numerical laboratory research of a four-point bending test of a glulam beam strengthened with CFRP tape. The main goal of the numerical research is an analysis of how the complexity of the FEM model influences the results of calculations, especially stress, deflection, and bearing capacity of the glulam beam. In some cases, a simpler model can be satisfactory, especially for a structural engineer, who takes into account serviceability limit states (permissible deflection of a structural member) and assumes that stress should not exceed the yield stress of timber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Szczecina
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Tsarev A. Design of the Bimodal Grating Sensor with a Built-In Mode Demultiplexer. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23094327. [PMID: 37177530 PMCID: PMC10181697 DOI: 10.3390/s23094327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This new sensor design provides good volume sensitivity (around 1600 nm/RIU) via collinear diffraction by the asymmetric grating placed in the waveguide vicinity. It provides the mode transformation between the fundamental TE0 and the first TE1 modes of the silicon wire (0.22 μm by a 0.580 μm cross-section) in the water environment. In order to provide the wavelength interrogation with a better extinction ratio for the measuring signal, the grating design is incorporated with the mode filter/demultiplexer. It selects, by the compact directional coupler (maximum 4 μm wide and 14 μm long), only the first guided mode (close to the cutoff) and transmits it with small excess loss (about -0.5 dB) to the fundamental TE0 mode of the neighboring single mode silicon wire, having variable curvature and width ranging from 0.26 μm to 0.45 μm. At the same time, the parasitic crosstalk of the input TE0 mode is below -42 dB, and that provides the option of simple and accurate wavelength sensor interrogation. The environment index is measured by the spectral peak position of the transmitted TE0 mode power in the output single mode silicon wire waveguide of the directional coupler. This type of optical sensor is of high sensitivity (iLOD~ 2.1 × 10-4 RIU for taking into account the water absorption at 1550 nm) and could be manufactured by modern technology and a single-step etching process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Tsarev
- Laboratory of Optical Materials and Structures, Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Physics Department, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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37
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Cui W, Xiao Z, Zhang Q, Yang J, Feng Z. Modeling the Crack Interference in X80 Oil and Gas Pipeline Weld. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16093330. [PMID: 37176211 PMCID: PMC10179311 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on the numerical simulation method of the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT), an interference model was established to investigate the physical problem of two interacting cracks of different sizes in the welding zone of oil and gas pipelines. The obtained results of the current interference problem were compared with those of single crack case. Various crack configurations, such as different crack spacing and different crack sizes, were analyzed. The characteristic quantity fluid pressure load P during the crack propagation process, the peak value of the von Mises stress distribution field of the crack growth path, as well as the difference ∆Bx between the peak value of the magnetic induction intensity component at the crack and the value of the magnetic induction intensity component at its symmetrical position were calculated. The crack interaction scale factors, including γP, γMises, and γΔBx, were compared and analyzed. The numerical modeling results show that when the unequal-length double cracks interfere with each other, the cracks are more likely to propagate toward each other. The tendency of the double-cracks to propagate toward each other gradually weakens as the distance between the crack tips increases and is finally the same as that of single-crack cases. It was also found that the effect of large-sized cracks on small-sized cracks is greater than that of small-sized ones on large-sized ones. The numerical modeling results could be applied for the prediction and analysis of multicrack damage in oil and gas pipeline welds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Zhongmin Xiao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ziming Feng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Smith SJ, Lauria M, Ahrens L, McCleaf P, Hollman P, Bjälkefur Seroka S, Hamers T, Arp HPH, Wiberg K. Electrochemical Oxidation for Treatment of PFAS in Contaminated Water and Fractionated Foam-A Pilot-Scale Study. ACS ES T Water 2023; 3:1201-1211. [PMID: 37090120 PMCID: PMC10111409 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic contaminants that are present globally in water and are exceptionally difficult to remove during conventional water treatment processes. Here, we demonstrate a practical treatment train that combines foam fractionation to concentrate PFAS from groundwater and landfill leachate, followed by an electrochemical oxidation (EO) step to degrade the PFAS. The study combined an up-scaled experimental approach with thorough characterization strategies, including target analysis, PFAS sum parameters, and toxicity testing. Additionally, the EO kinetics were successfully reproduced by a newly developed coupled numerical model. The mean total PFAS degradation over the designed treatment train reached 50%, with long- and short-chain PFAS degrading up to 86 and 31%, respectively. The treatment resulted in a decrease in the toxic potency of the water, as assessed by transthyretin binding and bacterial bioluminescence bioassays. Moreover, the extractable organofluorine concentration of the water decreased by up to 44%. Together, these findings provide an improved understanding of a promising and practical approach for on-site remediation of PFAS-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne J. Smith
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Melanie Lauria
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philip McCleaf
- Uppsala
Water and Waste AB, P.O. Box 1444, SE-751 44 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam
Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Peter H. Arp
- Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box
3930, Ullevål Stadion, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Janga VSR, Awang M, Pedapati SR. A Numerical Study on the Effect of Tool Speeds on Temperatures and Material Flow Behaviour in Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Thin AA7075-T6 Sheets. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3108. [PMID: 37109943 PMCID: PMC10144136 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was created to simulate and analyze the effect of tool rotational speeds (RS) and plunge rate (PR) on refill friction stir spot welding (refill FSSW) of AA7075-T6 sheets. The numerical model was validated by comparing the temperatures recorded at a subset of locations with those recorded at the exact locations in prior experimental studies from the literature. The peak temperature at the weld center obtained from the numerical model differed by an error of 2.2%. The results showed that with the rise in RS, there was an increase in weld temperatures, effective strains, and time-averaged material flow velocities. With the rise in PR, the temperatures and effective strains were reduced. Material movement in the stir zone (SZ) was improved with the increment of RS. With the rise in PR, the top sheet's material flow was improved, and the bottom sheet's material flow was reduced. A deep understanding of the effect of tool RS and PR on refill FSSW joint strength were achieved by correlating the thermal cycles and material flow velocity results obtained from the numerical models to the lap shear strength (LSS) from the literature.
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40
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Drygala IJ, Dulińska JM, Nisticò N. Vibration Serviceability of the Aberfeldy Footbridge under Various Human-Induced Loadings. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2890. [PMID: 37049184 PMCID: PMC10096387 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Developing new structural materials, such as composite materials, has provided many opportunities in bridge engineering. Among these materials, glass-fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs), in particular, have found applications in footbridges. However, some of the commonly recognized advantages of GFRPs, such as the high values of the strength/weight ratio, can also be considered disadvantageous for certain realizations, particularly when the composite material used in a footbridge is, for example, subjected to dynamic actions such as those that are induced by wind and walking and/or running users. The induced accelerations can reach high values in comparison to recommended thresholds. Further, the natural frequency decays during the service life, reducing the capacity of the frequencies to move toward the frequency content of the pedestrian step. In this framework, the presented research is devoted to the dynamic comfort assessment of a pioneering cable-stayed GFRP pedestrian bridge, Aberfeldy, which was assembled in 1992 in the eponymous small town, which is located in Scotland (UK). The assessment was numerically performed through a finite element (FE) model, which was tuned based on the literature data concerning geometry, structural details, and in situ-acquired frequencies. The analyses carried out in this study include the evaluation of the accelerations' time histories, which were induced when simulating a set of pedestrian path scenarios, and the dynamic actions that occur during pedestrian traveling. Specifically, different values of velocity and step frequency were considered as well as the inclusion of walking and running movements. Then, based on the acceleration values, the assessments of comfort criteria for the current standards were elaborated while also recognizing that the peak accelerations-usually attained for short periods-cannot be the only parameters considered in evaluating the pedestrian bridge capacity. This investigation allowed a dynamic comfort rating to be established for the Aberfeldy footbridge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Maria Dulińska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Nicola Nisticò
- Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy
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41
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Żochowski P, Cegła M, Berent J, Grygoruk R, Szlązak K, Smędra A. Experimental and numerical study on failure mechanisms of bone simulants subjected to projectile impact. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng 2023; 39:e3687. [PMID: 36690586 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of the human bones failure mechanisms under projectile impact conditions can be made through performing of a large number of ballistic trials. But the amount of data that can be collected during ballistic experiments is limited due to the high dynamics of the process and its destructive character. Numerical analyses may support experimental methodologies allowing to better understand the principles of the phenomenon. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to create and to verify a numerical model of commercially available synthetic bone material-Synbone®. The model could be used in the future as a supporting tool facilitating forensic studies or designing processes of personal protection systems (helmets, bulletproof vests, etc.). Although Synbone® is commonly used in the ballistic experiments, the literature lacks reliable numerical models of this material. In order to define a numerical model of Synbone®, mechanical experiments characterizing the response of the material to the applied loads in a wide range of strains and strain rates were carried out. Based on the mechanical tests results, an appropriate material model was selected for the Synbone® composite and the values of constants in its equations were determined. Material characterization experiments were subsequently reproduced with numerical simulations and a high correlation of the results was obtained. The final validation of the material model was based on the comparison of the ballistic impact experiments and simulation results. High similarity obtained (relative error lower than 10%) demonstrates that the numerical model of Synbone® material was properly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Cegła
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Zielonka, Poland
| | - Jarosław Berent
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
- Department of Criminal Proceedings and Forensics, Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Roman Grygoruk
- Institute of Mechanics and Printing, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Szlązak
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Smędra
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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Katsamakas AA, Vassiliou MF. Experimental Parametric Study and Phenomenological Modeling of a Deformable Rolling Seismic Isolator. J Earthq Eng 2023; 27:4664-4693. [PMID: 38107481 PMCID: PMC10721228 DOI: 10.1080/13632469.2023.2189978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an extensive experimental study of a low-cost, high-performance seismic isolator comprising a deformable sphere rolling on concrete surfaces. Polyurethane spheres, with and without steel core, rolling on flat or spherical concrete plates, are investigated. Lateral cyclic tests under large displacements demonstrated a rolling friction coefficient between 3.7% and 7.1%. When tested in a shake table under 1170 ground motions, the isolators substantially reduced the acceleration transmitted to the superstructure (to less than 0.15 g) while maintaining reasonable peak and negligible residual displacements. A phenomenological model was calibrated on the lateral cyclic tests and predicted the shake table tests with reasonable accuracy.
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Lin J, Zhao Q, Chen H, Li M, Yuan L. A Numerical Study of ITZ Percolation in Polyphase Concrete Systems Considering the Synergetic Effect of Aggregate Shape- and Size-Diversities. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2515. [PMID: 36984395 PMCID: PMC10056817 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The percolation of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is generally regarded as an important factor that may accelerate the penetration of aggressive agents in concrete materials, and its threshold is largely determined by the features of aggregates. In most numerical studies about ITZ percolation, both fine aggregates and coarse aggregates are assumed to be the particles of uniform shape, and their size distributions are generally strung together by a single function, which is quite different from reality. To quantify the ITZ percolation associated with the polydispersity of aggregate shapes and size gradations in a more realistic way, the two-dimensional (2D) meso-scale model of concrete is generated by simplifying coarse aggregates and fine aggregates as polygons and ovals, respectively. Moreover, the size gradations of them are also represented by two separate expressions. By combining these models with percolation theory, the percolation of ITZ in the 2D case is explicitly simulated, and the influence of aggregate shape- and size-diversities on the critical threshold ϕagg,c is studied in detail. Based on the simulated results of ϕagg,c, an empirically analytical expression is further proposed to fast predict the ITZ percolation, and its reliability is verified. The results show that the ITZ thickness, average aggregate fineness, coarse aggregate shape, and fine aggregate shapes are the four main contributing factors to the ITZ percolation. Compared with the existing literature, the proposed model here has a broader range of applications (e.g., mortar, concrete, and other granular systems) in the 2D case and can provide the larger predicted results, which may be closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Hebei Province Engineering Research Center for Harmless Synergistic Treatment and Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
| | - Qingxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
- Hebei Province Engineering Research Center for Harmless Synergistic Treatment and Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China
| | - Huisu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Mingqi Li
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Lili Yuan
- Shenzhen Guoyi Park Construction Co., Ltd., Research and Development Center, Shenzhen 518040, China
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Knightes CD. Simulating Hypoxia in a New England Estuary: WASP8 Advanced Eutrophication Module (Narragansett Bay, RI, USA). Water (Basel) 2023; 15:1-23. [PMID: 37035121 PMCID: PMC10077877 DOI: 10.3390/w15061204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic sources of nutrients cause eutrophication in coastal waters. Narraganset Bay (USA), the largest estuary in New England, has large seasonal zones of hypoxia. In response, management strategies have been implemented to reduce nutrient loadings. In this study, a mechanistic, mass balance fate and transport modeling framework was developed and applied to Narragansett Bay to improve our understanding of the processes governing hypoxia. Discrete and continuous observations were used for model comparison and evaluation. Simulations captured the general trends and patterns in dissolved oxygen (DO) with depth and space. Simulations were unable to capture the wide diurnal range of observed continuous DO and phytoplankton concentrations, potentially suggesting the need for improved understanding of processes at this time scale. Mechanistic modelling scenarios were performed to investigate how different sources of nutrients affect DO. Results suggest tributary sources of nitrogen affected upper layers of DO, while sediment oxygen demand and nutrient fluxes affected deeper waters. This work highlights the importance of understanding and simulating the legacy effects of historic nutrient loading to estuary systems to understand the magnitude and timing of long-term recovery due to reductions in nutrient loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Knightes
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
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Friedmann E, Dörsam S, Auffarth GU. Models and Algorithms for the Refinement of Therapeutic Approaches for Retinal Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36900119 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We are developing a Virtual Eye for in silico therapies to accelerate research and drug development. In this paper, we present a model for drug distribution in the vitreous body that enables personalized therapy in ophthalmology. The standard treatment for age-related macular degeneration is anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs administered by repeated injections. The treatment is risky, unpopular with patients, and some of them are unresponsive with no alternative treatment. Much attention is paid to the efficacy of these drugs, and many efforts are being made to improve them. We are designing a mathematical model and performing long-term three-dimensional Finite Element simulations for drug distribution in the human eye to gain new insights in the underlying processes using computational experiments. The underlying model consists of a time-dependent convection-diffusion equation for the drug coupled with a steady-state Darcy equation describing the flow of aqueous humor through the vitreous medium. The influence of collagen fibers in the vitreous on drug distribution is included by anisotropic diffusion and the gravity via an additional transport term. The resulting coupled model was solved in a decoupled way: first the Darcy equation with mixed finite elements, then the convection-diffusion equation with trilinear Lagrange elements. Krylov subspace methods are used to solve the resulting algebraic system. To cope with the large time steps resulting from the simulations over 30 days (operation time of 1 anti-VEGF injection), we apply the strong A-stable fractional step theta scheme. Using this strategy, we compute a good approximation to the solution that converges quadratically in both time and space. The developed simulations were used for the therapy optimization, for which specific output functionals are evaluated. We show that the effect of gravity on drug distribution is negligible, that the optimal pair of injection angles is (50∘,50∘), that larger angles can result in 38% less drug at the macula, and that in the best case only 40% of the drug reaches the macula while the rest escapes, e.g., through the retina, that by using heavier drug molecules, more of the drug concentration reaches the macula in an average of 30 days. As a refined therapy, we have found that for longer-acting drugs, the injection should be made in the center of the vitreous, and for more intensive initial treatment, the drug should be injected even closer to the macula. In this way, we can perform accurate and efficient treatment testing, calculate the optimal injection position, perform drug comparison, and quantify the effectiveness of the therapy using the developed functionals. We describe the first steps towards virtual exploration and improvement of therapy for retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.
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Alkhadhr S, Almekkawy M. Wave Equation Modeling via Physics-Informed Neural Networks: Models of Soft and Hard Constraints for Initial and Boundary Conditions. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2792. [PMID: 36904994 PMCID: PMC10007620 DOI: 10.3390/s23052792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic ultrasound waves are the main instruments used in many noninvasive clinical procedures. They are continuously transforming medical treatments through mechanical and thermal effects. To allow for effective and safe delivery of ultrasound waves, numerical modeling methods such as the Finite Difference Method (FDM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) are used. However, modeling the acoustic wave equation can result in several computational complications. In this work, we study the accuracy of using Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) to solve the wave equation when applying different combinations of initial and boundary conditions (ICs and BCs) constraints. By exploiting the mesh-free nature of PINNs and their prediction speed, we specifically model the wave equation with a continuous time-dependent point source function. Four main models are designed and studied to monitor the effects of soft or hard constraints on the prediction accuracy and performance. The predicted solutions in all the models were compared to an FDM solution for prediction error estimation. The trials of this work reveal that the wave equation modeled by a PINN with soft IC and BC (soft-soft) constraints reflects the lowest prediction error among the four combinations of constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaikhah Alkhadhr
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Information Science Department, Sabah AlSalem University City, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 25944, Safat 1320, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Almekkawy
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Klimczak M, Tekieli M, Zieliński P, Strzępek M. DIC-Enhanced Identification of Bodner-Partom Model Parameters for Bitumen Binder. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1856. [PMID: 36902973 PMCID: PMC10003832 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen binder is a component of asphalt mixtures that are commonly used as the materials constituting the upper layers of a pavement's structure. Its main role is to cover all the remaining constituents (aggregate, filler and other possible additives) and create a stable matrix, in which they are embedded due to the adhesion forces. The long-term performance of bitumen binder is crucial to the holistic behavior of the layer made of the asphalt mixture. In this study, we use the respective methodology to identify the parameters of the well-established Bodner-Partom material model. For the purposes of its parameters identification, we carry out a number of the uniaxial tensile tests with different strain rates. The whole process is enhanced with a digital image correlation (DIC) to capture the material response in a reliable way and to provide deeper insight into the experiment results. The obtained model parameters were used to compute numerically the material response using the Bodner-Partom model. Good agreement between the experimental and numerical results was observed. The maximum error for the elongation rates equal to 6 mm/min and 50 mm/min is of order of 10%. The novel aspects of this paper are as follows: the application of the Bodner-Partom model to the bitumen binder analysis and the DIC-enhancement of the laboratory experiment.
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Makaroff SN, Nguyen H, Meng Q, Lu H, Nummenmaa AR, Deng ZD. Modeling transcranial magnetic stimulation coil with magnetic cores. J Neural Eng 2023; 20:016028. [PMID: 36548994 PMCID: PMC10481791 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acae0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Accurate modeling of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coils with the magnetic core is largely an open problem since commercial (quasi) magnetostatic solvers do not output specific field characteristics (e.g. induced electric field) and have difficulties when incorporating realistic head models. Many open-source TMS softwares do not include magnetic cores into consideration. This present study reports an algorithm for modeling TMS coils with a (nonlinear) magnetic core and validates the algorithm through comparison with finite-element method simulations and experiments.Approach.The algorithm uses the boundary element fast multipole method applied to all facets of a tetrahedral core mesh for a single-state solution and the successive substitution method for nonlinear convergence of the subsequent core states. The algorithm also outputs coil inductances, with or without magnetic cores. The coil-core combination is solved only once i.e. before incorporating the head model. The resulting primary TMS electric field is proportional to the total vector potential in the quasistatic approximation; it therefore also employs the precomputed core magnetization.Main results.The solver demonstrates excellent convergence for typical TMS field strengths and for analyticalB-Happroximations of experimental magnetization curves such as Froelich's equation or an arctangent equation. Typical execution times are 1-3 min on a common multicore workstation. For a simple test case of a cylindrical core within a one-turn coil, our solver computed the small-signal inductance nearly identical to that from ANSYS Maxwell. For a multiturn rodent TMS coil with a core, the modeled inductance matched the experimental measured value to within 5%.Significance.Incorporating magnetic core in TMS coil design has advantages of field shaping and energy efficiency. Our software package can facilitate model-informed design of more efficiency TMS systems and guide selection of core material. These models can also inform dosing with existing clinical TMS systems that use magnetic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N Makaroff
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA,
United States of America
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Section, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse
Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
of America
| | - Qinglei Meng
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Section, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse
Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
of America
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hanbing Lu
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Section, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse
Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
of America
| | - Aapo R Nummenmaa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Zhi-De Deng
- Computational Neurostimulation Research Program, Noninvasive
Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch,
National Institute of Mental Health Intramural
Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD,
United States of America
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Malewski A, Kozłowski M, Podwórny J, Środa M, Sumelka W. Developments on Constitutive Material Model for Architectural Soda-Lime Silicate (SLS) Glass and Evaluation of Key Modelling Parameters. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:397. [PMID: 36614739 PMCID: PMC9822069 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Architectural soda-lime silicate glass (SLS) is increasingly taking on complex shapes that require more detailed numerical analysis. Glass modeling is a thoroughly described topic with validated constitutive models. However, these models require a number of precise material parameters for SLS glass, and these are very sensitive to changes in glass composition. The currently available information is based on SLS glass tested in the late 1990s. As a result, most current publications are based on the above data. The object of this work was to analyze the available sources and update the information on selected key parameters for modeling. Using the currently utilized SLS glass in construction, the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), glass transition temperature, and the Young's modulus have been experimentally investigated. The updated material parameters will allow for more accurate modeling of the SLS glass currently used in construction, and in consequence will make the prototyping process for glass with complex geometries possible to be transferred from the production stage to the design stage, resulting in shorter production times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Malewski
- Institute of Structural Analysis, Poznan University of Technology, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Kozłowski
- Department of Structural Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jacek Podwórny
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Refractory Materials Lab, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marcin Środa
- Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sumelka
- Institute of Structural Analysis, Poznan University of Technology, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
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Ni P, Farinelli WA, Cheng LL, Farrar CT, Motamarry A, Moradi Tuchayi S, Wang Y, Anderson RR, Garibyan L. Total ice content and lipid saturation determine adipose tissue cryolipolysis by injection of ice-slurry. Lasers Surg Med 2023; 55:116-125. [PMID: 35598082 PMCID: PMC9676409 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cryolipolysis uses tissue cooling to solidify lipids, preferentially damaging lipid-rich cells. Topical cooling is popular for the reduction of local subcutaneous fat. Injection of biocompatible ice-slurry is a recently introduced alternative. We developed and verified a quantitative model that simulates the heat exchange and phase changes involved, offering insights into ice-slurry injection for treating subcutaneous fat. METHODS Finite element method was used to model the spatial and temporal progression of heat transfer between adipose tissue and injected ice-slurry, estimating dose-response relationships between properties of the slurry and size of tissue affected by cryolipolysis. Phase changes of both slurry and adipose tissue lipids were considered. An in vivo swine model was used to validate the numerical solutions. Oils with different lipid compositions were exposed to ice-slurry in vitro to evaluate the effects of lipid freezing temperature. Microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were performed to detect lipid phase changes. RESULTS A ball of granular ice was deposited at the injection site in subcutaneous fat. Total injected ice content determines both the effective cooling region of tissue, and the duration of tissue cooling. Water's high latent heat of fusion enables tissue cooling long after slurry injection. Slurry temperature affects the rate of tissue cooling. In swine, when 30 ml slurry injection at -3.5°C was compared to 15 ml slurry injection at -4.8°C (both with the same total ice content), the latter led to almost twice faster tissue cooling. NMR showed a large decrease in diffusion upon lipid crystallization; saturated lipids with higher freezing temperatures were more susceptible to solidification after ice-slurry injection. CONCLUSIONS Total injected ice content determines both the volume of tissue treated by cryolipolysis and the cooling duration after slurry injection, while slurry temperature affects the cooling rate. Lipid saturation, which varies with diet and anatomic location, also has an important influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Ni
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William A. Farinelli
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo L. Cheng
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian T. Farrar
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anjan Motamarry
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Moradi Tuchayi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R. Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lilit Garibyan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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