1
|
Eweida RS, Abdelwahab Khedr M, Hussein RM. A comparative study of old versus novel psychoactive substances on craving, perceived stigma and suicidal risk among rural-dwelling patients with substance abuse. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38661238 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: According to recent estimates, 10.4% of adults are patients with substance abuse, which is almost double the global rate. Rural areas are typically marginalized, compounded by a lack of access to mental health care, creating a startling disparity in suffering from drug use issues among rural cohorts. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Drawing on data from a descriptive comparative design would provide a distinctive picture related to the similarities and/or differences in relation to craving and how it affects perceived stigma and suicidal risk among patients using old versus novel psychoactive substances. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Substance abuse is a leading public health concern that forces nurses to encompass it into their agendas to tackle this looming problem. Addiction rehabilitation services are frequently run by nurses. They are well-versed in supporting patients during their journey to recovery and enabling them to adjust to a new lifestyle. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Substance use disorder is a leading public health concern that currently, nations regulatory agencies are grappled with. The noticeable difference in the chemical structures between old and novel psychoactive substances can result in significant clinical complications among patients with substance abuse. AIM The study aims to compare substance craving, perceived stigma and suicidal risk among patients addicted to old and novel psychoactive substances (NPS). METHOD A descriptive comparative design was adopted on a sample of 105 patients with substance use who completed The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), The Perceived Stigma of Addiction Scale (PSAS) and Suicide Probability Scale (SPS). DISCUSSION Most participants were male, with 89.5% in the old addictive substance group and 93.8% in the new addictive substance group. A statistically significant difference in the NPS groups' perceptions of stigma (23.4 ± 5.3) compared to the old addictive substance group (20.6 ± 4.2), (t = 3.037, p = .003). IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE Participants in the new substance group report more suicidal ideation, negative self-evaluation and hostility than those in the old substance group. Policies and practices should be tailored to the type of drug used and potential risk factors to avoid suicide among patients with substance abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Salah Eweida
- Psychiatric and Mental Health Specialty, Nursing Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Manama, Bahrain
- Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abdelwahab Khedr
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Hafr Albatin University, Hafr Albatin, Saudi Arabia
- Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rasha Mohamed Hussein
- Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health and Community Health, College of Nursing, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo T, Xu S, Zhang K. Policies for recovery from drug use: Differences between public stigma and perceived stigma and associated factors. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024. [PMID: 38326226 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Public stigma towards people who use drugs is widespread and places obstacles in way of their recovery. Previous studies have used different approaches to measure public stigma, resulting in a notable gap in the understanding of the relationship between it and its associated factors. Some studies measure public stigma by assessing stigma perceived by those who use drugs, while others investigate attitudes towards them among the general public. This study aimed to compare perceived and public stigma, and factors related to these two variables. METHODS The study comprised a cross-sectional survey in China of two samples: males who used drugs (N = 257) and the general public (N = 376). The survey assessed demographic variables, social distance, public stigma and perceived stigma of those who use drugs. The data were analysed using t-tests and linear regression. RESULTS Public stigma was significantly higher than perceived stigma. The findings indicated that gender, knowledge of drugs, family relationships with people who use drugs, attributions of drug use and social distance were significantly related to levels of public stigma. Among those who use drugs, perceived stigma was significantly correlated with age, marital status, duration of drug abstinence and social distance. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that public stigma undermines the recovery of people who use drugs and highlight the importance of interaction between them and the social environment. The study also underscores the necessity of developing policies to enhance their integration into mainstream culture and provide access to social support and life activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Luo
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shuping Xu
- Department of Social Work, East China University of Political Science & Law, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Social Work, East China University of Political Science & Law, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou T, Chen Q, Zhong X. A Study of the Relationship between Men Who Have Sex with Men Stigma and Depression: A Moderated Mediation Model. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2849. [PMID: 37957994 PMCID: PMC10648211 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11212849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a high prevalence of depression due to stigma. However, whether resilience and social support play a moderating role in the effects of stigma on depression remains to be tested. This study constructed a moderated mediation model to explore the mediating role of perceived stigma in the relationship between enacted stigma and depression and whether this relationship is moderated by social support. (2) Methods: MSM were recruited during November-December 2022 using a non-probability sampling method, and a total of 1091 participants were included. Enacted stigma, perceived stigma, resilience, social support, and depressive symptoms were measured. Mediation and moderated mediation models were used to analyze the relationships between these variables. (3) Results: Moderated mediation analyses show that enacted stigma indirectly affects depression through perceived stigma (β = 0.315, 95% confidence interval = 0.221 to 0.421). Social support had a positive moderating effect between enacted stigma and depressive symptoms (β = 0.194, p < 0.001) and a negative moderating effect between perceived stigma and depressive symptoms (β = -0.188, p < 0.001). (4) Resilience and perceived stigma mediated the relationship between enacted stigma and depression, and the relationship between enacted stigma, perceived stigma, and depression was moderated by social support. Reducing stigma while increasing social support has the potential to alleviate depressive symptoms among Chinese MSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoni Zhong
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (T.Z.); (Q.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan Y, Jin J, Bi X, Geng H, Li S, Zhou C. Gender-Specific Association Between Perceived Stigma Toward Tuberculosis and Acceptance of Preventive Treatment Among College Students With Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Cross-Sectional Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e43972. [PMID: 37314847 DOI: 10.2196/43972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing enrollment scale of colleges, the number of students on campus has risen sharply in China. The number of students with tuberculosis (TB) and rifampicin-resistant TB in colleges has increased significantly. Preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an important means for TB prevention and control in colleges. At present, the acceptance of LTBI treatment among college students remains unclear. In addition, evidence shows stigma may be one of the key factors affecting acceptance of LTBI treatment. To date, there is little direct evidence on the gender-specific association between perceived stigma toward TB and acceptance of LTBI treatment among college students. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the acceptance of LTBI treatment among college students in an eastern province of China to explore the association between perceived stigma toward TB and acceptance of LTBI treatment and to examine the moderating effect of gender on the association. METHODS Data were derived from the project on the evaluation of LTBI treatment and its effectiveness among college students in Shandong, China. In total, 1547 college students were included in the analysis. We considered covariates at the individual and family levels. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was used to examine the moderating role of gender and also explore the association between perceived stigma toward TB and acceptance of LTBI treatment. RESULTS The acceptance rate of LTBI treatment among the diagnosed college students was 46.7% (n=723). The proportion of female students (n=361, 51.5%) accepting LTBI treatment was higher than that of male students (n=362, 42.8%; P=.001). There was an interaction between perceived stigma toward TB and gender (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-1.00; P=.06). Among college students with LTBI, perceived stigma toward TB was positively associated with acceptance of preventive treatment (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.08, P=.05). Perceived stigma toward TB was positively associated with accepting LTBI treatment only among male students (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.12; P=.005). CONCLUSIONS The acceptance rate of preventive treatment among college students with LTBI was low. Contrary to our expectations, perceived stigma toward TB was positively associated with acceptance of preventive treatment. Gender moderated this association; high perceived stigma toward TB was associated with acceptance of preventive treatment only in male gender. Gender-specific strategies are effective in improving the acceptability of LTBI treatment in colleges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yemin Yuan
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Prevention and Control, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuli Bi
- Department of Prevention and Control, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Geng
- Department of Prevention and Control, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan, China
| | - Shixue Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengchao Zhou
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nigussie K, Tesfaye D, Bete T, Asfaw H. Perceived stigma, common mental disorders and associated factors among primary caregivers of adult patients with mental illness attending at public hospitals, Harari regional state, Eastern Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1024228. [PMID: 36935723 PMCID: PMC10017855 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1024228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Giving care to someone who is experiencing mental distress is a difficult and challenging task that could be detrimental to the caregiver's overall quality of life. Numerous studies show that caregivers frequently experience mental distress and feel stigmatized. However, there is limited study done on this topic in our country. Objective To determine the magnitude and associated factors of perceived stigma and common mental disorder among primary caregivers of adults with mental illness in public hospitals at Harari regional state, Eastern Ethiopia, 2022. Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted. A total of 419 participants were recruited by a systematic random sampling technique. The data was collected by using a face-to-face interview and by reviewing patients' charts. Perceived stigma and common mental disorder were assessed by Family Interview Schedule and Self-Reporting Questionnaire, respectively. Epi-data version 4.6.2 was used to enter data, and SPSS version 20 was used to analyze. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were performed. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Result The magnitude of perceived stigma and common mental disorder were 42.5% (95% CI, 37.7-47.3) and 39.4% (95% CI, 34.8-44.0) respectively. Age of caregiver between 26 and 33 [AOR = 3.13, 95% CI: (1.71-8.93)], no formal education [AOR = 3.85, 95% CI: (1.81-8.15)], illness duration ≥7 years [AOR = 1.93, 95% CI: (1.04-3.57)], family history of mental illness [AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: (1.09-3.39)] and poor social support [AOR = 4.87, 95% CI: (3.74-12.71)] were significantly associated with perceived stigma. Being female [AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: (1.31-3.34)], having no formal education [AOR = 4.04, 95% CI: (2.15-10.01)], having a family history of mental illness [AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: (1.29-4.00)], having comorbid other illness [AOR = 2.13, 95% CI: (1.15-3.94)], and having poor social support [AOR = 4.58, 95% CI: (2.53-8.28)] were significantly associated with common mental disorder. Conclusion The magnitude of perceived stigma and common mental disorder was high among primary caregivers of patients with mental illness compared with other studies. Age of caregiver between 26 and 33, no formal education, duration of illness ≥7 years, family history of mental illness and poor social support were associated with perceived stigma and being female, no formal education, family history of mental illness, comorbid other illness and poor social support were associated with common mental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kabtamu Nigussie
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Henock Asfaw
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdul Taib NI, Nik Jaafar NR, Azman N, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI, Mohamad Kamal NA, Baharudin A, Bin Abdullah MN, Chidambaram SK, Adlan A, Tan LH, Tamilselvam S, Mohamed Said MS, Abd Samad A, Binti Dollah SN. Stigma, Sociodemographic Factors, and Clinical Factors Associated with Psychological Distress among COVID-19 Survivors during the Convalescence Period: A Multi-Centre Study in Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3795. [PMID: 36900807 PMCID: PMC10000815 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High rates of psychological distress among COVID-19 survivors and stigmatisation have been reported in both early and late convalescence. This study aimed to compare the severity of psychological distress and to determine the associations among sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, stigma, and psychological distress among COVID-19 survivors across two different cohorts at two different time points. Data were collected cross-sectionally in two groups at one month and six months post-hospitalisation among COVID-19 patient from three hospitals in Malaysia. This study assessed psychological distress and the level of stigma using the Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) and the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) stigma scale, respectively. At one month after discharge, significantly lower psychological distress was found among retirees (B = -2.207, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = -4.139 to -0.068, p = 0.034), those who received up to primary education (B = -2.474, 95% CI = -4.500 to -0.521, p = 0.014), and those who had an income of more than RM 10,000 per month (B = -1.576, 95% CI = -2.714 to -0.505, p = 0.006). Moreover, those with a history of psychiatric illness [one month: (B = 6.363, 95% CI = 2.599 to 9.676, p = 0.002), six months: (B = 2.887, CI = 0.469-6.437, p = 0.038)] and sought counselling services [one month: (B = 1.737, 95% CI = 0.385 to 3.117, p = 0.016), six months: (B = 1.480, CI = 0.173-2.618, p = 0.032)] had a significantly higher severity of psychological distress at one month and six months after discharge from the hospital. The perceived stigma of being infected with COVID-19 contributed to greater severity of psychological distress. (B = 0.197, CI = 0.089-0.300, p = 0.002). Different factors may affect psychological distress at different periods of convalescence after a COVID-19 infection. A persistent stigma contributed to psychological distress later in the convalescence period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Iwana Abdul Taib
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia
| | - Nik Ruzyanei Nik Jaafar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Azman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | | | - Nurul Ain Mohamad Kamal
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Azlin Baharudin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Najib Bin Abdullah
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar Chidambaram
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Alif Adlan
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Loong Hui Tan
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Satya Tamilselvam
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrir Mohamed Said
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Anuar Abd Samad
- Health Technology Assessment Section, Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abu-Sharkia S, Taubman - Ben-Ari O, Mofareh A. Personal Growth and Life Satisfaction during Fertility Treatment-A Comparison between Arab and Jewish Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2187. [PMID: 36767553 PMCID: PMC9915886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coping with difficulty conceiving and the ensuing fertility treatments is a stressful experience that impacts many aspects of women's lives. On the basis of Lazarus and Folkman's model of stress and coping and Schaefer and Moos's model of personal growth, and in view of the sparse literature on cultural aspects of infertility and personal growth, this study examined the relationship between stress on the one hand and personal growth and life satisfaction on the other among Arab and Jewish Israeli women. Furthermore, it investigated the moderating role played by perceived stigma, coping flexibility, cultural orientation (individualism and collectivism), and ethnicity. Two hundred five Arab and Jewish Israeli women undergoing fertility treatment completed self-report questionnaires. The results show that Arab women reported higher levels of personal growth and individualism than Jewish women. In the whole sample, a linear negative relationship was found between stress and life satisfaction, and a curvilinear relationship was found between stress and personal growth. In addition, perceived stigma, collectivism, individualism, and coping flexibility were found to moderate the association between perceived stress and personal growth. The findings provide further understanding of personal growth in the context of infertility, showing that personal resources and perceptions are more important than cultural differences in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salam Abu-Sharkia
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Orit Taubman - Ben-Ari
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ali Mofareh
- Clalit Health Services (Kupat Holim Clalit), Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Y, Dai Z, Xiao W, Wang H, Huang Y, Si M, Fu J, Chen X, Jia M, Leng Z, Cui D, Mak WWS, Su X. Perceived stigma among discharged patients of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A latent profile analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1111900. [PMID: 37026126 PMCID: PMC10070756 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Perceived stigma has greatly influenced the life quality of the COVID-19 patients who recovered and were discharged (RD hereafter). It is essential to understand COVID-19 stigma of RD and its related risk factors. The current study aims to identify the characteristics of perceived COVID-19 stigma in RD using latent profile analysis (LPA), to explore its psycho-social influencing factors, and to determine the cut-off point of the stigma scale using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among COVID-19 RD in 13 communities in Jianghan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China from June 10 to July 25, 2021, enrolling total 1,297 participants. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, COVID-19 perceived stigma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, fatigue, resilience, social support, and peace of mind. LPA was performed to identify different profiles of perceived COVID-19 stigma level. Univariate analysis and multinominal logistic regression analysis were conducted to explore the influencing factors in different profiles. ROC analyses was carried out to identify the cut-off value of perceived stigma. Results Among the participants, three profiles of perceived stigma were identified: "low perceived COVID-19 stigma" (12.8%), "moderate perceived COVID-19 stigma" (51.1%), and "severe perceived COVID-19 stigma" (36.1%). Multinominal logistic regression analysis revealed that older age, living with other people, anxiety, and sleep disorder were positively associated with moderate perceived COVID-19 stigma, while higher educational level was negatively associated with moderate perceived COVID-19 stigma. Female, older age, living with other people, anxiety, and sleep disorder were positively associated with severe perceived COVID-19 stigma, while higher educational level, social support, and peace of mind were negatively associated with severe perceived COVID-19 stigma. ROC curve of the Short Version of COVID-19 Stigma Scale (CSS-S) for screening perceived COVID-19 stigma showed that the optimal cut-off value was ≥ 20. Conclusion The study focuses on the issue of perceived COVID-19 stigma and its psycho-socio influencing factors. It provides evidence for implementing relevant psychological interventions to COVID-19 RD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Wu
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwei Dai
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Xiao
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiman Huang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyu Si
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Leng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Winnie W. S. Mak
- Department of Psychology, Diversity and Well-Being Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyou Su
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyou Su,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Masa R, Zimba M, Tamta M, Zimba G, Zulu G. The Association of Perceived, Internalized, and Enacted HIV Stigma With Medication Adherence, Barriers to Adherence, and Mental Health Among Young People Living With HIV in Zambia. Stigma Health 2022; 7:443-453. [PMID: 36408093 PMCID: PMC9673916 DOI: 10.1037/sah0000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the independent effects of different manifestations of HIV stigma experiences on health outcomes among youth living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries. We examined the association of internalized, enacted, and perceived HIV stigmas with medication adherence, self-esteem, depression, and barriers to adherence. Young people living with HIV aged 18-21 years (N = 120) were purposively sampled from two health facilities in Eastern Province, Zambia, and completed self-report measures. Results indicated heterogeneous associations. Internalized HIV stigma was positively associated with depression and negatively associated with adherence, adherence motivation, behavioral adherence skills, and self-esteem. Perceived stigma was negatively associated with self-esteem. No significant association was observed between enacted stigma and health outcomes. The complexity of HIV stigma requires a precise explication of the associations among different HIV stigma experiences and outcomes, which can inform the development of stigma reduction interventions targeting one or more stigma experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainier Masa
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Global Social Development Innovations, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, NC
- Centre for Social Development in Africa, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Mathias Zimba
- Rising Fountains Development Program, Lundazi District, Zambia
| | - Mohit Tamta
- Global Social Development Innovations, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gilbert Zimba
- Rising Fountains Development Program, Lundazi District, Zambia
| | - Graham Zulu
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Global Social Development Innovations, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Wan J, Ji L, Liu G, Shi Y, Zhao J, Li X. Does HIV-Related Stigma Depress Social Well-Being of Youths Affected by Parental HIV/AIDS? Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:898543. [PMID: 35815026 PMCID: PMC9260187 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.898543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental illness or death due to HIV/AIDS has long-term impacts on children's social well-being, potentially challenging the children's basic developmental needs and future. Based on the theoretical model of social well-being, the present study tested a moderated mediation model that HIV-related stigma moderated the mediating role of social trust on the relationship between perceived social support (PSS) and social well-being. A sample of 297 youths aged 20-30 years affected by parental HIV/AIDS (57.2% male), including 129 (43.40%) AIDS orphans and 168 vulnerable youths (56.60%) completed questionnaires of perceived social support, social well-being, social trust, and HIV-related stigma. IBM SPSS 25.0 was used to conduct descriptive statistics and multiple regressions. Results showed that the mean score of PSS was 61.34 (SD = 13.99), social well-being was 57.33 (SD = 10.15), social trust was 56.21 (SD = 11.55), perceived stigma was 64.44 (SD = 16.72), and enacted stigma was 21.91 (SD = 9.73) among youths affected by parental HIV/AIDS and the PSS could predict increasing social well-being via increasing social trust. Moreover, the positive influence of PSS on social trust was moderated by the enacted stigma (p = 0.03), in which the positive influence was stronger among youths affected by parental HIV/AIDS who perceived or experienced low enacted stigma than those who perceived or experienced high enacted stigma. The positive impact of social trust on social well-being was moderated by perceived stigma (p = 0.04), in which the positive impact was more significant among youths affected by parental HIV/AIDS who perceived or experienced high perceived stigma than those who perceived or experienced low perceived stigma. These findings explained how and when the PSS affected social well-being and contributed toward an understanding of the experiences and perceptions of HIV-related stigma among youths affected by parental HIV/AIDS. This understanding may inform future research and policies toward improving the social well-being of youths affected by parental HIV/AIDS. The study also highlighted the importance of strengthening interventions on social relations and reducing HIV-related stigma for them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhang
- School of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wan
- School of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lili Ji
- School of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Gaigai Liu
- School of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yixin Shi
- School of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- School of Psychology, Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao S, Ren L, Wang Q, Long M, Wu H, Wang Y. Predictors of prolonged grief disorder in Chinese elderly shidu parents: The role of perceived stigma and perceived stress. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2022; 14:e12489. [PMID: 34590778 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parents who have lost their only child and over the age of 60 are known as elderly shidu parents. This study aimed to investigate predictors of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) among Chinese elderly shidu parents. METHODS Two hundred and ninety-eight elderly shidu parents from Shenyang were included in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed a questionnaire including the Prolonged Grief questionnaire-13 (PG-13), the PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales (CES-D), the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10). Multiple linear regression was used to examine socio-demographic, bereavement-related and perceived stress associated with PGD symptoms. RESULTS The prevalence of PGD among Chinese elderly shidu parents was 13.8%. Among the 41 PGD patients, 29, 39, 36 patients had comorbidity of PTSD, depressive symptoms and anxiety, respectively. Perceived stress, higher educational level, lower annual household income, perceived stigma, violent death of the child, and being in debt were associated with severer PGD symptoms. DISCUSSION The present study revealed the prevalence of PGD and the important role of PGD in diagnosing other mental disorders in Chinese elderly shidu parents. Providing financial help, eliminating social stigma, and stress should be included in PGD prevention among Chinese elderly shidu parents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Longfei Ren
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meijun Long
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zeng Y, Han L, Cheng Y, Jia CX. How Anti-Substance Abuse Campaigns Influence Substance Abusers' Psychological Health in Chinese Communities: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stigma. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19116687. [PMID: 35682271 PMCID: PMC9180135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study explored how anti-substance abuse campaigns influence substance abusers' psychological health through the perception of stigma. The study is based on a sample of substance abusers who received community-based treatments (n = 3457) and used structural equation modeling to estimate the role of perceived stigma in mediating between perceptions of overstatement of harm conveyed in anti-substance abuse campaigns and psychological outcomes. The results revealed that substance abusers' perception of overstatement of the harm caused by the substances and substance abusers enhanced their perceived stigma and impaired their psychological health in terms of anxiety, depression, and somatization, through both direct and indirect pathways. The results advocate for proper strategies in the design of anti-substance abuse campaigns. Possible initiatives to reduce substance abusers' perceived stigma are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zeng
- School of Economics and Statistics, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Department of Social Work, School of Public Administration, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Li Han
- Department of Social Work, School of Public Administration, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Education Science and Law, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423043, China
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.X.J.)
| | - Cindy Xinshan Jia
- Department of Social Work, School of Public Administration, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.X.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kuang K, Zhao X, Basnyat I, He T. From Offline to Online: Understanding Chinese Single Mothers' Uncertainty Management in Interpersonal and Online Contexts. Front Psychol 2022; 13:845760. [PMID: 35602739 PMCID: PMC9120956 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.845760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Divorced and unwed single motherhood is heavily stigmatized in Chinese cultural context, preventing Chinese single mothers from actively seeking the information and support needed and negatively impacting their wellbeing. Drawing on the theory of motivated information management (TMIM), this study tested how perceived stigma and cultural norms influenced Chinese single mothers’ search for information and social support from families, friends as well as from online communities. Using two-wave data collected from 226 single mothers, findings support the utility of the TMIM in explaining information management and support seeking behaviors and contribute to situating the TMIM process within larger socio-cultural contexts. Practical implications regarding how to facilitate more effective uncertainty management and enhance Chinese single mothers’ wellbeing in interpersonal vs. online contexts are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kuang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhao
- School of Journalism and Communication, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Iccha Basnyat
- Global Affairs Program, Department of Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Tianping He
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pompeo-Fargnoli A. Mental health stigma among college students: misperceptions of perceived and personal stigmas. J Am Coll Health 2022; 70:1030-1039. [PMID: 32703102 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1784904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between college student perceived and personal mental health stigmas. Participants: A sample of 352 undergraduate college students from two large Universities in the Eastern United States was utilized. Methodology: A self-report anonymous online survey was utilized. The survey contained demographics as well as questions to assess participant levels of perceived stigma, personal stigma, and social desirability.ResultsResults revealed that college student perceived stigma was significantly greater than personal stigma, and that perceived stigma and personal stigma were significantly and positively correlated. Conclusions: Overall findings suggest a misperception of campus mental health stigma levels. Based upon these student misperceptions of stigma, best practices for addressing stigma within the clinical setting are discussed. Overall implications for college counseling centers are presented, including campus outreach strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Pompeo-Fargnoli
- Department of Educational Counseling and Leadership, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Li S, Gong J, Cao L, Xu D, Yu Q, Wang X, Chen Y. Perceived Stigma and Self-Efficacy of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Related Stoma in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:813367. [PMID: 35252252 PMCID: PMC8888524 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.813367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related stoma face physical, psychological, and social adjustment challenges. However, knowledge about stigmatization and self-management, which is important for clinical care and patient education strategies, is lacking. Objective To evaluate the level of stigma and self-management ability of Chinese patients with IBD-related stoma using an online questionnaire. Methods Participants were recruited from two general hospitals in mainland China and the internet platforms of the China Crohn's and Colitis Foundation (CCCF). Participants completed a questionnaire, which gathered data on sociodemographic, clinical, and experience in online groups, self-efficacy scale, and social impact scale. The influencing factors of self-efficacy and perceived stigma were assessed by stepwise multivariate regression analyses. Results One hundred and seventy-six respondents were included. Most of the respondents (78/176, 44.32%) spent between 500 and 999 RMB ($77–153) on ostomy care accessories monthly. Three patients reported using homemade ostomy products. The average score on the self-efficacy scale was 75.79 ± 23.91, which reflected a moderate level of self-efficacy, and 69 (39.2%) respondents had low-level self-efficacy. The average social impact scale score was 62.76 ± 12.69, which reflected a moderate level of perceived stigma. Forty-three (24.43%) patients experienced severe levels of perceived stigma. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis revealed that self-efficacy was associated with educational level (P = 0.007), whereas stigma was associated with nursing privacy (P = 0.021) and acceptance by the closest person (P = 0.005). A total of 91% of respondents who participated in online peer support groups believed the groups were helpful for disease management. Conclusions Chinese patients with IBD-related stoma reported a moderate degree of perceived stigma; their level of self-efficacy was low to moderate. High educational level was associated with high self-efficacy. Notably, acceptance of the stoma by the closest person was an influencing factor protecting patients from perceived stigma. Interventions aimed at improving patient education, reducing economic burden, and strengthening social support should be considered to help improve the living conditions of patients with IBD-related stoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital: East Region Military Command General Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingting Xu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Yu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Harris MN, Baumann ML, Teasdale B, Link BG. Estimating the Relationship Between Perceived Stigma and Victimization of People With Mental Illness. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP1226-NP1252. [PMID: 32517566 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520926326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, we have substantially increased our understanding of violence committed by individuals with mental illness, while comparatively less is known about the victimization experiences of this population. What has been established in the literature is that individuals with mental illness are more likely to experience victimization than the general public, and certain risk factors influence the likelihood of victimization. What remains unexplored is the possibility that a person with mental illness' perception that mental illness is stigmatized may be significantly associated with victimization experiences. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to examine whether stigma and victimization are associated, and in what direction. In other words, does perceived stigma lead to victimization? Or does victimization lead to perceived stigma? To assess these research questions, data from the Community Outcomes of Assisted Outpatient Treatment study are used, which is a longitudinal study of individuals with serious mental illness (n = 184). A variety of methods are employed to assess the association between victimization and perceived stigma including logistic and ordinary least squares regression models. Results from the logistic regression model indicate that perceived stigma is associated with an increase in the odds that a person with mental illness will experience victimization at later follow-ups. Results from the ordinary least squares regression analysis, however, show that victimization at baseline does not predict perceived stigma at later times. Implications regarding future research and clinical practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Harris
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
- The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Han L, Jia CX. Treatments, Perceived Stigma, and Employment Outcomes among Substance Abusers in China. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:130. [PMID: 35052293 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Employment is a vital component of a substance abuser's recovery, but little is known about how stigma affects employment for substance abusers receiving treatment. The current study investigates the effects of stigma and treatment on employment in the Chinese context. Using a sample of substance abusers (N = 3.978), multiple logistics regressions with moderation effects were employed. The findings show that treatments positively reduce confirmative experiences of anticipated stigma, and promote employment only when respondents do not perceive stigma. The findings highlight the impact of perceived stigma on limiting substance abusers' chances of being employed, implying that eliminating stigma is the foundation for recovery. Possible strategies that can be explored for reducing stigma are discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen X, Liao Z, Huang S, Huang Q, Lin S, Li Y, Shao T, Tang Y, Hao J, Qi J, Cai Y, Wang M, Shen H. Stigmatizing Attitudes Toward COVID-19 Among Patients, Their Relatives and Healthy Residents in Zhangjiajie. Front Public Health 2022; 10:808461. [PMID: 35719634 PMCID: PMC9201051 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.808461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In July 2021, Zhangjiajie City became the new epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak. Aside from the physical manifestations of COVID-19, patients are also victims of severe social stigmatization. Stigma affects not only COVID-19 patients or survivors, but also individuals associated with them. This study aims to describe and assess the COVID-19-related stigma between patients, their relatives, and healthy local residents. Methods The study included 43 COVID-19 patients, 68 relatives, and 75 healthy residents from Zhangjiajie. Demographic data was collected, including gender, age, marital status, and educational level. Stigma attitudes toward COVID-19 were measured using the Stigma Scale and Social Distance Scale. Frequencies and percentages were described for each item of the scales, and differences among the three groups were examined using the chi-square test. Results With regards to personal and perceived stigma, most participants agreed that patients with COVID-19 "could snap out of the problem" and that "they were dangerous." For social distance, over 30% of participants from the three groups agreed with the item "unwillingness to marry into the family of someone with COVID-19." In all groups, there were significant statistical differences in the belief that "the problem is not a real medical illness" and the desire to "spend the evening socializing." Conclusion Although the outbreak was well-contained in Zhangjiajie, stigmatizing attitudes toward COVID-19 and desire for social distance to such patients were common among patients, their relatives and healthy local residents. Our study's results suggest that public education, anti-stigma interventions, and policies are necessary for people living in Zhangjiajie in order to effectively curtail the spread of COVID-19 and provide a useful strategy for a tourist city like Zhangjiajie to recover sooner from economic decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Shucai Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Qiuping Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Shuhong Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Yifan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Tianli Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, Comorbid Somatic Diseases, Kangning Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyue Hao
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Comorbid Somatic Diseases, Kangning Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Zhangjiajie People's Hospital Designated for COVID-19 Treatment, Zhangjiajie, China
| | - Hongxian Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China.,Zhangjiajie People's Hospital Designated for COVID-19 Treatment, Zhangjiajie, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Malik NI, Fatima R, Ullah I, Atta M, Awan A, Nashwan AJ, Ahmed S. Perceived stigma, discrimination and psychological problems among patients with epilepsy. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1000870. [PMID: 36440406 PMCID: PMC9681901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study sought to investigate the effects of perceived stigma and discrimination on epilepsy patients' psychological problems, such as depression, anxiety, and quality of life. STUDY DESIGN A purposive sampling technique was used in this cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample consisted of 186 patients with epilepsy. The Stigma Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and Quality of life in Epilepsy-10 were used to measure the study variables. RESULTS Findings showed that both the perception of stigma and discrimination have a significant positive correlation with depression as well as anxiety. Stigma is a significant positive predictor of depression and anxiety at [F (1, 184) = 27.8, 15.92, p < 0.001, 0.001, respectively] and explains 12.7 and 7.5% variance that could be attributed to Stigma. Stigma is also a significant predictor of quality of life at [F (1, 184) = 16.10, p < 0.001] and explains the 7.5% variance that could be attributed to Stigma. Results also indicate that discrimination is a significant positive predictor of depression and anxiety at [F (1, 184) = 32.39, 19.91, p < 0.001] and explains 15 and 9.8 % variance, respectively, that could be attributed to Stigma. However, stigma negatively predicts quality of life at [F (1, 184) = 20.34, p < 0.001] and explains 10 % variance. Non-significant differences were found in all the demographic variables (i.e., gender, socio-economic status, and disease duration), except the quality of life was significantly high among individuals with high Socio-economic status. CONCLUSIONS Stigma is significantly higher in epileptic patients and has a detrimental effect on the patient's quality of life, recovery, and prognosis. Thus, there is undoubtedly a need to address psychological issues, most notably the stigma associated with illnesses. Psychologists, psychiatrists, other physicians, and care givers of epileptic patients must pay close attention to the stigma in this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najma Iqbal Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Fatima
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Atta
- Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Saeed Ahmed
- Rutland Regional Medical Center, Rutland, VT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Čolić M. Clarification of stigma concepts in research with families of individuals with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Int J Dev Disabil 2021; 69:621-627. [PMID: 37346251 PMCID: PMC10281341 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1989978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Stigma concepts among families of individuals with neurodevelopmental disabilities have received increased attention from researchers in the past decade. With a growing number of studies published, there are also notable discrepancies in conceptualizations and uses of stigma terms among scholars. These variations may result in inadequate comparisons of findings across studies and a failure to generalize the results. Therefore, I have compared various stigma concepts and offered key features of each term as well as suggested methodology for facilitating stigma research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Čolić
- Department of Special Education, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hook K, Sereda Y, Makarenko O, Bendiks S, Rybak NR, Dutta A, Idrisov B, Drainoni ML, Kiriazova T, Lunze K. TB stigma and its correlates among HIV-positive people who inject drugs in Ukraine. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 25:747-753. [PMID: 34802497 PMCID: PMC8716997 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.21.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: TB is commonly stigmatized. Correlates of perceived TB stigma have not been assessed specifically among HIV-positive people who inject drugs (PWIDs). It is also unclear how perceived TB stigma intersects with other forms of stigma affecting this population. We aimed to evaluate perceived TB stigma, its correlates and its intersection with HIV and substance use stigma among HIV-positive PWIDs in Ukraine.METHODS: Among 191 participants at three sites across Ukraine, we assessed stigma scores, socio-demographic, behavioral and health-related variables by TB status (history of active TB infection, history of treatment for latent TB infection LTBI, no history of TB infection). We used self-reported history of LTBI treatment as a proxy for LTBI status. We used ordinary least squares to estimate factors associated with perceived TB stigma.RESULTS: Lower perceived TB stigma scores were associated with LTBI status (adjusted beta (aβ) -0.2, 95% CI -0.3 to 0.0; P = 0.032). Higher perceived TB stigma scores were associated with higher substance use stigma scores (aβ 0.1, 95% CI 0.0 to 0.2; P = 0.004). Depressive symptoms were common in this sample, although not significantly associated with TB status.CONCLUSION: History of LTBI treatment appears to impact beliefs about perceived TB stigma. Individuals who endorse higher substance use stigma are more likely to hold stigmatizing perceptions about people with TB. HIV-positive PWIDs with history of active TB infection or LTBI treatment commonly experience mental health distress. This stigma intersection needs further exploration in this population, including of its relation with mental health, to provide further insights for targeted interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hook
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Sereda
- Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy Consultant, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - O Makarenko
- Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - S Bendiks
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - N R Rybak
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - A Dutta
- Internal Medicine, McLaren Flint/Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - B Idrisov
- Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M-L Drainoni
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, Boston University Center for Implementation & Improvement Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Kiriazova
- Ukrainian Institute on Public Health Policy, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - K Lunze
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Belete H, Ali T, Mekonen T, Fekadu W, Belete T. Perceived stigma and associated factors among adults with problematic substance use in Northwest Ethiopia. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:637-644. [PMID: 34093046 PMCID: PMC8169083 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s301251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance use-related problems including cigarette smoking and alcohol use are among leading preventable risk factors for premature death. However, people with these problems did not get the appropriate treatment they need. Stigma against substance use could be the potential barrier for people with problematic substance use to seek professional help. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate magnitude and associated factors of perceived stigma towards problematic substance use. Methods A total of 2400 participants were screened using the Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye-opener (CAGE) Adapted to Include Drugs (CAGE-AID) questionnaire. We found 540 participants screened positive for problematic substance use (alcohol, hashish, tobacco and khat) and interviewed them for perceived stigma using Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale (PSAS). Logistic regression was used to examine associated factors with perceived stigma. Results Three hundred forty-five (63.9%) participants reported perceived stigma above the mean value of Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale (PSAS). Variables positively associated with perceived stigma were lower wealth and joblessness, history of separation from family members before age of 18 years, poly-substance misuse and awareness about economic crisis of substance use. Conclusion Approximately, three in five people with problematic substance use perceived having been stigmatized by others. Health planning for problematic substance use should focus on stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habte Belete
- Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Ali
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Mekonen
- Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wubalem Fekadu
- Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Belete
- Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Čolić M, Dababnah S, Milačić-Vidojević I. A model of internalized stigma in parents of individuals with disabilities. Int J Dev Disabil 2021; 68:924-932. [PMID: 36568618 PMCID: PMC9788690 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1924032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Stigma has negative impacts on both individuals with disabilities and their caregivers, including poor mental health and social isolation. In the present study, we aimed to test a model of stigma internalization among parents of individuals with disabilities, as this process in not yet completely understood. Aim: Specifically, we explored effects of experienced stigma and neuroticism on affiliate stigma and examined whether perceived stigma and self-blame are mediators in a stigma internalization model. Methods: We recruited 82 parents of individuals with disabilities in Serbia over the course of six months. Parents were asked about perceived stigma, experienced stigma, affiliate stigma, self-blame, and they completed an assessment of personality traits. Results: Both experienced stigma and neuroticism were positively correlated with affiliate stigma. In addition, perceived stigma was a mediator between these variables: parents who experienced stigma more and had higher neuroticism scores reported higher degrees of perceived stigma, which in turn positively affected affiliate stigma. Self-blame was not a significant mediator in the tested model. Conclusion: We conclude stigma internalization among parents of individuals with disabilities is a complex process, involving experienced stigma, neuroticism, and perceived stigma. Interventions should include multiple paths to adequately support parents to combat stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Čolić
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sarah Dababnah
- School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tang Q, Yang S, Liu C, Li L, Chen X, Wu F, Huang X. Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Stigma in Female Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:694575. [PMID: 34366925 PMCID: PMC8342917 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has been increasingly recognized as effective in different mental illnesses, but these effects are limited in schizophrenia. For patients with schizophrenia, stigma is one of the most negative factors that affects treatment, rehabilitation and social function. This research aimed to determine the effects of MBCT on stigma in patients with schizophrenia. In total, 62 inpatients with schizophrenia were recruited and randomly assigned to the experimental group or control group. The experimental group received an 8-week MBCT intervention, and the control group were treated as usual. Link's Stigma Scales (with three subscales, including perceived devaluation-discrimination (PDD), stigma-coping orientation, and stigma-related feeling), Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and Insight and Treatment Attitudes Questionnaire (ITAQ) were used to collect data before and after intervention. After intervention, the post-test score of PDD, stigma-coping orientation, FFMQ, and ITAQ were significantly different between the experimental group and the control group. In the experimental group, the PDD and stigma-coping orientation scores significantly decreased, and FFMQ and ITAQ scores increased remarkably (P < 0.05). In addition, correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between mindfulness and stigma. MBCT was effective in reducing stigma in patients with schizophrenia, which mainly manifested as changes in the patients' perception of stigma as well as the withdrawal and avoidance caused by schizophrenia. Enhancing mindfulness will help reduce the stigma level. MBCT is worthy of promotion and application in patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiubi Tang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuixian Yang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuixia Liu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Li
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingbing Huang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Luo D, Zhou M, Sun L, Lin Z, Bian Q, Liu M, Ren S. Resilience as a Mediator of the Association Between Perceived Stigma and Quality of Life Among People With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:709295. [PMID: 34421685 PMCID: PMC8377363 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.709295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Improving Quality of Life (QOL) is an essential objective in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. An accumulating body of research has been conducted to explore the association between perceived stigma and QOL among patients with chronic illness. Still, underlying mechanisms behind this pathway have not been thoroughly examined. Objective: To investigate (a) the effect of perceived stigma on QOL among patients with inflammatory bowel disease; and (b) the mediating role of resilience in the association between perceived stigma and QOL. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a convenient sample of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease from four tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province, China. Patients completed the Perceived Stigma Scale in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PSS-IBD), the Resilience Scale for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (RS-IBD), and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). A bootstrapping analysis was implemented using the SPSS macro PROCESS. Results: A total of 311 patients with Cohn's disease and ulcerative colitis participated in this study, and 57.6% were men. The mean disease duration was 3.51 ± 1.04 years. Approximately 40% of the sample exceeded the criterion score for moderate stigma. Patients who perceived moderate or severe stigma reported lower QOL compared with those with mild stigma. After controlling for sociodemographic and clinical variables, we observed that perceived stigma was negatively associated with resilience. Moreover, resilience was found to mediate the relationship between perceived stigma and all aspects of QOL. Conclusions: These findings suggested that QOL of patients with inflammatory bowel disease was associated with perceived stigma and resilience and identified the mediating effects of resilience in the relationship between perceived stigma and QOL. Furthermore, this suggests that integrating intervention techniques to target resilience into the QOL improvement program of individuals with perceived stigma is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijing Zhou
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifu Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiugui Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meihong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shurong Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhao S, Long M, Diao Y, Ma H, Liu M, Feng Z, Wang Y. Culture-related grief beliefs and social support influence depressive symptoms of Shidu parents in rural China. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1945748. [PMID: 34367525 PMCID: PMC8312613 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1945748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents who have lost their only child are known as Shidu parents in China. Losing an only child is an enormous tragedy for parents that can trigger severe depressive symptoms. Few studies have explored the influence of cultural beliefs and social support on depressive symptoms. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the relationship between culture-related grief beliefs, social support and depressive symptoms among Shidu parents in rural China. METHOD This cross-sectional study was conducted in Sujiatun district of Shenyang, China. Data were collected from November 2019 to February 2020 from 228 rural Shidu parents. Questionnaires consisted of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales (CES-D), the Culture-related Grief Beliefs of Shidu Parents Questionnaire (CBSQ), the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), and demographic and bereavement-related information. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations among culture-related grief beliefs, social support and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Of the 228 Shidu parents, 87.0% reported depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16). The mean age of the participants was 62.91 years, ranging from 50 to 86. Regression analysis indicated that parents' younger age, lower education level and debts were prominent risk factors for depressive symptoms. Perceived stigma (a subscale of CBSQ) was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Social support was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Given the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in rural Shidu parents, there is a critical need to reduce perceived stigma and increase social support to alleviate depressive symptoms among Shidu parents in rural China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Meijun Long
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yucong Diao
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Ma
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Liu
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Ziyi Feng
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Social Medicine, College of Health Management, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ataro Z, Mengesha MM, Abrham A, Digaffe T. Gender Differences in Perceived Stigma and Coping Strategies Among People Living with HIV/AIDS at Jugal Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:1191-1200. [PMID: 33364862 PMCID: PMC7750813 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s283969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV/AIDS is among the most devastating diseases, having multiple effects on the health and well-being of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). There is a paucity of studies that examined the gender differences in perceived stigma among PLWHA and the different coping strategies that they use in Ethiopia. Objective To assess the gender differences in perceived stigma and coping strategies among PLWHA. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Jugal Hospital, Harar, eastern Ethiopia from May 01 to July 30, 2018. A total of 412 (206 females and 206 males) PLWHA were included. Face-to-face interviewer-administered data were collected. Perceived HIV stigma was assessed using the Berger HIV stigma scale. Similarly, the coping strategies were assessed using the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief COPE) scale. The data were analyzed using STATA version 13. Results The mean Berger stigma scale score was 65.3±11.3. The overall perceived stigma mean score was not statistically different between males and females (64.8±10.8 vs 65.8±11.7, p=0.407). Among the four subscales, women reported a higher level of disclosure stigma than men (21.1±5.5 vs 20.3±5.5; p=0.006). Regarding maladaptive coping strategies, men often used substances compared to women (2.8±1.5 vs 2.1±0.4; p<0.001). However, women use behavioral disengagement (4.6±1.1 vs 4.2±1.1; p=0.002) and self-distraction (5.9±1.5 vs 5.5±1.7; p=0.019) more often than men. Females used a higher level of adaptive coping strategies compared to males (42.5±4.9 vs 40.9±6.3, p=0.005). Furthermore, females were found to use more emotional-focused coping than males (27.6±3.2 vs 26.4±4.0; p<0.001). Conclusion Women reported a higher level of disclosure stigma than men and the types of coping strategies used vary between male and female. Thus, interventions to support PLWHA must take into account the gender differences in terms of perceived stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Ataro
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Merid Mengesha
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Aklilu Abrham
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Digaffe
- Department of Human Resource Development, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang Q, Yang H, Fan J, Duan L, Chen D, Feng X, Li X. Older people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Chinese rural areas: perceived stigma and associated factors. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:477-482. [PMID: 31111936 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived stigma is a common problem among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA). In recent years, the number of older adults with HIV/AIDS has rapidly increased in China. However, HIV/AIDS-related perceived stigma and associated factors in older PLWHA remain unknown. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yongzhou. Participants were recruited via the Hunan HIV/AIDS Registry system. All participants were ≥50 y of age at the time of their HIV diagnosis. Sowell's HIV Stigma Scale was used to measure perceived stigma. RESULTS A total of 193 participants were interviewed, of which 132 (68.4%) were male. The ages of the participants ranged from 50 to 82 y and the average age was 61.1±5.95 y. Eighteen (9.3%) subjects were ethnic minorities. Older PLWHA reported a relatively high level of perceived stigma, especially individuals of Han ethnicity having high annual incomes. The individuals who had disclosed their HIV-positive status to all their family had higher scores on the dimension related to blame. Regression analysis showed that ethnicity, annual income, living arrangement and disclosure patterns were the main associated factors of perceived stigma. CONCLUSIONS Perceived stigma is common in older Chinese PLWHA. Individuals of ethnic minorities or with higher economic status have higher levels of stigma. Family relationships have a deep influence on perceived stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Yang
- Yongzhou Center for Disease Control and prevention, Yongzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Fan
- Tangshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Luxi Duan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Chen
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingli Li
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, No. 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Barker D, Enimil A, Galárraga O, Bosomtwe D, Mensah N, Thamotharan S, Henebeng E, Brown L, Kwara A. In-Clinic Adolescent Peer Group Support for Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Feasibility and Acceptability Trial. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2020; 18:2325958219835786. [PMID: 30907257 PMCID: PMC6527326 DOI: 10.1177/2325958219835786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Holding support groups with the same cohort of adolescents during clinic visits promises to increase engagement in care. Participants (N = 35 patients, aged 12-18, 50% female, from an adolescent HIV clinic in Kumasi, Ghana, were divided into 5 teams. Clinic visits were coordinated for members of each team. Team members participated in group discussions and activities while waiting to meet with their medical team. Teams met quarterly for 1 year. Participants reported benefits from talking with peers about the challenges of managing HIV. Clinic attendance improved from the preceding year (54% versus 84%). There were reductions in perceived internal stigma, perceived external stigma, worries about unintended disclosure from taking antiretroviral therapy (ART), and reduced ART concerns. The program demonstrated the feasibility, safety, and acceptability of facilitating increased interaction among adolescents living with HIV during clinic visits. Improvements in clinic attendance, perceived stigma, and concern about medications suggest that the intervention is a promising candidate for additional study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Barker
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,2 Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anthony Enimil
- 3 Directorate of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.,4 Department of Child Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Omar Galárraga
- 5 Department of Health Services, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dennis Bosomtwe
- 3 Directorate of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Nicholas Mensah
- 3 Directorate of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sneha Thamotharan
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,2 Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Esther Henebeng
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,6 Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Larry Brown
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.,2 Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Awewura Kwara
- 6 Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,7 Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kirabira J, Jimmy Forry B, Fallen R, Sserwanga B, Rukundo GZ. Perceived stigma and school attendance among children and adolescents with epilepsy in South Western Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:376-382. [PMID: 33402925 PMCID: PMC7750070 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that has a high worldwide prevalence with eighty percent of the global burden being in low and middle-income countries. There is a high level of perceived stigma among children and adolescents with epilepsy, which has severe debilitating effects and affects school attendance. Objective To assess the effect of perceived stigma on school attendance patterns among children and adolescents with epilepsy. Methods We conducted a cross sectional study among 191 children and adolescents aged from 6–18 years with epilepsy at one large semi-urban hospital and a small rural health center in SouthWestern Uganda. Epilepsy-related perceived stigma was measured using the adapted Kilifi Stigma Scale of Epilepsy and school attendance patterns were assessed using a piloted investigator-designed questionnaire. Results Children with high-perceived stigma were more likely to have never attended school (13.8%) or started school late (average age 5.7 years) compared to those with low-perceived stigma (average age 4.9 years). Additionally, those with high epilepsy-related perceived stigma repeated classes 2.5 times more compared to those with low-perceived stigma. Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest correlation between high-perceived stigma and disrupted school attendance patterns among children and adolescents with epilepsy, hence the need to address this social challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Godfrey Zari Rukundo
- Department of Psychiatry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gao MX, Gao MX, Guo L, Sun F, Zhang A. Perceived threat of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in Chinese older adults: The role of knowledge and perceived stigma. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 35:223-229. [PMID: 31755119 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focused on perceived threat of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in Chinese older adults and investigated its associations with their perceived stigma and knowledge of ADRD. METHODS We examined Chinese older adults' perceived threat of ADRD and its associations with perceived stigma, knowledge of ADRD, family variables and health variables. Data for this cross-sectional study were collected by student interviewers in 2016. The participants (N = 754) were recruited from two urban communities in mainland China and their ages ranged from 60 to 89 (M = 69.54, SD = 7.35). RESULTS Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that those who are younger, have more depressive symptoms and lower levels of family cohesion are more likely to worry about ADRD. More ADRD knowledge and higher levels of perceived stigma are significantly associated with perceived threat of ADRD. Community site moderated the relationship between stigma and perceived threat of ADRD. CONCLUSIONS Intervention or service programs need to promote ADRD knowledge and awareness in a culturally sensitive way as well as address stigma and fear toward ADRD in the older population. Future studies are needed to incorporate more cultural and environmental factors to fully understand Chinese older adults' attitudes toward and literacy of ADRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ms Xiang Gao
- School of Sociology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Elder Service Research Center at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Mr Xiang Gao
- School of Sociology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Elder Service Research Center at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Sociology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Elder Service Research Center at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Fei Sun
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Anao Zhang
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Silverman MJ. Therapeutic Songwriting for Perceived Stigma and Perceived Social Support in Adults with Substance Use Disorder: A Cluster-Randomized Effectiveness Study. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:763-771. [PMID: 31825266 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1701037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Due to negative societal stereotypes associated with substance use disorder (SUD), many people with addictions experience perceived stigma and lack perceived social support. Perceived stigma can prevent people with SUD from seeking treatment while perceived social support can facilitate recovery. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a single music therapy songwriting intervention on perceived stigma and perceived social support in adults with SUD on a detoxification unit. Method: Participants (N = 132) were cluster-randomized to a therapeutic songwriting or control condition in a single-session design. The experimental condition received a highly structured group-based blues songwriting intervention wherein participants composed lyrics describing stigma against addiction as an inappropriate and false social construct in the first verse and coping with stigma by using social supports in the second verse. Results: Analyses of variance indicated no significant between-group difference in perceived stigma or perceived social support. Conclusions: Due to its non-threatening medium, therapeutic songwriting concerning perceived stigma and perceived social support may be clinically relevant way to target these sensitive yet essential topics. Implications for clinical practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are included.
Collapse
|
33
|
Rose S, Kelly B, Boyes A, Cox M, Palazzi K, Paul C. Impact of Perceived Stigma in People Newly Diagnosed With Lung Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum 2019; 45:737-747. [PMID: 30339153 DOI: 10.1188/18.onf.737-747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate perceived stigma and its possible associations with treatment expectations and preferences in newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer. SAMPLE & SETTING 274 patients with lung cancer diagnosed in the previous four months at oncology and respiratory outpatient clinics in Australia. METHODS & VARIABLES Participants completed a self-report survey about perceived lung cancer stigma and treatment expectations and preferences. RESULTS A mean perceived stigma score of 52 of a possible 124 was reported, which is lower than scores reported in other studies using the same measure; the current study determined that perceived lung cancer stigma was observed less frequently. Significantly higher scores were observed in participants who were younger or who had a history of smoking. Perceived lung cancer stigma was significantly related to treatment expectations. No relationship was found between perceived lung cancer stigma and treatment preferences. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Healthcare providers are in a key position to provide support and communicate empathetically with patients to minimize potential stigma experiences.
Collapse
|
34
|
Duko B, Toma A, Asnake S, Abraham Y. Depression, Anxiety and Their Correlates Among Patients With HIV in South Ethiopia: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:290. [PMID: 31133893 PMCID: PMC6514188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Depressive and anxious symptoms are more regularly seen in HIV-infected people than in the general population. This investigation planned to evaluate the magnitude and factors related to depressive and anxiety symptoms among HIV patients in South Ethiopia, 2018. Methods: This was an institution-based cross-sectional study directed among 363 HIV-infected individuals who had a customary visit at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and Yirgalem Hospital, Ethiopia, who were incorporated into the study through systematic sampling techniques. The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) was utilized to take a look at anxious and depressive symptoms. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 37.66 years (SD ±10.03). The prevalence of depression and anxiety were 32.0% and 34.4%, respectively. Patients who were living alone [AOR = 1.94, (95% CI: 1.06, 3.56)], had poor social support [AOR = 5.57, (95% CI: 1.20, 10.84)] or had HIV-related perceived stigma [AOR = 2.35, (95% CI: 1.44, 3.84)] were more likely to have depression as compared to their counterparts. Those with a previous history of mental illness [AOR = 3.36, (95% CI: 1.31, 8.61)] and poor social support [AOR = 6.67, (95% CI: 1.47, 10.33)] were more likely to have anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression in the current study was high. Concerned health departments of the country should create guidelines to screen and treat depression and anxiety among HIV patients. Further research on hazard factors of depression and anxiety ought to be examined to strengthen and expand these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Duko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Toma
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Asnake
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Yacob Abraham
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND In view of recent global opioid epidemic and scarcity of literature assessing the quality of life (QoL) and stigma among opioid use disorder (OUD) patients, this study aimed to assess the overall QoL and examine its relationship with perceived stigma among them. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study assessed patients with OUD at a tertiary care centre. QoL was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-brief version, whereas perceived stigma was measured using the Perceived Stigma of Substance Abuse Scale (PSAS). RESULTS Among 168 patients with OUD, all the four domain-wise scores of physical health (r = 0.79, P < 0.01), psychological health (r = 0.87, P < 0.01), social relationships (r = 0.78, P < 0.01) and environment (r = 0.80, P < 0.01) QoL correlated significantly with average score, with maximum impairment noted in the social domain. The mean PSAS score was 21.19 ± 2.99, with perceived stigma found to be significantly associated with impairments in the physical (β = -0.28, P < 0.01), psychological (β = -0.27, P < 0.01) and environment (β = -0.21, P < 0.01) domains of QoL. Furthermore, being employed was significantly associated with impairment in the social domain of QoL (β = -0.17, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION OUD similarly affects all the four domains of QoL, with a higher level of perceived stigma associated with significantly poorer QoL in the physical, psychological and environment domains. However, future studies assessing different forms of stigma and QoL among patients with OUD are needed to confirm and better characterise the findings of this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarndeep Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence and Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence and Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddharth Sarkar
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence and Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence and Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Haffejee F, Maughan-Brown B, Buthelezi T, Kharsany ABM. Perceived HIV-related stigma among university students in South Africa: implications for HIV testing. Afr J AIDS Res 2018; 17:109-118. [PMID: 29669456 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2018.1439512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-related stigma, and particularly perceived stigma, has a negative impact across the HIV care continuum. This study adds to our understanding of stigma by assessing how perceived stigma varies from one context to another and how such differences are associated with the location where individuals would prefer an HIV test. We used self-administered questionnaire data (n = 378) obtained from a convenience sample of students (18 years and older) attending a tertiary education institution in Durban, South Africa. Perceived stigma in the university environment was compared to perceived stigma in the home community environment. Multiple logistic regression analysis tested whether a higher level of perceived stigma in one setting was associated with a preference for HIV testing in the other setting. While levels of symbolic stigma and discrimination were low, a large proportion of the sample perceived that people living with HIV experience some form of stigmatisation in the home community and university environments (47% vs 41%, p = 0.09). A total of 31% reported less perceived stigma in the university environment. Students who perceived less stigma in the university environment were significantly more likely to report a preference for HIV testing at the university clinic rather than at a clinic in their community (aOR: 2.03; p < 0.01). Perceptions common across settings that people living with HIV experience stigmatisation are of great concern, especially for efforts to increase demand for HIV testing among young people. Results suggest that HIV-testing services in environments perceived to be less stigmatising than home communities could provide preferred alternatives for HIV testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firoza Haffejee
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
| | - Brendan Maughan-Brown
- b Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Thulasizwe Buthelezi
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , Durban University of Technology , Durban , South Africa
| | - Ayesha B M Kharsany
- c Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kim WH, Bae JN, Lim J, Lee MH, Hahm BJ, Yi HG. Relationship between physicians' perceived stigma toward depression and physician referral to psycho-oncology services on an oncology/hematology ward. Psychooncology 2017; 27:824-830. [PMID: 28857342 DOI: 10.1002/pon.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to identify relationships between physicians' perceived stigma toward depression and psycho-oncology service utilization on an oncology/hematology ward. METHODS The study participants were 235 patients in an oncology/hematology ward and 14 physicians undergoing an internal medicine residency training program in Inha University Hospital (Incheon, South Korea). Patients completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and residents completed the Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination scale that evaluates perceived stigma toward depression. A total PHQ-9 score of ≥5 was defined as clinically significant depression. Physicians decided on referral on the basis of their opinions and those of their patients. The correlates of physicians' recommendation for referral to psycho-oncology services and real referrals psycho-oncology services were examined. RESULTS Of the 235 patients, 143 had PHQ-9 determined depression, and of these 143 patients, 61 received psycho-oncology services. Physicians recommended that 87 patients consult psycho-oncology services. Multivariate analyses showed that lower physicians' perceived stigma regarding depression was significantly associated with physicians' recommendation for referral, and that real referral to psycho-oncology services was significantly associated with presence of a hematologic malignancy and lower physicians' perceived stigma toward depression. CONCLUSION Physicians' perceived stigma toward depression was found to be associated with real referral to psycho-oncology services and with physician recommendation for referral to psycho-oncology services. Further investigations will be needed to examine how to reduce physicians' perceived stigma toward depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hyoung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Nam Bae
- Department of Psychiatry, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohan Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jin Hahm
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Aung MN, Moolphate S, Kitajima T, Siriwarothai Y, Takamtha P, Katanyoo C, Okamura H, Field M, Noyama O, Deerojanawong J, Klinbuayaem V. Perceived stigma of HIV patients receiving task-shifted primary care service and its relation to satisfaction with health service. J Infect Dev Ctries 2017; 11:697-704. [PMID: 31600161 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.9461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV stigma is the remaining challenge to end the global epidemics of HIV. Whether stigma may form a barrier to the provision of ART within the community-based, primary care setting was not studied yet. Therefore, this study intended (1) to compare the levels of 'perceived stigma' in PLHIV attending district hospital and primary care units (PCUs), and (2) to measure the relation between HIV stigma and the satisfaction of patients with their health service. METHODOLOGY In this cross-sectional study, two matched PLHIV attending district hospitals were recruited for every PLHIV attending a PCU, within a pilot project, until the end of 2014. 198 informed and consented participants were recruited. We used validated Thai version instruments to measure the levels of 'perceived stigma' and 'internal shame' and the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire 18 (PSQ18) to measure patients' satisfaction with the health service. Analysis applied MANOVA and multivariate robust regression. RESULTS The level of 'perceived stigma' and 'internal shame' levels were not significantly different between district hospitals attendants and PCU attendants (P>0.05 MANOVA). Moreover, the more patients were satisfied with the health service, the less likely to have 'perceived stigma' (β -5.9, 95% confidence interval -7.7 to -4.1) and 'internal shame' (β -5.7, 95% CI -8.3 to -3.2), P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS HIV associated stigma would be minimized through the attempt to promote PLHIV's satisfaction with ART service. There is ample role of health professional education and training to improve patients' satisfaction. It may contribute to the aim of zero discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saiyud Moolphate
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | - Chitima Katanyoo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Thailand.
| | | | - Malcom Field
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Kyorin University, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the presence of perceived stigma in people diagnosed (self-reported) with an eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder and examine the relationship to the patient's health-related quality of life and additional psychosocial patient-reported outcomes. One hundred forty-nine patients diagnosed for a minimum of 6 months participated in the study. Eligible participants completed questionnaires to assess perceived stigma, psychological functioning, and health-related quality of life. Perceived stigma was moderately associated with a decrease in total health-related quality of life and perceived treatment efficacy. Additionally, greater perceived stigma was positively correlated with an increase in anxiety, depression, and healthcare utilization. The study demonstrates the influence of perceived stigma on several aspects of health-related quality of life in patients with these illnesses. As such, it is important for health professionals to be aware of stigma in patients diagnosed with an eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Guadagnoli
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - T. H Taft
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - L. Keefer
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Susan and Leonard Feinstein IBD Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Puckett JA, Newcomb ME, Ryan DT, Swann G, Garofalo R, Mustanski B. Internalized Homophobia and Perceived Stigma: A Validation Study of Stigma Measures in a Sample of Young Men who Have Sex with Men. Sex Res Social Policy 2017; 14:1-16. [PMID: 28824733 PMCID: PMC5560600 DOI: 10.1007/s13178-016-0258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) experience minority stressors that impact their mental health, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors. Internalized homophobia (IH) and perceived stigma represent two of these minority stressors, and there has been limited research empirically validating measures of these constructs. We validated measures of IH and perceived stigma with a sample of 450 YMSM (mean age=18.9) and a sample of 370 YMSM (mean age=22.9). Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported modifications to the IH and perceived stigma scales, ultimately revealing a three factor and one factor structure, respectively. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined utilizing correlations between IH, perceived stigma, and other variables related to minority stress (e.g., victimization). We evaluated predictive validity by examining relations with mental health, substance use, and risky sexual behaviors measured 12-months from baseline. There were mixed findings for IH, with subscales varying in their relations to mental health, drinking, and sexual risk variables. Perceived stigma was not related to mental health or substance use, but was associated with greater prevalence of STIs. Findings supported the use of these modified scales with YMSM and highlight the need for further measurement studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae A Puckett
- Clinical Psychology Program, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Daniel T Ryan
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Greg Swann
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Robert Garofalo
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Center for Gender, Sexuality and HIV Prevention, 225 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medical Social Sciences, 625 N Michigan Ave, Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60657
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mizuno M, Yamaguchi S, Taneda A, Hori H, Aikawa A, Fujii C. Development of Japanese version of King's Stigma Scale and its short version: Psychometric properties of a self-stigma measure. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:189-197. [PMID: 27778408 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study aimed to develop two Japanese versions of King's Stigma Scale, a full version (KSS-J-1) and a short version (KSS-J-2), through psychometric property testing. METHODS The sample included 112 people with mental illness. We tested the constructs of the scales using both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were tested. We examined convergent validity with self-esteem or perceived stigma, and different group validity, using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). RESULTS Whereas a relatively weak model fit (comparative fit index = 0.66, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.63, root mean square error of approximation = 0.097) of KSS-J-1 (full version: 28 items) was found, KSS-J-2 (short version: 17 items), produced by exploratory factor analysis, had a moderate model fit (comparative fit index = 0.90, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.89, root mean square error of approximation = 0.063). High internal consistency (KSS-J-1, ω = 0.82-0.89; KSS-J-2, ω = 0.86-0.89) and moderate test-retest reliability (KSS-J-1, interclass correlation = 0.56-0.88; KSS-J-2, interclass correlation = 0.45-0.85) were reported. Some subscales and the entire scale of KSS-J-1 were significantly correlated with self-esteem and perceived stigma. Conversely, only two subscales in KSS-J-2 were significantly correlated with self-esteem. The scores of each subscale and the entire score for both KSS-J-1 and KSS-J-2 in the high psychological distress group were higher than the low group (KSS-J-1, d = 0.61-0.83; KSS-J-2, d = 0.47-0.70), except for the Discrimination subscale in KSS-J-2. CONCLUSION Both Japanese versions of King's Stigma Scale can be utilized depending on their intended use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sosei Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayano Taneda
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Aikawa
- Faculty of Human Welfare, Seigakuin University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chiyo Fujii
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zieger A, Mungee A, Schomerus G, Ta TMT, Dettling M, Angermeyer MC, Hahn E. Perceived stigma of mental illness: A comparison between two metropolitan cities in India. Indian J Psychiatry 2016; 58:432-437. [PMID: 28197001 PMCID: PMC5270269 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.196706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An increasing number of comparative studies are conducted on the stigmatization of persons with mental illness, in particular with regard to regional and diachronic variation. So far, there have been no studies comparing stigmatization of persons with mental illness in two different regions of India. Therefore, we examined the differences in perception of stigma attached to mental illnesses in Kolkata and Chennai, with regard to cultural and geographical differences to better understand the roots and origins of this issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Explorative surveys in the context of public attitudes toward people with mental disorders were conducted among conveniently selected members of the general population in Chennai (n = 166) and Kolkata (n = 158) with identical methodology. Link's perceived devaluation-discrimination measure was used. The samples were matched for age, gender, and education. RESULTS The calculated sum score indicated that respondents from Kolkata had a higher level of perceived discrimination toward persons with mental illness than respondents from Chennai (P = 0.043). Furthermore, regression analysis revealed that lower perceived stigma was associated with stronger religious devotion (P = 0.049) and higher educational attainment (P = 0.001) in both cities. DISCUSSION The results showed that perceived stigma was higher in Kolkata than in Chennai. The correlation of higher stigma with lower education was in line with the previous research, and interestingly, it was found that higher stigma correlated with weaker religious devotion. Further studies exploring a wider variety of factors may provide us with a better understanding of the roots of perceived stigma in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aron Zieger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aditya Mungee
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Schomerus
- Department of Psychiatry, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Stralsund, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, HELIOS Hanseklinikum, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Thi Minh Tam Ta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Dettling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Eric Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kacar SD, Soyucok E, Bagcioglu E, Ozuguz P, Coskun KS, Asık AH, Mayda H. The Perceived Stigma in Patients with Alopecia and Mental Disorder: A Comparative Study. Int J Trichology 2016; 8:135-40. [PMID: 27625566 PMCID: PMC5007920 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.189005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to measure the perceived stigma, especially in patients with alopecia areata (AA) and to compare the results with patients with mental disorder (MD). Materials and Methods: This study included forty patients with AA who were consecutively recruited from dermatology outpatient clinic and 42 patients with MD who were consecutively recruited from psychiatric outpatient clinic. The presence of a MD was assessed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Fourth Edition. All participants were asked to complete the 28 items modified stigmatization questionnaire. Results: Total and all subscale scores of stigmatization questionnaire scale were higher in the group of patients with AA than in the patients with MD. Conclusion: AA is a condition that leads to more self-stigmatization than MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seval Dogruk Kacar
- Department of Dermatology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ethem Soyucok
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Erman Bagcioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Pınar Ozuguz
- Department of Dermatology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Kerem Senol Coskun
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hakki Asık
- Department of Psychiatry, Afyon State Hospital, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hasan Mayda
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Patten SB, Williams JVA, Lavorato DH, Bulloch AGM, Charbonneau M, Gautam M, Moss P, Abbey S, Stuart H. Perceived Stigma among Recipients of Mental Health Care in the General Canadian Population. Can J Psychiatry 2016; 61:480-8. [PMID: 27310227 PMCID: PMC4959645 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716639928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Mental Health Experiences Scale is a measure of perceived stigma, the perception of negative attitudes and behaviours by people with mental disorders. A recent Canadian survey (Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health) included this scale, providing an opportunity to describe perceived stigma in relation to diagnosis for the first time in the Canadian general population. METHODS The survey interview began with an assessment of whether respondents had utilised services for an "emotional or mental health problem" in the preceding 12 months. The subset reporting service utilisation were asked whether others "held negative opinions" about them or "treated them unfairly" for reasons related to their mental health. The analysis reported here used frequencies, means, cross-tabulation, and logistic regression, all incorporating recommended replicate sampling weights and bootstrap variance estimation procedures. RESULTS Stigma was perceived by 24.4% of respondents accessing mental health services. The frequency was higher among younger respondents (<55 years), those who were not working, those reporting only fair or poor mental health, and the subset who reported having received a diagnosis of a mental disorder. Sex and education level were not associated with perceived stigma. People with schizophrenia reported stigmatization only slightly more frequently than those with mood and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS Stigmatization is a common, but not universal, experience among Canadians using services for mental health reasons. Stigmatization was a problem for a sizeable minority of respondents with mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders as well as bipolar and psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Patten
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Mathison Centre for Research & Education in Mental Health, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta Alberta Innovates, Health Solutions, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Jeanne V A Williams
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Dina H Lavorato
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Andrew G M Bulloch
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Mathison Centre for Research & Education in Mental Health, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta
| | | | - Mamta Gautam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Department of Psychiatry, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Pippa Moss
- Western and Northern Health Zones, Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia
| | - Susan Abbey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Heather Stuart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bifftu BB, Dachew BA, Tiruneh BT. Perceived stigma and associated factors among people with epilepsy at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional institution based study. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:1211-9. [PMID: 26958023 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i4.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is the world's most common neurological disorder, affecting approximately 69 million people worldwide. Perceived stigma affects many domains of the lives of people with epilepsy. However, in Ethiopia there is dearth of study on perceived stigma specifically among people with epilepsy. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of perceived stigma and associated factors among people with epilepsy (PWE) attending the outpatient department of the University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. METHODS Institution based quantitative cross - sectional study was employed among 408 individuals people with epilepsy. Single population proportion formula was used utilized to calculate sample size. The participants were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Perceived stigma was measured using by the modified Family Interview Schedule (FIS) tool. Binary logistic regression analysis and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used to identify the associated factors with perceived stigma.. RESULTS Overall, the prevalence of perceived stigma was found to be 71.6%. Marital status [single (AOR = 0.23, CI: 0.25, 0.90), widowed ( AOR = 0.37, CI: 0.15, 0.90) duration of illness [2-5 years (AOR = 4.38, CI:1.98,9.62, 6-10 years (AOR =4.29, CI:1.90,9.64, ≥11 years (AOR = 4.31,CI:1.84,10.00) and seizure frequency of [1-11per year (AOR=2.34, CI:2.21,3.56), ≥1per month (AOR = 5.63, CI:3.42,10.32)] were factors associated with perceived stigma. CONCLUSION Overall, the prevalence of perceived stigma was found to be high. Marital status, long duration of illness and seizure frequency were factors associated with perceived stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Boru Bifftu
- University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Nursing, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Berihun Assefa Dachew
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bewket Tadesse Tiruneh
- University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Science, Department of Nursing, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
HIV/AIDS-related stigmas can become internalized, resulting in declines in physical and mental health. Pathways to internalized HIV-related stigma (IS), characterized by persistently negative, self-abasing thoughts, are not well established among women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHA) in the Dominican Republic (DR). Identifying factors involved in self-directed shaming and blaming is important, given the high HIV prevalence in the DR's most vulnerable populations. The present study sheds light on factors involved in negative and self-abasing thoughts in WLWHA in the DR by examining the relationship between depression, perceived HIV-related stigma from the community (PSC), perceived HIV-related stigma from family (PSF), and IS. The Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale (IA-RSS), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10), and an instrument designed to measure perceived HIV-related stigma from the community and family was administered to 233 WLWHA in Puerto Plata, DR. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ordered multiple logistic regression. Results showed that depression (OR = 1.60; p < .05), PSC (OR = 3.68; p < .001), and PSF (OR = 1.60; p < .01) were positively associated with IS. These findings indicate that IS-reducing interventions should address HIV-related depression. Additionally, HIV-related treatment and care services should work with WLWHA to adopt healthier attitudes about how community members view people living with HIV/AIDS in the DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tagliaferri Rael
- a HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York , NY , USA
| | - Karen Hampanda
- b Department of Health and Behavioral Sciences , University of Colorado-Denver , Denver , CO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Stigma is a widely used concept in social science research and an extensive literature claims that stigmatisation contributes to numerous negative health outcomes. However, few studies compare groups that vary in the extent to which they are stigmatised and even fewer studies examine stigma's independent and mediating effects. This article addresses these gaps in a comparative study of perceived stigma and drug use among three low-income feminised service occupations: sex work, food and alcoholic beverage serving, and barbering and hairstyling. An analysis of longitudinal data shows positive associations between sex work, perceived stigma, and socially less acceptable drug use (for example, heroin and cocaine), and that stigma mediates part of the link between sex work and the use of these drugs. Our overall findings suggest that perceived stigma is pronounced among those who work in the sex industry and negatively affects health independently of sex work involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Benoit
- Centre for Addictions Research of BC, Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bifftu BB, Dachew BA, Tiruneh BT. Stigma resistance among people with schizophrenia at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional institution based study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:259. [PMID: 25212121 PMCID: PMC4174330 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is one of the most disabling and severely stigmatized mental disorders. Together with social stigma, internalized stigma and perceived stigma can trigger a vicious cycle and diminishes the stigma resistance abilities of individual. Helping patients to cope up with perceived and internalized stigma play crucial role in fighting stigma. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of stigma resistance among people with schizophrenia attending the outpatient department of Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS Institution based cross-sectional study design was employed. Single population proportion formula was used to calculate sample size. Subjects were selected by systematic sampling techniques. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify the presence and strength of association. Odds ratios with 95% confidence interval were computed to determine the level of significance. RESULTS A total of 411 subjects participated in the study giving a response rate of 97.4%. The prevalence of low stigma resistance was found to be 51.6%. Rural residence (AOR = 0.29 (95% CI: 0.142, 0.594), difficulties of adherence to antipsychotic medication (AOR = AOR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.155, 0.542), internalized stigma (AOR = 0.24, 95% CI: (0.111, 0.530), alienation (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI: (0.270, 0.927), stereotype endorsement (AOR = 0.37(95% CI: 0.312, 0.463) and social withdrawal (AOR = 0.27, 95% CI: (0.156, 0.468) were factors statistically associated with low stigma resistance. CONCLUSION In this study, overall more than half of the study participants had low stigma resistance. Rural residence, difficulties of adherence to antipsychotic medication, high internalized stigma, alienation and social withdrawal were factors statistically associated with low stigma resistance. Encouraging participations in different social relationships such as befriending programs, family and peer support groups are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Boru Bifftu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of
Nursing, Gondar University, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Berihun Assefa Dachew
- Institution of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, Gondar University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bewket Tadesse Tiruneh
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of
Nursing, Gondar University, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Taft TH, Riehl ME, Dowjotas KL, Keefer L. Moving beyond perceptions: internalized stigma in the irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1026-35. [PMID: 24832499 PMCID: PMC8569739 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalized stigma (IS) is an important construct in the chronic illness literature with implications for several patient reported outcomes. To date, no study exists evaluating IS in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS Two hundred and forty three online and clinical participants completed the following questionnaires: the IS scale for mental illness (ISMI; modified for IBS), perceived stigma scale for IBS, NIH-PROMIS Anxiety and Depression Scales, IBS quality of life scale, and the Perceived Health Competence Scale. Demographical and clinical data were also collected. KEY RESULTS The modified ISMI was reliable and valid in this population. Participants reported both perceived and IS. Alienation was most reported, followed by social withdrawal and discrimination experiences. IS predicted 25-40% of the variance in psychological functioning, quality of life, healthcare utilization, and health competence when controlling for stigma perception and disease variables. IBS patients perceived more stigma from personal relations than healthcare providers. Hispanic participants reported more perceived stigma, indicating there may be cultural differences in IBS-related stigma experience. Symptom severity, disruptiveness, and treatment choices are also implicated in stigma perception and internalization. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Patients with IBS report both perceived and IS with alienation most reported. However, IS significantly predicts several patient outcomes when controlling for PS. Cultural and illness traits may influence how stigma is perceived and internalized. Future research is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Taft
- Center for Psychosocial Research in GI; Feinberg School of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Northwestern University; Chicago IL USA
| | - M. E. Riehl
- Center for Psychosocial Research in GI; Feinberg School of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Northwestern University; Chicago IL USA
| | - K. L. Dowjotas
- Center for Psychosocial Research in GI; Feinberg School of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Northwestern University; Chicago IL USA
| | - L. Keefer
- Center for Psychosocial Research in GI; Feinberg School of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Northwestern University; Chicago IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Griffiths KM, Carron-Arthur B, Parsons A, Reid R. Effectiveness of programs for reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry 2014; 13:161-75. [PMID: 24890069 PMCID: PMC4102289 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The stigma associated with mental disorders is a global public health problem. Programs to combat it must be informed by the best available evidence. To this end, a meta-analysis was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of existing programs. A systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases yielded 34 relevant papers, comprising 33 randomized controlled trials. Twenty-seven papers (26 trials) contained data that could be incorporated into a quantitative analysis. Of these trials, 19 targeted personal stigma or social distance (6,318 participants), six addressed perceived stigma (3,042 participants) and three self-stigma (238 participants). Interventions targeting personal stigma or social distance yielded small but significant reductions in stigma across all mental disorders combined (d=0.28, 95% CI: 0.17-0.39, p<0.001) as well as for depression (d=0.36, 95% CI: 0.10-0.60, p<0.01), psychosis (d=0.20, 95% CI: 0.06-0.34, p<0.01) and generic mental illness (d=0.30, 95% CI: 0.10-0.50, p<0.01). Educational interventions were effective in reducing personal stigma (d=0.33, 95% CI: 0.19-0.42, p<0.001) as were interventions incorporating consumer contact (d=0.47, 95% CI: 0.17-0.78, p<0.001), although there were insufficient studies to demonstrate an effect for consumer contact alone. Internet programs were at least as effective in reducing personal stigma as face-to-face delivery. There was no evidence that stigma interventions were effective in reducing perceived or self-stigma. In conclusion, there is an evidence base to inform the roll out of programs for improving personal stigma among members of the community. However, there is a need to investigate methods for improving the effectiveness of these programs and to develop interventions that are effective in reducing perceived and internalized stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Griffiths
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|