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Parekh T, Tsai M, Spiro S. Choline degradation in Paracoccus denitrificans: identification of sources of formaldehyde. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0008124. [PMID: 38501746 PMCID: PMC11025334 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00081-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Paracoccus denitrificans is a facultative methylotroph that can grow on methanol and methylamine as sole sources of carbon and energy. Both are oxidized to formaldehyde and then to formate, so growth on C1 substrates induces the expression of genes encoding enzymes required for the oxidation of formaldehyde and formate. This induction involves a histidine kinase response regulator pair (FlhSR) that is likely triggered by formaldehyde. Catabolism of some complex organic substrates (e.g., choline and L-proline betaine) also generates formaldehyde. Thus, flhS and flhR mutants that fail to induce expression of the formaldehyde catabolic enzymes cannot grow on methanol, methylamine, and choline. Choline is oxidized to glycine via glycine betaine, dimethylglycine, and sarcosine. By exploring flhSR growth phenotypes and the activities of a promoter and enzyme known to be upregulated by formaldehyde, we identify the oxidative demethylations of glycine betaine, dimethylglycine, and sarcosine as sources of formaldehyde. Growth on glycine betaine, dimethylglycine, and sarcosine is accompanied by the production of up to three, two, and one equivalents of formaldehyde, respectively. Genetic evidence implicates two orthologous monooxygenases in the oxidation of glycine betaine. Interestingly, one of these appears to be a bifunctional enzyme that also oxidizes L-proline betaine (stachydrine). We present preliminary evidence to suggest that growth on L-proline betaine induces expression of a formaldehyde dehydrogenase distinct from the enzyme induced during growth on other formaldehyde-generating substrates.IMPORTANCEThe bacterial degradation of one-carbon compounds (methanol and methylamine) and some complex multi-carbon compounds (e.g., choline) generates formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is toxic and must be removed, which can be done by oxidation to formate and then to carbon dioxide. These oxidations provide a source of energy; in some species, the CO2 thus generated can be assimilated into biomass. Using the Gram-negative bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans as the experimental model, we infer that oxidation of choline to glycine generates up to three equivalents of formaldehyde, and we identify the three steps in the catabolic pathway that are responsible. Our work sheds further light on metabolic pathways that are likely important in a variety of environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trusha Parekh
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Marcus Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Spiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
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Yokoo H, Dirisala A, Uchida S, Oba M. Oligo sarcosine Conjugation of Arginine-Rich Peptides Improves the Intracellular Delivery of Peptide/pDNA Complexes. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:890-896. [PMID: 38159284 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), for example, arginine (Arg) rich peptides, are used for the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids. In this study, oligosarcosine-conjugated Arg-rich peptides were designed as plasmid DNA (pDNA) carriers, and the physicochemical parameters and transfection efficiency of the peptide/pDNA complexes were evaluated. Oligosarcosine with different lengths were conjugated to a base sequence composed of arginine and α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) [(Aib-Arg-Arg)3]. Oligosarcosine conjugation inhibited the aggregation of the complexes after mixing with pDNA, shielded the positive charge of the complexes, and provided efficient pDNA transfection in cultured cells. The efficiency of the pDNA transfection was improved by varying the length of the oligosarcosine moiety (10-15 units were optimal). The cellular uptake efficiency and intracellular distribution of pDNA were the same regardless of oligosarcosine conjugation. These results implied that intracellular processes, including the decondensation of pDNA, contributed to the efficiency of the protein expression from pDNA. This study demonstrated the advantages of oligosarcosine conjugation to Arg-rich CPPs and provided valuable insight into the future design of CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetomo Yokoo
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Anjaneyulu Dirisala
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- Innovation Center of Nanomedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
- Department of Advanced Nanomedical Engineering, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Oba
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
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Zeyadi M, Chaudhari KG, Patil PO, Al-Abbasi FA, Almalki NAR, Alqurashi MM, Kazmi I, Patil S, Khan ZG. Development of a highly sensitive fluorescent probe using Delonix regia (Gulmohar) tree pod shell for precise sarcosine detection in human urine samples: advancing prostate cancer diagnosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38260958 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2306196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We designed a highly sensitive fluorescent sensor for the early detection of sarcosine, a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. This sensor was based on surface-cobalt-doped fluorescent carbon quantum dots (Co-CD) using a FRET-based photoluminescent sensing platform. Blue luminescent carbon quantum dots (CQD) were synthesised through a hydrothermal approach, utilizing Delonix regia tree pod shells. Cobalt was employed to functionalize the CQD, enhancing the quantum-entrapped effects and minimizing surface flaws. To optimize Co-CD preparation, we employed a Box-Behnken design (BBD), and response surface methodology (RSM) based on single-factor experiments. The Co-CD was then used as a fluorescent probe for selective Cu2+ detection, with Cu2+ quenching Co-CD fluorescence through an energy transfer process, referred to as 'turn-off'. When sarcosine was introduced, the fluorescence intensity of Co-CD was restored, creating a 'turn-on' response. The sensor exhibited a Cu2+ detection limit (LOD) of 2.4 µM with a linear range of 0 μM to 10 µM. The sarcosine detection in phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4) resulted in an LOD of 1.54 μM and a linear range of 0 to 10 µM. Importantly, the sensor demonstrated its suitability for clinical analysis by detecting sarcosine in human urine. In summary, our rapid and highly sensitive sensor offers a novel approach for the detection of sarcosine in real samples, facilitating early prostate cancer diagnosis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Zeyadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Komal G Chaudhari
- Department of Quality Assurance, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravin O Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif A R Almalki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May M Alqurashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaktipal Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Zamir G Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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Saito S, Shahbaz S, Luo X, Osman M, Redmond D, Cohen Tervaert JW, Li L, Elahi S. Metabolomic and immune alterations in long COVID patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341843. [PMID: 38304426 PMCID: PMC10830702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A group of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals present lingering symptoms, defined as long COVID (LC), that may last months or years post the onset of acute disease. A portion of LC patients have symptoms similar to myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), which results in a substantial reduction in their quality of life. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of LC, in particular, ME/CFS is urgently needed. Methods We identified and studied metabolites and soluble biomarkers in plasma from LC individuals mainly exhibiting ME/CFS compared to age-sex-matched recovered individuals (R) without LC, acute COVID-19 patients (A), and to SARS-CoV-2 unexposed healthy individuals (HC). Results Through these analyses, we identified alterations in several metabolomic pathways in LC vs other groups. Plasma metabolomics analysis showed that LC differed from the R and HC groups. Of note, the R group also exhibited a different metabolomic profile than HC. Moreover, we observed a significant elevation in the plasma pro-inflammatory biomarkers (e.g. IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, Flt-1, and sCD14) but the reduction in ATP in LC patients. Our results demonstrate that LC patients exhibit persistent metabolomic abnormalities 12 months after the acute COVID-19 disease. Of note, such metabolomic alterations can be observed in the R group 12 months after the acute disease. Hence, the metabolomic recovery period for infected individuals with SARS-CoV-2 might be long-lasting. In particular, we found a significant reduction in sarcosine and serine concentrations in LC patients, which was inversely correlated with depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction scores. Conclusion Our study findings provide a comprehensive metabolomic knowledge base and other soluble biomarkers for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of LC and suggests sarcosine and serine supplementations might have potential therapeutic implications in LC patients. Finally, our study reveals that LC disproportionally affects females more than males, as evidenced by nearly 70% of our LC patients being female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Saito
- School of Dentistry, Division of Foundational Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shima Shahbaz
- School of Dentistry, Division of Foundational Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xian Luo
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mohammed Osman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Desiree Redmond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Liang Li
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, Division of Foundational Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Strzelecki D, Talarowska M, Kaźmierski J, Waszkiewicz N, Curtis D. Editorial: Glutamatergic system in affective and psychotic disorders: pre-clinical and clinical advances. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1358271. [PMID: 38264496 PMCID: PMC10803660 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1358271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Kaźmierski
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Che M, Xia Z, Jiang D, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen Y, Wang Z, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Guo C, Zhang X, Zheng C, Mao G. Impact of sarcosine on diabetic retinopathy: Findings based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning techniques. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3501-3511. [PMID: 37608469 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To quantify the association between serum sarcosine and diabetic retinopathy (DR) using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). METHODS We measured serum metabolites in 69 pairs of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with and without DR matched by age, gender, body mass index(BMI and HbA1c, using a propensity score matching-based approach. To identify modules and metabolites linked to DR, pathway analysis was performed using WGCNA, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Small-Molecule Pathway Database. The association of sarcosine with DR was estimated by restricted cubic spline and conditional logistic regression models. Its joint effects with covariates on DR were also extensively examined. RESULTS With per interquartile range elevation of sarcosine, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of DR significantly decreased by 67% (AOR: 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19-0.58). Similar results were also found in the tertile analysis. Compared with those in the first tertile of sarcosine, the AOR significantly decreased by 54% (AOR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.18-1.17) and 78% (AOR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.08-0.59) for subjects in the second and third tertiles, respectively. Compared with subjects with lower sarcosine and lower HDL-C levels, those with higher sarcosine and lower HDL-C levels had the lowest odds of DR (OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.43). CONCLUSIONS Serum sarcosine was inversely related to DR, especially in T2D patients with insufficient HDL-C. This study provides insights on a possible novel target for DR precision prevention and control, as well as a better understanding of the DR mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Che
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhezheng Xia
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Depeng Jiang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Yanan Wang
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinlv Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zejie Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengnan Guo
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyun Mao
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Kishi S, Mori S, Fujiwara-Tani R, Ogata R, Sasaki R, Ikemoto A, Goto K, Sasaki T, Miyake M, Sasagawa S, Kawaichi M, Luo Y, Bhawal UK, Fujimoto K, Nakagawa H, Kuniyasu H. ERVK13-1/miR-873-5p/GNMT Axis Promotes Metastatic Potential in Human Bladder Cancer though Sarcosine Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16367. [PMID: 38003554 PMCID: PMC10671720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-glycine (sarcosine) is known to promote metastatic potential in some cancers; however, its effects on bladder cancer are unclear. T24 cells derived from invasive cancer highly expressed GNMT, and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) treatment increased sarcosine production, promoting proliferation, invasion, anti-apoptotic survival, sphere formation, and drug resistance. In contrast, RT4 cells derived from non-invasive cancers expressed low GNMT, and SAM treatment did not produce sarcosine and did not promote malignant phenotypes. In T24 cells, the expression of miR-873-5p, which suppresses GNMT expression, was suppressed, and the expression of ERVK13-1, which sponges miR-873-5p, was increased. The growth of subcutaneous tumors, lung metastasis, and intratumoral GNMT expression in SAM-treated nude mice was suppressed in T24 cells with ERVK13-1 knockdown but promoted in RT4 cells treated with miR-873-5p inhibitor. An increase in mouse urinary sarcosine levels was observed to correlate with tumor weight. Immunostaining of 86 human bladder cancer cases showed that GNMT expression was higher in cases with muscle invasion and metastasis. Additionally, urinary sarcosine concentrations increased in cases of muscle invasion. Notably, urinary sarcosine concentration may serve as a marker for muscle invasion in bladder cancer; however, further investigation is necessitated.
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Grants
- 22K09341 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 19K16564 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 20K21659 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 23K16621 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 23K19900 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kishi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (S.K.); (S.M.); (R.F.-T.); (R.O.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (K.G.); (T.S.)
- Research Institute, Tokushukai Nozaki Hospital, 2-10-50 Tanigawa, Daito 574-0074, Japan; (S.S.); (M.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Shiori Mori
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (S.K.); (S.M.); (R.F.-T.); (R.O.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (K.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Rina Fujiwara-Tani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (S.K.); (S.M.); (R.F.-T.); (R.O.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (K.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Ruiko Ogata
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (S.K.); (S.M.); (R.F.-T.); (R.O.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (K.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Rika Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (S.K.); (S.M.); (R.F.-T.); (R.O.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (K.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Ayaka Ikemoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (S.K.); (S.M.); (R.F.-T.); (R.O.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (K.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Kei Goto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (S.K.); (S.M.); (R.F.-T.); (R.O.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (K.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (S.K.); (S.M.); (R.F.-T.); (R.O.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (K.G.); (T.S.)
| | - Makito Miyake
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan; (M.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Satoru Sasagawa
- Research Institute, Tokushukai Nozaki Hospital, 2-10-50 Tanigawa, Daito 574-0074, Japan; (S.S.); (M.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Masashi Kawaichi
- Research Institute, Tokushukai Nozaki Hospital, 2-10-50 Tanigawa, Daito 574-0074, Japan; (S.S.); (M.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Yi Luo
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China;
| | - Ujjal Kumar Bhawal
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan;
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Kiyohide Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan; (M.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Hidemitsu Nakagawa
- Research Institute, Tokushukai Nozaki Hospital, 2-10-50 Tanigawa, Daito 574-0074, Japan; (S.S.); (M.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Hiroki Kuniyasu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan; (S.K.); (S.M.); (R.F.-T.); (R.O.); (R.S.); (A.I.); (K.G.); (T.S.)
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Pawlak A, Kaczmarek B, Wysokiński A, Strzelecki D. Sarcosine May Induce EGF Production or Inhibit the Decline in EGF Concentrations in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia (Results of the PULSAR Study). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1557. [PMID: 38004423 PMCID: PMC10674361 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcosine (N-methylglycine), a glutamatergic modulator, reduces the primary negative symptoms of schizophrenia. These beneficial changes might be mediated by trophic factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF). We assessed associations between initial serum EGF levels or changes in serum EGF levels and symptom severity during the addition of sarcosine to stable antipsychotic treatment and thereby evaluated the associations between glutamatergic modulation, clinical changes and peripheral EGF concentrations. Fifty-eight subjects with a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia with dominant negative symptoms, stably treated with antipsychotics, completed a prospective 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects received orally 2 g of sarcosine (n = 28) or placebo (n = 30) daily. Serum EGF levels and symptom severity (using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS)) were assessed at baseline, 6-week and 6-month follow-up. Augmentation antipsychotic treatment with sarcosine had no effect on EGF serum levels at any time points. Only the sarcosine group showed a significant improvement in negative symptoms, general psychopathology subscales and the overall PANSS score. We found a reduction in serum EGF levels in the placebo group, but levels in the sarcosine remained stable during the study. Our data indicate that improvement in negative symptoms due to sarcosine augmentation is not directly mediated by EGF, but effective treatment may induce the production or block the decrease in EGF concentrations, which indicates the neuroprotective effect of treatment and confirms the relationship between neuroprotection and EGF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pawlak
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Kaczmarek
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland;
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Kumar A, Prajapati P, Singh G, Kumar D, Mishra V, Kim SC, Raorane CJ, Raj V, Kushwaha S. Salbutamol Attenuates Diabetic Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Myostatin/GDF-8, and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2101. [PMID: 37631314 PMCID: PMC10458056 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that leads to accelerated skeletal muscle atrophy. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of salbutamol (SLB) on skeletal muscle atrophy in high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): control, SLB, HFD/STZ, and HFD/STZ + SLB (6 mg/kg orally for four weeks). After the last dose of SLB, rats were assessed for muscle grip strength and muscle coordination (wire-hanging, rotarod, footprint, and actophotometer tests). Body composition was analyzed in live rats. After that, animals were sacrificed, and serum and gastrocnemius (GN) muscles were collected. Endpoints include myofibrillar protein content, muscle oxidative stress and antioxidants, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6), serum muscle markers (myostatin, creatine kinase, and testosterone), histopathology, and muscle 1H NMR metabolomics. Findings showed that SLB treatment significantly improved muscle strength and muscle coordination, as well as increased lean muscle mass in diabetic rats. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and muscle markers (myostatin, creatine kinase) indicate muscle deterioration in diabetic rats, while SLB intervention restored the same. Also, Feret's diameter and cross-sectional area of GN muscle were increased by SLB treatment, indicating the amelioration in diabetic rat muscle. Results of muscle metabolomics exhibit that SLB treatment resulted in the restoration of perturbed metabolites, including histidine-to-tyrosine, phenylalanine-to-tyrosine, and glutamate-to-glutamine ratios and succinate, sarcosine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) in diabetic rats. These metabolites showed a pertinent role in muscle inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. In conclusion, findings showed that salbutamol could be explored as an intervention in diabetic-associated skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India; (A.K.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Priyanka Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India; (A.K.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Gurvinder Singh
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow 226014, India; (G.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow 226014, India; (G.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Vikas Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India; (A.K.); (P.P.); (V.M.)
| | - Seong-Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | | | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sapana Kushwaha
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Lucknow 226002, India
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10
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Doroshenko VG, Slesareva AE, Shmonova EA, Kivero AD. Sarcosine sensitivity in Escherichia coli is mediated by activation of the glycine cleavage system. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023:7187492. [PMID: 37259192 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum AJ1511 and Escherichia coli BW25113 strains were compared in terms of resistance to sarcosine (N-methylglycine). The E. coli strain was more sensitive to sarcosine than C. glutamicum especially when grown in minimal medium. Growth inhibition of the BW25113 strain in minimal M9 medium containing 0.5 M sarcosine was overcome by the addition of glycine. Inactivation of the glycine cleavage (GCV) system (∆gcvP) as well as the removal of its activator (∆gcvA) in BW25113 cells increased the threshold for sarcosine inhibition up to 0.75 M. Activation of the promoter of the E. coli gcvTHP operon by 0.1-0.4 M sarcosine added to M9 medium was demonstrated in vivo using dasherGFP as the reporter. Sensitivity to sarcosine on minimal glucose medium is suggested to be a character of gram-negative bacteria with GcvA/GcvR regulation of the GCV system.
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11
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Hsiao YC, Lee MY, Chan MH, Chen HH. NMDA Receptor Glycine Binding Site Modulators for Prevention and Treatment of Ketamine Use Disorder. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:812. [PMID: 37375760 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine offers a fast-acting approach to relieving treatment-resistant depression, but its abuse potential is an issue of concern. As ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) ion channel blocker, modulation of NMDAR might be an effective strategy to counteract the abuse liability of ketamine and even to treat ketamine use disorder. This study evaluated whether NMDAR modulators that act on glycine binding sites can decrease motivation to obtain ketamine and reduce reinstatement to ketamine-seeking behavior. Two NMDAR modulators, D-serine and sarcosine were examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent training to acquire the ability to self-administer ketamine. The motivation to self-administer ketamine or sucrose pellets was examined under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. The reinstatement of ketamine-seeking and sucrose pellet-seeking behaviors were assessed after extinction. The results showed that both D-serine and sarcosine significantly decreased the breakpoints for ketamine and prevented reinstatement of ketamine seeking. However, these modulators did not alter motivated behavior for sucrose pellets, the ability of the cue and sucrose pellets to reinstate sucrose-seeking behavior or spontaneous locomotor activity. These findings indicate that two NMDAR modulators can specifically reduce the measures of motivation and relapse for ketamine in rats, suggesting that targeting the glycine binding site of the NMDAR is a promising approach for preventing and treating ketamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Hsiao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Lee
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huan Chan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, 64, Sec. 2, ZhiNan Road, Wenshan District, Taipei City 11605, Taiwan
- Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, 64, Sec. 2, ZhiNan Road, Wenshan District, Taipei City 11605, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Hsien Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Chengchi University, 64, Sec. 2, ZhiNan Road, Wenshan District, Taipei City 11605, Taiwan
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12
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Giuriato D, Correddu D, Catucci G, Di Nardo G, Bolchi C, Pallavicini M, Gilardi G. Design of a H 2 O 2 -generating P450 SPα fusion protein for high yield fatty acid conversion. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4501. [PMID: 36334042 PMCID: PMC9679977 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomonas paucimobilis' P450SPα (CYP152B1) is a good candidate as industrial biocatalyst. This enzyme is able to use hydrogen peroxide as unique cofactor to catalyze the fatty acids conversion to α-hydroxy fatty acids, thus avoiding the use of expensive electron-donor(s) and redox partner(s). Nevertheless, the toxicity of exogenous H2 O2 toward proteins and cells often results in the failure of the reaction scale-up when it is directly added as co-substrate. In order to bypass this problem, we designed a H2 O2 self-producing enzyme by fusing the P450SPα to the monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX), as H2 O2 donor system, in a unique polypeptide chain, obtaining the P450SPα -polyG-MSOX fusion protein. The purified P450SPα -polyG-MSOX protein displayed high purity (A417 /A280 = 0.6) and H2 O2 -tolerance (kdecay = 0.0021 ± 0.000055 min-1 ; ΔA417 = 0.018 ± 0.001) as well as good thermal stability (Tm : 59.3 ± 0.3°C and 63.2 ± 0.02°C for P450SPα and MSOX domains, respectively). The data show how the catalytic interplay between the two domains can be finely regulated by using 500 mM sarcosine as sacrificial substrate to generate H2 O2 . Indeed, the fusion protein resulted in a high conversion yield toward fat waste biomass-representative fatty acids, that is, lauric acid (TON = 6,800 compared to the isolated P450SPα TON = 2,307); myristic acid (TON = 6,750); and palmitic acid (TON = 1,962).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Giuriato
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Danilo Correddu
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Cristiano Bolchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Marco Pallavicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze FarmaceuticheUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
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13
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Pandey A, Sarkar S, Pandey SK, Srivastava A. Silica Nanospheres Coated Silver Islands as an Effective Opto-Plasmonic SERS Active Platform for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36431921 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro diagnostics of cancer are not represented well yet, but the need for early-stage detection is undeniable. In recent decades, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as an efficient, adaptable, and unique technique for the detection of cancer molecules in their early stages. Herein, we demonstrate an opto-plasmonic hybrid structure for sensitive detection of the prostate cancer biomarker sarcosine using silica nanospheres coated silver nano-islands as a facile and efficient SERS active substrate. The SERS active platform has been developed via thin (5-15 nm) deposition of silver islands using a simple and cost-effective Radio Frequency (RF) sputtering technique followed by the synthesis and decoration of silica nanospheres (~500 nm) synthesized via Stober's method. It is anticipated that the coupling of Whispering Gallery Modes and photonic nano-jets in SiO2 nanospheres induce Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) in Ag nano-islands, which is responsible for the SERS enhancement. The as-fabricated SERS active platform shows a linear response in the physiological range (10 nM to 100 μM) and an extremely low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.76 nM with a correlation coefficient of 0.98 and enhancement factor ~2 × 107. The findings suggest that our fabricated SERS platform could be potentially used for the rapid detection of bio-chemical traces with high sensitivity.
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14
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Tsikas D, Redfors B. Pilot Study on Acute Effects of Pharmacological Intraperitoneal L-Homoarginine on Homeostasis of Lysine and Other Amino Acids in a Rat Model of Isoprenaline-Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094734. [PMID: 35563125 PMCID: PMC9103764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes the formation of L-homoarginine (hArg) and L-ornithine (Orn) from L-arginine (Arg) and L-lysine (Lys): Arg + Lys ↔ hArg + Orn; equilibrium constant KhArg. AGAT also catalyzes the formation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and Orn from Arg and glycine (Gly): Arg + Gly ↔ GAA + Orn; equilibrium constant KGAA. In humans, pharmacological hArg is metabolized to Lys. Low circulating and low excretory concentrations of hArg are associated with worse outcomes and mortality in the renal and cardiovascular systems. The metabolism and pharmacology of hArg have been little investigated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of pharmacological hArg (i.p., 0, 20, 220, 440 mg/kg at time point 0 min) on amino acids homeostasis in a rat model of isoprenaline-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy (i.p., 50 mg/kg at time point 15 min). We measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry free and proteinic amino acids, as well as the polyamines putrescine and spermidine in the heart, lung, kidney, and liver of ten rats sacrificed at various time points (range, 0 to 126 min). hArg administration resulted in multiple changes in the tissue contents of several free and proteinic amino acids, as well as in the putrescine-spermidine molar ratio, an indicator of polyamines catabolism. Our results suggest that Lys and Arg are major metabolites of pharmacological hArg. Kidneys and heart seem to play a major metabolic role for hArg. Circulating Lys does not change over time, yet there is a considerable interchange of free Lys between organs, notably kidney and heart, during the presence of isoprenaline in the rats (time range, 15 to 90 min). Antidromic changes were observed for KhArg and KGAA, notably in the heart in this time window. Our study shows for the first time that free hArg and sarcosine (N-methylglycine) are positively associated with each other. The acute effects of high-dosed hArg administration and isoprenaline on various amino acids and on AGAT-catalyzed reaction in the heart, lung, kidney, and liver are detailed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Björn Redfors
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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15
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Abstract
Peptoids have attracted attention for application in biomedicine due to their advantageous properties as compared to peptides. The structural analogues are typically resistant to protease degradation and offer improved biocompatibility. Chemical routes to an impressive variety of short-chain, low-molecular-weight peptoids are well-established. However, synthetic methods for well-defined, high-molecular-weight polypeptoids with side chain diversity are still in their infancy. Here, we report a facile method for synthesis of polypeptoids via transition-metal-catalyzed controlled, living polymerization of N-substituted N-carboxyanhydrides. Our method is amenable to hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains and yields high-molecular-weight linear polypeptoids of predictable length and low dispersity. Further, the polymer end groups can be tuned for biological targeting, and polypeptide-polypeptoid hybrids are readily prepared in one pot. Our materials are indeed resistant to common proteases and are well-tolerated by human cells. Overall, this work represents a significant stride toward access to tunable polypeptoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Clauss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jessica R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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16
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Spinelli V, Ceci A, Dal Bosco C, Gentili A, Persiani AM. Glyphosate-Eating Fungi: Study on Fungal Saprotrophic Strains' Ability to Tolerate and Utilise Glyphosate as a Nutritional Source and on the Ability of Purpureocillium lilacinum to Degrade It. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2179. [PMID: 34835305 PMCID: PMC8623091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide worldwide. Its improper use during recent decades has resulted in glyphosate contamination of soils and waters. Fungal bioremediation is an environmentally friendly, cost effective, and feasible solution to glyphosate contamination in soils. In this study, several saprotrophic fungi isolated from agricultural environments were screened for their ability to tolerate and utilise Roundup in different cultural conditions as a nutritional source. Purpureocillium lilacinum was further screened to evaluate the ability to break down and utilise glyphosate as a P source in a liquid medium. The dose-response effect for Roundup, and the difference in toxicity between pure glyphosate and Roundup were also studied. This study reports the ability of several strains to tolerate 1 mM and 10 mM Roundup and to utilise it as nutritional source. P. lilacinum was reported for the first time for its ability to degrade glyphosate to a considerable extent (80%) and to utilise it as a P source, without showing dose-dependent negative effects on growth. Pure glyphosate was found to be more toxic than Roundup for P. lilacinum. Our results showed that pure glyphosate toxicity can be only partially addressed by the pH decrease determined in the culture medium. In conclusion, our study emphasises the noteworthy potential of P. lilacinum in glyphosate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Spinelli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Ceci
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Persiani
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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17
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Markin PA, Brito A, Moskaleva N, Fodor M, Lartsova EV, Shpot YV, Lerner YV, Mikhajlov VY, Potoldykova NV, Enikeev DV, Lyundup AV, Appolonova SA. Plasma Sarcosine Measured by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Distinguishes Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostate Hyperplasia. Lab Med 2021; 51:566-573. [PMID: 32161964 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sarcosine was postulated in 2009 as a biomarker for prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we assess plasma sarcosine as a biomarker that is complementary to prostate-specific antigen (PSA). METHODS Plasma sarcosine was measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in adults classified as noncancerous controls (with benign prostate hyperplasia [BPH], n = 36), with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN, n = 16), or with PCa (n = 27). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS Plasma sarcosine levels were higher in the PCa (2.0 µM [1.3-3.3 µM], P <.01) and the PIN (1.9 µM [1.2-6.5 µM], P <.001) groups than in the BPH (0.9 µM [0.6-1.4 µM]) group. Plasma sarcosine had "good" and "very good" discriminative capability to detect PIN (area under the curve [AUC], 0.734) and PCa (AUC, 0.833) versus BPH, respectively. The use of PSA and sarcosine together improved the overall diagnostic accuracy to detect PIN and PCa versus BPH. CONCLUSION Plasma sarcosine measured by GC-MS had "good" and "very good" classification performance for distinguishing PIN and PCa, respectively, relative to noncancerous patients diagnosed with BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Markin
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,PhD Program in Nanosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alex Brito
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Moskaleva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Miguel Fodor
- Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ekaterina V Lartsova
- University Clinical Hospital, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yevgeny V Shpot
- Research Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V Lerner
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily Y Mikhajlov
- University Clinical Hospital, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Potoldykova
- Research Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitry V Enikeev
- Research Institute of Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Lyundup
- Advanced Cell Technologies Department, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Appolonova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Yokoo H, Hirano M, Ohoka N, Misawa T, Demizu Y. Structure-activity relationship study of amphipathic antimicrobial peptides using helix-destabilizing sarcosine. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3360. [PMID: 34164880 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potential therapeutic agents against bacteria. We recently showed that a rationally designed AMP, termed Stripe, with an amphipathic distribution of native cationic and hydrophobic amino acids on its helical structure exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with negligible hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity. In this study, the structure-activity relationship of Stripe was elucidated by designing a series of antimicrobial peptides whereby amino acid residues of Stripe were exchanged with helix-destabilizing sarcosine residues. Stripe 1-5 peptides with hydrophobic amino acids substituted with sarcosine were predominantly unstructured and showed no antimicrobial activity, except against Escherichia coli (E. coli) (DH5α) cells. The activity against E. coli (DH5α) cells and the helicity of Stripe 1-5 peptides decreased concomitantly as the number of sarcosine residue substitutions increased. Stripe 1-5 peptides showed no hemolytic activity or cytotoxicity. The results indicate that sarcosine substitutions provide an approach to study the structure-activity relationship of helical AMPs, and the helicity of Stripe is an important feature defining its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetomo Yokoo
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Motoharu Hirano
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Ohoka
- Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Misawa
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Demizu
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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19
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Strzelecki D, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Kaczmarek B, Jerczyńska H, Wysokiński A. Serum levels of neuropeptide Y in patients with chronic schizophrenia during treatment augmentation with sarcosine (results of the double-blind randomized controlled PULSAR study). Hum Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:e2770. [PMID: 33245168 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia by sarcosine leads to a reduction in primary negative symptoms, while its metabolic profile is safe. In order to extend research in the area, we assessed serum levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a hypothalamic hormone related to anxiety and depression, also involved in mechanisms inducing weight gain. Additionally, we analyzed associations between NPY concentrations and its changes with severity of symptoms and metabolic parameters. METHODS A prospective 6-month, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial was completed by 57 subjects with chronic schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms and stable antipsychotic treatment. The participants received 2 g of sarcosine (n = 28) or placebo (n = 29) daily. We assessed serum NPY concentrations and severity of symptoms (with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS] and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia) at the beginning of the study, after 6 weeks and 6 months. RESULTS Sarcosine did not affect NPY levels in all time points. The highest decrease in NPY concentrations was observed in the subjects who were initially depressed, who became euthymic at the last visit. We noticed an improvement in the total PANSS score, and negative symptom and general psychopathology subscales in the sarcosine group, however, without any correlation with NPY levels. CONCLUSION The use of sarcosine does not change NPY levels. Peripheral NPY concentrations may be related to depressive symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Kaczmarek
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Hanna Jerczyńska
- Central Scientific Laboratory (CoreLab), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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20
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Marchi M, Galli G, Magarini FM, Mattei G, Galeazzi GM. Sarcosine as an add-on treatment to antipsychotic medication for people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:483-493. [PMID: 33538213 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1885648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: N-methyl-glycine (sarcosine) may improve symptoms of schizophrenia via NMDA-receptor modulation. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the short- and long-term effectiveness of sarcosine for schizophrenia.Research design and methods: The databases Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO were searched. We included six independent randomized controlled trials of sarcosine as add-on treatment to current antipsychotic medication, involving 234 adult participants with schizophrenia, and reporting data on symptom severity. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used to assess continuous outcomes.Results: In all of the trials, sarcosine was administered orally at 2 g/day. Treatment with sarcosine did not show a significant effect size at any of the pre-established time points (2, 4, 6, or >6 weeks), due to marked quantitative heterogeneity. However, sarcosine was associated with significant reductions of symptom severity in the subgroups of people with chronic schizophrenia and no treatment resistance (namely, without added-on clozapine) in relation to the SMD after 6 weeks treatment at -0.36 and -0.31, respectively.Conclusions: People with chronic and non-refractory schizophrenia may benefit from the use of sarcosine as an add-on treatment to antipsychotic medication. Due to the good tolerability of this compound, future trials with larger sample sizes appear worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Marchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Galli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Maria Magarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mattei
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Labor, Development and Innovation, Marco Biagi Department of Economics & Marco Biagi Foundation, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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21
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Shen HY, Weltha L, Cook JM, Gesese R, Omi W, Baer SB, Rose RM, Reemmer J, Boison D. Sarcosine Suppresses Epileptogenesis in Rats With Effects on Hippocampal DNA Methylation. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:97. [PMID: 32581708 PMCID: PMC7291815 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptogenesis is a common consequence of brain insults, however, the prevention or delay of the epileptogenic process remains an important unmet medical challenge. Overexpression of glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) is proposed as a pathological hallmark in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and we previously demonstrated in rodent epilepsy models that augmentation of glycine suppressed chronic seizures and altered acute seizure thresholds. In the present study we evaluated the effect of the GlyT1 inhibitor, sarcosine (aka N-methylglycine), on epileptogenesis and also investigated possible mechanisms. We developed a modified rapid kindling model of epileptogenesis in rats combined with seizure score monitoring to evaluate the antiepileptogenic effect of sarcosine. We used immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis for the evaluation of GlyT1 expression and epigenetic changes of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in the epileptogenic hippocampi of rats, and further evaluated expression changes in enzymes involved in the regulation of DNA methylation, ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1), DNA-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and DNMT3a. Our results demonstrated: (i) experimental evidence that sarcosine (3 g/kg, i.p. daily) suppressed kindling epileptogenesis in rats; (ii) the sarcosine-induced antiepileptogenic effect was accompanied by a suppressed hippocampal GlyT1 expression as well as a reduction of hippocampal 5mC levels and a corresponding increase in 5hmC; and (iii) sarcosine treatment caused differential expression changes of TET1 and DNMTs. Together, these findings suggest that sarcosine has unprecedented disease-modifying properties in a kindling model of epileptogenesis in rats, which was associated with altered hippocampal DNA methylation. Thus, manipulation of the glycine system is a potential therapeutic approach to attenuate the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Shen
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Landen Weltha
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John M Cook
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Raey Gesese
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Wakaba Omi
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sadie B Baer
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Rizelle Mae Rose
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jesica Reemmer
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Detlev Boison
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
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22
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Hroncekova S, Bertok T, Hires M, Jane E, Lorencova L, Vikartovska A, Tanvir A, Kasak P, Tkac J. Ultrasensitive Ti 3C 2T X MXene/Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Amperometric Biosensor for Detection of Potential Prostate Cancer Marker in Urine Samples. Processes (Basel) 2020; 8:580. [PMID: 33304843 PMCID: PMC7116456 DOI: 10.3390/pr8050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional layered nanomaterial Ti3C2TX (a member of the MXene family) was used to immobilise enzyme sarcosine oxidase to fabricate a nanostructured biosensor. The device was applied for detection of sarcosine, a potential prostate cancer biomarker, in urine for the first time. The morphology and structures of MXene have been characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical measurements, SEM and AFM analysis revealed that MXene interfaced with chitosan is an excellent support for enzyme immobilisation to fabricate a sensitive biosensor exhibiting a low detection limit of 18 nM and a linear range up to 7.8 µM. The proposed biosensing method also provides a short response time of 2 s and high recovery index of 102.6% for detection of sarcosine spiked into urine sample in a clinically relevant range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Hroncekova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Hires
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Eduard Jane
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Lorencova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Alica Vikartovska
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
| | - Aisha Tanvir
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P. O. BOX 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jan Tkac
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 38, Slovak Republic
- Correspondence:
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23
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Walters RO, Arias E, Diaz A, Burgos ES, Guan F, Tiano S, Mao K, Green CL, Qiu Y, Shah H, Wang D, Hudgins AD, Tabrizian T, Tosti V, Shechter D, Fontana L, Kurland IJ, Barzilai N, Cuervo AM, Promislow DEL, Huffman DM. Sarcosine Is Uniquely Modulated by Aging and Dietary Restriction in Rodents and Humans. Cell Rep 2019; 25:663-676.e6. [PMID: 30332646 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of aging is a decline in metabolic homeostasis, which is attenuated by dietary restriction (DR). However, the interaction of aging and DR with the metabolome is not well understood. We report that DR is a stronger modulator of the rat metabolome than age in plasma and tissues. A comparative metabolomic screen in rodents and humans identified circulating sarcosine as being similarly reduced with aging and increased by DR, while sarcosine is also elevated in long-lived Ames dwarf mice. Pathway analysis in aged sarcosine-replete rats identify this biogenic amine as an integral node in the metabolome network. Finally, we show that sarcosine can activate autophagy in cultured cells and enhances autophagic flux in vivo, suggesting a potential role in autophagy induction by DR. Thus, these data identify circulating sarcosine as a biomarker of aging and DR in mammalians and may contribute to age-related alterations in the metabolome and in proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan O Walters
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Esperanza Arias
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Diaz
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Burgos
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Fangxia Guan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Simoni Tiano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kai Mao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cara L Green
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Yungping Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Stable Isotope and Metabolomics Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hardik Shah
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Stable Isotope and Metabolomics Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Adam D Hudgins
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tahmineh Tabrizian
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Valeria Tosti
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Shechter
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University Medical School, Brescia, Italy
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Stable Isotope and Metabolomics Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Derek M Huffman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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24
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Pei JC, Hung WL, Lin BX, Shih MH, Lu LY, Luo DZ, Tai HC, Studer V, Min MY, Lai WS. Therapeutic potential and underlying mechanism of sarcosine (N-methylglycine) in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction models of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1288-1302. [PMID: 31294644 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119856558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compelling animal and clinical studies support the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia and suggest promising pharmacological agents to ameliorate negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, including sarcosine, a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor. AIMS AND METHODS It is imperative to evaluate the therapeutic potential of sarcosine in animal models, which provide indispensable tools for testing drug effects in detail and elucidating the underlying mechanisms. In this study, a series of seven experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of sarcosine in ameliorating behavioral deficits and the underlying mechanism in pharmacological (i.e., MK-801-induced) and genetic (i.e., serine racemase-null mutant (SR-/-) mice) NMDAR hypofunction models. RESULTS In Experiment 1, the acute administration of 500/1000 mg/kg sarcosine (i.p.) had no adverse effects on motor function and serum biochemical responses. In Experiments 2-4, sarcosine significantly alleviated MK-801-induced (0.2 mg/kg) brain abnormalities and behavioral deficits in MK-801-induced and SR-/- mouse models. In Experiment 5, the injection of sarcosine enhanced CSF levels of glycine and serine in rat brain. In Experiments 6-7, we show for the first time that sarcosine facilitated NMDAR-mediated hippocampal field excitatory postsynaptic potentials and influenced the movement of surface NMDARs at extrasynaptic sites. CONCLUSIONS Sarcosine effectively regulated the surface trafficking of NMDARs, NMDAR-evoked electrophysiological activity, brain glycine levels and MK-801-induced abnormalities in the brain, which contributed to the amelioration of behavioral deficits in mouse models of NMDAR hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Chun Pei
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hung
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bei-Xuan Lin
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Han Shih
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Lu
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Zhong Luo
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-Ching Tai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Studer
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France
| | - Ming-Yuan Min
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sung Lai
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Mindt M, Hannibal S, Heuser M, Risse JM, Sasikumar K, Nampoothiri KM, Wendisch VF. Fermentative Production of N-Alkylated Glycine Derivatives by Recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum Using a Mutant of Imine Reductase DpkA From Pseudomonas putida. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:232. [PMID: 31616665 PMCID: PMC6775277 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcosine, an N-methylated amino acid, shows potential as antipsychotic, and serves as building block for peptide-based drugs, and acts as detergent when acetylated. N-methylated amino acids are mainly produced chemically or by biocatalysis, with either low yields or high costs for co-factor regeneration. Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is used for the industrial production of amino acids for decades, has recently been engineered for production of N-methyl-L-alanine and sarcosine. Heterologous expression of dpkA in a C. glutamicum strain engineered for glyoxylate overproduction enabled fermentative production of sarcosine from sugars and monomethylamine. Here, mutation of an amino acyl residue in the substrate binding site of DpkA (DpkAF117L) led to an increased specific activity for reductive alkylamination of glyoxylate using monomethylamine and monoethylamine as substrates. Introduction of DpkAF117L into the production strain accelerated the production of sarcosine and a volumetric productivity of 0.16 g L-1 h-1 could be attained. Using monoethylamine as substrate, we demonstrated N-ethylglycine production with a volumetric productivity of 0.11 g L-1 h-1, which to the best of our knowledge is the first report of its fermentative production. Subsequently, the feasibility of using rice straw hydrolysate as alternative carbon source was tested and production of N-ethylglycine to a titer of 1.6 g L-1 after 60 h of fed-batch bioreactor cultivation could be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mindt
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Silvin Hannibal
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maria Heuser
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Joe Max Risse
- Fermentation Technology, Technical Faculty and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Keerthi Sasikumar
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Trivandrum, India
| | - K. Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Trivandrum, India
| | - Volker F. Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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26
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Abstract
The quantitative determination of sarcosine is of great importance in clinical chemistry, food and fermentation industries. Elevated sarcosine levels are associated with Alzheimer, dementia, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer and sarcosinemia. This review summarizes the various methods for quantitative analysis of sarcosine with special emphasis on various strategies of biosensors and their analytical performance. The current bio sensing methods have overcome the drawbacks of conventional methods. Sarcosine biosensors work optimally at pH 7.0 to 8.0 in the linear range of 0.1 to 100 μM within 2 to 17 s and between 25 and 37 °C, within a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.008 and 500 mM. The formulated biosensors can be reused within a stability period of 3-180 days. Future research could be focused to modify existing sarcosine biosensors, leading to simple, reliable, and economical sensors ideally suited for point-of-care treatment. Clinical significance Elevated sarcosine levels are associated with prostate and colorectal cancer, Alzheimer, dementia, stomach cancer and sarcosinemia. Quantitative determination of sarcosine is of great importance in clinical chemistry as well as food and fermentation industries. Attempts made in development of sarcosine biosensors have been reviewed with their advantages and disadvantages, so that scientist and clinicians can improvise the methods of developing more potent sarcosine biosensor applicable in multitudinous fields. This is the first comprehensive review which compares the various immobilization methods, sensing principles, strategies used in biosensors and their analytical performance in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Pundir
- a Department of Biochemistry , M.D. University , Rohtak , India
| | - Ritu Deswal
- b Centre for Medical Biotechnology , M.D. University , Rohtak , India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- a Department of Biochemistry , M.D. University , Rohtak , India
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27
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Strmiska V, Michalek P, Lackova Z, Guran R, Krizkova S, Vanickova L, Zitka O, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Klejdus B, Pacik D, Tvrdikova E, Keil C, Haase H, Adam V, Heger Z. Sarcosine is a prostate epigenetic modifier that elicits aberrant methylation patterns through the SAMe-Dnmts axis. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1002-1017. [PMID: 30628163 PMCID: PMC6487735 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation is one of the most common epigenetic modifications in prostate cancer (PCa). Several studies have delineated sarcosine as a PCa oncometabolite that increases the migration of malignant prostate cells while decreasing their doubling time. Here, we show that incubation of prostate cells with sarcosine elicited the upregulation of sarcosine N‐demethylation enzymes, sarcosine dehydrogenase and pipecolic acid oxidase. This process was accompanied by a considerable increase in the production of the major methyl‐donor S‐adenosylmethionine (SAMe), together with an elevation of cellular methylation potential. Global DNA methylation analyses revealed increases in methylated CpG islands in distinct prostate cell lines incubated with sarcosine, but not in cells of nonprostate origin. This phenomenon was further associated with marked upregulation of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts). Epigenetic changes were recapitulated through blunting of Dnmts using the hypomethylating agent 5‐azacytidine, which was able to inhibit sarcosine‐induced migration of prostate cells. Moreover, spatial mapping revealed concomitant increases in sarcosine, SAMe and Dnmt1 in histologically confirmed malignant prostate tissue, but not in adjacent or nonmalignant tissue, which is in line with the obtained in vitro data. In summary, we show here for the first time that sarcosine acts as an epigenetic modifier of prostate cells and that this may contribute to its oncometabolic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Strmiska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Michalek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lackova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Guran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Vanickova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Motol, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Klejdus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Pacik
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Tvrdikova
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Keil
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technical University of Berlin, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technical University of Berlin, Germany
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
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28
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Yamkamon V, Yee PP, Yainoi S, Eiamphungporn W, Suksrichavalit T. Simultaneous determination of sarcosine and its related metabolites by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for prostate cancer diagnosis. EXCLI J 2018; 17:965-979. [PMID: 30564076 PMCID: PMC6295632 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Shortly after sarcosine was delineated as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer in 2009, a variety of analytical methods for clinical application were developed. Moreover, higher uptake of glycine in the mitochondria also played a role in cancer proliferation. A major constraint in the accurate quantification of sarcosine was the interference of the two isomers, α-alanine and β-alanine, using chromatographic separation techniques. Accordingly, we aimed to develop an analytical method for determining sarcosine and its related metabolites (α- and β-alanine, glycine and creatinine) under the same conditions by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). BSTFA + 1 % TMCS was used for silylation, and GC-MS/MS conditions were optimized for the target analytes. The unique transition ions of sarcosine, α- and β-alanine, glycine and creatinine set up in MRM acquisition were m/z 116 → 73, 190 → 147, 176 → 147, 176 → 147 and 100 → 73, respectively. This newly developed method was successfully validated to apply in clinical settings with low limits of detection (0.01 - 0.03 µg•mL-1), high correlations (R2 > 0.99), great accuracy (88 - 110 % recovery), and notable precision (RSD < 10 %). All TMS derivatives were > 80 % stable for up to 2 h after derivatization and analyzing during this period promises to achieve an accurate result. Monitoring the five-substance profile could enhance prospects for early diagnosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichanan Yamkamon
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pyone Pyone Yee
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sakda Yainoi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Warawan Eiamphungporn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Thummaruk Suksrichavalit
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Strzelecki D, Urban-Kowalczyk M, Wysokiński A. Serum levels of TNF-alpha in patients with chronic schizophrenia during treatment augmentation with sarcosine (results of the PULSAR study). Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:447-453. [PMID: 30130712 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine, glycine transporter inhibitor, increases glycine levels around NMDA receptor, improving primary negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to find a potential relationship between initial TNF-alpha level, its changes and schizophrenia symptoms severity, resulting from adding sarcosine to a stable antipsychotic treatment. Sixty subjects with stable schizophrenia were randomized to receive either 2 g of sarcosine or placebo and completed a 6-month, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Three patients on sarcosine and one taking placebo did not complete TNF-alpha tests, planned at the beginning, after 6 weeks and after 6 months. For clinical assessments we used PANSS and CDSS scales. No changes in TNF-alpha serum concentrations in both groups at any time-points was noted. The sarcosine group achieved significant improvement in negative symptoms, general psychopathology and total PANSS score group, however without any significant correlations between TNF-alpha levels and PANSS scores in all assessments. Positive correlations between TNF-alpha levels and CDSS score were found in the placebo group and total study group. Initial TNF-alpha concentrations cannot be used as a predictor of the improvement resulting from adding sarcosine. Sarcosine does not significantly affect TNF-alpha levels. TNF-alpha may be involved in mechanisms related to depressive symptomatology in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Urban-Kowalczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, ul. Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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30
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Gumulec J, Raudenska M, Pacik D, Plevova M, Sorokac-Kubolkova A, Lackova Z, Cernei N, Strmiska V, Zitka O, Heger Z, Adam V. Post-treatment urinary sarcosine as a predictor of recurrent relapses in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 7:5411-5419. [PMID: 30209891 PMCID: PMC6246947 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there has been no evidence regarding the association between urinary sarcosine content and prostate cancer survival. Our main objective was to investigate whether levels of post‐treatment urinary sarcosine are associated with relapse. The inclusion criteria were (in accordance with EAU 2017) as follows: histopathologically verified adenocarcinoma in prostate biopsy cores or specimens from transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or prostatectomy for benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) with retained ability to urinate. The median follow‐up was 53 months. In the study, we retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 511 patients with prostate cancer with various risk factors and treatment strategies. Post‐treatment sarcosine levels were elevated in 266 (52%) patients and highly elevated (≥200 nmol/L) in 71 (13%) patients. Urinary sarcosine content was significantly associated with number of relapses that patients experienced, P = 0.002 for sarcosine ≥200 vs ≤30 nmol/L. Multivariate analysis revealed that sarcosine was an independent predictor of recurrent relapses (≥2 relapses with an intermediate period of remission), HR = 3.89 (95% CI 1.29‐11.7) for sarcosine >200 vs <30 nmol/L. This trend was even more pronounced in a subgroup of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, HR = 3.29 (95% CI 1.06‐10.18), where (single) relapse‐free survival could also be predicted by sarcosine levels, HR = 1.96 (1.05‐3.66). Urinary sarcosine may become a possible predictor for patients’ outcomes, because patients with elevated post‐treatment sarcosine could be predicted to have recurrent relapses of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Pacik
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mariana Plevova
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sorokac-Kubolkova
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Brno, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lackova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Cernei
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Strmiska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Yamkamon V, Phakdee B, Yainoy S, Suksrichawalit T, Tatanandana T, Sangkum P, Eiamphungporn W. Development of sarcosine quantification in urine based on enzyme-coupled colorimetric method for prostate cancer diagnosis. EXCLI J 2018; 17. [PMID: 30034310 PMCID: PMC6046622 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay for quantification of urinary sarcosine was developed. The proposed method is a specific reaction based on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation via sarcosine oxidase (SOX). The liberated H2O2 reacts with Amplex Red in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to produce the red-fluorescent oxidation product, resorufin, which can be measured spectrophotometrically (OD570). The method was performed in the 96-well microtiter plate. Reaction conditions, such as pH and reaction time were optimized. At the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.7 and 1 µM, respectively. A good linearity was revealed with a coefficient of 0.990. The assay showed no significant interference from ascorbic acid, glucose and bilirubin. In addition, it is extremely specific for sarcosine rather than other amino acids. The determination of sarcosine in human urine displayed high accuracy and good reproducibility. This method is promising to differentiate prostate cancer patients from healthy subjects according to urinary sarcosine level. Altogether, this study provides a rapid, simple and specific tool to determine urinary sarcosine which could be useful for prostate cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichanan Yamkamon
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Benjarong Phakdee
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sakda Yainoy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Thummaruk Suksrichawalit
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Tararat Tatanandana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Premsant Sangkum
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Warawan Eiamphungporn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Warawan Eiamphungporn, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Telephone: +66 2 441 4371 ext. 2628, Fax: +66 2 441 4380, E-mail:
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32
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Yamkamon V, Phakdee B, Yainoy S, Suksrichawalit T, Tatanandana T, Sangkum P, Eiamphungporn W. Development of sarcosine quantification in urine based on enzyme-coupled colorimetric method for prostate cancer diagnosis. EXCLI J 2018; 17:467-478. [PMID: 30034310 PMCID: PMC6046622 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay for quantification of urinary sarcosine was developed. The proposed method is a specific reaction based on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation via sarcosine oxidase (SOX). The liberated H2O2 reacts with Amplex Red in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to produce the red-fluorescent oxidation product, resorufin, which can be measured spectrophotometrically (OD570). The method was performed in the 96-well microtiter plate. Reaction conditions, such as pH and reaction time were optimized. At the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.7 and 1 µM, respectively. A good linearity was revealed with a coefficient of 0.990. The assay showed no significant interference from ascorbic acid, glucose and bilirubin. In addition, it is extremely specific for sarcosine rather than other amino acids. The determination of sarcosine in human urine displayed high accuracy and good reproducibility. This method is promising to differentiate prostate cancer patients from healthy subjects according to urinary sarcosine level. Altogether, this study provides a rapid, simple and specific tool to determine urinary sarcosine which could be useful for prostate cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vichanan Yamkamon
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Benjarong Phakdee
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sakda Yainoy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Thummaruk Suksrichawalit
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Tararat Tatanandana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Premsant Sangkum
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Warawan Eiamphungporn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Strzelecki D, Urban-Kowalczyk M, Wysokiński A. Serum levels of interleukin 6 in schizophrenic patients during treatment augmentation with sarcosine (results of the PULSAR study). Hum Psychopharmacol 2018; 33:e2652. [PMID: 29417623 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Augmentation of sarcosine, a natural inhibitor of the glycine transporter type I, normalizes glutamatergic neurotransmission, having beneficial impact on primary negative symptoms in schizophrenia and may also influence immune system and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels. AIM Finding a relationship between initial IL-6 serum concentrations or its changes and severity of symptoms as a result of sarcosine addition to stable antipsychotic treatment. METHOD Fifity-eight individuals with schizophrenia with predominantly negative symptoms completed a 6-month randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled prospective study. Patients received 2 g of sarcosine (n = 29) or placebo (n = 30) daily per os. We measured IL-6 levels and severity of symptoms at the beginning, after 6 weeks and 6 months. As main clinical tools, we used Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia (CDSS). RESULTS Augmentation with sarcosine had no effect on IL-6 serum levels in all time points. We noted significant improvements in negative symptoms, general psychopathology, and total PANSS score in the sarcosine group. We found correlation of initial serum IL-6 with severity of positive symptoms and negative association between IL-6 levels reduction and positive symptoms reduction. CONCLUSIONS Sarcosine does not significantly affect IL-6 concentrations but IL-6 may be involved in mechanisms related to the presence of positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Rodrigo MAM, Strmiska V, Horackova E, Buchtelova H, Michalek P, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Adam V, Heger Z. Sarcosine influences apoptosis and growth of prostate cells via cell-type specific regulation of distinct sets of genes. Prostate 2018; 78:104-112. [PMID: 29105933 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcosine is a widely discussed oncometabolite of prostate cells. Although several reports described connections between sarcosine and various phenotypic changes of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, there is still a lack of insights on the complex phenomena of its effects on gene expression patterns, particularly in non-malignant and non-metastatic cells. METHODS To shed more light on this phenomenon, we performed parallel microarray profiling of RNA isolated from non-malignant (PNT1A), malignant (22Rv1), and metastatic (PC-3) prostate cell lines treated with sarcosine. Microarray results were experimentally verified using semi-quantitative-RT-PCR, clonogenic assay, through testing of the susceptibility of cells pre-incubated with sarcosine to anticancer agents with different modes of actions (inhibitors of topoisomerase II, DNA cross-linking agent, antimicrotubule agent and inhibitor of histone deacetylases) and by evaluation of activation of executioner caspases 3/7. RESULTS We identified that irrespective of the cell type, sarcosine stimulates up-regulation of distinct sets of genes involved in cell cycle and mitosis, while down-regulates expression of genes driving apoptosis. Moreover, it was found that in all cell types, sarcosine had pronounced stimulatory effects on clonogenicity. Except of an inhibitor of histone deacetylase valproic acid, efficiency of all agents was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in sarcosine pre-incubated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative study brings evidence that sarcosine affects not only metastatic PCa cells, but also their malignant and non-malignant counterparts and induces very similar changes in cells behavior, but via distinct cell-type specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Strmiska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Horackova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Buchtelova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Michalek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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Skalickova S, Loffelmann M, Gargulak M, Kepinska M, Docekalova M, Uhlirova D, Stankova M, Fernandez C, Milnerowicz H, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Kizek R. Zinc-Modified Nanotransporter of Doxorubicin for Targeted Prostate Cancer Delivery. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2017; 7:E435. [PMID: 29292780 PMCID: PMC5746925 DOI: 10.3390/nano7120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the preparation of chitosan nanoparticles used as carriers for doxorubicin for targeted cancer delivery. Prepared nanocarriers were stabilized and functionalized via zinc ions incorporated into the chitosan nanoparticle backbone. We took the advantage of high expression of sarcosine in the prostate cancer cells. The prostate cancer targeting was mediated by the AntiSar antibodies decorated surface of the nanocage. Formation of the chitosan nanoparticles was determined using a ninhydrin assay and differential pulse voltammetry. Obtained results showed the strong effect of tripolyphosphine on the nanoparticle formation. The zinc ions affected strong chitosan backbone coiling both in inner and outer chitosan nanoparticle structure. Zinc electrochemical signal depended on the level of the complex formation and the potential shift from -960 to -950 mV. Formed complex is suitable for doxorubicin delivery. It was observed the 20% entrapment efficiency of doxorubicin and strong dependence of drug release after 120 min in the blood environment. The functionality of the designed nanotransporter was proven. The purposed determination showed linear dependence in the concentration range of Anti-sarcosine IgG labeled gold nanoparticles from 0 to 1000 µg/mL and the regression equation was found to be y = 3.8x - 66.7 and R² = 0.99. Performed ELISA confirmed the ability of Anti-sarcosine IgG labeled chitosan nanoparticles with loaded doxorubicin to bind to the sarcosine molecule. Observed hemolytic activity of the nanotransporter was 40%. Inhibition activity of our proposed nanotransporter was evaluated to be 0% on the experimental model of S. cerevisiae. Anti-sarcosine IgG labeled chitosan nanoparticles, with loaded doxorubicin stabilized by Zn ions, are a perspective type of nanocarrier for targeted drug therapy managed by specific interaction with sarcosine and metallothionein for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Skalickova
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Loffelmann
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Michael Gargulak
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Michaela Docekalova
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Prevention Medicals s.r.o, Tovární 342, Butovice, 742-13 Studentka, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Uhlirova
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Prevention Medicals s.r.o, Tovární 342, Butovice, 742-13 Studentka, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Stankova
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Prevention Medicals s.r.o, Tovární 342, Butovice, 742-13 Studentka, Czech Republic.
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, UK.
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
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Anis'kov A, Klochkova I, Tumskiy R, Yegorova A. A Diastereoselective Synthesis of Dispiro[oxindole-cyclohexanone]pyrrolidines by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. Molecules 2017; 22:E2134. [PMID: 29207519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, arylmethylidene cyclohexanones that are non-symmetrical due to the presence of peripheral substituents were studied in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. It is shown that the interaction with the azomethine ylide generated from sarcosine proceeds regio- and diastereoselectively, with the participation of two non-equivalent parts of the dipolarophile. Also for the first time, β-amino ketones (Mannich bases) were used as dipolarophile equivalents of unsaturated ketones. It was found that cycloaddition occurs diastereoselectively at the generated center.
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Hassaneen HME, Eid EM, Eid HA, Farghaly TA, Mabkhot YN. Facial Regioselective Synthesis of Novel Bioactive Spiropyrrolidine/Pyrrolizine-Oxindole Derivatives via a Three Components Reaction as Potential Antimicrobial Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:E357. [PMID: 28245641 PMCID: PMC6155345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the synthesis of new derivatives of spirooxindole-spiropiperidinone- pyrrolidines 6a-j and spirooxindole-spiropiperidinone-pyrrolizines 8a-j, through a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethineylides generated from isatin, sarcosine, and l-proline, through a decarboxylative route with dipolarophile 4a-j. All of the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against most of the test organisms. The tested compounds displayed excellent activity against all of the tested microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elshimaa M Eid
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
| | - Hamid A Eid
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
| | - Thoraya A Farghaly
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah 21514, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahia Nasser Mabkhot
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Gkotsos G, Virgiliou C, Lagoudaki I, Sardeli C, Raikos N, Theodoridis G, Dimitriadis G. The Role of Sarcosine, Uracil, and Kynurenic Acid Metabolism in Urine for Diagnosis and Progression Monitoring of Prostate Cancer. Metabolites 2017; 7:E9. [PMID: 28241496 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate sarcosine, uracil, and kynurenic acid in urine as potential biomarkers in prostate cancer detection and progression monitoring. Sarcosine, uracil, and kynurenic acid were measured in urine samples of 32 prostate cancer patients prior to radical prostatectomy, 101 patients with increased prostate-specific antigen prior to ultrasonographically-guided prostatic biopsy collected before and after prostatic massage, and 15 healthy volunteers (controls). The results were related to histopathologic data, Gleason score, and PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen). Metabolites were measured after analysis of urine samples with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) instrumentation. Multivariate, nonparametric statistical tests including receiver operating characteristics analyses, one-way analysis of variance (Kruskal–Wallis test), parametric statistical analysis, and Pearson correlation, were performed to evaluate diagnostic performance. Decreased median sarcosine and kynurenic acid and increased uracil concentrations were observed for patients with prostate cancer compared to participants without malignancy. Results showed that there was no correlation between the concentration of the studied metabolites and the cancer grade (Gleason score <7 vs. ≥7) and the age of the patients. Evaluation of biomarkers by ROC (Receiving Operating Characteristics) curve analysis showed that differentiation of prostate cancer patients from participants without malignancy was not enhanced by sarcosine or uracil levels in urine. In contrast to total PSA values, kynurenic acid was found a promising biomarker for the detection of prostate cancer particularly in cases where collection of urine samples was performed after prostatic massage. Sarcosine and uracil in urine samples of patients with prostate cancer were not found as significant biomarkers for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. None of the three metabolites can be used reliably for monitoring the progress of the disease.
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Narayanarao M, Koodlur L, Revanasiddappa VG, Gopal S, Kamila S. Multicomponent synthesis of spiropyrrolidine analogues derived from vinylindole/indazole by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 12:2893-2897. [PMID: 28144362 PMCID: PMC5238586 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of spiropyrrolidine compounds containing indole/indazole moieties as side chains have been accomplished via a one-pot multicomponent synthesis. The method uses the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between N-alkylvinylindole/indazole and azomethine ylides, prepared in situ from cyclic/acyclic amino acids. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition proceeds efficiently under thermal conditions to afford the regio- and stereospecific cyclic adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha Narayanarao
- East Point College of Engineering and Technology, VisvesvarayaTechnological University, Aavalahalli, Bangalore-560 049, India
| | - Lokesh Koodlur
- Department of Studies and Research in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary-583105, India
| | | | - Subramanya Gopal
- Department of Studies and Research in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Bellary-583105, India
| | - Susmita Kamila
- East Point College of Engineering and Technology, VisvesvarayaTechnological University, Aavalahalli, Bangalore-560 049, India
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Tzang RF, Chang YC, Tsai GE, Lane HY. Sarcosine treatment for oppositional defiant disorder symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:976-82. [PMID: 27443598 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116658986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate, a stimulant that activates dopaminergic and noradrenergic function, is an important agent in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Sarcosine, a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor, may also play a role in treating ADHD by modulating the glutamatergic neurotransmission system through activating N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptors. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of sarcosine in treating children with ADHD. We conducted a six-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The primary outcome measures were those on the Inattention, Hyperactivity/impulsivity, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) subscales of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version IV scale. Efficacy and safety were measured bi-weekly. A total of 116 children with ADHD were enrolled. Among them, 48 (83%) of the 58 sarcosine recipients and 44 (76%) of the 58 placebo recipients returned for the first post-treatment visit. The missing data values were imputed by the last observation carry forward method. From a multiple linear regression analysis, using the generalized estimating equation approach, and an intention to treat analysis, the efficacy of sarcosine marginally surpassed that of placebo at weeks 2, 4, and 6, with p-values=0.01, 0.026, and 0.012, respectively, although only for ODD symptoms. Treatment of ADHD by sarcosine (0.03 g/kg/day) was well tolerated. Sarcosine could possibly be a novel agent for managing ODD symptoms in the context of ADHD. However, future larger-scale studies are warranted to optimize its dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruu-Fen Tzang
- Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Cune Chang
- Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guochuan E Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan
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McLachlan GD, Gandjian B, Alhumaidan H. Folding recombinant spider-silk in H2 O: Effect of osmolytes on the solution conformation of a 15-repeat spider-silk mimetic. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1853-62. [PMID: 27488926 PMCID: PMC5029536 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The folding of a recombinant spider silk protein-polymer in the presence of the tri-methylamine osmolytes TMANO and Betaine in 80% H2 O is reported. Circular dichroism measurements (CD) reveal an increase in α-helical secondary structure with increasing osmolyte concentrations, as determined by an increase in ellipticity at 222 nm. Consistent with this observation, the signal for random coil sampling, observed at 205 nm, is greatly reduced with increasing trimethylamine. Fluorescence spectra of a single tyrosine positioned within the conserved 33-amino acid repeat primary sequence (of the spider-silk mimetic) complements the conformational changes observed by CD. Importantly, there is a correlation between the number of Alkyl-groups (CH3 -) on the amine of the osmolyte and enhanced helicity of the 15-repeat silk-mimetic for the osmolytes tested, ie TMANO, Betaine, Sarcosine and Glycine. These preliminary results are applicable to storing and processing recombinant silk sequences in H2 O, an important mile-stone for widespread use of recombinant silk polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glendon D McLachlan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367.
| | - Babak Gandjian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367
| | - Hind Alhumaidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367
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Strzelecki D, Kałużyńska O, Szyburska J, Wysokiński A. MMP-9 Serum Levels in Schizophrenic Patients during Treatment Augmentation with Sarcosine (Results of the PULSAR Study). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1075. [PMID: 27409603 PMCID: PMC4964451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Find changes in matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) levels during augmentation of antipsychotic treatment with sarcosine and a relationship between schizophrenia symptoms severity and initial level of MMP-9. METHOD Fifty-eight patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms participated in a six-month prospective RCT (randomized controlled trial). The patients received two grams of sarcosine (n = 28) or placebo (n = 30) daily. At the beginning, after six weeks and after six months MMP-9 levels were measured. Severity of symptomatology was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). RESULTS MMP-9 serum levels were stable after six weeks and six months in both groups. We noted improvement in negative symptoms, general psychopathology and total PANSS score in sarcosine group compared to placebo; however, there was no correlations between serum MMP-9 concentrations and PANSS scores in all assessments. Initial serum MMP-9 concentrations cannot be used as an improvement predictor acquired during sarcosine augmentation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that either MMP-9 is not involved in the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent mechanism of sarcosine action in terms of clinical parameters or sarcosine induced changes in peripheral MMP-9 concentrations cannot be detected in blood assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Olga Kałużyńska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Justyna Szyburska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, Czechosłowacka 8/10, 92-216 Łódź, Poland.
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Heger Z, Gumulec J, Ondrak A, Skoda J, Zitka Z, Cernei N, Masarik M, Zitka O, Adam V. Influence of Long-Distance Bicycle Riding on Serum/Urinary Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:377. [PMID: 26999116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present a study focused on the determination of the influence of long-distance (53 km) bicycle riding on levels of chosen biochemical urinary and serum prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA) and sarcosine. Fourteen healthy participants with no evidence of prostate diseases, in the age range from 49-57 years with a median of 52 years, underwent physical exercise (mean race time of 150 ± 20 min, elevation increase of 472 m) and pre- and post-ride blood/urine sampling. It was found that bicycle riding resulted in elevated serum uric acid (p = 0.001, median 271.76 vs. 308.44 µmol/L pre- and post-ride, respectively), lactate (p = 0.01, median 2.98 vs. 4.8 mmol/L) and C-reactive protein (p = 0.01, 0.0-0.01 mg/L). It is noteworthy that our work supports the studies demonstrating an increased PSA after mechanical manipulation of the prostate. The subjects exhibited either significantly higher post-ride tPSA (p = 0.002, median 0.69 vs. 1.1 ng/mL pre- and post-ride, respectively) and fPSA (p = 0.028, median 0.25 vs. 0.35 ng/mL). Contrary to that, sarcosine levels were not significantly affected by physical exercise (p = 0.20, median 1.64 vs. 1.92 µmol/mL for serum sarcosine, and p = 0.15, median 0.02 µmol/mmol of creatinine vs. 0.01 µmol/mmol of creatinine for urinary sarcosine). Taken together, our pilot study provides the first evidence that the potential biomarker of PCa-sarcosine does not have a drawback by means of a bicycle riding-induced false positivity, as was shown in the case of PSA.
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Strzelecki D, Podgórski M, Kałużyńska O, Gawlik-Kotelnicka O, Stefańczyk L, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Gmitrowicz A, Grzelak P. Supplementation of Antipsychotic Treatment with the Amino Acid Sarcosine Influences Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Parameters in Left Frontal White Matter in Patients with Schizophrenia. Nutrients 2015; 7:8767-82. [PMID: 26506383 PMCID: PMC4632447 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the glutamatergic system, the main stimulating system in the brain, has a major role in pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The frontal white matter (WM) is partially composed of axons from glutamatergic pyramidal neurons and glia with glutamatergic receptors. The natural amino acid sarcosine, a component of a normal diet, inhibits the glycine type 1 transporter, increasing the glycine level. Thus, it modulates glutamatergic transmission through the glutamatergic ionotropic NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor, which requires glycine as a co-agonist. To evaluate the concentrations of brain metabolites (NAA, N-acetylaspartate; Glx, complex of glutamate, glutamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA); mI, myo-inositol; Cr, creatine; Cho, choline) in the left frontal WM, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy was used. Twenty-five patients randomly chosen from a group of fifty with stable schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR) and dominant negative symptoms, who were receiving antipsychotic therapy, were administered 2 g of sarcosine daily for six months. The remaining 25 patients received placebo. Assignment was double blinded. 1H-NMR spectroscopy (1.5 T) was performed twice: before and after the intervention. NAA, Glx and mI were evaluated as Cr and Cho ratios. All patients were also assessed twice with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Results were compared between groups and in two time points in each group. The sarcosine group demonstrated a significant decrease in WM Glx/Cr and Glx/Cho ratios compared to controls after six months of therapy. In the experimental group, the final NAA/Cr ratio significantly increased and Glx/Cr ratio significantly decreased compared to baseline values. Improvement in the PANSS scores was significant only in the sarcosine group. In patients with schizophrenia, sarcosine augmentation can reverse the negative effect of glutamatergic system overstimulation, with a simultaneous beneficial increase of NAA/Cr ratio in the WM of the left frontal lobe. Our results further support the glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, ul. Pomorska 251, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Michał Podgórski
- Department of Radiology-Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Olga Kałużyńska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, ul. Pomorska 251, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, ul. Pomorska 251, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Ludomir Stefańczyk
- Department of Radiology-Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kotlicka-Antczak
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, ul. Pomorska 251, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Gmitrowicz
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Piotr Grzelak
- Department of Radiology-Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
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Strzelecki D, Podgórski M, Kałużyńska O, Stefańczyk L, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Gmitrowicz A, Grzelak P. Adding Sarcosine to Antipsychotic Treatment in Patients with Stable Schizophrenia Changes the Concentrations of Neuronal and Glial Metabolites in the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24475-89. [PMID: 26501260 PMCID: PMC4632760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutamatergic system is a key point in pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Sarcosine (N-methylglycine) is an exogenous amino acid that acts as a glycine transporter inhibitor. It modulates glutamatergic transmission by increasing glycine concentration around NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors. In patients with schizophrenia, the function of the glutamatergic system in the prefrontal cortex is impaired, which may promote negative and cognitive symptoms. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy is a non-invasive imaging method enabling the evaluation of brain metabolite concentration, which can be applied to assess pharmacologically induced changes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of a six-month course of sarcosine therapy on the concentration of metabolites (NAA, N-acetylaspartate; Glx, complex of glutamate, glutamine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA); mI, myo-inositol; Cr, creatine; Cho, choline) in the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in patients with stable schizophrenia. Fifty patients with schizophrenia, treated with constant antipsychotics doses, in stable clinical condition were randomly assigned to administration of sarcosine (25 patients) or placebo (25 patients) for six months. Metabolite concentrations in DLPFC were assessed with 1.5 Tesla ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. Clinical symptoms were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The first spectroscopy revealed no differences in metabolite concentrations between groups. After six months, NAA/Cho, mI/Cr and mI/Cho ratios in the left DLPFC were significantly higher in the sarcosine than the placebo group. In the sarcosine group, NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, mI/Cr, mI/Cho ratios also significantly increased compared to baseline values. In the placebo group, only the NAA/Cr ratio increased. The addition of sarcosine to antipsychotic therapy for six months increased markers of neurons viability (NAA) and neurogilal activity (mI) with simultaneous improvement of clinical symptoms. Sarcosine, two grams administered daily, seems to be an effective adjuvant in the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Michał Podgórski
- Department of Radiology-Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Łódź, Barlicki University Hospital No. 1, Łódź 90-153, Poland.
| | - Olga Kałużyńska
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Ludomir Stefańczyk
- Department of Radiology-Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Łódź, Barlicki University Hospital No. 1, Łódź 90-153, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kotlicka-Antczak
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Gmitrowicz
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Łódź, Central Clinical Hospital, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
| | - Piotr Grzelak
- Department of Radiology-Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Łódź, Barlicki University Hospital No. 1, Łódź 90-153, Poland.
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Lucarelli G, Rutigliano M, Galleggiante V, Giglio A, Palazzo S, Ferro M, Simone C, Bettocchi C, Battaglia M, Ditonno P. Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel diagnostic markers in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1211-24. [PMID: 26174441 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1069711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomic profiling offers a powerful methodology for understanding the perturbations of biochemical systems occurring during a disease process. During neoplastic transformation, prostate cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to satisfy the demands of growth and proliferation. An early event in prostate cell transformation is the loss of capacity to accumulate zinc. This change is associated with a higher energy efficiency and increased lipid biosynthesis for cellular proliferation, membrane formation and cell signaling. Moreover, recent studies have shown that sarcosine, an N-methyl derivative of glycine, was significantly increased during disease progression from normal to localized to metastatic prostate cancer. Mapping the metabolomic profiles to their respective biochemical pathways showed an upregulation of androgen-induced protein synthesis, an increased amino acid metabolism and a perturbation of nitrogen breakdown pathways, along with high total choline-containing compounds and phosphocholine levels. In this review, the role of emerging biomarkers is summarized, based on the current understanding of the prostate cancer metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lucarelli
- a 1 Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation - Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Kim MJ, Jung WH, Koo JS. Expression of sarcosine metabolism-related proteins in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer according to the androgen receptor and HER-2 status. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:7967-7977. [PMID: 26339363 PMCID: PMC4555691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of sarcosine metabolism related proteins according to androgen receptor (AR) and HER-2 status in estrogen receptor (ER) negative breast cancer and to analyze its clinical implications. Tissue microarray was constructed for a total of 334 cases of ER negative breast cancer. Immunohistochemical stain was conducted for sarcosine metabolism related proteins such as glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH), and l-pipecolic acid oxidase (PIPOX). There were 131 AR positive, 205 AR negative cases and 143 HER-2 positive, 193 HER-2 negative cases. When subdividing into four groups according to AR and HER-2 status, there were 55 AR(+)/HER-2(-) cases, 76 AR(+)/HER-2(+) cases, 67 AR(-)/HER-2(+) cases and 138 AR(-)/HER-2(-) cases. GNMT and PIPOX expression was highest in the AR(+)/HER-2(-) group while expressed lowest in the AR(-)/HER-2(-) group (P<0.001). Stromal PIPOX expression was highest in the AR(-)/HER-2(+) group and lowest in the AR(-)/HER-2(-) group (P=0.010). GNMT and PIPOX expression was higher in the AR positive group compared with those of AR negative group (P=0.001, and P<0.001, respectively), while tumoral and stromal PIPOX expression showed a significant association with HER-2 positivity (P=0.006, and P=0.005, respectively). AR positive group had the highest ratio of low sarcosine type while the AR negative group had the highest ratio of null type (P<0.001). In conclusion, ER negative breast cancer showed different expression of sarcosine metabolism related proteins according to AR and HER-2 status. GNMT and PIPOX expression was high in the AR positive group while tumoral and stromal PIPOX expression was high in the HER-2 positive group.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Glycine N-Methyltransferase/analysis
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis
- Receptors, Androgen/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/deficiency
- Sarcosine/metabolism
- Sarcosine Dehydrogenase/analysis
- Sarcosine Oxidase/analysis
- Stromal Cells/chemistry
- Time Factors
- Tissue Array Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, Gachon University Gil Medical CenterIncheon, Korea
| | - Woo Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoul, South Korea
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Chen KT, Tsai MH, Wu CH, Jou MJ, Wei IH, Huang CC. AMPA Receptor-mTOR Activation is Required for the Antidepressant-Like Effects of Sarcosine during the Forced Swim Test in Rats: Insertion of AMPA Receptor may Play a Role. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:162. [PMID: 26150775 PMCID: PMC4471371 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcosine, an endogenous amino acid, is a competitive inhibitor of the type I glycine transporter and an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) coagonist. Recently, we found that sarcosine, an NMDAR enhancer, can improve depression-related behaviors in rodents and humans. This result differs from previous studies, which have reported antidepressant effects of NMDAR antagonists. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic response of sarcosine remain unknown. This study examines the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor (AMPAR) activation, which are involved in the antidepressant-like effects of several glutamatergic system modulators. The effects of sarcosine in a forced swim test (FST) and the expression levels of phosphorylated mTOR signaling proteins were examined in the absence or presence of mTOR and AMPAR inhibitors. In addition, the influence of sarcosine on AMPAR trafficking was determined by analyzing the phosphorylation of AMPAR subunit GluR1 at the PKA site (often considered an indicator for GluR1 membrane insertion in neurons). A single injection of sarcosine exhibited antidepressant-like effects in rats in the FST and rapidly activated the mTOR signaling pathway, which were significantly blocked by mTOR inhibitor rapamycin or the AMPAR inhibitor 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX) pretreatment. Moreover, NBQX pretreatment eliminated the ability of sarcosine to stimulate the phosphorylated mTOR signaling proteins. Furthermore, GluR1 phosphorylation at its PKA site was significantly increased after an acute in vivo sarcosine treatment. The results demonstrated that sarcosine exerts antidepressant-like effects by enhancing AMPAR–mTOR signaling pathway activity and facilitating AMPAR membrane insertion. Highlights A single injection of sarcosine rapidly exerted antidepressant-like effects with a concomitant increase in the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR signaling pathway. The antidepressant-like effects of sarcosine occur through the activated AMPAR–mTOR signaling pathway. Sarcosine could enhance AMPAR membrane insertion via an AMPAR throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Ti Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Mang-Hung Tsai
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jia Jou
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - I-Hua Wei
- Department of Anatomy, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chia Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan ; Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan ; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to compare the expression of sarcosine metabolism-related proteins between invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and to determine the implications of these results. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed, containing 30 samples from normal breast tissue, 114 samples from patients with ILC, and 692 samples from patients with IDC. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine the expression of sarcosine metabolism-related proteins [glycine N-methyltransferase, sarcosine dehydrogenase, and l-pipecolic acid oxidase (PIPOX)]. RESULTS The sarcosine metabolic phenotype differed between ILC and IDC (p<0.001). In IDC, sarcosine metabolic phenotype was distributed as null type (61.7%)>low sarcosine type (30.4%)>high sarcosine type (5.0%)>intermediate type (2.9%). However, in ILC, the sarcosine metabolic phenotype was distributed as low sarcosine type (61.4%)>null type (32.5%)>intermediate type (5.3%)>high sarcosine type (0.9%). PIPOX showed higher expression in ILC than in IDC (p<0.001) and correlated with androgen receptor (AR) positivity (p=0.001) in ILC. CONCLUSION Expression of sarcosine metabolism-related proteins differed between ILC and IDC. Low sarcosine type was the majority sarcosine metabolic phenotype of ILC. PIPOX expression was predominant in ILC and correlated with AR positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Ferro M, Lucarelli G, Bruzzese D, Perdonà S, Mazzarella C, Perruolo G, Marino A, Cosimato V, Giorgio E, Tagliamonte V, Bottero D, De Cobelli O, Terracciano D. Improving the prediction of pathologic outcomes in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: the value of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3), prostate health index (phi) and sarcosine. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:1017-1023. [PMID: 25667489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Several efforts have been made to find biomarkers that could help clinicians to preoperatively determine prostate cancer (PCa) pathological characteristics and choose the best therapeutic approach, avoiding over-treatment. On this effort, prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3), prostate health index (phi) and sarcosine have been presented as promising tools. We evaluated the ability of these biomarkers to predict the pathologic PCa characteristics within a prospectively collected contemporary cohort of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) for clinically localized PCa at a single high-volume Institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The prognostic performance of PCA3, phi and sarcosine were evaluated in 78 patients undergoing RP for biopsy-proven PCa. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses tested the accuracy (area under the curve (AUC)) in predicting PCa pathological characteristics. Decision curve analyses (DCA) were used to assess the clinical benefit of the three biomarkers. RESULTS We found that PCA3, phi and sarcosine levels were significantly higher in patients with tumor volume (TV)≥0.5 ml, pathologic Gleason sum (GS)≥7 and pT3 disease (all p-values≤0.01). ROC curve analysis showed that phi is an accurate predictor of high-stage (AUC 0.85 [0.77-0.93]), high-grade (AUC 0.83 [0.73-0.93]) and high-volume disease (AUC 0.94 [0.88-0.99]). Sarcosine showed a comparable AUC (0.85 [0.76-0.94]) only for T3 stage prediction, whereas PCA3 score showed lower AUCs, ranging from 0.74 (for GS) to 0.86 (for TV). CONCLUSION PCA3, phi and sarcosine are predictors of PCa characteristics at final pathology. Successful clinical translation of these findings would reduce the frequency of surveillance biopsies and may enhance acceptance of active surveillance (AS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ferro
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Bari, Italy
| | - Dario Bruzzese
- Department of Public Health, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Sisto Perdonà
- Urology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzarella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Ada Marino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cosimato
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Tagliamonte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo Bottero
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Terracciano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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