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Yagofarov MI, Bolmatenkov DN, Notfullin AA, Sokolov AA, Balakhontsev IS, Mukhametzyanov TA, Solomonov BN. Phase Transition Thermodynamics of 1,3,5-Tris-(α-naphthyl)benzene: Theory and Experiment. Molecules 2024; 29:2180. [PMID: 38792042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
1,3,5-Tris-(α-naphthyl)benzene is an organic non-electrolyte with notable stability of an amorphous phase. Its glassy and supercooled liquid states were previously studied by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods. Despite the continuing interest in its amorphous state and, particularly, vapor-deposited glasses, the thermodynamic parameters of the vaporization of 1,3,5-tris-(α-naphthyl)benzene have not been obtained yet. Likewise, the reliable evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters of fusion below the melting point, required to establish the thermodynamic state of its glass, is still an unsolved problem. In this work, the heat capacities of crystalline and liquid phases, the temperature dependence of the saturated vapor pressures, fusion and vaporization enthalpies were determined using differential and fast scanning calorimetry and were verified using the estimates based on solution calorimetry. The structural features of 1,3,5-tris-(α-naphthyl)benzene are discussed based on the computations performed and the data on the molecular refractivity. The consistency between the values obtained by independent techniques was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail I Yagofarov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitrii N Bolmatenkov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Airat A Notfullin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrey A Sokolov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilya S Balakhontsev
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Timur A Mukhametzyanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Boris N Solomonov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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2
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Moshele P, Stenzel MR, Drolet D, Arnold SF. Comparing Antoine parameter sources for accurate vapor pressure prediction across a range of temperatures. Ann Work Expo Health 2024; 68:409-419. [PMID: 38437526 PMCID: PMC11033562 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining the vapor pressure of a substance at the relevant process temperature is a key component in conducting an exposure assessment to ascertain worker exposure. However, vapor pressure data at various temperatures relevant to the work environment is not readily available for many chemicals. The Antoine equation is a mathematical expression that relates temperature and vapor pressure. The objective of this analysis was to compare Antoine parameter data from 3 independent data sources; Hansen, Yaws, and Custom data and identify the source that generates the most accurate vapor pressure values with the least bias, relative to the referent data set from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Temperatures predicted from 3 different Antoine sources across a range of vapor pressures for 59 chemicals are compared to the reference source. The results show that temperatures predicted using Antoine parameters from the 3 sources are not statistically significantly different, indicating that all 3 sources could be useful. However, the Yaws dataset will be used in the SDM 2.0 because the data is readily available and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puleng Moshele
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Mark R Stenzel
- Exposure Assessment Solutions, LLC, 6045 N 27th St. Arlington, VA 22207, United States
| | - Daniel Drolet
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Susan F Arnold
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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3
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Růžička K, Štejfa V, Červinka C, Fulem M, Šturala J. Thermodynamic Study of N-Methylformamide and N, N-Dimethyl-Formamide. Molecules 2024; 29:1110. [PMID: 38474622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
An extensive thermodynamic study of N-methylformamide (CAS RN: 123-39-7) and N,N-dimethylformamide (CAS RN: 68-12-2), is presented in this work. The liquid heat capacities of N-methylformamide were measured by Tian-Calvet calorimetry in the temperature interval (250-300) K. The vapor pressures for N-methylformamide and N,N-dimethylformamide were measured using static method in the temperature range 238 K to 308 K. The ideal-gas thermodynamic properties were calculated using a combination of the density functional theory (DFT) and statistical thermodynamics. A consistent thermodynamic description was developed using the method of simultaneous correlation, where the experimental and selected literature data for vapor pressures, vaporization enthalpies, and liquid phase heat capacities and the calculated ideal-gas heat capacities were treated together to ensure overall thermodynamic consistency of the results. The resulting vapor pressure equation is valid from the triple point to the normal boiling point temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Květoslav Růžička
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Štejfa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Červinka
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fulem
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šturala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Thorarinsdottir KA, Maghsoudi M, Leosson K. Vapor-Phase Contribution to Laser-Induced Plasma Emission of Magnesium in Liquid Aluminum. Appl Spectrosc 2024; 78:67-75. [PMID: 37926959 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231210324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid aluminum containing the important alloying element magnesium in varying concentrations was analyzed using in-situ laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Magnesium emission shows an exponential dependence on melt temperature that correlates well with the expected partial pressure of magnesium above the aluminum melt. Furthermore, comparison with LIBS measurements on corresponding solid samples supports the conclusion that a significant part of Mg emission from liquid metal samples originates from the vapor phase above the metal surface. Simultaneously, curves of growth measured over four orders of magnitude in Mg concentration reveal a level of self-absorption for liquid aluminum samples that is stronger than for solid aluminum samples having a corresponding Mg concentration, and beyond what is expected from conventional plasma models. The implications for measurements of volatile species in liquid metals in general are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Maghsoudi
- DTE ehf., Reykjavik, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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5
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Volodin V, Nitsenko A, Trebukhov S, Linnik X, Gapurov Y. Thermodynamics of Formation and Liquid-Vapor Phase Transitions of Antimony Alloys with Selenium and Sulfur. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:125. [PMID: 38203979 PMCID: PMC10780106 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The authors conducted liquid solution studies of antimony with selenium and sulfur in order to provide information on the thermodynamic functions of the formation of these alloys. The studies are based on the vapor pressure values of the components, comprising the double partial systems of antimony with antimony chalcogenides (Sb2Se3 and Sb2S3) and antimony chalcogenides with chalcogens (Se and S). We calculated the thermodynamic functions of mixing (graphical dependencies) and evaporation (tabular data) based on the partial vapor pressure values of components, which are represented by temperature-concentration dependencies. Based on the partial pressure values of melt components, we calculated the boundaries of liquid and vapor coexistence fields at atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) and in a vacuum (0.9 kPa). We established the absence of the stratification region on the Sb2S3-S diagram due to the fact that, on state diagrams, the stratification region is indicated at temperatures above 530 °C, while the boiling point of liquid sulfur at an atmospheric pressure corresponds to 429 °C. Based on the position of the field boundaries (L + V) on the state diagrams, the separation of antimony alloys with selenium and sulfur via distillation into elements at atmospheric pressure is difficult due to the high boiling points of antimony-based alloys in a vacuum: Sb2Se3-Se melts require some number of condensate re-evaporation cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Nitsenko
- Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation JSC, Satbayev University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan; (V.V.); (S.T.); (X.L.); (Y.G.)
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6
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Hugo Silva M, Hudson SP, Tajber L, Garin M, Dong W, Khamiakova T, Holm R. Osmolality of Excipients for Parenteral Formulation Measured by Freezing Point Depression and Vapor Pressure - A Comparative Analysis. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1709-1722. [PMID: 35460023 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the difference in methods to determine the osmolality in solutions of stabilizers used for long-acting injectable suspensions. METHODS The osmolality was measured by freezing point depression and vapor pressure for 11 different polymers and surfactants (PEG 3350, 4000, 6000, 8000, 20,000, PVP K12, K17 and K30, poloxamer 188, 388 and 407, HPMC E5, Na-CMC, polysorbate 20 and 80, vitamin E-TPGS, phospholipid, DOSS and SDS) in different concentrations. RESULTS Independently of the measuring method, an increase in osmolality with increasing concentration was observed for all polymers and surfactants, as would be expected due to the physicochemical origin of the osmolality. No correlation was found between the molecular weight of the polymers and the measured osmolality. The osmolality values were different for PVPs, PEGs, and Na-CMC using the two different measurement methods. The values obtained by the freezing point depression method tended to be similar or higher than the ones provided by vapor pressure, overall showing a significant difference in the osmolality measured by the two investigated methods. CONCLUSIONS For lower osmolality values (e.g. surfactants), the choice of the measuring method was not critical, both the freezing point depression and vapor pressure could be used. However, when the formulations contained higher concentrations of excipients and/or thermosensitive excipients, the data suggests that the vapor pressure method would be more suited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hugo Silva
- Pharmaceutical Product Development and Supply, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Department of Chemical Sciences, SSPC the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, SSPC the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, College Green, Ireland
| | - Matthieu Garin
- Pharmaceutical Product Development and Supply, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wenyu Dong
- Pharmaceutical Product Development and Supply, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tatsiana Khamiakova
- Pharmaceutical Product Development and Supply, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - René Holm
- Pharmaceutical Product Development and Supply, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium.
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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7
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Gimeno B, Martinez S, Mainar AM, Urieta JS, Perez P. Thermodynamic Behavior of (2-Propanol + 1,8-Cineole) Mixtures: Isothermal Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Densities, Enthalpies of Mixing, and Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10380. [PMID: 37373528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vapor pressures and other thermodynamic properties of liquids, such as density and enthalpy of mixtures, are the key parameters in chemical engineering for designing new process units, and are also essential for understanding the physical chemistry, macroscopic and molecular behavior of fluid systems. In this work, vapor pressures between 278.15 and 323.15 K, densities and enthalpies of mixtures between 288.15 and 318.15 K for the binary mixture (2-propanol + 1,8-cineole) have been measured. From the vapor pressure data, activity coefficients and excess Gibbs energies were calculated via the Barker's method and the Wilson equation. Excess molar volumes and excess molar enthalpies were also obtained from the density and calorimetric measurements. Thermodynamic consistency test between excess molar Gibbs energies and excess molar enthalpies has been carried out using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. Robinson-Mathias, and Peng-Robinson-Stryjek-Vera together with volume translation of Peneloux equations of state (EoS) are considered, as well as the statistical associating fluid theory that offers a molecular vision quite suitable for systems having highly non-spherical or associated molecules. Of these three models, the first two fit the experimental vapor pressure results quite adequately; in contrast, only the last one approaches the volumetric behavior of the system. A brief comparison of the thermodynamic excess molar functions for binary mixtures of short-chain alcohol + 1,8-cineole (cyclic ether), or +di-n-propylether (lineal ether) is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Martinez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M Mainar
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Group of Applied Thermodynamics and Surfaces (GATHERS), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose S Urieta
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Group of Applied Thermodynamics and Surfaces (GATHERS), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pascual Perez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (I2A), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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8
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Vostrikov SV, Samarov AA, Turovtsev VV, Wasserscheid P, Müller K, Verevkin SP. Thermodynamic Analysis of Chemical Hydrogen Storage: Energetics of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Systems Based on Methyl-Substituted Indoles. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2924. [PMID: 37049216 PMCID: PMC10095710 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid organic hydrogen carriers can store hydrogen in a safe and dense form through covalent bonds. Hydrogen uptake and release are realized by catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation, respectively. Indoles have been demonstrated to be interesting candidates for this task. The enthalpy of reaction is a crucial parameter in this regard as it determines not only the heat demand for hydrogen release, but also the reaction equilibrium at given conditions. In this work, a combination of experimental measurements, quantum chemical methods and a group-additivity approach has been applied to obtain a consistent dataset on the enthalpies of formation of different methylated indole derivatives and their hydrogenated counterparts. The results show a namable influence of the number and position of methyl groups on the enthalpy of reaction. The enthalpy of reaction of the overall hydrogenation reaction varies in the range of up to 18.2 kJ·mol-1 (corresponding to 4.6 kJ·mol(H2)-1). The widest range of enthalpy of reaction data for different methyl indoles has been observed for the last step (hydrogenation for the last double bond in the five-membered ring). Here a difference of up to 7.3 kJ·mol(H2)-1 between the highest and the lowest value was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Vostrikov
- Chemical-Technological Department, Samara State Technical University, 443100 Samara, Russia
| | - Artemiy A. Samarov
- Department of Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Karsten Müller
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein Str. 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Competence Centre CALOR of the Department Life, Light & Matter, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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9
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Keuter P, to Baben M, Aliramaji S, Schneider JM. CALPHAD-Based Modelling of the Temperature-Composition-Structure Relationship during Physical Vapor Deposition of Mg-Ca Thin Films. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2417. [PMID: 36984295 PMCID: PMC10054182 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The temperature-dependent composition and phase formation during the physical vapor deposition (PVD) of Mg-Ca thin films is modeled using a CALPHAD-based approach. Considering the Mg and Ca sublimation fluxes calculated based on the vapor pressure obtained by employing thermochemical equilibrium calculations, the experimentally observed synthesis-temperature trends in the thin-film composition and phase formation were reproduced. The model is a significant step towards understanding how synthesis parameters control composition and, therefore, phase formation in the PVD of metals with high vapor pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Keuter
- GTT-Technologies, Kaiserstraße 103, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany (J.M.S.)
| | - Moritz to Baben
- GTT-Technologies, Kaiserstraße 103, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
| | - Shamsa Aliramaji
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany (J.M.S.)
| | - Jochen M. Schneider
- Materials Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Kopernikusstr. 10, 52074 Aachen, Germany (J.M.S.)
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10
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Mondal B, Mukherjee T, Finch NW, Saha A, Gao MZ, Palmer TA, DebRoy T. Vapor Pressure versus Temperature Relations of Common Elements. Materials (Basel) 2022; 16:50. [PMID: 36614385 PMCID: PMC9821539 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The vapor pressure values of common elements are available in the literature over a limited temperature range and the accuracy and reliability of the reported data are not generally available. We evaluate the reliability and uncertainty of the available vapor pressure versus temperature data of fifty common pure elements and recommend vapor pressure versus temperature relations. By synthesizing the vapor pressure values from measurements reported in the literature with the values computed using the Clausius Clapeyron relation beyond the boiling point, we extend the vapor pressure range from 10-8 atm to 10 atm. We use a genetic algorithm to optimize the fitting of the vapor pressure data as a function of temperature over the extended vapor pressure range for each element. The recommended vapor pressure values are compared with the corresponding literature values to examine the reliability of the recommended values.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Mondal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - T. Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - N. W. Finch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - A. Saha
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M. Z. Gao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - T. A. Palmer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - T. DebRoy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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11
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Weed RA, Boatman AK, Enders JR. Recovery of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances after solvent evaporation. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2022; 24:2263-2271. [PMID: 36281820 PMCID: PMC9772059 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00269h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent, bioaccumulative chemicals that can be toxic at very low levels. Many of these compounds have unusual chemical properties that can have a large impact on analytical methods intended to quantitate them. When analyzing environmental samples, concentrating extraction eluents can greatly increase the sensitivity of PFAS extraction and analysis workflows. However, data on PFAS stability when evaporated under vacuum drying conditions are lacking. In this study two common sample preparation methods were replicated (methanol or methanolic ammonium hydroxide) to determine if PFAS material would undergo any observable loss during vacuum evaporation. Standards containing 49 different analytes from 7 different PFAS classes were evaporated to dryness under vacuum either with or without heat and reconstituted using one of two methods. It was found that recovery of some classes (e.g. PFSA, PFESA, FTS) was not greatly impacted by evaporation conditions or reconstitution method. Some analytes such as the very long chain PFCAs were not affected by evaporation conditions but saw drastic differences in recovery depending on the reconstitution method. Others analytes, for example PFSAms, experienced significant loss during evaporation that could not be mitigated by the chosen reconstitution method. This difference could be due to the number of fluorines present on the compound which correlated with a compound's hydrophobicity. Due to these findings, it is recommend that researchers consider PFAS class, chain length, and fluorine number when designing concentration and reconstitution protocols for PFAS to ensure conditions are optimal for the specific analytes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Weed
- North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Anna K Boatman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Enders
- North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA
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12
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Eyal AM, Berneman Zeitouni D, Tal D, Schlesinger D, Davidson EM, Raz N. Vapor Pressure, Vaping, and Corrections to Misconceptions Related to Medical Cannabis' Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients' Physical Properties and Compositions. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022. [PMID: 35442765 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical cannabis products contain dozens of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) derived from the cannabis plant. However, their actual compositions and relative doses significantly change according to the production methods. Product compositions are strongly dependent on processing step conditions and on components' evaporation during those steps. Review of the documentation presented to caregivers and to patients show erroneous data or misinterpretation of data related to the evaporation, for example, cannabinoids' boiling points, as well as confusions between terms, such as boiling, vaporization, and evaporation. Clarifying these aspects is essential for caregivers, for researchers, and for developers of manufacturing processes. Original and literature data were analyzed, comparing composition changes during various processing steps and correlating the extent of change to components' vapor pressures at the corresponding temperature. Evaporation-related composition changes start at temperatures as low as those of drying and curing and become extensive during decarboxylation. The relative rate of components' evaporation is determined by their relative vapor pressure and monoterpenes are lost first. On vaping, terpenes are inhaled before cannabinoids do. Commercial medical cannabis products are deficient in terpenes, mainly monoterpenes, compared with the cannabis plants used to produce them. Terms, such as "whole plant" and "full spectrum," are misleading since no product actually reflects the original cannabis plant composition. There are important implications for medical cannabis manufacturing and for the ability to make the most out of the terpene API contribution. Medical cannabis products' composition and product delivery are controlled by the relative vapor pressure of the various APIs. Quantitative data provided in this study can be used for improvement to reach better accuracy, reproducibility, and preferred medical cannabis compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dor Tal
- Bazelet Medical Cannabis Group, Or Akiva, Israel
| | | | - Elyad M Davidson
- Department of Anesthesiology, CCM and Pain Relief, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa Raz
- Bazelet Medical Cannabis Group, Or Akiva, Israel
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Abstract
Suspensions of colloids driven out-of-equilibrium demonstrate interesting collective behavior, such as organized and directed clustering and swarming. These systems require continuous energy input, yet some of the dynamics of these driven systems resemble the equilibrium-phase behavior of molecular fluids, such as crystallization, condensation, and phase separation. Consequently, there has been significant interest in exploring the applicability of thermodynamic concepts, such as pressure and surface tension, to describe nonequilibrium phenomena. Here, we show how rotating magnetic fields can drive superparamagnetic particles to form steady-state vapor–liquid coexistence that can be analyzed with Kelvin’s equation to determine an “effective vapor pressure” for this active colloidal system. These results illustrate the convergence of statistical physics of simple liquids to nonequilibrium colloidal fluids. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by the vapor phase in thermodynamic equilibrium with either its liquid or solid phase. An important class of active matter is field-driven colloids. A suspension of dipolar colloids placed in a high-frequency rotating magnetic field undergoes a nonequilibrium phase transition into a dilute and dense phase, akin to liquid–vapor coexistence in a simple fluid. Here, we compute the vapor pressure of this colloidal fluid. The number of particles that exist as the dilute bulk phase versus condensed cluster phases can be directly visualized. An exponential relationship between vapor pressure and effective temperature is determined as a function of applied field strength, analogous to the thermodynamic expression between vapor pressure and temperature found for pure liquids. Additionally, we demonstrate the applicability of Kelvin’s equation to this field-driven system. In principle, this appears to be in conflict with macroscopic thermodynamic assumptions due to the nonequilibrium and discrete nature of this colloidal system. However, the curvature of the vapor–liquid interface provides a mechanical equilibrium characterized by interfacial tension that connects the condensed clusters observed with these active fluids to classical colligative fluid properties.
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14
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Hwang E, Kim G, Choe G, Yoon M, Son M, Suh D, Eu H, Nam J. Explosive Spalling Behavior of Single-Sided Heated Concrete According to Compressive Strength and Heating Rate. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6023. [PMID: 34683616 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of heating rate and compressive strength on the spalling behavior of single-sided heated ring-restrained concrete with compressive strengths of 60 and 100 MPa were investigated. The vapor pressure and restrained stress inside the concrete were evaluated under fast- and slow-heating conditions. Regardless of the heating rate, the concrete vapor pressure and restrained stress increased as the temperature increased, and it was confirmed that spalling occurred in the 100-MPa concrete. Specifically, it was found that moisture migration and restrained stress inside the concrete varied depending on the heating rate. Under fast heating, moisture clogging and restrained stress occurred across the concrete surface, causing continuous surface spalling for the 100-MPa concrete. Under slow heating, moisture clogging occurred, and restrained stress continuously increased in the deep area of the concrete cross-section owing to the small internal temperature difference, resulting in explosive spalling for the 100-MPa concrete with a dense internal structure. Additionally, while the tensile strength of concrete is reduced by heating, stress in the heated surface direction is generated by restrained stress. The combination of stress in the heated concrete surface and the internal vapor pressure generates spalling. The experimental results confirm that heating rate has a significant influence on moisture migration and restrained stress occurrence inside concrete, which are important factors that determine the type of spalling.
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15
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Rodgers TFM, Okeme JO, Parnis JM, Girdhari K, Bidleman TF, Wan Y, Jantunen LM, Diamond ML. Novel Bayesian Method to Derive Final Adjusted Values of Physicochemical Properties: Application to 74 Compounds. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:12302-12316. [PMID: 34459590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accurate values of physicochemical properties are essential for screening semivolatile organic compounds for human and environmental hazard and risk. In silico approaches for estimation are widely used, but the accuracy of these and measured values can be difficult to ascertain. Final adjusted values (FAVs) harmonize literature-reported measurements to ensure consistency and minimize uncertainty. We propose a workflow, including a novel Bayesian approach, for estimating FAVs that combines measurements using direct and indirect methods and in silico values. The workflow was applied to 74 compounds across nine classes to generate recommended FAVs (FAVRs). Estimates generated by in silico methods (OPERA, COSMOtherm, EPI Suite, SPARC, and polyparameter linear free energy relationships (pp-LFER) models) differed by orders of magnitude for some properties and compounds and performed systematically worse for larger, more polar compounds. COSMOtherm and OPERA generally performed well with low bias although no single in silico method performed best across all compound classes and properties. Indirect measurement methods produced highly accurate and precise estimates compared with direct measurement methods. Our Bayesian method harmonized measured and in silico estimated physicochemical properties without introducing observable biases. We thus recommend use of the FAVRs presented here and that the proposed Bayesian workflow be used to generate FAVRs for SVOCs beyond those in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F M Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3E5
| | - Joseph O Okeme
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X3
| | - J Mark Parnis
- Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Kyle Girdhari
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3B1
| | - Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Yuchao Wan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3B1
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3B1
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada M1C 1A4
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, Canada L0L 1N0
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3E5
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3B1
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada M1C 1A4
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3E8
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16
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Chickos JS. The Vaporization Enthalpy and Vapor Pressure of (±) N-Ethyl Amphetamine by Correlation Gas Chromatography. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133809. [PMID: 34206603 PMCID: PMC8270283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaporization enthalpy, and vapor pressure as a function of temperature of N-ethylamphetamine, a substance used in the 1950s as an appetite suppressant and more currently abused as a designer drug, is reported. Its physical properties are compared to those of S (+)-N-methamphetamine, a substance whose physiological properties it mimics. A vaporization enthalpy of (62.4 ± 4.4) kJ·mol−1 and vapor pressure of (19 ± 11) Pa at T = 298.15 K has been evaluated by correlation gas chromatography. Results are compared to estimated values and to the limited amount of experimental property data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Chickos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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17
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Liu M, Du H, Cheng Y, Zheng H, Jin Y, To S, Wang S, Wang Z. Explosive Pancake Bouncing on Hot Superhydrophilic Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:24321-24328. [PMID: 33998790 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid detachment of liquid droplets from engineered surfaces in the form of complete rebound, pancake bouncing, or trampolining has been extensively studied over the past decade and is of practical importance in many industrial processes such as self-cleaning, anti-icing, energy conversion, and so on. The spontaneous trampolining of droplets needs an additional low-pressure environment and the manifestation of pancake bouncing on superhydrophobic surfaces requires meticulous control of macrotextures and impacting velocity. In this work, we report that the rapid pancake-like levitation of impinging droplets can be achieved on superhydrophilic surfaces through the application of heating. In particular, we discovered explosive pancake bouncing on hot superhydrophilic surfaces made of hierarchically non-interconnected honeycombs, which is in striking contrast to the partial levitation of droplets on the surface consisting of interconnected microposts. This enhanced droplet bouncing phenomenon, characterized by a significant reduction in contact time and increase in the bouncing height, is ascribed to the production and spatial confinement of pressurized vapor in non-interconnected structures. The manifestation of pancake bouncing on the superhydrophilic surface rendered by a bottom-to-up boiling process may find promising applications such as the removal of trapped solid particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hanheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ultra-precision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yaqi Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Huanxi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuankai Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Suet To
- State Key Laboratory of Ultra-precision Machining Technology, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Steven Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Center for Nature-Inspired Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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18
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Obergruber M, Hönig V, Procházka P, Kučerová V, Kotek M, Bouček J, Mařík J. Physicochemical Properties of Biobutanol as an Advanced Biofuel. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14040914. [PMID: 33671951 PMCID: PMC7919056 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biobutanol is a renewable, less polluting, and potentially viable alternative fuel to conventional gasoline. Biobutanol can be produced from same sources as bioethanol, and it has many advantages over the widespread bioethanol. This paper systematically analyzes biobutanol fuel as an alternative to bioethanol in alcohol–gasoline mixtures and the physicochemical properties. Based on the conducted analyses, it was found that biobutanol mixtures have a more suitable behavior of vapor pressure without the occurrence of azeotrope, do not form a separate phase in lower temperature, it has higher energy density, but slightly reduce the octane number and a have higher viscosity. However, in general, biobutanol has many advantageous properties that could allow its use in gasoline engines instead of the commonly used bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Obergruber
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 169 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimír Hönig
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 169 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-22438-2722
| | - Petr Procházka
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 169 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Viera Kučerová
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Zvolen, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Kotek
- Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 169 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Jiří Bouček
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Jakub Mařík
- Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 169 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.K.); (J.M.)
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19
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Schmitz A, Bülow M, Schmidt D, Zaitsau DH, Junglas F, Knedel T, Verevkin SP, Held C, Janiak C. Tetrahydrothiophene-Based Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Thermodynamic Characterizations. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:153-163. [PMID: 33354944 PMCID: PMC7874261 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
S-alkyltetrahydrothiophenium, [Cn THT]+ bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide, [NTf2 ]- room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) and tetraphenylborate, [BPh4 ]- salts with alkyl chain lengths from C4 to C10 have been prepared. The ILs and salts were characterized and their purity verified by 1 H- and 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, ion chromatography, Karl-Fischer titration, single crystal X-ray diffraction as well as thermogravimetric analysis. The experimentally determined density and viscosity decrease with increasing temperature. The experimental solubility of the [Cn THT][NTf2 ]-ILs in water (75 to 2.2 mg/L for C4 to C10 ) was modelled with very good agreement by Perturbed Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT), based on the extremely low vapor pressures for the [Cn THT][NTf2 ]-ILs measured in this work (4.15 to 0.037 ⋅ 10-7 ×psat for C4 to C10 ). PC-SAFT is able to predict and correlate different thermodynamic properties by estimating the Helmholtz residual energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Schmitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf40204DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Mark Bülow
- Laboratory of ThermodynamicsTechnische Universität Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Dana Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf40204DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dzmitry H. Zaitsau
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of Rostock18059RostockGermany
- Competence Centre CALORFaculty of Interdisciplinary ResearchUniversity of Rostock18059RostockGermany
| | - Fabian Junglas
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf40204DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tim‐Oliver Knedel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf40204DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department of Physical ChemistryUniversity of Rostock18059RostockGermany
- Competence Centre CALORFaculty of Interdisciplinary ResearchUniversity of Rostock18059RostockGermany
| | - Christoph Held
- Laboratory of ThermodynamicsTechnische Universität Dortmund44227DortmundGermany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf40204DüsseldorfGermany
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20
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Cameron DNS, McRae C, Park SJ, Taylor PW, Jamie IM. Vapor Pressures and Thermodynamic Properties of Phenylpropanoid and Phenylbutanoid Attractants of Male Bactrocera, Dacus, and Zeugodacus Fruit Flies at Ambient Temperatures. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:9654-9663. [PMID: 32794749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the vapor pressures at ambient temperatures of seven attractants of Bactrocera, Dacus, and Zeugodacus fruit flies-raspberry ketone, cuelure, raspberry ketone trifluoroacetate, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, dihydroeugenol, and zingerone-by a vapor saturation method. Dry nitrogen was passed over each compound at well-controlled temperatures. Entrained vapor from the compounds was trapped on Tenax GR tubes and analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The measured attractant amounts on the traps were converted to vapor pressures. Data were subsequently fitted by the Antoine equation. From the Antoine equation parameters, thermodynamic properties for each compound were calculated at 298 K. The calculated vapor pressures were used to compare the volatility of the fruit fly attractants and to infer implications for field applications. Using ambient temperature readings yields far better estimates of vapor pressure values at temperatures relevant for insect control than do Antoine equation parameters derived from high-temperature readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald N S Cameron
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Christopher McRae
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Soo J Park
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Ian M Jamie
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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21
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Shrestha RG, Kubota Y, Sakamoto Y, Kawakita J. Quick and Sensitive Detection of Water Using Galvanic-Coupled Arrays with a Submicron Gap for the Advanced Prediction of Dew Condensation. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E3314. [PMID: 32532122 PMCID: PMC7313707 DOI: 10.3390/s20113314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a highly sensitive moisture sensor that can detect water molecules, in addition to water droplets, and therefore, can predict dew condensation with high accuracy and high speed before the formation of water droplets, showing a better performance than a commercial hygrometer. Additionally, the dependence of the output response from the sensor on factors, such as the cooling rate of the sensor's surface and the vapor pressure in the chamber, that affect the performance of the moisture sensor has been clarified. The output response showed a clear dependence on the variation in cooling rate, as well as the vapor pressure. The higher the cooling rate and vapor pressure, the higher the output response. The output response showed a linear response to the change in the above-mentioned parameters. The higher sensitivity and accuracy of the moisture sensor, as a function of the physical parameters, such as cooling rates, vapor pressure, enables the sensor to perform in advanced detection applications. The sensor can be modified to the actual target regarding the surface nature and the heat capacity of the target object, making it more suitable for wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Goswami Shrestha
- Electric and Electronic Materials Field, Electrochemical Sensors Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; (R.G.S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yusuke Kubota
- Electric and Electronic Materials Field, Electrochemical Sensors Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; (R.G.S.); (Y.K.)
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba 275-0016, Japan;
| | - Yukihiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, Chiba 275-0016, Japan;
| | - Jin Kawakita
- Electric and Electronic Materials Field, Electrochemical Sensors Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; (R.G.S.); (Y.K.)
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22
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Zhang M, Yamada K, Bourguet S, Guelfo J, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressure of nine perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) determined using the Knudsen Effusion Method. J Chem Eng Data 2020; 65:2332-2342. [PMID: 32968326 PMCID: PMC7505237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.9b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sublimation vapor pressures of nine pure perfluoroalkyl substances, including Ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate) (GenX), 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluoro-1-decanol (8:2 FTOH), 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluoro-1-dodecanol (10:2 FTOH) and C6 to C11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), were measured using the Knudsen technique at near ambient temperatures. Melting temperatures and fusion enthalpies of these compounds were also measured using differential scanning calorimetry. The vapor pressure of GenX ammonium salt is comparable to that of the much higher molecular weight perfluoroundecanoic acid. GenX ammonium salt also did not show actual melting behavior but instead decomposed at around 470 K. The measured near ambient temperature sublimation vapor pressures of the PFCAs and FTOHs were compared with some earlier reported liquid phase vapor pressures obtained at higher temperatures, and reasonable agreement exists between the data obtained in the different studies. The sublimation enthalpies of the PFCAs indicate that the contribution to the sublimation enthalpy of the CF2 group in the alkyl chain is comparable to that of the CH2 group in the corresponding non-fluorinated analogues, even though the PFCAs show consistently higher vapor pressures than do the corresponding carbon number alkanoic acids.
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23
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Holmes CJ, Benoit JB. Biological Adaptations Associated with Dehydration in Mosquitoes. Insects 2019; 10:insects10110375. [PMID: 31661928 PMCID: PMC6920799 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Diseases that are transmitted by mosquitoes are a tremendous health and socioeconomic burden with hundreds of millions of people being impacted by mosquito-borne illnesses annually. Many factors have been implicated and extensively studied in disease transmission dynamics, but knowledge regarding how dehydration impacts mosquito physiology, behavior, and resulting mosquito-borne disease transmission remain underdeveloped. The lapse in understanding on how mosquitoes respond to dehydration stress likely obscures our ability to effectively study mosquito physiology, behavior, and vectorial capabilities. The goal of this review is to develop a profile of factors underlying mosquito biology that are altered by dehydration and the implications that are related to disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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24
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Li Y, Li N, Luo C, Su Q. Study on a Quaternary Working Pair of CaCl 2-LiNO 3-KNO 3/H 2O for an Absorption Refrigeration Cycle. Entropy (Basel) 2019; 21:E546. [PMID: 33267260 DOI: 10.3390/e21060546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When compared with LiBr/H2O, an absorption refrigeration cycle using CaCl2/H2O as the working pair needs a lower driving heat source temperature, that is, CaCl2/H2O has a better refrigeration characteristic. However, the crystallization temperature of CaCl2/H2O solution is too high and its absorption ability is not high enough to achieve an evaporation temperature of 5 °C or lower. CaCl2-LiNO3-KNO3(15.5:5:1)/H2O was proposed and its crystallization temperature, saturated vapor pressure, density, viscosity, specific heat capacity, specific entropy, and specific enthalpy were measured to retain the refrigeration characteristic of CaCl2/H2O and solve its problems. Under the same conditions, the generation temperature for an absorption refrigeration cycle with CaCl2-LiNO3-KNO3(15.5:5:1)/H2O was 7.0 °C lower than that with LiBr/H2O. Moreover, the cycle’s COP and exergy efficiency with CaCl2-LiNO3-KNO3(15.5:5:1)/H2O were approximately 0.04 and 0.06 higher than those with LiBr/H2O, respectively. The corrosion rates of carbon steel and copper for the proposed working pair were 14.31 μm∙y−1 and 2.04 μm∙y−1 at 80 °C and pH 9.7, respectively, which were low enough for engineering applications.
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25
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Low IM. An Overview of Parameters Controlling the Decomposition and Degradation of Ti-Based M n+1AX n Phases. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E473. [PMID: 30720713 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A critical overview of the various parameters, such as annealing atmospheres, pore microstructures, and pore sizes, that are critical in controlling the decomposition kinetics of Ti-based MAX phases is given in this paper. Ti-based MAX phases tend to decompose readily above 1400 °C during vacuum annealing to binary carbide (e.g., TiCx) or binary nitride (e.g., TiNx), primarily through the sublimation of A elements such as Al or Si, forming in a porous MXx surface layer. Arrhenius Avrami equations were used to determine the activation energy of phase decomposition and to model the kinetics of isothermal phase decomposition. Ironically, the understanding of phase decomposition via exfoliating or selective de-intercalation by chemical etching formed the catalyst for the sensational discovery of Mxenes in 2011. Other controlling parameters that also promote decomposition or degradation as reported in the literature are also briefly reviewed and these include effects of pressure and ion irradiations.
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26
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Lee HE, Yoon SJ, Sohn JR, Huh DA, Jang SW, Moon KW. Suitability Assessment of Legal Regulation of Chemical Concentrations According to Vapor Pressure and Damage Radius. IJERPH 2019; 16:ijerph16030347. [PMID: 30691152 PMCID: PMC6388135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many chemicals used in the industrial field present risks, which differ depending on their chemical properties. Additionally, their various physicochemical properties change considerably with concentration. Many chemicals are used in customized processes in factories in the form of different aqueous solutions. The Korean Chemicals Control Act evaluates “hazardous chemicals”, describes their risks to the public, and regulates their concentration. To prepare against chemical accidents, factories construct models of potential damage radius, which is greatly influenced by a chemical’s vapor pressure. This study selected substances with widely varying vapor pressures (hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, aqueous ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide) and compared the results of different modeling programs (KORA, ALOHA, PHAST, and RMP*Comp) for various aqueous solution concentrations. The results showed that damage radius and vapor pressure increased similarly for each substance. Damage radius was negligible at low concentrations for all substances studied. Damage radius of ammonia solution increased with vapor pressure. Hydrogen fluoride is not found in aqueous solution at concentrations of less than 37%, and hydrogen peroxide does not show a large damage radius at low concentrations. However, the Chemicals Control Act strictly regulates hydrogen fluoride concentration beginning at 1%, hydrogen chloride and aqueous ammonia at 10%, and hydrogen peroxide at 6%. To effectively prepare against chemical accidents, we must examine scientifically-based, suitable regulations based on physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Eun Lee
- Department of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Seok J Yoon
- Department of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Jong-Ryeul Sohn
- Department of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Da-An Huh
- Department of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Seok-Won Jang
- Environmental Research Complex, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42 Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea.
| | - Kyong Whan Moon
- Department of Health Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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Štejfa V, Bazyleva A, Fulem M, Rohlíček J, Skořepová E, Růžička K, Blokhin AV. Polymorphism and thermophysical properties of L- and DL-menthol. J Chem Thermodyn 2019; 131:10.1016/j.jct.2018.11.004. [PMID: 32165766 PMCID: PMC7067000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamic properties, phase behavior, and kinetics of polymorphic transformations of racemic (DL-) and enantiopure (L-) menthol were studied using a combination of advanced experimental techniques, including static vapor pressure measurements, adiabatic calorimetry, Tian-Calvet calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and variable-temperature X-ray powder diffraction. Several concomitant polymorphs (α, β, γ, and δ forms) were observed and studied. A continuous transformation to the stable α form was detected by DSC and monitored in detail using X-ray powder diffraction. A long-term coexistence of the stable crystalline form with the liquid phase was observed. The vapor pressure measurements of both compounds were performed using two static apparatus over a temperature range from 274 K to 363 K. Condensed-phase heat capacities were measured by adiabatic and Tian-Calvet calorimetry in the wide temperature interval from 5 K to 368 K. Experimental data of L- and DL-menthol are compared mutually as well as with available literature results. The thermodynamic functions of crystalline and liquid L-menthol between 0 K and 370 K were calculated from the calorimetric results. The thermodynamic properties in the ideal-gas state were obtained by combining statistical thermodynamics and quantum chemical calculations based on a thorough conformational analysis. Calculated ideal-gas heat capacities and experimental data on vapor pressure and condensed-phase heat capacity were treated simultaneously to obtain a consistent thermodynamic description. Based on the obtained results, the phase diagrams of L-menthol and DL-menthol were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Štejfa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ala Bazyleva
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3337, USA
| | - Michal Fulem
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rohlíček
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Skořepová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Květoslav Růžička
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Andrey V. Blokhin
- Chemistry Faculty, Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
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Espinoza J, Urzúa A, Bardehle L, Quiroz A, Echeverría J, González-Teuber M. Antifeedant Effects of Essential Oil, Extracts, and Isolated Sesquiterpenes from Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin Heartwood on Red Clover Borer Hylastinus obscurus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061282. [PMID: 29861480 PMCID: PMC6099530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The beetle Hylastinus obscurus Marsham (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), endemic to Europe and Northern Africa, is one of the most important red clover pests in Chile. As commercial insecticides are less effective against this pest, plant secondary metabolites have been considered as an alternative for its control. Here, we have investigated the chemical composition of essential oil (EO), petroleum ether extract (PEE), and dichloromethane extract (DCME) from Pilgerodendron uviferum heartwood. Additionally, the effects of EO and extracts on the feeding behavior (% of weight shift) of H. obscurus have been evaluated. The composition of EO, PEE, and DCME were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed the presence of a similar mixture of sesquiterpenes in the essential oil and in both of the extracts, which accounted for circa 60% of the total mixture. Sesquiterpenes were further isolated using chromatographic methods and were structurally characterized by optical rotation, GC–MS, FTIR, and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The physicochemical properties of the isolated sesquiterpenes, including lipophilicity and vapor pressure, were also determined. The sesquiterpenes were identified as the following: (−)-trans-calamenene (1), cadalene (2), (−)-cubenol (3), (−)-epi-cubenol (4), (−)-torreyol (5), and (−)-15-copaenol (6). The antifeedant activity of EO, extracts, and isolated sesquiterpenes were evaluated using artificial diets in a non-choice test. Relative to the control, the EO, DCME extract, and the isolated sesquiterpenes, namely, (−)-trans-calamenene (1), cadalene (2), and (5) torreyol, were found to be the most effective treatments against H. obscurus. Our study showed that the compounds occurring in P. uviferum heartwood were effective in reducing the adult growth of H. obscurus. The physicochemical properties of the isolated sesquiterpenes might have been associated with antifeedant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
| | - Alejandro Urzúa
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile.
| | - Leonardo Bardehle
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile.
| | - Marcia González-Teuber
- Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile.
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena 1720256, Chile.
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Verevkin SP, Emel'yanenko VN, Zaitsau DH. Thermochemistry of Substituted Benzamides and Substituted Benzoic Acids: Like Tree, Like Fruit? Chemphyschem 2018; 19:619-630. [PMID: 29178473 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Structure-property analyses of thermodynamic properties in chemical families of R-substituted benzamides, R-substituted benzoic acids, as well as R-substituted benzenes have been performed. The general linear interrelations for the vaporization enthalpies and the gas-phase enthalpies of formation between the chemical families under study have been established. These linear correlations provide a simple method for prediction of thermodynamic properties for benzenes with various combination of R-group substituents on the benzene ring. In addition, the robust structure-property correlations revealed in this study can serve for the establishment of the internal consistency of experimental results available for each chemical series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Verevkin
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department "Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter", University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Emel'yanenko
- Chemical Technological Department, Samara State Technical University, Samara, 443100, Russia
| | - Dzmitry H Zaitsau
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department "Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter", University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008, Kazan, Russia
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Ketenoğlu O, Erdoğdu F, Tekin A. Multi-objective Optimization of Molecular Distillation Conditions for Oleic Acid from a Rich-in-Fatty Acid Model Mixture. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:21-28. [PMID: 29238026 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleic acid is a commercially valuable compound and has many positive health effects. Determining optimum conditions in a physical separation process is an industrially significant point due to environmental and health related concerns. Molecular distillation avoids the use of chemicals and adverse effects of high temperature application. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular distillation conditions for oleic acid to increase its purity and distillation yield in a model fatty acid mixture. For this purpose, a short-path evaporator column was used. Evaporation temperature ranged from 110 to 190℃, while absolute pressure was from 0.05 to 5 mmHg. Results showed that elevating temperature generally increased distillation yield until a maximum evaporation temperature. Vacuum application also affected the yield at a given temperature, and amount of distillate increased at higher vacuums except the case applied at 190℃. A multi-objective optimization procedure was then used for maximizing both yield and oleic acid amounts in distillate simultaneously, and an optimum point of 177.36℃ and 0.051 mmHg was determined for this purpose. Results also demonstrated that evaporation of oleic acid was also suppressed by a secondary dominant fatty acid of olive oil - palmitic acid, which tended to evaporate easier than oleic acid at lower evaporation temperatures, and increasing temperature achieved to transfer more oleic acid to distillate. At 110℃ and 0.05 mmHg, oleic and palmitic acid concentrations in distillate were 63.67% and 24.32%, respectively. Outcomes of this study are expected to be useful for industrial process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Ketenoğlu
- Department of Food Engineering, Cankiri Karatekin University
| | | | - Aziz Tekin
- Department of Food Engineering, Ankara University
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Domingues EM, Arunachalam S, Mishra H. Doubly Reentrant Cavities Prevent Catastrophic Wetting Transitions on Intrinsically Wetting Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:21532-21538. [PMID: 28580784 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Omniphobic surfaces, that is, which repel all known liquids, have proven of value in applications ranging from membrane distillation to underwater drag reduction. A limitation of currently employed omniphobic surfaces is that they rely on perfluorinated coatings, increasing cost and environmental impact and preventing applications in harsh environments. Thus, there is a keen interest in rendering conventional materials, such as plastics, omniphobic by micro/nanotexturing rather than via chemical makeup, with notable success having been achieved for silica surfaces with doubly reentrant micropillars. However, we found a critical limitation of microtextures comprising pillars that they undergo catastrophic wetting transitions (apparent contact angles, θr → 0° from θr > 90°) in the presence of localized physical damages/defects or on immersion in wetting liquids. In response, a doubly reentrant cavity microtexture is introduced, which can prevent catastrophic wetting transitions in the presence of localized structural damage/defects or on immersion in wetting liquids. Remarkably, our silica surfaces with doubly reentrant cavities could exhibit apparent contact angles, θr ≈ 135° for mineral oil, where the intrinsic contact angle, θo ≈ 20°. Further, when immersed in mineral oil or water, doubly reentrant microtextures in silica (θo ≈ 40° for water) were not penetrated even after several days of investigation. Thus, microtextures comprising doubly reentrant cavities might enable applications of conventional materials without chemical modifications, especially in scenarios that are prone to localized damages or immersion in wetting liquids, for example, hydrodynamic drag reduction and membrane distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy M Domingues
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sankara Arunachalam
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Himanshu Mishra
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC) and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Finn M, Stenzel M, Ramachandran G. Estimating diesel fuel exposure for a plumber repairing an underground pipe. J Occup Environ Hyg 2017; 14:D49-D53. [PMID: 27938247 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1269178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We estimated the diesel fuel exposure of a plumber repairing an underground water line leak at a truck stop. The repair work was performed over three days during which the plumber spent most of his time in a pit filled with a mixture of water and diesel fuel. Thus, the plumber was exposed via both the inhalation and dermal routes. While previously asymptomatic, he was diagnosed with acute renal failure 35 days after working at this site. No measurements were available for estimating either inhalation or dermal exposures or the cumulative dose and, therefore, two different approaches were used that were based on simple models of the exposure scenario. The first approach used the ideal gas law with the vapor pressure of the diesel fuel mixture to estimate a saturation vapor concentration, while the second one used a mass balance of the petroleum hydrocarbon component of diesel fuel in conjunction with the Henry's Law constant for this mixture. These inhalation exposure estimates were then adjusted to account for the limited ventilation in a confined space. The inhalation exposure concentrations predicted when handling the water layer alone is much lower than that expected from the organic layer. This case study illustrates the large differences in inhalation exposure associated with volatile organic layers and aqueous solution containing these chemicals. The estimate of dermal exposure was negligible compared to the inhalation exposure because the skin presents a much smaller surface area of exposure to the contaminant compared to the lungs. The methodology presented here is useful for situations where little information is available for more formal mathematical exposure modeling, but where adjustments to the worst-case exposures, estimated simply, can provide reasonable exposure estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Finn
- a Finn Consulting Services, Inc. , West Des Moines , Iowa
| | - Mark Stenzel
- b Exposure Assessments Applications, LLC , Arlington , Virginia
| | - Gurumurthy Ramachandran
- c Johns Hopkins University , Department of Environmental Health and Engineering , Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , Maryland
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Nakajima K. Determination of Optimal Vapor Pressure Data by the Second and Third Law Methods. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017; 5:S0055. [PMID: 28101442 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Though equilibrium vapor pressures are utilized to determine thermodynamic properties of not only gaseous species but also condensed phases, the obtained data often disagree by a factor of 100 and more. A new data analysis method is proposed using the so-called second and third law procedures to improve accuracy of vapor pressure measurements. It was found from examination of vapor pressures of cesium metaborate and silver that the analysis of the difference between the second and third law values can result in determination of an optimal data set. Since the new thermodynamic method does not require special techniques and or experiences in dealing with measured data, it is reliable and versatile to improve the accuracy of vapor pressure evaluation.
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Groh MF, Wolff A, Grasser MA, Ruck M. Controlled Synthesis of Polyions of Heavy Main-Group Elements in Ionic Liquids. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1452. [PMID: 27598123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been proven to be valuable reaction media for the synthesis of inorganic materials among an abundance of other applications in different fields of chemistry. Up to now, the syntheses have remained mostly “black boxes”; and researchers have to resort to trial-and-error in order to establish a new synthetic route to a specific compound. This review comprises decisive reaction parameters and techniques for the directed synthesis of polyions of heavy main-group elements (fourth period and beyond) in ILs. Several families of compounds are presented ranging from polyhalides over carbonyl complexes and selenidostannates to homo and heteropolycations.
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Rodier M, Li Q, Berg RW, Bjerrum NJ. Determination of Water Vapor Pressure Over Corrosive Chemicals Versus Temperature Using Raman Spectroscopy as Exemplified with 85.5% Phosphoric Acid. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:1186-1194. [PMID: 27273974 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816652362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A method to determine the water vapor pressure over a corrosive substance was developed and tested with 85.5 ± 0.4% phosphoric acid. The water vapor pressure was obtained at a range of temperatures from ∼25 ℃ to ∼200 ℃ using Raman spectrometry. The acid was placed in an ampoule and sealed with a reference gas (either hydrogen or methane) at a known pressure (typically ∼0.5 bar). By comparing the Raman signals from the water vapor and the references, the water pressure was determined as a function of temperature. A considerable amount of data on the vapor pressure of phosphoric acid are available in the literature, to which our results could successfully be compared. A record value of the vapor pressure, 3.40 bar, was determined at 210 ℃. The method required a determination of the precise Raman scattering ratios between the substance, water, and the used reference gas, hydrogen or methane. In our case the scattering ratios between water and reference ν1 Q-branches were found to be 1.20 ± 0.03 and 0.40 ± 0.02 for H2 and CH4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rodier
- AIX-Marseille University (AMU), Dept. 13, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Qingfeng Li
- DTU Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Ruz V, González MM, Winant D, Rodríguez Z, Van den Mooter G. Characterization of the Sublimation and Vapor Pressure of 2-(2-Nitrovinyl) Furan (G-0) Using Thermogravimetric Analysis: Effects of Complexation with Cyclodextrins. Molecules 2015; 20:15175-91. [PMID: 26295385 PMCID: PMC6332437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200815175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the sublimation of crystalline solid 2-(2-nitrovinyl) furan (G-0) in the temperature range of 35 to 60 °C (below the melting point of the drug) was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The sublimated product was characterized using Fourier-transformed-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The sublimation rate at each temperature was obtained using the slope of the linear regression model and followed apparent zero-order kinetics. The sublimation enthalpy from 35 to 60 °C was obtained from the Eyring equation. The Gückel method was used to estimate the sublimation rate and vapor pressure at 25 °C. Physical mixtures, kneaded and freeze-dried complexes were prepared with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and analyzed using isothermal TGA at 50 °C. The complexation contributed to reducing the sublimation process. The best results were achieved using freeze-dried complexes with both cyclodextrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Ruz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5½, Universidad Central de Las Villas, 54830 Villa Clara, Cuba.
| | - Mirtha Mayra González
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5½, Universidad Central de Las Villas, 54830 Villa Clara, Cuba.
| | - Danny Winant
- Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Zenaida Rodríguez
- Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5½, Universidad Central de Las Villas, 54830 Villa Clara, Cuba.
| | - Guy Van den Mooter
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O & N2 Herestraat 49-Box 921, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Lattin JR, Pitt WG. Factors affecting ultrasonic release from eLiposomes. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:1373-84. [PMID: 25641709 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes containing emulsion droplets (eLiposomes) were studied as ultrasound-responsive liposomal drug carriers. This paper presents the effects of temperature, eLiposome size, and ultrasound parameters on the ultrasonically actuated release of calcein, to test hypotheses concerning the physics of acoustic droplet vaporization with regard to vapor pressure and Laplace pressure. Small (200 nm) eLiposomes containing 100-nm emulsion droplets were formed and compared with large (800 nm) eLiposomes containing 100- or 450-nm droplets. Calcein release was quantified by spectroscopic methods. Various experiments examined the influence of perfluorocarbon (PFC) droplet size, vesicle size, temperature, PFC composition and vapor pressure, insonation time, and insonation frequency. Results showed that eLiposome samples released significantly more calcein than their conventional liposome counterparts. Surprisingly, temperature (which directly controls vapor pressure) did not have a strong effect on ultrasound-induced calcein release. In general, calcein release decreased with decreasing droplet size, as hypothesized based on Laplace pressure. Release decreased with increased ultrasound frequency if the pressure amplitude and exposure time were maintained constant, indicating that the gas-phase nucleation rate may have an important role in rupture of eLiposomes. Interestingly, when ultrasound of the same mechanical index was applied at two frequencies, the amount of release correlated strongly with the mechanical index.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Lattin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602
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Fourmentin S, Ciobanu A, Landy D, Wenz G. Space filling of β-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin derivatives by volatile hydrophobic guests. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1185-91. [PMID: 23843912 PMCID: PMC3701372 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of volatile derivatives of benzene and cyclohexane in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), hydroxypropyl-β-CD, and hydrophilic β-CD-thioethers was investigated by static headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) and molecular modelling. The obtained binding constants strongly increase with the amount of space filling of the CD cavity and the salt concentration. β-CD thioethers show a 3–10 times higher binding potential than native β-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fourmentin
- University Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France ; ULCO, UCEIV, F-59140 Dunkerque, France
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St Charles FK, McAughey J, Shepperd CJ. Methodologies for the quantitative estimation of toxicant dose to cigarette smokers using physical, chemical and bioanalytical data. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:383-97. [PMID: 23742081 PMCID: PMC3696342 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.794177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methodologies have been developed, described and demonstrated that convert mouth exposure estimates of cigarette smoke constituents to dose by accounting for smoke spilled from the mouth prior to inhalation (mouth-spill (MS)) and the respiratory retention (RR) during the inhalation cycle. The methodologies are applicable to just about any chemical compound in cigarette smoke that can be measured analytically and can be used with ambulatory population studies. Conversion of exposure to dose improves the relevancy for risk assessment paradigms. Except for urinary nicotine plus metabolites, biomarkers generally do not provide quantitative exposure or dose estimates. In addition, many smoke constituents have no reliable biomarkers. We describe methods to estimate the RR of chemical compounds in smoke based on their vapor pressure (VP) and to estimate the MS for a given subject. Data from two clinical studies were used to demonstrate dose estimation for 13 compounds, of which only 3 have urinary biomarkers. Compounds with VP > 10(-5) Pa generally have RRs of 88% or greater, which do not vary appreciably with inhalation volume (IV). Compounds with VP < 10(-7) Pa generally have RRs dependent on IV and lung exposure time. For MS, mean subject values from both studies were slightly greater than 30%. For constituents with urinary biomarkers, correlations with the calculated dose were significantly improved over correlations with mouth exposure. Of toxicological importance is that the dose correlations provide an estimate of the metabolic conversion of a constituent to its respective biomarker.
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Fu J, Suuberg EM. Thermochemical and Vapor Pressure Behavior of Anthracene and Brominated Anthracene Mixtures. Fluid Phase Equilib 2013; 342:10.1016/j.fluid.2012.12.036. [PMID: 24319314 PMCID: PMC3848959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fluid.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present work concerns the thermochemical and vapor pressure behavior of the anthracene (1) + 2-bromoanthracene (2) and anthracene (1) + 9-bromoanthracene (3) systems. Solid-liquid equilibrium temperature and differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate the existence of a minimum melting solid state near an equilibrium temperature of 477.65 K at x1 = 0.74 for the (1) + (2) system. Additionally, solid-vapor equilibrium studies for the (1) + (2) system show that the vapor pressure of the mixtures depends on composition, but does not follow ideal Raoult's law behaviour. The (1) + (3) system behaves differently from the (1) + (2) system. The (1) + (3) system has a solid solution like phase diagram. The system consists of two phases, an anthracene like phase and a 9-bromoanthracene like phase, while (1) + (2) mixtures only form a single phase. Moreover, experimental studies of the two systems suggest that the (1) + (2) system is in a thermodynamically lower energy state than the (1) + (3) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI USA 02912
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, RI USA 02912
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Verevkin SP, Emel'yanenko VN, Notario R, Roux MV, Chickos JS, Liebman JF. Rediscovering the Wheel. Thermochemical Analysis of Energetics of the Aromatic Diazines. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3454-3459. [PMID: 26290972 DOI: 10.1021/jz301524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Verevkin
- †Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
- ‡Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, Department of "Science and Technology of Life, Light and Matter", University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir N Emel'yanenko
- †Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rafael Notario
- §Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Roux
- §Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - James S Chickos
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Joel F Liebman
- ⊥Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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Abstract
A comprehensive description of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) requires characterization of their properties around normal boiling and critical. Using a thoroughly parametrized force field, we report atomistic simulations of the vapor phase of N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)amide, existing in equilibrium with the liquid phase. We show that in contrast to traditional gases comprised of one type of molecules, the saturated vapor of RTILs consists of a broad range of structures, involving both neutral and charged species. While typically the ionic pair is the most stable vapor structure, the species distribution depends on RTIL chemical composition and is sensitive to temperature and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V Chaban
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Fu J, Suuberg EM. Thermochemical properties and phase behavior of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Toxicol Chem 2012; 31:486-493. [PMID: 22139714 PMCID: PMC3641849 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of vapor pressure of organic pollutants is essential in predicting their fate and transport in the environment. In the present study, the vapor pressures of 12 halogenated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), 9-chlorofluorene, 2,7-dichlorofluorene, 2-bromofluorene, 9-bromofluorene, 2,7-dibromofluorene, 2-bromoanthracene, 9-chlorophenanthrene, 9-bromophenanthrene, 9,10-dibromophenanthrene, 1-chloropyrene, 7-bromobenz[a]anthracene, and 6,12-dibromochrysene, were measured using the Knudsen effusion method over the temperature range of 301 to 464 K. Enthalpies and entropies of sublimation of these compounds were determined via application of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The data were also compared with earlier published literature values to study the influence of halogen substitution on vapor pressure of PACs. As expected, the halogen substitution decreases vapor pressure compared with parent compounds but does not necessarily increase the enthalpy of sublimation. Furthermore, the decrease of vapor pressure also depends on the substitution position and the substituted halogen, and the di-substitution of chlorine and/or bromine decreases the vapor pressure compared with single halogen-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, the enthalpy of fusion and melting temperature of these 12 PACs were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and melting point analysis.
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds resulting from incomplete combustion and many fuel processing operations, and they are commonly found as subsurface environmental contaminants at sites of former manufactured gas plants. Knowledge of their vapor pressures is the key to predict their fate and transport in the environment. The present study involves five heavy PAHs, i.e. benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, which are all as priority pollutants classified by the US EPA. The vapor pressures of these heavy PAHs were measured by using Knudsen effusion method over the temperature range of 364 K to 454 K. The corresponding values of the enthalpy of sublimation were calculated from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The enthalpy of fusion for the 5 PAHs was also measured by using differential scanning calorimetry and used to convert earlier published sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure data to solid vapor pressure in order to compare with the present results. These adjusted values do not agree with the present measured actual solid vapor pressure values for these PAHs, but there is good agreement between present results and other earlier published sublimation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI USA 02912
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, RI USA 02912 401-863-2775 (p) 401-863-9120 (f)
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Abstract
The present work concerns the thermochemical and vapor pressure behavior of the pyrene + 9,10-dibromoanthracene system. The phase diagram of the system has been studied using the thaw melt method and the results show the formation of non-eutectic multiphase mixtures. The temperatures of crystallization, and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of the system were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The system behavior can be divided into 5 regions. The X-ray diffraction results also indicated the existence of multiple phase characteristics. The solid-vapor equilibrium studies showed that for mixtures with high mole fractions of pyrene, two different preferred states exist that determine the vapor pressure. For those mixtures with moderate and low mole fractions of pyrene, only one preferred state exists that determines vapor pressure behavior. It was also demonstrated that the vapor pressure of the mixtures is independent of the mixture preparation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Fu
- Brown University Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI USA 02912
- 401-863-2775 (p) 401-863-9120 (f)
| | - James W. Rice
- Brown University Division of Engineering, Providence, RI USA 02912
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Brown University Division of Engineering, Providence, RI USA 02912
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Abstract
To characterize better the thermodynamic behavior of a binary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture, thermochemical and vapor pressure experiments were used to examine the phase behavior of the {anthracene (1) + benzo[a]pyrene (2)} system. A solid-liquid phase diagram was mapped for the mixture. A eutectic point occurs at x(1) = 0.26. The eutectic mixture is an amorphous solid that lacks organized crystal structure and melts between T = (414 and 420) K. For mixtures that contain 0.10 < x(1) < 0.90, the enthalpy of fusion is dominated by that of the eutectic. Solid-vapor equilibrium studies show that mixtures of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene at x(1) < 0.10 sublime at the vapor pressure of pure benzo[a]pyrene. These results suggest that the solid-vapor equilibrium of benzo[a]pyrene is not significantly influenced by moderate levels of anthracene in the crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Rice
- Brown University Division of Engineering, 182 Hope Street Box D, Providence, RI USA 02912, 401-863-2775 (p) 401-863-9120 (f)
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Brown University Division of Engineering, 182 Hope Street Box D, Providence, RI USA 02912, 401-863-2775 (p) 401-863-9120 (f)
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Goldfarb JL, Suuberg EM. Vapor pressures and thermodynamics of oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured using Knudsen effusion. Environ Toxicol Chem 2008; 27:1244-9. [PMID: 18220445 PMCID: PMC3642867 DOI: 10.1897/07-486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated derivatives (OPAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants resulting from the incomplete combustion of coal and fossil fuels. Their vapor pressures are key thermodynamic data essential for modeling fate and transport within the environment. The present study involved nine PAHs containing oxygen heteroatoms, including aldehyde, carboxyl, and nitro groups, specifically 2-nitrofluorene, 9-fluorenecarboxylic acid, 2-fluorenecarboxaldehyde, 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid, 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid, 9-anthraldehyde, 1-nitropyrene, 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde, and 1-bromo-2-naphthoic acid. The vapor pressures of these compounds, with molecular weights ranging from 194 to 251 g/mol, were measured using the isothermal Knudsen effusion technique in the temperature range of 329 to 421 K. The corresponding enthalpies of sublimation, calculated via the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, are compared to parent, nonoxygenated PAH compound data to determine the effect of the addition of these oxygen-containing heteroatoms. As expected, the addition of -CHO, -COOH, and -NO(2) groups onto these PAHs increases the enthalpy of sublimation and decreases the vapor pressure as compared to the parent PAH; the position of substitution also plays a significant role in determining the vapor pressure of these OPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric M. Suuberg
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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Goldfarb JL, Suuberg EM. The effect of halogen hetero-atoms on the vapor pressures and thermodynamics of polycyclic aromatic compounds measured via the Knudsen effusion technique. J Chem Thermodyn 2008; 40:460-466. [PMID: 20376299 PMCID: PMC2849993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of vapor pressures of high molar mass organics is essential to predicting their behavior in combustion systems as well as their fate and transport within the environment. This study involved polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) containing halogen hetero-atoms, including bromine and chlorine. The vapor pressures of eight PACs, ranging in molar mass from (212-336) g.mol(-1), were measured using the isothermal Knudsen Effusion technique over the temperature range of (296-408) K. These compounds included those with few or no data available in the literature, namely: 1,4-dibromonaphthalene; 5-bromoacenaphthene; 9-bromoanthracene; 1,5-dibromoanthracene; 9,10-dibromoanthracene; 2-chloroanthracene; 9,10-dichloroanthracene and 1-bromopyrene. Enthalpies of sublimation of these compounds were determined via application of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. An analysis is presented on the effects of the addition of halogen hetero-atoms to pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using these data as well as available literature data. As expected, the addition of halogens onto these PACs increases their enthalpies of sublimation and decreases their vapor pressures as compared to the parent compounds.
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Outcalt SL, Lee BC. A Small-Volume Apparatus for the Measurement of Phase Equilibria. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2004; 109:525-31. [PMID: 27366631 PMCID: PMC4856202 DOI: 10.6028/jres.109.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An apparatus has been designed and constructed for the measurement of vapor-liquid equilibrium properties. The main components of the apparatus consist of an equilibrium cell and a vapor circulation pump. The cell and all of the system valves are housed inside a temperature controlled, insulated aluminum block. The temperature range of the apparatus is 260 K to 380 K to pressures of 6 MPa. The uncertainty of the temperature measurement is 0.03 K, and the uncertainty in the pressure measurement is 9.8 × 10(-4) MPa. An automated data acquisition system is used to measure temperature and pressure at equilibrium. The apparatus has been performance tested by measuring the vapor pressures of propane, butane, and a standard mixture of propane + butane.
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Xie M, Ziemba TM, Maurin MB. Sublimation characterization and vapor pressure estimation of an HIV nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor using thermogravimetric analysis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2003; 4:E23. [PMID: 12916905 PMCID: PMC2750601 DOI: 10.1208/pt040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the sublimation process of DPC 963, a second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV-1 retrovirus, and to better understand the effect of sublimation during active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacture and formulation development, especially the drying processes. Sublimation of DPC 963 at 150 degrees C and above was determined by thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared (TGA-FTIR). The rates of sublimation at different temperatures were measured using isothermal TGA. Condensed material was collected and analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and infrared (IR) spectrometry. Benzoic acid was used as a reference standard to derive a linear logarithmic relationship between sublimation/evaporation rate and vapor pressure specific to the TGA system used in this study. Sublimation and evaporation of DPC 963 were found to follow apparent zero-order kinetics. Using the Eyring equation, the enthalpy and entropy of the sublimation and evaporation processes were obtained. The enthalpies of sublimation and evaporation were found to be 29 and 22 kcal/mol, respectively. The condensed material from the vapor phase was found to exist in 2 physical forms, amorphous and crystalline. Using benzoic acid as a reference standard, vapor pressure of DPC 963 at different temperatures was calculated using the linear logarithmic relationship obtained. DPC 963 undergoes sublimation at appreciable rates at 150 degrees C and above but this is not likely to pose a serious issue during the manufacturing process. Vapor pressure estimation using thermogravimetric analysis provided sufficient accuracy to be used as a fast, simple, and safe alternative to the traditional methods of vapor pressure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minli Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Research and Development, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Co, Wilmington, DE 19808, USA.
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