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Miao X, Zhang L, Hu X, Nan S, Chen X, Fu H. Cloning and functional analysis of the FAD2 gene family from desert shrub Artemisia sphaerocephala. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:481. [PMID: 31703625 PMCID: PMC6839233 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linoleic acid is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for all eukaryotes. Microsomal delta-12 (Δ12) oleate desaturase (FAD2) is a key enzyme for linoleic acid biosynthesis. Desert shrub Artemisia sphaerocephala is rich in linoleic acid, it has a large FAD2 gene family with twenty-six members. The aim of this work is to unveil the difference and potentially functionality of AsFAD2 family members. RESULTS Full-length cDNAs of twenty-one AsFAD2 genes were obtained from A. sphaerocephala. The putative polypeptides encoded by AsFAD2 family genes showed a high level of sequence similarity and were relatively conserved during evolution. The motif composition was also relatively conservative. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the AsFAD2-1 gene was strongly expressed in developing seeds, which may be closely associated with the high accumulating ability of linoleic acid in A. sphaerocephala seeds. Although different AsFAD2 family members showed diverse response to salt stress, the overall mRNA levels of the AsFAD2 family genes was stable. Transient expression of AsFAD2 genes in the Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that the encoded proteins were all located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggested that only three AsFAD2 enzymes, AsFAD2-1, - 10, and - 23, were Δ12 oleate desaturases, which could convert oleic acid to linoleic acid, whereas AsFAD2-1 and AsFAD2-10 could also produce palmitolinoleic acid. CONCLUSIONS This research reported the cloning, expression studies, subcellular localization and functional identification of the large AsFAD2 gene family. These results should be helpful in understanding fatty acid biosynthesis in A. sphaerocephala, and has the potential to be applied in the study of plant fatty acids traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020 People’s Republic of China
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Munakata R, Takemura T, Tatsumi K, Moriyoshi E, Yanagihara K, Sugiyama A, Suzuki H, Seki H, Muranaka T, Kawano N, Yoshimatsu K, Kawahara N, Yamaura T, Grosjean J, Bourgaud F, Hehn A, Yazaki K. Isolation of Artemisia capillaris membrane-bound di-prenyltransferase for phenylpropanoids and redesign of artepillin C in yeast. Commun Biol 2019; 2:384. [PMID: 31646187 PMCID: PMC6802118 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce various prenylated phenolic metabolites, including flavonoids, phloroglucinols, and coumarins, many of which have multiple prenyl moieties and display various biological activities. Prenylated phenylpropanes, such as artepillin C (3,5-diprenyl-p-coumaric acid), exhibit a broad range of pharmaceutical effects. To date, however, no prenyltransferases (PTs) involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanes and no plant enzymes that introduce multiple prenyl residues to native substrates with different regio-specificities have been identified. This study describes the isolation from Artemisia capillaris of a phenylpropane-specific PT gene, AcPT1, belonging to UbiA superfamily. This gene encodes a membrane-bound enzyme, which accepts p-coumaric acid as its specific substrate and transfers two prenyl residues stepwise to yield artepillin C. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular evolution of this gene family, contributing to the chemical diversification of plant specialized metabolites. These results also enabled the design of a yeast platform for the synthetic biology of artepillin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Munakata
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, LAE, F54000 Nancy, France
| | - Tomoya Takemura
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Kanade Tatsumi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Eiko Moriyoshi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Koki Yanagihara
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Research & Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawano
- Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, 305-0843 Japan
| | - Kayo Yoshimatsu
- Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, 305-0843 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba, 305-0843 Japan
| | - Takao Yamaura
- The Yamashina Botanical Research Institute, Nippon Shinyaku Co. Ltd., 39 Sakanotsuji-cho, Ohyake, Yamashina-ku Kyoto, 607-8182 Japan
| | | | - Frédéric Bourgaud
- Plant Advanced Technologies – PAT, 19 Avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54500 Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, LAE, F54000 Nancy, France
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611–0011 Japan
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Muangphrom P, Misaki M, Suzuki M, Shimomura M, Suzuki H, Seki H, Muranaka T. Identification and characterization of (+)-α-bisabolol and 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene synthases from Artemisia abrotanum. Phytochemistry 2019; 164:144-153. [PMID: 31151061 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triquinane is a type of sesquiterpenoid with a unique structure that contains a fused tricyclopentane ring and exhibits a wide range of bioactivities. Like other sesquiterpenoids, the first committed step in triquinane-type sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis is the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), a common precursor of all sesquiterpenoids, catalyzed by sesquiterpene synthase. Artemisia abrotanum L. (Asteraceae), a common plant used in the culinary and cosmetics industries, has been reported to accumulate high levels of triquinane silphiperfol-5-en-3-one A. This compound is potentially biosynthesized from the cyclization of FPP into 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene followed by a multi-step oxidation to silphiperfol-5-en-3-one A. In this study, we aimed to identify the sesquiterpene synthase responsible for the synthesis of 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene. We performed RNA sequencing of A. abrotanum leaves and gene candidates were mined by homology searches using the triquinane α-isocomene synthase of chamomile (MrTPS2) as query. After gene cloning, we obtained five variants of putative sesquiterpene synthase showing greater than 85% amino acid identity to MrTPS2 and greater than 95% amino acid identity to each other. Heterologous expression of these variants in a FPP-high-producing yeast strain revealed the first four variants to be (+)-α-bisabolol synthases (AabrBOS1-4). However, the fifth candidate cyclized FPP into 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene and can therefore be defined as a 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene synthase (AabrSPS). These findings revealed the first committed enzyme involved in silphiperfol-5-en-3-one A and (+)-α-bisabolol biosyntheses in A. abrotanum. Furthermore, the results of this study will be useful for enhancing the production of these compounds for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paskorn Muangphrom
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Momoka Misaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Munenori Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; KNC Laboratories Co., Ltd., 3-2-34 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2271, Japan; Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Masaya Shimomura
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
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Muangphrom P, Seki H, Suzuki M, Komori A, Nishiwaki M, Mikawa R, Fukushima EO, Muranaka T. Functional Analysis of Amorpha-4,11-Diene Synthase (ADS) Homologs from Non-Artemisinin-Producing Artemisia Species: The Discovery of Novel Koidzumiol and (+)-α-Bisabolol Synthases. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:1678-1688. [PMID: 27273626 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of artemisinin, the most effective antimalarial compound, is limited to Artemisia annua. Enzymes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis include amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), amorpha-4,11-diene 12-monooxygenase (CYP71AV1) and artemisinic aldehyde Δ(11)13 reductase (DBR2). Although artemisinin and its specific intermediates are not detected in other Artemisia species, we reported previously that CYP71AV1 and DBR2 homologs were expressed in some non-artemisinin-producing Artemisia plants. These homologous enzymes showed similar functions to their counterparts in A. annua and can convert fed intermediates into the following products along the artemisinin biosynthesis in planta These findings suggested a partial artemisinin-producing ability in those species. In this study, we examined genes highly homologous to ADS, the first committed gene in the pathway, in 13 Artemisia species. We detected ADS homologs in A. absinthium, A. kurramensis and A. maritima. We analyzed the enzymatic functions of all of the ADS homologs after obtaining their cDNA. We found that the ADS homolog from A. absinthium exhibited novel activity in the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to koidzumiol, a rare natural sesquiterpenoid. Those from A. kurramensis and A. maritima showed similar, but novel, activities in the cyclization of FPP to (+)-α-bisabolol. The unique functions of the novel sesquiterpene synthases highly homologous to ADS found in this study could provide insight into the molecular basis of the exceptional artemisinin-producing ability in A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paskorn Muangphrom
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Munenori Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan KNC Laboratories Co., Ltd., 3-2-34 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2271 Japan
| | - Aya Komori
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan KNC Laboratories Co., Ltd., 3-2-34 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2271 Japan
| | - Mika Nishiwaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ryota Mikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan Continuing Professional Development Center, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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Yu X, Jones HD, Ma Y, Wang G, Xu Z, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Ren G, Pickett JA, Xia L. (E)-β-farnesene synthase genes affect aphid (Myzus persicae) infestation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Funct Integr Genomics 2012; 12:207-13. [PMID: 21847661 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-011-0244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aphids are major agricultural pests which cause significant yield losses of the crop plants each year. (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) is the alarm pheromone involved in the chemical communication between aphids and particularly in the avoidance of predation. In the present study, two EβF synthase genes were isolated from sweet wormwood and designated as AaβFS1 and AaβFS2, respectively. Overexpression of AaβFS1 or AaβFS2 in tobacco plants resulted in the emission of EβF ranging from 1.55 to 4.65 ng/day/g fresh tissues. Tritrophic interactions involving the peach aphids (Myzus persicae), predatory lacewings (Chrysopa septempunctata) demonstrated that the transgenic tobacco expressing AaβFS1 and AaβFS2 could repel peach aphids, but not as strongly as expected. However, AaβFS1 and AaβFS2 lines exhibited strong and statistically significant attraction to lacewings. Further experiments combining aphids and lacewing larvae in an octagon arrangement showed transgenic tobacco plants could repel aphids and attract lacewing larvae, thus minimizing aphid infestation. Therefore, we demonstrated a potentially valuable strategy of using EβF synthase genes from sweet wormwood for aphid control in tobacco or other economic important crops in an environmentally benign way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudao Yu
- Institute of Crop Science/The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
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Abstract
The carbon skeletons of over 55,000 naturally occurring isoprenoid compounds are constructed from four fundamental coupling reactions: chain elongation, cyclopropanation, branching, and cyclobutanation. Enzymes that catalyze chain elongation and cyclopropanation are well studied, whereas those that catalyze branching and cyclobutanation are unknown. We have catalyzed the four reactions with chimeric proteins generated by replacing segments of a chain-elongation enzyme with corresponding sequences from a cyclopropanation enzyme. Stereochemical and mechanistic considerations suggest that the four coupling enzymes could have evolved from a common ancestor through relatively small changes in the catalytic site.
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Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase catalyzes the consecutive head-to-tail condensations of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP, C5) with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP, C5) and geranyl diphosphate (GPP, C10) to give (E,E)-FPP (C15). The enzyme belongs to a genetically distinct family of chain elongation enzymes that install E-double bonds during each addition of a five-carbon isoprene unit. Analysis of the C10 and C15 products from incubations with avian FPP synthase reveals that small amounts of neryl diphosphate (Z-C10) and (Z,E)-FPP are formed along with the E-isomers during the C5 --> C10 and C10 --> C15 reactions. Similar results were obtained for FPP synthase from Escherichia coli, Artemisia tridentata (sage brush), Pyrococcus furiosus, and Methanobacter thermautotrophicus and for GPP and FPP synthesized in vivo by E. coli FPP synthase. When (R)-[2-2H]IPP was a substrate for chain elongation, no deuterium was found in the chain elongation products. In contrast, the deuterium in (S)-[2-2H]IPP was incorporated into all of the products. Thus, the pro-R hydrogen at C2 of IPP is lost when the E- and Z-double bond isomers are formed. The synthesis of Z-double bond isomers by FPP synthase during chain elongation is unexpected for a highly evolved enzyme and probably reflects a compromise between optimizing double bond stereoselectivity and the need to exclude DMAPP from the IPP binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Corresponding author: Phone: 801-581-6685; Fax: 801-581-4391; e-mail:
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Zhen Q, Yan M, Yang H, Liu D, Wang Y. [Coercion and damage of Cu pollution on Artemisia lavandulaefolia growth]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2006; 17:1505-10. [PMID: 17066712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
By the method of solution culture, this paper studied the coercion and damage of Cu pollution on the growth of Artemisia lavandulaefolia. The Cu concentration was set as 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg x L(-1), experimental duration was 14 days, and the growth and physiological indices of plants were tested. The results showed that the growth of A. lavandulaefolia was stimulated at low Cu concentration (2.5 mg x L(-1)), while inhibited at higher Cu concentrations (5 to approximately 40 mg x L(-1)). There was a significant negative correlation between each growth index and Cu concentration, and pigments contents had the similar trend. The sensibility of various photosynthetic pigments to Cu was in the order of chlorophyll a > chlorophyll a + b > chlorophyll b > carotenoid. Cell membrane permeability, O2 generation rate, and MDA content decreased slightly at 2.5 mg Cu x L(- 1) and then increased with increasing Cu concentration. The activities of POD, SOD and CAT increased first but decreased then with the increasing Cu concentration, and the endurance index of root showed the same trend, being > 0.5 at the Cu concentration less than 20 mg x L(-1) while decreased to 0.36 at 40 mg Cu x L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Biodiversity Research Center, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China.
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Kim SH, Heo K, Chang YJ, Park SH, Rhee SK, Kim SU. Cyclization mechanism of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, a key enzyme in artemisinin biosynthesis. J Nat Prod 2006; 69:758-62. [PMID: 16724836 DOI: 10.1021/np050356u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate into amorpha-4,11-diene by amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) initiates biosynthesis of artemisinin, a clinically important antimalarial drug precursor. Three possible ring-closure mechanisms, two involving a bisabolyl carbocation intermediate followed by either a 1,3-hydride shift or two successive 1,2-shifts, and one involving a germacrenyl carbocation, were proposed and tested by analyzing the fate of farnesyl diphosphate H-1 hydrogen atoms through (1)H and (2)H NMR spectroscopy. Migration of one deuterium atom of [1,1-(2)H(2)]farnesyl diphosphate to H-10 of amorpha-4,11-diene singled out the bisabolyl carbocation mechanism with a 1,3-hydride shift. Further confirmation was obtained through enzyme reactions with (1R)- and (1S)-[1-(2)H]farnesyl diphosphate. Results showed that deuterium of the 1R compound remained at H-6, whereas that of the 1S compound migrated to H-10 of amorpha-4,11-diene. Incorporation of one deuterium into amorphadiene in the cyclization process was observed when the reaction was performed in (2)H(2)O, as evidenced by an increase of 1 amu in the mass of the molecular ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hee Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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Wen X, Qiu N, Lu Q, Lu C. Enhanced thermotolerance of photosystem II in salt-adapted plants of the halophyte Artemisia anethifolia. Planta 2005; 220:486-97. [PMID: 15580526 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerance of photosystem II (PSII) in leaves of salt-adapted Artemisia anethifolia L. plants (100-400 mM NaCl) was evaluated after exposure to heat stress (30-45 degrees C) for 30 min. After exposure to 30 degrees C, salt adaptation had no effects on the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F(v)/F(m)), the efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII centers (F(v)'/F(m)'), or the actual PSII efficiency (Phi(PSII)). After pretreatment at 40 degrees C, there was a striking difference in the responses of F(v)/F(m), F(v)'/F(m)' and Phi(PSII) to heat stress in non-salt-adapted and salt-adapted leaves. Leaves from salt-adapted plants maintained significantly higher values of F(v)/F(m), F(v)'/F(m)' and Phi(PSII) than those from non-salt-adapted leaves. The differences in F(v)/F(m), F(v)'/F(m)' and Phi(PSII) between non-salt-adapted and salt-adapted plants persisted for at least 12 h following heat stress. These results clearly show that thermotolerance of PSII was enhanced in salt-adapted plants. This enhanced thermotolerance was associated with an improvement in thermotolerance of the PSII reaction centers, the oxygen-evolving complexes and the light-harvesting complex. In addition, we observed that after exposure to 42.5 degrees C for 30 min, non-salt-adapted plants showed a significant decrease in CO(2) assimilation rate while in salt-adapted plants CO(2) assimilation rate was either maintained or even increased to some extent. Given that photosynthesis is considered to be the physiological process most sensitive to high-temperature damage and that PSII appears to be the most heat-sensitive part of the photosynthetic apparatus, enhanced thermotolerance of PSII may be of significance for A. anethifolia, a halophyte plant, which grows in the high-salinity regions in the north of China, where the air temperature in the summer is often as high as 45 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wen
- Photosynthesis Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093 Beijing, P. R. China
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Lee SH, Lee MY, Kang HM, Han DC, Son KH, Yang DC, Sung ND, Lee CW, Kim HM, Kwon BM. Anti-tumor activity of the farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitors arteminolides, isolated from Artemisa. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 11:4545-9. [PMID: 14527550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Artemisia genus are important medicinal plants found throughout the world. Arteminolides A-D (1-4), isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia, have an inhibitory activity on farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase; EC 2.5.1.29) in in vitro assay. This study was carried out with the purpose of validating anti-tumor effects of the compounds in human tumor cells and mouse xenograft model. The arteminolides inhibited tumor cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, arteminolide C (3) blocked in vivo growth of human colon and lung tumor xenograft without the loss of body weight in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Uendong Yoosunggu, Taejeon 305-600, South Korea
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Swoboda I, Grote M, Verdino P, Keller W, Singh MB, De Weerd N, Sperr WR, Valent P, Balic N, Reichelt R, Suck R, Fiebig H, Valenta R, Spitzauer S. Molecular Characterization of Polygalacturonases as Grass Pollen-Specific Marker Allergens: Expulsion from Pollen via Submicronic Respirable Particles. J Immunol 2004; 172:6490-500. [PMID: 15128842 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Grass pollen belong to the most important allergen sources involved in the elicitation of allergic asthma. We have isolated cDNAs coding for Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) and timothy grass (Phleum pratense) pollen allergens, belonging to a family of pectin-degrading enzymes (i.e., polygalacturonases). The corresponding allergens, termed Cyn d 13 and Phl p 13, represent glycoproteins of approximately 42 kDa and isoelectric points of 7.5. rPhl p 13 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Immunogold electron microscopy using rabbit anti-rPhl p 13 Abs demonstrated that in dry pollen group 13, allergens represent primarily intracellular proteins, whereas exposure of pollen to rainwater caused a massive release of cytoplasmic material containing submicronic particles of respirable size, which were coated with group 13 allergens. The latter may explain respiratory sensitization to group 13 allergens and represents a possible pathomechanism in the induction of asthma attacks after heavy rainfalls. rPhl p 13 was recognized by 36% of grass pollen allergic patients, showed IgE binding capacity comparable to natural Phl p 13, and induced specific and dose-dependent basophil histamine release. Epitope mapping studies localized major IgE epitopes to the C terminus of the molecule outside the highly conserved functional polygalacturonase domains. The latter result explains why rPhl p 13 contains grass pollen-specific IgE epitopes and may be used to diagnose genuine sensitization to grass pollen. Our finding that rabbit anti-rPhl p 13 Abs blocked patients' IgE binding to the allergen suggests that rPhl p 13 may be used for immunotherapy of sensitized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Swoboda
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Hemmerlin A, Rivera SB, Erickson HK, Poulter CD. Enzymes encoded by the farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene family in the Big Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:32132-40. [PMID: 12782626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m213045200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the sequential head-to-tail condensation of two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate with dimethylallyl diphosphate. In plants the presence of farnesyl diphosphate synthase isozymes offers the possibility of differential regulation. Three full-length cDNAs encoding putative isoprenoid synthases, FDS-1, FDS-2, and FDS-5, with greater than 89% similarity were isolated from a Big Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata cDNA library using a three-step polymerase chain reaction protocol. One of the open reading frames, FDS-5, encoded a protein with an N-terminal amino acid extension that was identified as a plastidial targeting peptide. Recombinant histidine-tagged versions of three proteins were purified, and their enzymatic properties were characterized. FDS-1 and FDS-2 synthesized farnesyl diphosphate as the final chain elongation product, but their kinetic behavior varied. FDS-1 prefers geranyl diphosphate over dimethylallyl diphosphate as an allylic substrate and is active at acidic pH values compared with FDS-2. In contrast, FDS-5 synthesized two irregular monoterpenoids, chrysanthemyl diphosphate and lavandulyl diphosphate, when incubated with dimethylallyl diphosphate and an additional product, the regular monoterpene geranyl diphosphate, when incubated with isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Specific cellular functions are proposed for each of the three enzymes, and a scenario for evolution of isoprenyl synthases in plants is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hemmerlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
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Erickson HK, Poulter CD. Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase. The relationship among chain elongation, branching, and cyclopropanation reactions in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:6886-8. [PMID: 12783539 DOI: 10.1021/ja034520g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genes for chrysanthemyl diphosphate (CPP) synthase and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase from sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata spiciformis, were used to prepare a series of chimeric proteins to investigate the 1'-4 chain elongation, 1'-2 branching, and c1'-2-3 cyclopropanation reactions that join isoprenoid units to build more complex structures. The two genes were modified by site-directed mutagenesis to generate an identical set of six unique restriction sites at identical locations. The locations were selected to place a restriction site between each of the five conserved regions found in prenyltransferases that catalyze chain elongation. A series of chimeric proteins were generated by replacing amino acids in FPP synthase, beginning at the N-terminus of the enzyme, with increasing stretches of peptide from CPP synthase. An analysis of the products produced by the chimeras revealed a transition from 1'-4 chain elongation, to 1'-2 branching, and ultimately to c1'-2-3 cyclopropanation. These results demonstrate that the catalytic site for chain elongation, with minor modifications in its architecture, also catalyzes 1'-2 branching and c1'-2-3 cyclopropanation, and suggest that the branching and cyclopropanation reactions, in analogy to chain elongation, are electrophilic alkylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans K Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Brodelius M, Lundgren A, Mercke P, Brodelius PE. Fusion of farnesyldiphosphate synthase and epi-aristolochene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase involved in capsidiol biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum. Eur J Biochem 2002; 269:3570-7. [PMID: 12135497 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A clone encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) was obtained by PCR from a cDNA library made from young leaves of Artemisia annua. A cDNA clone encoding the tobacco epi-aristolochene synthase (eAS) was kindly supplied by J. Chappell (University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA). Two fusions were constructed, i.e. FPPS/eAS and eAS/FPPS. The stop codon of the N-terminal enzyme was removed and replaced by a short peptide (Gly-Ser-Gly) to introduce a linker between the two ORFs. These two fusions and the two single cDNA clones were separately introduced into a bacterial expression vector (pET32). Escherichia coli was transformed with the expression vectors and enzymatically active soluble proteins were obtained after induction with isopropyl thio-beta-d-thiogalactoside. The recombinant enzymes were purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography on Co2+ columns. The fusion enzymes produced epi-aristolochene from isopentenyl diphosphate through a coupled reaction. The Km values of FPPS and eAS for isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate, respectively, were essentially the same for the single and fused enzymes. The bifunctional enzymes showed a more efficient conversion of isopentenyl diphosphate to epi-aristolochene than the corresponding amount of single enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brodelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, Sweden
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Dhingra V, Narasu ML. Purification and characterization of an enzyme involved in biochemical transformation of arteannuin B to artemisinin from Artemisia annua. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:558-61. [PMID: 11181083 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein involved in the conversion of arteannuin B to artemisinin has been purified from the leaves of Artemisia annua. The pure protein found to be homogenous on Native gel electrophoresis showed two major bands of 21 and 11 kDa on 12% SDS-PAGE. Molecular weight estimation of native protein indicated an apparent molecular mass of 66,000 Daltons. This protein is able to achieve 58% conversion. It has a K(m) of 0.5 mM for arteannuin B and a pH optima between 7.0-7.2. It is maximally active at 30 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dhingra
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Post Graduate Studies and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Mahaveer marg, Hyderabad 500 028, India
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Chang YJ, Song SH, Park SH, Kim SU. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase of Artemisia annua: cDNA isolation and bacterial expression of a terpene synthase involved in artemisinin biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 383:178-84. [PMID: 11185551 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia annua, an indigenous plant to Korea, contains an antimalarial sesquiterpene, artemisinin. The first committed step of artemisinin biosynthesis is the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate by a sesquiterpene synthase to produce an amorphane-type ring system. The aims of this research were to molecularly clone and express amorpha-4,11-diene synthase for metabolic engineering. PCR amplification of genomic DNA with a pair of primers, designed from the conserved regions of sesquiterpene synthases of several plants, produced a 184-bp DNA fragment. This fragment was used in Northern blot analysis as a probe, showing approximately 2.2 kb of a single band. Its sequence information was used to produce 2106 bp of a full-length cDNA sequence including 1641 bp of open reading frame for 546 amino acids (kcs12) through a rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The deduced amino acid sequence displayed 36% identity with 5-epi-aristolochene synthase of Nicotiana tabacum. A soluble fraction of Escherichia coli harboring kcs12 catalyzed the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate to produce a sesquiterpene, which was identified through GC-MS analysis as amorpha-4,11-diene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Chang
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology and the Research Center for New Biomaterials in Agriculture, Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea
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Mercke P, Bengtsson M, Bouwmeester HJ, Posthumus MA, Brodelius PE. Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, a key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 381:173-80. [PMID: 11032404 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In plants, sesquiterpenes of different structural types are biosynthesized from the isoprenoid intermediate farnesyl diphosphate. The initial reaction of the biosynthesis is catalyzed by sesquiterpene cyclases (synthases). In Artemisia annua L. (annual wormwood), a number of such sesquiterpene cyclases are active. We have isolated a cDNA clone encoding one of these, amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, a putative key enzyme of artemisinin biosynthesis. This clone contains a 1641-bp open reading frame coding for 546 amino acids (63.9 kDa), a 12-bp 5'-untranslated end, and a 427-bp 3'-untranslated sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence is 32 to 51% identical with the sequence of other known sesquiterpene cyclases from angiosperms. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the recombinant enzyme catalyzed the formation of both olefinic (97.5%) and oxygenated (2.5%) sesquiterpenes from farnesyl diphosphate. GC-MS analysis identified the olefins as (E)-beta-farnesene (0.8%), amorpha-4,11diene (91.2%), amorpha-4,7(11)-diene (3.7%), gamma-humulene (1.0%), beta-sesquiphellandrene (0.5%), and an unknown olefin (0.2%) and the oxygenated sesquiterpenes as amorpha-4-en-11-ol (0.2%) (tentatively), amorpha-4-en-7-ol (2.1%), and alpha-bisabolol (0.3%) (tentatively). Using geranyl diphosphate as substrate, amorpha-4,11-diene synthase did not produce any monoterpenes. The recombinant enzyme has a broad pH optimum between 7.5 and 9.0 and the Km values for farnesyl diphosphate, Mg2+, and Mn2+ are 0.9, 70, and 13 microM, respectively, at pH 7.5. A putative reaction mechanism for amorpha-4,11-diene synthase is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mercke
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University, Sweden
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Jia JW, Crock J, Lu S, Croteau R, Chen XY. (3R)-Linalool synthase from Artemisia annua L.: cDNA isolation, characterization, and wound induction. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 372:143-9. [PMID: 10562427 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia annua is an annual herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. A cDNA library was constructed from leaves of A. annua seedlings and target sequences were amplified by PCR using degenerate primers derived from a consensus sequence of angiosperm terpene synthases. Two clones, QH1 and QH5, with high sequence similarity to plant monoterpene synthases were ultimately obtained and expressed in Escherichia coli. These cDNAs encode peptides of 567 aa (65.7 kDa) and 583 aa (67.4 kDa), respectively, and display 88% identity with each other and 42% identity with Mentha spicata limonene synthase. The two recombinant enzymes yielded no detectable activity with isopentenyl diphosphate, dimethylallyl diphosphate, chrysanthemyl diphosphate, farnesyl diphosphate, (+)-copalyl diphosphate, or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, but were active with geranyl diphosphate in yielding (3R)-linalool as the sole product in the presence of divalent metal cation cofactors. QH1-linalool synthase displays a K(m) value of 64 microM for geranyl diphosphate, which is considerably higher than other known monoterpene synthases, and a K(m) value of 4.6 mM for Mg(+2). Transcripts of QH1 and QH5 could be detected by RT-PCR in the leaves and inflorescence of A. annua, but not in the stem stele or roots; transcripts of QH5 could also be detected in stem epidermis. Linalool could not be detected by GC-MS in the essential oil of A. annua, nor in acid or base hydrolysates of aqueous extracts of leaves. RT-PCR demonstrated a wound-inducible increase in QH1 and QH5 transcript abundance in both leaves and stems over a 3-day time course.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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Bouwmeester HJ, Wallaart TE, Janssen MH, van Loo B, Jansen BJ, Posthumus MA, Schmidt CO, De Kraker JW, König WA, Franssen MC. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase catalyses the first probable step in artemisinin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 1999; 52:843-54. [PMID: 10626375 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin and its derivatives are a promising new group of drugs against malaria. Artemisinin is a constituent of the annual herb Artemisia annua L. So far only the later steps in artemisinin biosynthesis--from artemisinic acid--have been elucidated and the expected olefinic sesquiterpene intermediate has never been demonstrated. In pentane extracts of A. annua leaves we detected a sesquiterpene with the mass spectrum of amorpha-4,11-diene. Synthesis of amorpha-4,11-diene from artemisinic acid confirmed the identity. In addition we identified several sesquiterpene synthases of which one of the major activities catalysed the formation of amorpha-4,11-diene from farnesyl diphosphate. This enzyme was partially purified and shows the typical characteristics of sesquiterpene synthases, such as a broad pH optimum around 6.5-7.0, a molecular mass of 56 kDa, and a K(m) of 0.6 microM. The structure and configuration of amorpha-4,11-diene, its low content in A. annua and the high activity of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase all support that amorpha-4,11-diene is the likely olefinic sesquiterpene intermediate in the biosynthesis of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Bouwmeester
- Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility (AB-DLO), Wageningen, Netherlands.
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Mizushina Y, Takahashi N, Ogawa A, Tsurugaya K, Koshino H, Takemura M, Yoshida S, Matsukage A, Sugawara F, Sakaguchi K. The cyanogenic glucoside, prunasin (D-mandelonitrile-beta-D-glucoside), is a novel inhibitor of DNA polymerase beta. J Biochem 1999; 126:430-6. [PMID: 10423540 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA polymerase beta (pol. beta) inhibitor has been isolated independently from two organisms; a red perilla, Perilla frutescens, and a mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris. These molecules were determined by spectroscopic analyses to be the cyanogenic glucoside, D-mandelonitrile-beta-D-glucoside, prunasin. The compound inhibited the activity of rat pol. beta at 150 microM, but did not influence the activities of calf DNA polymerase alpha and plant DNA polymerases, human immunodefficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, calf terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, or any prokaryotic DNA polymerases, or DNA and RNA metabolic enzymes examined. The compound dose-dependently inhibited pol. beta activity, the IC(50) value being 98 microM with poly dA/oligo dT(12-18) and dTTP as the DNA template and substrate, respectively. Inhibition of pol. beta by the compound was competitive with the substrate, dTTP. The inhibition was enhanced in the presence of fatty acid, and the IC(50) value decreased to approximately 40 microM. In the presence of C(10)-decanoic acid, the K(i) value for substrate dTTP decreased by 28-fold, suggesting that the fatty acid allowed easier access of the compound to the substrate-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mizushina
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Science University of Tokyo, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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