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Zhang X, Niu Y, Gao C, Kong L, Yang Z, Chang L, Kong X, Bao Z, Hu X. Somatostatin Receptor Gene Functions in Growth Regulation in Bivalve Scallop and Clam. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4813. [PMID: 38732036 PMCID: PMC11083992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bivalves hold an important role in marine aquaculture and the identification of growth-related genes in bivalves could contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism governing their growth, which may benefit high-yielding bivalve breeding. Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) is a conserved negative regulator of growth in vertebrates. Although SSTR genes have been identified in invertebrates, their involvement in growth regulation remains unclear. Here, we identified seven SSTRs (PySSTRs) in the Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, which is an economically important bivalve cultured in East Asia. Among the three PySSTRs (PySSTR-1, -2, and -3) expressed in adult tissues, PySSTR-1 showed significantly lower expression in fast-growing scallops than in slow-growing scallops. Then, the function of this gene in growth regulation was evaluated in dwarf surf clams (Mulinia lateralis), a potential model bivalve cultured in the lab, via RNA interference (RNAi) through feeding the clams Escherichia coli containing plasmids expressing double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeting MlSSTR-1. Suppressing the expression of MlSSTR-1, the homolog of PySSTR-1 in M. lateralis, resulted in a significant increase in shell length, shell width, shell height, soft tissue weight, and muscle weight by 20%, 22%, 20%, 79%, and 92%, respectively. A transcriptome analysis indicated that the up-regulated genes after MlSSTR-1 expression inhibition were significantly enriched in the fat digestion and absorption pathway and the insulin pathway. In summary, we systemically identified the SSTR genes in P. yessoensis and revealed the growth-inhibitory role of SSTR-1 in bivalves. This study indicates the conserved function of somatostatin signaling in growth regulation, and ingesting dsRNA-expressing bacteria is a useful way to verify gene function in bivalves. SSTR-1 is a candidate target for gene editing in bivalves to promote growth and could be used in the breeding of fast-growing bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Yuli Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Can Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Lingling Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zujing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Lirong Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Xiangfu Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (X.Z.); (Y.N.); (C.G.); (L.K.); (Z.Y.); (L.C.); (X.K.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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da Silva AR, Guerreiro ADS, Martins SE, Sandrini JZ. DCOIT unbalances the antioxidant defense system in juvenile and adults of the marine bivalve Amarilladesma mactroides (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 250:109169. [PMID: 34418533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
DCOIT is a co-biocide that is part of the formulation of the commercial antifouling Sea-Nine 211® and although it is "safe to use", negative effects have been reported on the antioxidant defense system of non-target organisms. Therefore, the objective of this research was to verify and compare the response of antioxidant enzymes of juveniles and adults of Amarilladesma mactroides exposed to DCOIT. The animals were exposed to solvent control (DMSO 0.01%) and DCOIT (measured concentration 0.01 mg/L and 0.13 mg/L) for 96 h, then gills, digestive gland and mantle were collected for analysis of the enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The results revealed that adults, in relation to juveniles, have low basal activity of GST and SOD enzymes in the gills and digestive gland and high basal activity of SOD and CAT in the mantle. DCOIT did not alter GST activity in the gills of any life stage, while both concentrations decreased SOD and CAT in adults. In the digestive gland, it was observed that DCOIT (0.13 mg/L) decreased the GST activity in adults and CAT in juveniles, and both concentrations of the co-biocide decreased the SOD and CAT in adults. In the mantle, DCOIT (0.13 mg/L) increased CAT in juveniles. We conclude that juveniles have greater basal activity of antioxidant enzymes than adults and, in addition, DCOIT negatively affected the adults of A. mactroides, mainly decreasing the activity of GST, SOD and CAT in the gills and digestive gland of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Rayol da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda da Silveira Guerreiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Zomer Sandrini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Itália, km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Irnidayanti Y. Toxicological Analysis of Gonad Development in Green Mussels ( Perna viridis) in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:394-400. [PMID: 34486325 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.394.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> The accumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium and lead in mussels is very high compared to that in another marine biota. The mussels are sessile, widely distributed filter-feeding organisms, with the ability to sequester many lipophilic organic compounds, absorb anything in their surroundings. The very low mobility allows heavy metal bioaccumulation to occur and cannot avoid pollutants, which increase over time. This bioaccumulation can be toxic to mussels. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different toxic chemicals and histological changes in green mussels. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> All archive gonad sample of green mussels in 2015 was fixed in paraformaldehyde 4% solution and were sliced by a rotary microtome at 8 μm thickness and finally, the slides were stained with a solution of hematoxylin-eosin. <b>Results:</b> The obtained results demonstrated that developmental disorders in the testes are characterized by the arrangement of follicle cells in a relatively less dense state and some follicles are not fully filled with spermatozoa. It means that the male gonad samples of green mussels in the port of Muara Angke undergoing toxicity and the process of gonad developmental was disrupted. <b>Conclusion:</b> The effects of toxicity of the male gonad of green mussels were more sensitive and were more susceptible than the female gonad of the green mussels.
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Höche N, Walliser EO, de Winter NJ, Witbaard R, Schöne BR. Temperature-induced microstructural changes in shells of laboratory-grown Arctica islandica (Bivalvia). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247968. [PMID: 33635907 PMCID: PMC7909638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalve shells are increasingly used as archives for high-resolution paleoclimate analyses. However, there is still an urgent need for quantitative temperature proxies that work without knowledge of the water chemistry-as is required for δ18O-based paleothermometry-and can better withstand diagenetic overprint. Recently, microstructural properties have been identified as a potential candidate fulfilling these requirements. So far, only few different microstructure categories (nacreous, prismatic and crossed-lamellar) of some short-lived species have been studied in detail, and in all such studies, the size and/or shape of individual biomineral units was found to increase with water temperature. Here, we explore whether the same applies to properties of the crossed-acicular microstructure in the hinge plate of Arctica islandica, the microstructurally most uniform shell portion in this species. In order to focus solely on the effect of temperature on microstructural properties, this study uses bivalves that grew their shells under controlled temperature conditions (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15°C) in the laboratory. With increasing temperature, the size of the largest individual biomineral units and the relative proportion of shell occupied by the crystalline phase increased. The size of the largest pores, a specific microstructural feature of A. islandica, whose potential role in biomineralization is discussed here, increased exponentially with culturing temperature. This study employs scanning electron microscopy in combination with automated image processing software, including an innovative machine learning-based image segmentation method. The new method greatly facilitates the recognition of microstructural entities and enables a faster and more reliable microstructural analysis than previously used techniques. Results of this study establish the new microstructural temperature proxy in the crossed-acicular microstructures of A. islandica and point to an overarching control mechanism of temperature on the micrometer-scale architecture of bivalve shells across species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Höche
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Niels J. de Winter
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- AMGC Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rob Witbaard
- Department of Estuarine & Delta Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd R. Schöne
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Olivier F, Gaillard B, Thébault J, Meziane T, Tremblay R, Dumont D, Bélanger S, Gosselin M, Jolivet A, Chauvaud L, Martel AL, Rysgaard S, Olivier AH, Pettré J, Mars J, Gerber S, Archambault P. Shells of the bivalve Astarte moerchi give new evidence of a strong pelagic-benthic coupling shift occurring since the late 1970s in the North Water polynya. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190353. [PMID: 32862812 PMCID: PMC7481671 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes in the Arctic may weaken the currently tight pelagic-benthic coupling. In response to decreasing sea ice cover, arctic marine systems are expected to shift from a 'sea-ice algae-benthos' to a 'phytoplankton-zooplankton' dominance. We used mollusc shells as bioarchives and fatty acid trophic markers to estimate the effects of the reduction of sea ice cover on the food exported to the seafloor. Bathyal bivalve Astarte moerchi living at 600 m depth in northern Baffin Bay reveals a clear shift in growth variations and Ba/Ca ratios since the late 1970s, which we relate to a change in food availability. Tissue fatty acid compositions show that this species feeds mainly on microalgae exported from the euphotic zone to the seabed. We, therefore, suggest that changes in pelagic-benthic coupling are likely due either to local changes in sea ice dynamics, mediated through bottom-up regulation exerted by sea ice on phytoplankton production, or to a mismatch between phytoplankton bloom and zooplankton grazing due to phenological change. Both possibilities allow a more regular and increased transfer of food to the seabed. This article is part of the theme issue 'The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Olivier
- Laboratoire de ‘Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques' (BOREA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-207, CP53, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
- MNHN, Station Marine de Concarneau, place de la croix BP 225, 29182 Concarneau, France
- e-mail:
| | - Blandine Gaillard
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, CanadaG5 L 3A1
| | - Julien Thébault
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Unité Mixte de Recherche ‘Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin’ (LEMAR, UMR 6539), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Tarik Meziane
- Laboratoire de ‘Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques' (BOREA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-207, CP53, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, CanadaG5 L 3A1
| | - Dany Dumont
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, CanadaG5 L 3A1
| | - Simon Bélanger
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Québec-Océans et BORÉAS, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, CanadaG5L 3A1
| | - Michel Gosselin
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, CanadaG5 L 3A1
| | - Aurélie Jolivet
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Unité Mixte de Recherche ‘Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin’ (LEMAR, UMR 6539), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
- TBM Environnement/SOMME, 2 rue de Suède, Bloc 03, 56000 Auray, France
| | - Laurent Chauvaud
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Unité Mixte de Recherche ‘Laboratoire des sciences de l'environnement marin’ (LEMAR, UMR 6539), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - André L. Martel
- Zoology Section (Malacology), Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1P 6P4
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, PO Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, CHR Faculty of Environment Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, 499 Wallace Building, Winnipeg, CanadaMB R3T 2N2
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Alle 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Julien Pettré
- Université de Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, M2S, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Mars
- Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Silvain Gerber
- Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, CanadaG5 L 3A1
- Arcticnet, Québec Océans, Takuvik, Département de biologie, Université Laval, 1045, avenue de la Médecine, Laval, Québec, CanadaG1 V 0A6
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Niu D, Li B, Xie S, Dong Z, Li J. Integrated mRNA and Small RNA Sequencing Reveals Regulatory Expression of Larval Metamorphosis of the Razor Clam. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2020; 22:696-705. [PMID: 32886280 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The razor clam, Sinonovacula constricta, is an important economic marine shellfish, and its larval development involves obvious morphological and physiological changes. MicroRNA plays a key role in the physiological changes of the organism through regulating targeted mRNA. This study performed miRNA-mRNA sequencing for eight different developmental stages of S. constricta using Illumina sequencing. A total of 2156 miRNAs were obtained, including 2069 known miRNAs and 87 novel miRNAs. In addition, target genes were predicted for key miRNAs differentially expressed between adjacent development samples by integrating the mRNA transcriptome. Further analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in complement activation, alternative pathways, translation, and negative regulation of monocyte molecular protein-1 production. KEGG pathway annotation showed significant enrichment in the regulation of the ribosome, phagosome, tuberculosis and fluid shear stress, and atherosclerosis. Ten mRNAs and ten miRNAs that are related to larval metamorphosis were identified using real-time PCR. Furthermore, the double luciferase experiment validated the negative regulatory relationship between miR-133 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). These results indicated that the target genes regulated by these differentially expressed miRNAs may play an important regulatory role in the metamorphosis development of S. constricta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
- Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shumei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhiguo Dong
- Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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André C, Gagné F. The comparative toxicity of rainfall overflows and a municipal effluent plume in Elliptio complanata using a novel qPCR array approach. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 232:108760. [PMID: 32259594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Municipal effluents have the potential to disrupt the endocrine system involved in reproduction in aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array for the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata to compare the toxic properties of municipal effluents and rainfall overflows. Mussels were caged for 3 months at upstream and downstream sites of a municipal effluent discharge point and 2 rainfall overflow sites in the Saint-Lawrence River. The data revealed that exposure to municipal effluents and overflow sites lead to increased expression of vitellogenin (VTG) in male mussels, altered sexual differentiation in females, gene expression involved in oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase) and DNA damage (chromosome mismatch and repair of covalently-bound DNA adducts). Mussels at the downstream site accumulated also large amounts of heterotrophic bacteria but not at the overflow sites. However, mussels at the overflow sites had decreased expression in ABC transporter gene expression. Scaling analysis revealed that the following gene expression were related to effects at higher level of biological organization such as total RNA levels, gonad mass and gonad somatic index: DNA repair of covalent DNA adducts, mistmach chromosomal recombination during meiosis and undifferentiated cells in gonads. In conclusion, exposure to rainfall overflow sites have similar effects to municipal effluents based on VTG and oxidative stress responses at the transcriptomic levels only but the effects at the DNA integrity and sexual differentiation were involved in adverse outcome pathways of urban pollution in Elliptio complanata mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C André
- Aquatic contaminants research division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - F Gagné
- Aquatic contaminants research division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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Bendell LI, LeCadre E, Zhou W. Use of sediment dwelling bivalves to biomonitor plastic particle pollution in intertidal regions; A review and study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232879. [PMID: 32442172 PMCID: PMC7244099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the possibility of using the varnish (Nutallia obscurata) and Manila (Venerupis philippinarum) clams as biomonitors of microplastics (MPs) pollution. A short review is first provided on the use of bivalves for biomonitoring MPs in aquatic ecosystems. From the conclusions drawn from our review we determine if the sediment dwelling varnish and Manila clam could possibly be good choices for this purpose. We sampled 8 intertidal sites located within two distinct regions of coastal British Columbia, Burrard Inlet (5 sites) and Baynes Sound (3 sites). Each intertidal region had its own particular use; within Burrard Inlet, BMP a heavily used marine park, CP, EB, J, and AP, popular local beaches, and within Baynes Sound, Met and NHB, two intertidal regions heavily exploited by the shellfish industry and RU an intertidal region with limited aquaculture activity. Microfragments were recovered from bivalves collected from all intertidal regions except for AP. Microspheres were recovered primarily from bivalves sampled from Baynes Sound at NHB where high numbers of spheres within sediments had previously been reported. BMP and Met had the highest number of particles present within individual clams which were predominantly high density polyethylene (HDPE) and a polypropylene composite (PPC). Both polymers are extensively used by the shellfish industry in all gear types, as well as in industrial and recreational marine activities. The spatial distribution of recovered MPs was indicative of the anthropogenic use of the intertidal region suggesting these bivalves, for microfragments and microspheres, may be suitable as biomonitors and could prove to be useful tools for determining whether reduction policies for plastics use are having a positive effect on their release into marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. I. Bendell
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences. Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - E. LeCadre
- PolyTech Clermont-Ferrand, Aubiere, France
| | - W. Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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Gimenez LH, Doldan MDS, Zaidman PC, Morsan EM. The potential of Glycymeris longior (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a multi-decadal sclerochronological archive for the Argentine Sea (Southern Hemisphere). Mar Environ Res 2020; 155:104879. [PMID: 32072983 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of instrumental records, shell growth increments of bivalves are used to build continuous multi-decadal time series of growth and to estimate environmental variability. While there is interest in such chronologies in the Northern Hemisphere, there is a lack of multi-decadal datasets of growth for marine species from the Southern Hemisphere. We assessed the potential of the clam Glycymeris longior as an environmental proxy archive for the mid-latitudes of the South Atlantic Ocean, by applying sclerochronological techniques on the shells of individuals from a coastal area in Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Growth of G. longior showed a synchronous pattern, and shells were cross dated. We demonstrated that G. longior shells can be used to generate a robust multi-decadal chronology. The chronology spanned for a period of 22 years, from 1990 to 2011. This chronology has the potential to be extended, given that the maximum longevity of the analysed shells was 69 years. Significant positive correlations were found between the chronology and sea surface temperature and the Southern Annular Mode index. The sclerochronological approach performed in this study is a first step toward a long-term understanding of the links between climate and growth patterns of bivalves in temperate regions of SW Atlantic Ocean, under a long-term perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas H Gimenez
- Escuela Superior de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. San Martín 247, 8520, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Del Socorro Doldan
- Escuela Superior de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. San Martín 247, 8520, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni" (CIMAS), Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, MAGyP Río Negro, Güemes 1030, 8520, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula C Zaidman
- Escuela Superior de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. San Martín 247, 8520, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni" (CIMAS), Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, MAGyP Río Negro, Güemes 1030, 8520, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz, 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enrique M Morsan
- Escuela Superior de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue. San Martín 247, 8520, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni" (CIMAS), Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, MAGyP Río Negro, Güemes 1030, 8520, San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina
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10
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Castrillo PA, Varela-Dopico C, Ondina P, Quiroga MI, Bermúdez R. Early stages of Margaritifera margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon: Morphopathological characterization. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:69-80. [PMID: 31642063 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels of the order Unionida encyst into the fish mucosa to metamorphose and complete their life cycle, causing a parasitic disease known as glochidiosis. This parasitic stage represents a bottleneck for the survival of naiads, particularly for critically endangered species as Margaritifera margaritifera; however, little is known about the events occurring during this critical stage. Therefore, this study aimed to histologically characterize the development of M. margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon to get insight into the pathogenesis of this interaction. Fish exposed to glochidia were sampled during the first 44 days post-exposure, and organs were observed by stereomicroscopy and light microscopy. Glochidia attached to the gills by pinching the lamellar epithelium, whereupon an acute proliferative branchitis engulfed most of the larvae. However, during the first 14 days, a severe detachment of unviable glochidia occurred, associated with the presence of pleomorphic inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial degeneration. In the cases where larvae remained attached, a chronification of the lesions with none to scarce inflammation was observed. These results provide key information to better understand the complex host-parasite interaction during the early stages of glochidiosis and provide valuable information to optimize artificial rearing of naiads in conservation of threatened freshwater mussel populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Castrillo
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Catuxa Varela-Dopico
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Paz Ondina
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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11
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Delgado-Alvarez C, Ruelas-Inzunza J, Escobar-Sánchez O, Covantes-Rosales R, Pineda-Pérez IB, Osuna-Martínez CC, Aguilar-Júarez M, Osuna-López JI, Voltolina D, Frías-Espericueta MG. Metal Concentrations in Age-Groups of the Clam, Megapitaria squalida, from a Coastal Lagoon in Mexico: A Human Health Risk Assessment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2019; 103:822-827. [PMID: 31583423 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study shows the human health risk of Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn by consumption of clams Megapitaria squalida from Northwest Mexico, collected in 2013. The mean concentration for each metal in the soft tissue was: Zn > Cu > Cd > Hg; and mean values of 68.89 ± 37.59-30.36 ± 27.19, 8.77 ± 1.35-6.80 ± 0.36, 4.47 ± 0.21-3.18 ± 0.63 and 0.99 ± 0.81-0.52 ± 0.16 µg/g, respectively. Clam age was significantly negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with soft tissue Zn concentrations. For all metals there is a low level of human health risk associated with the consumption of M. squalida, but it is necessary to determine the specific characteristics of the human population of the study site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Delgado-Alvarez
- Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa, Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras Km 3, 82199, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Ofelia Escobar-Sánchez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Dirección de Cátedras CONACYT, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, 03940, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Covantes-Rosales
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Irving B Pineda-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - C Cristina Osuna-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Marisela Aguilar-Júarez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - J Isidro Osuna-López
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Martín G Frías-Espericueta
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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12
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Nagarjuna A, Karthikeyan P, Marigoudar SR, Sharma KV. Effect of sublethal gradient concentrations of nickel on postlarvae of Penaeus monodon, Perna viridis and Terapon jarbua: Enzyme activities and histopathological changes. Chemosphere 2019; 237:124428. [PMID: 31362133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the enzyme activities and histopathological changes in the post larvae (PL) of shrimp (Penaeus monodon), green mussel (Perna viridis) and fingerlings of crescent perch (Terapon jarbua) exposed to sublethal gradient concentrations of Nickel (Ni). The median lethal concentration (LC50) values were 2.49, 66.03 and 43.92 mg Ni L-1 derived for the PL of shrimp, green mussel and fish fingerlings respectively. No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC), Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) and chronic values of the PL of shrimp were 46.5, 73.0 and 58.3 μg Ni L-1 derived for the 21-d survival endpoint. The NOEC, LOEC and chronic values for the 30-d survival endpoint of the green mussels and fish fingerlings were 4.6, 6.32, 5.4 and 1.95, 2.6, 2.25 mg Ni L-1 respectively. The isoforms of esterase, superoxide dismutase and malate dehydrogenase activities in the whole body tissues of test organisms were studied by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after exposure to Ni. Histological examination of compound eye sections of shrimp revealed deformation, compression, fusion and detachement in the corneal cells from the corneal facet of the ommatidia indicating cellular anomalies due to Ni toxicity. Gill sections of the green mussel witnessed reduced haemolymph in sinuses of gill filaments, degenerative changes in interfilamentous junction and necrosis of frontal ciliated epithelial cells with vacuoles after exposure to Ni. Nickel affects the vision of shrimp and fish fingerlings, gills and byssus of green mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avula Nagarjuna
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, NIOT Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Panneerselvam Karthikeyan
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, NIOT Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - K Venkatarama Sharma
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Government of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, NIOT Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Xie B, Wu J, Huang L. Temporal and spatial variations of macrofouling organisms on ecological floating beds in Yundang Lagoon, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 148:156-167. [PMID: 31425858 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spatial-temporal variations of macrofouling organisms that attach to ecological floating beds (EFBs) in the Yundang Lagoon were investigated to identify factors that influence the appearance of macrofouling organisms. Results show that the composition, abundance, biomass, and dominance of macrofouling organisms on EFBs exhibited significant seasonal variation. Pearson correlation analysis indicates that the abundance and biomass of the bivalve Mytilopsis sallei showed negative correlation with root biomass (p < 0.05) and particulate matter (p < 0.05). Environmental (temperature and salinity, p < 0.05) and biological (bottom-up control) factors are the main drivers of population turnover. There were significant species differences of macrofouling organisms within the different parts of the lagoon, which were attributed to environmental characteristics such as hydrodynamics, dissolved oxygen, and the degree of eutrophication. Results of this study provide a basis for controlling macrofouling organisms, while improving the stability of EFBs and the efficiency of ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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14
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Gene SM, Shahmohamadloo RS, Ortiz X, Prosser RS. Effect of Microcystis aeruginosa-Associated Microcystin-LR on the Survival of 2 Life Stages of Freshwater Mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea). Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:2137-2144. [PMID: 31233235 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR is a toxin commonly produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. It is present in harmful algal blooms and is a concern for both human and environmental health in Canadian freshwater systems. Previous studies have investigated the toxicity of microcystin-LR to other organisms such as fish; however, it is important to assess its toxicity to native freshwater mussels (family Unionidae), which are considered imperiled. The present study examined the toxicity of microcystin-LR to fatmucket mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea) at 2 different life stages. Juvenile mussels were exposed to microcystin-LR in a 28-d chronic test, and glochidia underwent a 72-h acute toxicity test. There was no significant relationship between glochidia viability and microcystin-LR concentration. The median lethal concentration (LC50) value for juvenile mussels after 28 d of exposure was 2.1 µg/L. To determine the environmental relevance of the observed toxicity, an environmental exposure distribution was created using Canadian and Canadian-US Great Lakes microcystin measurements. The 28-d LC50 value (2.1 µg/L) was greater than those values that occurred in the environment 95% of the time; however, the LC10 (0.45 µg/L) and LC25 (0.97 μg/L) values were not greater than the measured microcystin environmental values. This finding indicates that microcystins may exert toxic effects on juvenile mussels at environmentally relevant concentrations. Further investigation should be considered in terms of prolonged exposure to persistent microcystin-LR, and toxicity to sensitive species at different life stages. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2137-2144. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha May Gene
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Xavier Ortiz
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation, and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan S Prosser
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Lian S, Wang J, Zhang L, Xing Q, Hu N, Liu S, Dai X, Zhang F, Hu X, Bao Z, Wang S. Integration of Biochemical, Cellular, and Genetic Indicators for Understanding the Aging Process in a Bivalve Mollusk Chlamys farreri. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2019; 21:718-730. [PMID: 31392593 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The major causal factors for the irreversible decline in physical vitality during organismal aging are postulated to be a chronic state of cellular redox imbalance, metabolic toxicity, and impaired energy homeostasis. We assessed whether the relevant enzyme activity, oxidative stress, and intracellular ATP might be causally involved in the aging of short-lived Chlamys farreri (life span 4~5 years). A total of eight related biochemical and cellular indicators were chosen for the subsequent analysis. All the indicators were measured in seven different tissues from scallops aged one to four years, and our data support that the aging of C. farreri is associated with attenuated tissue enzyme activity as well as a decreased metabolic rate. Through principal component analysis, we developed an integrated vigor index for each tissue for comprehensive age-related fitness evaluation. Remarkably, all tissue-integrated vigor indexes significantly declined with age, and the kidney was observed to be the most representative tissue. Further transcriptional profiling of the enzymatic genes provided additional detail on the molecular responses that may underlie the corresponding biochemical results. Moreover, these critical molecular responses may be attributed to the conserved hierarchical regulators, e.g., FOXO, AMPKs, mTOR, and IGF1R, which were identified as potentially novel markers for chronic fitness decline with age in bivalves. The present study provides a systematic approach that could potentially benefit the global assessment of the aging process in C. farreri and provide detailed evaluation of the biochemical, cellular, and genetic indicators that might be involved. This information may assist in a better understanding of bivalve adaptability and life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Naina Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Sinuo Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Dai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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16
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Peharda M, Walliser EO, Markulin K, Purroy A, Uvanović H, Janeković I, Župan I, Vilibić I, Schöne BR. Glycymeris pilosa (Bivalvia) - A high-potential geochemical archive of the environmental variability in the Adriatic Sea. Mar Environ Res 2019; 150:104759. [PMID: 31344588 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to its outstanding longevity (decades), the shallow-water bivalve Glycmeris pilosa represents a prime target for sclerochronological research in the Mediterranean Sea. In the present study, we analyzed the microgrowth patterns and the stable carbon (δ13Cshell) and oxygen (δ18Oshell) isotopes of the outer shell layer of live-collected G. pilosa specimens from four different sites along the Croatian coast, middle Adriatic Sea. Combined analysis of shell growth patterns and temporally aligned δ18Oshell data indicated that the main growing season lasts from April to December, with fastest growth rates occurring during July and August when seawater temperatures exceeded 22 °C. Slow growth in the cold season (<12 °C) coincided with the formation of winter growth lines on the outer shell surface. The growth cessation occurred in winter, but on the outer shell surface the brown summer bands are more pronounced than the winter lines. Mutvei-staining of cross-sections facilitated the recognition of the growth lines. δ13Cshell values reflect ontogenetic changes in physiology as well as seasonal changes in primary production and salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melita Peharda
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia.
| | | | | | | | - Hana Uvanović
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
| | | | | | - Ivica Vilibić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split, Croatia
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17
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El Moqri N, El Mellouli F, Hassou N, Benhafid M, Abouchoaib N, Etahiri S. Norovirus Detection at Oualidia Lagoon, a Moroccan Shellfish Harvesting Area, by Reverse Transcription PCR Analysis. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:268-273. [PMID: 30982112 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in the world. These outbreaks are frequently associated with bivalve shellfish consumption, particularly because these products are often eaten raw or only slightly cooked. In Morocco, regulations concerning the acceptable levels of enteric bacteria indicator organisms in these products have been put in place. However, these regulations do not take into account the risk of viral contamination, and many gastroenteritis outbreaks have been linked to the ingestion of bivalve shellfish from areas that comply with the current food safety criteria. The aim of this study was to investigate NoV presence in shellfish samples (n = 104) collected at four sites owcff Oualidia lagoon (Moroccan Atlantic coast) from November 2015 to February 2017. Samples were analysed using real-time RT-PCR in accordance with the ISO 15216-2 method. NoVs of the genogroup II were detected in 7% of samples that were all collected during the winter months. Moreover, 71% of NoV-positive samples were harvested at sites upstream of the lagoon. These results highlight the need of regularly monitoring viral contamination in bivalve shellfish to limit the risk of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N El Moqri
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco.
| | - F El Mellouli
- Casablanca Regional Research and Analysis Laboratory of National Office of Sanitary Safety and Food Products (ONSSA), Casablanca, Nouaceur, Morocco
| | - N Hassou
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - M Benhafid
- Virology Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - N Abouchoaib
- Casablanca Regional Research and Analysis Laboratory of National Office of Sanitary Safety and Food Products (ONSSA), Casablanca, Nouaceur, Morocco
| | - S Etahiri
- Marine Biotechnology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
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18
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Minick DJ, Paulik LB, Smith BW, Scott RP, Kile ML, Rohlman D, Anderson KA. A passive sampling model to predict PAHs in butter clams (Saxidomus giganteus), a traditional food source for Native American tribes of the Salish Sea Region. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 145:28-35. [PMID: 31590789 PMCID: PMC7094077 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Native Americans face disproportionate exposures to environmental pollution through traditional subsistence practices including shellfish harvesting. In this study, the collection of butter clams (Saxidomus giganteus) was spatially and temporally paired with deployment of sediment pore water passive samplers at 20 locations in the Puget Sound region of the Salish Sea in the Pacific Northwest, USA, within adjudicated usual and accustomed tribal fishing grounds and stations. Clams and passive samplers were analyzed for 62 individual PAHs. A linear regression model was constructed to predict PAH concentrations in the edible fraction of butter clams from the freely dissolved fraction (Cfree) in porewater. PAH concentrations can be predicted within a factor of 1.9 ± 0.2 on average from the freely dissolved PAH concentration in porewater using the following equation: PAHClam=4.1±0.1×PAHporewater This model offers a simplified, cost effective, and low impact approach to assess contaminant levels in butter clams which are an important traditional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- D James Minick
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - L Blair Paulik
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Brian W Smith
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Richard P Scott
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Molly L Kile
- College of Public Health and Human Services, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Diana Rohlman
- College of Public Health and Human Services, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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19
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Mustajärvi L, Nybom I, Eriksson-Wiklund AK, Eek E, Cornelissen G, Sobek A. How Important is Bioturbation for Sediment-to-Water Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Baltic Sea? Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:1803-1810. [PMID: 31050018 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study a recently developed benthic flow-through chamber was used to assess the sediment-to-water flux of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at 4 sites on the Swedish Baltic Sea coast. The flow-through chamber allows for assessment of the potential effect of bioturbation on the sediment-to-water flux of hydrophobic organic contaminants. The sediments at the 4 investigated sites have both varying contamination degree and densities of bioturbating organisms. The flux of individual PAHs measured with the flow-through chamber ranged between 21 and 510, 11 and 370, 3 and 9700, and 62 and 2300 ng m-2 d-1 for the 4 sites. To assess the potential effect of bioturbation on the sediment-to-water flux, 3 flow-through and closed chambers were deployed in parallel at each site. The activity of benthic organisms is attenuated or halted because of depletion of oxygen in closed benthic chambers. Therefore, the discrepancy in flux measured with the 2 different chamber designs was used as an indication of a possible effect of bioturbation. A potential effect of bioturbation on the sediment-to-water flux by a factor of 3 to 55 was observed at sites with a high density of bioturbating organisms (e.g., Marenzelleria spp., Monoporeia affinis, and Macoma balthica of approximately 860-1200 individuals m-2 ) but not at the site with much lower organism density (<200 individuals m-2 ). One site had a high organism density and a low potential effect of bioturbation, which we hypothesize to be caused by the dominance of oligochaetes/polychaetes at this site because worms (Marenzelleria spp.) reach deeper into the sediment than native crustaceans and mollusks. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1803-1810. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mustajärvi
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inna Nybom
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Abstract
Mussel farming has been recognised as a low cost option for mitigating damage caused by eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. However, uncertain nutrient removal owing to weather and environmental conditions at the mussel farm site has not been previously considered. The purpose of this study was to estimate whether mussel farming has cost advantages even in conditions of uncertainty. To this end, the replacement cost method was used for the valuation of ecosystem services and a numerical cost minimisation model was constructed based on the safety-first approach to account for uncertainty in nutrient removal. This study showed that the value of mussel farming depends on the cost at the farm, and the impact on the mean and variability of nutrient removal in relation to other abatement measures. The study also pointed out the need of data on the decision makers’ risk attitudes and measurement of uncertainty. The application to the Baltic Sea showed that the total value of mussel farming increased from 0.34 billion Euro/year to 0.41 or 1.21 billion Euro when accounting for uncertainty depending on assumption of probability distribution. The increase was unevenly distributed between the Baltic Sea countries, with it found to be lower for countries equipped with highly productive mussel farms and long coastlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Marie Gren
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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21
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Jiang S, Miao J, Wang X, Liu P, Pan L. Inhibition of growth in juvenile manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum: Potential adverse outcome pathway of TBBPA. Chemosphere 2019; 224:588-596. [PMID: 30844590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is ubiquitous and its contents showing an increasing trend in the coastal environment. In order to investigate the effects of TBBPA on marine bivalves, juvenile manila clams Ruditapes phillipinarum were exposed to TBBPA for 28 days. The results showed that shell growth rate of juvenile clams after exposure to 62.5-1000 μg L-1 TBBPA for 28 d were significantly inhibited (p < 0.05). Then in order to link the changes in filtration rate, mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor homologue (IGF) and tissue thyroid hormone (TH) contents to growth, juvenile clams were exposed to 62.5 and 500 μg L-1 TBBPA for 14 days. The transcriptional levels of neuroendocrine signals (NPF and insulin homologue) associated with filter feeding regulation, and genes of TH synthesis-related enzymes were also examined. The results showed that filtration rates was significantly reduced to 44.1% and 14% of controls after 14 d of exposure. In parallel, exposure to TBBPA significantly increased the expression levels of insulin which may elicit the filter feeding inhibition. TBBPA exposure caused alterations in tissue content of THs and mRNA expression of TH synthesis-related enzymes. However, the data showed increased T3 content, T3/T4 ratio and mRNA expression of IGF. These data demonstrated that the most important key event of TBBPA could be linked to growth impairment in juveniles was the reduction of filtration rate. These results provide a robust framework towards revealing the underlying mechanism of the growth inhibition caused by TBBPA on bivalves and understanding the adverse outcome pathway across taxonomic phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Peipei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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22
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Ke AY, Chen J, Zhu J, Wang YH, Hu Y, Fan ZL, Chen M, Peng P, Jiang SW, Xu XR, Li HX. Impacts of leachates from single-use polyethylene plastic bags on the early development of clam Meretrix meretrix (Bivalvia: Veneridae). Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 142:54-57. [PMID: 31232336 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris in the oceans is a major and growing problem in global environmental pollution. There are increasing concerns that plastic debris is a source of contaminant, either added during manufacturing or adsorbed from the environment. However, there is little information about the acute toxicity of leachates from plastic debris on marine organisms. In this study, we conducted experiments to evaluate the toxicity of leachates from two single-use polyethylene plastic bags (PB1 and PB2) with the embryo and larvae of the commercial clam Meretrix meretrix. Results showed that fertilization of the embryos was not affected by plastic leachates, but the developments of D-veliger larvae, including survival, deformity, and shell height, were significantly affected by plastic leachates from both PB1 and PB2 compared to the controls of filtered seawater. We speculate that compounds leaching from plastic bags are responsible for the observed toxicity. Therefore, leaching toxicity from plastic debris should be considered when assessing the risks of plastic pollution in the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ying Ke
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Wenzhou Fisheries Technology Extension Service, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Yao-Hua Wang
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Zhejiang Mariculture Research Institute, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Zheng-Li Fan
- Wenzhou Fisheries Technology Extension Service, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Man Chen
- CSG Power Generation Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510635, China
| | - Peng Peng
- CSG Power Generation Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510635, China
| | - Shu-Wen Jiang
- CSG Power Generation Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510635, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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23
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Strathmann RR, Brante A, Oyarzun FX. Contrasting Metatrochal Behavior of Mollusc and Annelid Larvae and the Regulation of Feeding While Swimming. Biol Bull 2019; 236:130-143. [PMID: 30933637 DOI: 10.1086/701730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molluscan veliger larvae and some annelid larvae capture particulate food between a preoral prototrochal band of long cilia that create a current for both swimming and feeding and a postoral metatrochal band of shorter cilia that beat toward the prototroch. Larvae encountering satiating or noxious particles must somehow swim without capturing particles or else reject large numbers of captured particles. Because high rates of particle capture are inferred to depend on the beat of both ciliary bands, arrest of the metatroch could be one way to swim while reducing captures. Larvae in eight families of annelids arrest metatrochal cilia frequently during prototrochal beat, often over a large part of the metatrochal band and with the arrested cilia aligned near the beginning of the effective stroke. In contrast, metatrochs of veligers of gastropods and bivalves rarely arrested while the prototroch beat, and those arrests were more localized and variable in position. This difference in metatrochal arrest was unexpected under hypotheses of either a single origin of this feeding mechanism or multiple origins within each phylum. Although different in metatrochal arrests, larvae of both phyla can separate swimming from feeding while both prototroch and metatroch beat. One hypothesis explaining low rates of capture per encounter, without metatrochal arrest, is a change in adhesion of prototrochal cilia with algae. In a few observations, part of the velar edge was retained within the veliger's shell so that exposed prototrochal cilia contributed to swimming while the adjacent metatroch and food groove were sequestered.
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24
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Kleinhenz LS, Humphrey CL, Mooney TJ, Trenfield MA, van Dam RA, Nugegoda D, Harford AJ. Chronic ammonia toxicity to juveniles of 2 tropical Australian freshwater mussels (Velesunio spp.): Toxicity test optimization and implications for water quality guideline values. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:841-851. [PMID: 30675921 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels play key roles in aquatic ecosystems, but are experiencing a global decline. Although studies have reported high acute sensitivity of mussels to some contaminants, chronic toxicity data are lacking for deriving high-reliability water quality guideline values. Ammonia is a contaminant of potential concern in some catchments of tropical northern Australia, where freshwater mussels are important ecological and cultural components. The extremely soft waters (hardness < 5 mg/L) of these environments can result in increased toxicity of many contaminants including ammonia, and regionally relevant tropical guideline values are needed to adequately protect these unique ecosystems. An optimized 14-d toxicity test protocol was used to assess the chronic toxicity of ammonia for 2 species, the lotic Velesunio sp. and the lentic Velesunio angasi. Ammonia exposures were conducted at pH 6.0 and 27 ± 0.5 °C to represent local environmental conditions, using shell length growth rate as the endpoint. Chronic toxicity estimates indicated high sensitivity to ammonia, with mean median effect concentrations (in total ammonia nitrogen) being 7.0 mg/L for V. angasi from the semi-urbanized Lake Bennett, 9.2 mg/L for V. angasi from Sandy Billabong, and 11.3 mg/L for Velesunio sp. from Gulungul Creek. When the 10% effect concentration values were compared with other chronic ammonia data (normalized to pH 7.0 and 20 °C), Velesunio spp. were found to be more sensitive than 8 of 16 other temperate and 7 of 9 tropical invertebrate and fish species. These chronic toxicity estimates will be used to further inform regionally relevant and site-specific guideline values. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:841-851. © 2019 Commonwealth of Australia. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Kleinhenz
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher L Humphrey
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas J Mooney
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Melanie A Trenfield
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Rick A van Dam
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Harford
- Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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25
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Yang X, Lin C, Song X, Xu M, Yang H. Effects of artificial reefs on the meiofaunal community and benthic environment - A case study in Bohai Sea, China. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 140:179-187. [PMID: 30803633 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Artificial reefs are widely deployed for fishery enhancement and marine conservation. A comprehensive assessment on the effects of artificial reefs could minimize the negative consequence of blindly developing artificial reefs. We examined the meiofaunal community and benthic environment adjacent to and <5 m from artificial reefs in Xiangyun Bay, Bohai Sea, China. We found the highest total meiofaunal abundance beside the artificial reef. Shannon-Wiener and Pielou indexes had no significant difference among different distances from the artificial reefs. The presence of artificial reefs impeded the surrounding flow and provided additional substrate for bivalves and kelps, which could cause finer sediment and organic enrichment around it. Sediment grain size and total organic matter were the most important parameters influencing the meiofauna. We suggest that the shape, material, configuration and location of artificial reefs should be related with a specific goal to avoid mindless proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chenggang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Min Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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26
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South PM, Floerl O, Jeffs AG. The role of biofouling development in the loss of seed mussels in aquaculture. Biofouling 2019; 35:259-272. [PMID: 30983415 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1596261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The efficient seeding of juvenile mussels is critical to the sustainability and profitability of mussel aquaculture. However, seeding mussels is highly inefficient, with many juveniles being lost in the following few months. One possible cause of these losses could be the development of biofouling assemblages. Therefore, the relationships between biofouling accumulation and losses of juveniles were assessed. Losses of juvenile mussels were initially high (42.9-49.1% over approximately one to two weeks), with lower rates of loss over the following four to five months. Biofouling development followed a successional pattern beginning with colonisation by amphipods, subsequent establishment of macroalgae, and the formation of an assemblage dominated by mussels and sessile invertebrates. However, biofouling development did not play a major role in the loss of juveniles. Rather, large-scale losses of mussels occurred shortly after seeding when biofouling was scant, suggesting alternative causes of loss were in operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M South
- a Cawthron Institute , Nelson , New Zealand
- b Institute of Marine Science & School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew G Jeffs
- b Institute of Marine Science & School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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27
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Luan L, Wang X, Zheng H, Liu L, Luo X, Li F. Differential toxicity of functionalized polystyrene microplastics to clams (Meretrix meretrix) at three key development stages of life history. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 139:346-354. [PMID: 30686437 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Little knowledge is available on impact of microplastics (MPs) on the bivalve larvae at different developmental stages throughout their life history, especially for metamorphic stage. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the toxic responses of carboxylated (PS-COOH) and amino (PS-NH2) polystyrene MPs on the developing clam larvae at three key life stages, i.e., fertilized eggs, D-veliger larvae, and umbo larvae. PS-COOH and PS-NH2 significantly decreased the hatching rates by 5.79-39.5% and developmental rates by 4.78-7.86% of the clam larvae relative to the unexposed clam larvae. The toxicity of MPs followed the order: hatching stage > metamorphosis > D-veliger larvae stage, showing stage-dependent toxic effects. Moreover, PS-NH2 with a smaller hydrodynamic diameter showed a greater toxicity to the developing larvae compared to PS-COOH. Our study highlighted the stage-dependent toxic effects of MPs on the developing clam larvae, thus posing ecological risks to population succession of marine bivalves and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Luan
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Liuqingqing Liu
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xianxiang Luo
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Fengmin Li
- Institute of Coastal Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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28
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El-Hacen EHM, Bouma TJ, Fivash GS, Sall AA, Piersma T, Olff H, Govers LL. Evidence for 'critical slowing down' in seagrass: a stress gradient experiment at the southern limit of its range. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17263. [PMID: 30467336 PMCID: PMC6250700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of critical slowing down, i.e. the increasing recovery times of complex systems close to tipping points, has been proposed as an early warning signal for collapse. Empirical evidence for the reality of such warning signals is still rare in ecology. We studied this on Zostera noltii intertidal seagrass meadows at their southern range limit, the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania. We analyse the environmental covariates of recovery rates using structural equation modelling (SEM), based on an experiment in which we assessed whether recovery after disturbances (i.e. seagrass & infauna removal) depends on stress intensity (increasing with elevation) and disturbance patch size (1 m2 vs. 9 m2). The SEM analyses revealed that higher biofilm density and sediment accretion best explained seagrass recovery rates. Experimental disturbances were followed by slow rates of recovery, regrowth occurring mainly in the coolest months of the year. Macrofauna recolonisation lagged behind seagrass recovery. Overall, the recovery rate was six times slower in the high intertidal zone than in the low zone. The large disturbances in the low zone recovered faster than the small ones in the high zone. This provides empirical evidence for critical slowing down with increasing desiccation stress in an intertidal seagrass system.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Hacen M El-Hacen
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Parc National du Banc d'Arguin (PNBA), Rue Gleiguime Ould Habiboullah, B Nord No. 100, B.P. 5355, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
| | - Tjeerd J Bouma
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory S Fivash
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 140, 4400 AC, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Amadou Abderahmane Sall
- Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches (IMROP), BP 22, Nouadhibou, Mauritania
| | - Theunis Piersma
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Han Olff
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura L Govers
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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29
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Salerno J, Bennett CJ, Holman E, Gillis PL, Sibley PK, Prosser RS. Sensitivity of multiple life stages of 2 freshwater mussel species (Unionidae) to various pesticides detected in Ontario (Canada) surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:2871-2880. [PMID: 30094868 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater mussels contribute important ecological functions to aquatic systems. The water filtered by mussel assemblages can improve water quality, and the mixing of sediments by burrowing mussels can improve oxygen content and release nutrients. However, nearly 70% of North American freshwater mussel species are listed as either endangered, threatened, or in decline. In Ontario, 28 species are in decline or in need of protection. Even though freshwater mussels have a heightened sensitivity to some contaminants, few studies have investigated the risks that various pesticide classes pose to one freshwater mussel species or among life stages. Lampsilis siliquoidea and Villosa iris were the focus of the present study, with the latter currently listed as of "special concern" in Canada. A potential risk to the recovery of freshwater mussel species is the presence and persistence of pesticides in Ontario surface waters. Acute (48 h) toxicity tests were performed with V. iris glochidia to determine the effect on viability (surrogate for survival) following exposure to 4 fungicides (azoxystrobin, boscalid, metalaxyl, and myclobutanil), 3 neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam), 2 carbamates (carbaryl and malathion), 1 organophosphate (chlorpyrifos), and 1 butenolide (flupyradifurone). Juvenile and adult L. siliquoidea were also exposed to azoxystrobin, clothianidin, imidacloprid (juvenile only), and carbaryl (adult only). Our study found in general that all life stages were insensitive to the pesticides tested, with median effect and lethal concentrations >161 µg/L. The pesticides tested likely represent a minimal risk (hazard quotients <5.4 × 10-3 ) to freshwater mussel viability and survival in acute (48 h) and subchronic (28 d) exposures, respectively, in Ontario streams where pesticide concentrations were considerably lower than those tested in the present study. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2871-2880. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Salerno
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles J Bennett
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Holman
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia L Gillis
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul K Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan S Prosser
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Solé M, Rivera-Ingraham G, Freitas R. The use of carboxylesterases as biomarkers of pesticide exposure in bivalves: A methodological approach. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 212:18-24. [PMID: 29902568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bivalves are worldwide sentinels of anthropogenic pollution. The inclusion of biomarker responses in chemical monitoring is a recommended practise that has to overcome some difficulties. One of them is the time frame between sample collection and sample processing in order to ensure the preservation of enzymatic activities. In the present study, three bivalve species of commercial interest (mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, razor shell, Solen marginatus, and cockle, Cerastoderma edule) were processed within <2 h after being retrieved from their natural habitat, and 24 h after being transported in air under cold conditions (6-8 °C) to laboratory facilities. The enzymatic activities were compared in the three species submitted to both conditions revealing no differences in terms of carboxylesterase dependent activities (CEs) using different substrates: p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA), p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pNPB), 1-naphthyl acetate (1-NA), 1-naphthyl butyrate (1-NB) and 2-naphthyl acetate (2-NA). In mussels, three tissues were selected (haemolymph, gills and digestive gland). For comparative purposes, in razor shell and cockle only digestive gland was considered as it is the main metabolic organ. Baseline enzymatic activities for CEs were characterised in the digestive gland of the three bivalves using four out of the five selected CE substrates as well as the kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km) and catalytic efficiency. The in vitro sensitivity to the organophosphorus metabolite chlorpyrifos oxon was also calculated. IC50 values (pM-nM range) were lower than those obtained for vertebrate groups which suggest that bivalves have high protection efficiency against this pesticide as well as species dependent particularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Solé
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Fuksi T, Tomašových A, Gallmetzer I, Haselmair A, Zuschin M. 20th century increase in body size of a hypoxia-tolerant bivalve documented by sediment cores from the northern Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste). Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 135:361-375. [PMID: 30301048 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the frequency of hypoxia, mucilages, and sediment pollution occurred in the 20th century in the Adriatic Sea. To assess the effects of these impacts on bivalves, we evaluate temporal changes in size structure of the opportunistic bivalve Corbula gibba in four sediment cores that cover the past ~500 years in the northern, eutrophic part and ~10,000 years in the southern, mesotrophic part of the Gulf of Trieste. Assemblages exhibit a stable size structure during the highstand phase but shift to bimodal distributions and show a significant increase in the 95th percentile size during the 20th century. This increase in size by 2-3 mm is larger than the northward size increase associated with the transition from mesotrophic to eutrophic habitats. It coincides with increasing concentrations of total organic carbon and nitrogen, and can be related to enhanced food supply and by the tolerance of C. gibba to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Fuksi
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Adam Tomašových
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivo Gallmetzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Palaeontology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Haselmair
- University of Vienna, Department of Palaeontology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Zuschin
- University of Vienna, Department of Palaeontology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Zhao L, Milano S, Walliser EO, Schöne BR. Bivalve shell formation in a naturally CO 2-enriched habitat: Unraveling the resilience mechanisms from elemental signatures. Chemosphere 2018; 203:132-138. [PMID: 29614406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine bivalves inhabiting naturally pCO2-enriched habitats can likely tolerate high levels of acidification. Consequently, elucidating the mechanisms behind such resilience can help to predict the fate of this economically and ecologically important group under near-future scenarios of CO2-driven ocean acidification. Here, we assess the effects of four environmentally realistic pCO2 levels (900, 1500, 2900 and 6600 μatm) on the shell production rate of Mya arenaria juveniles originating from a periodically pCO2-enriched habitat (Kiel Fjord, Western Baltic Sea). We find a significant decline in the rate of shell growth as pCO2 increases, but also observe unchanged shell formation rates at moderate pCO2 levels of 1500 and 2900 μatm, the latter illustrating the capacity of the juveniles to partially mitigate the impact of high pCO2. Using recently developed geochemical tracers we show that M. arenaria exposed to a natural pCO2 gradient from 900 to 2900 μatm can likely concentrate HCO3- in the calcifying fluid through the exchange of HCO3-/Cl- and simultaneously maintain the pH homeostasis through active removal of protons, thereby being able to sustain the rate of shell formation to a certain extent. However, with increasing pCO2 beyond natural maximum the bivalves may have limited capacity to compensate for changes in the calcifying fluid chemistry, showing significant shell growth reduction. Findings of the present study may pave the way for elucidating the underlying mechanisms by which marine bivalves acclimate and adapt to high seawater pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Zhao
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany; Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.
| | - Stefania Milano
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Eric O Walliser
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Bernd R Schöne
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
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Smith BR, Aldridge DC, Tanentzap AJ. Mussels can both outweigh and interact with the effects of terrestrial to freshwater resource subsidies on littoral benthic communities. Sci Total Environ 2018; 622-623:49-56. [PMID: 29202368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Litterfall is an important resource subsidy for lake ecosystems that primarily accumulates in littoral zones. Bivalves are abundant within littoral zones and may modify the effects of terrestrial resource subsidies through trophic interactions and engineering their surrounding habitat. Leaf inputs to lakes and freshwater mussel abundances are changing throughout the boreal ecoregion so we set out to investigate how the co-occurring benthic community might respond. We set up an in situ mesocosm experiment in Ramsey Lake, Sudbury, ON, Canada. Mesocosms contained sediments of either 5% or 35% terrestrial organic matter (tOM), into which we placed mussels (Elliptio complanata) at differing densities (0, 0.4 and 2musselsm-2, with a sham mussel treatment at 0.4musselsm-2). Over one month we recorded the sediment chemistry (dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus), littoral organisms (benthic algae and zooplankton) and mussel growth. At high mussel densities we recorded a 90%, 80%, 45% and 40% reduction in phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen and benthic diatoms, respectively, whereas at low mussel densities we observed a 3-fold increase in zooplankton. We discuss that these results were caused by a combination of bioturbation and trophic interactions. Benthic diatom concentrations were also reduced by 20% in sediments of 35% tOM, likely due to shading and competition with bacteria. Mussel growth increased at high mussel densities but was offset at high tOM, likely due to the organic matter interfering with filter feeding. Our results suggest that mussels can alter the geochemical composition of sediments and abundances of associated littoral organisms, in some cases regardless of tOM quantity. Therefore, the dominant top-down control exerted by freshwater mussels may outweigh bottom-up effects of tOM additions. Generally, our study reveals the importance of considering dominant species when studying the effects of cross-ecosystem resource fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany R Smith
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA Cambridge, UK; Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, David Attenborough Building, University of Cambridge, CB2 3QY Cambridge, UK.
| | - David C Aldridge
- Aquatic Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, David Attenborough Building, University of Cambridge, CB2 3QY Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Tanentzap
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA Cambridge, UK
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Hidalgo-de-la-Toba JA, Morales-Bojórquez E, González-Peláez SS, Bautista-Romero JJ, Lluch-Cota DB. Modeling the temporal periodicity of growth increments based on harmonic functions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196189. [PMID: 29694381 PMCID: PMC5919015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age estimation methods based on hard structures require a process of validation to confirm the periodical pattern of growth marks. Among such processes, one of the most used is the marginal increment ratio (MIR), which was stated to follow a sinusoidal cycle in a population. Despite its utility, in most cases, its implementation has lacked robust statistical analysis. Accordingly, we propose a modeling approach for the temporal periodicity of growth increments based on single and second order harmonic functions. For illustrative purposes, the MIR periodicities for two geoduck species (Panopea generosa and Panopea globosa) were modeled to identify the periodical pattern of growth increments in the shell. This model identified an annual periodicity for both species but described different temporal patterns. The proposed procedure can be broadly used to objectively define the timing of the peak, the degree of symmetry, and therefore, the synchrony of band deposition of different species on the basis of MIR data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J. Jesús Bautista-Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, B.C.S., México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Departamento de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, BCS, México
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Gula RL, Adams DK. Effects of Symbiodinium Colonization on Growth and Cell Proliferation in the Giant Clam Hippopus hippopus. Biol Bull 2018; 234:130-138. [PMID: 29856670 DOI: 10.1086/698265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Giant clams (subfamily Tridacnidae) house their obligate symbionts, Symbiodinium sp., in a specialized tubular system. Rapid uptake of Symbiodinium has been shown to increase early clam survival, suggesting that symbionts play an essential role in host growth and development. To determine whether symbionts influence development in the giant clam Hippopus hippopus, we compared growth patterns and cell proliferation in two groups of clams inoculated or not inoculated (control) with Symbiodinium sp. Symbiont uptake occurred continuously from days 8 to 26 post-fertilization, with, on average, ∼5% per day colonized. The control treatment grew even without symbionts (1.03 ± 0.41 µm per day, standard error). Inoculated individuals grew significantly faster (2.91 ± 0.37 µm per day) than control individuals (P < 0.001). However, daily shell length measurements did not significantly differ between treatments until day 22, and ∼97% of control individuals metamorphosed by day 24, suggesting a delay in growth effects. Consistent with this, at day 13, clam cell proliferation was not correlated with symbiont abundance in inoculated individuals (P = 0.13), while at day 26, it was (P < 0.01). The proliferating cell pattern also changed from being randomly distributed (P = 0.99) at day 13 to non-randomly distributed (P = 0.002), with increased likelihood of proliferation within ∼25 µm of a symbiont, at day 26. Our results indicate that H. hippopus has a longer Symbiodinium acquisition period than previously recorded, after which proliferation and development are enhanced but during which growth is unaffected by Symbiodinium.
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Lavictoire L, Ramsey AD, Moorkens EA, Souch G, Barnhart MC. Ontogeny of juvenile freshwater pearl mussels, Margaritifera margaritifera (Bivalvia: Margaritiferidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193637. [PMID: 29590123 PMCID: PMC5873991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gills of juvenile freshwater bivalves undergo a complex morphogenesis that may correlate with changes in feeding ecology, but ontogenic studies on juvenile mussels are rare. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the ultrastructure and ontogeny of 117 juvenile freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) ranging in age from 1–44 months and length from 0.49–8.90 mm. Three stages of gill development are described. In Stage 1 (5–9 inner demibranch filaments), only unreflected inner demibranch filaments were present. In Stage 2 (9–17 inner demibranch filaments), inner demibranch filaments began to reflect when shell length exceeded 1.13 mm, at 13–16 months old. Reflection began in medial filaments and then proceeded anterior and posterior. In Stage 3 (28–94 inner demibranch filaments), outer demibranch filaments began developing at shell length > 3.1 mm and about 34 months of age. The oral groove on the inner demibranch was first observed in 34 month old specimens > 2.66 mm but was never observed on the outer demibranch. Shell length (R2 = 0.99) was a better predictor of developmental stage compared to age (R2 = 0.84). The full suite of gill ciliation was present on filaments in all stages. Interfilamentary distance averaged 31.3 μm and did not change with age (4–44 months) or with size (0.75–8.9 mm). Distance between laterofrontal cirri couplets averaged 1.54 μm and did not change significantly with size or age. Labial palp primordia were present in even the youngest individuals but ciliature became more diverse in more developed individuals. Information presented here is valuable to captive rearing programmes as it provides insight in to when juveniles may be particularly vulnerable to stressors due to specific ontogenic changes. The data are compared with two other recent studies of Margaritifera development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Lavictoire
- Freshwater Biological Association, The Ferry Landing, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria, United Kingdom
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, Cumbria, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew D. Ramsey
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham Souch
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
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Ballesta-Artero I, Janssen R, van der Meer J, Witbaard R. Interactive effects of temperature and food availability on the growth of Arctica islandica (Bivalvia) juveniles. Mar Environ Res 2018; 133:67-77. [PMID: 29233602 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interest in Arctica islandica growth biology has recently increased due to the widespread use of its shell as a bioarchive. Although temperature and food availability are considered key factors in its growth, their combined influence has not been studied so far under laboratory conditions. We tested the interactive effect of temperature and food availability on the shell and tissue growth of A. islandica juveniles (9-15 mm in height) in a multi-factorial experiment with four food levels (no food, low, medium, and high) and three different temperatures (3, 8, 13 °C). Shell and tissue growth were observed in all treatments, with significant differences occurring only among food levels (2-way ANOVA; P-value < 0.05). Siphon activity (% open siphons), however, was affected by temperature, food, and the interaction between them (2-way ANOVA; P-value < 0.05). Siphon observations, as indication of feeding activities, played a key role to better understand the growth variation between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ballesta-Artero
- NIOZ, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Department of Coastal Systems, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands; NIOZ, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, PO Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands; Department of Animal Ecology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Reneé Janssen
- Helicon MBO Den Bosch, Postbus 2279, 5202 CG 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap van der Meer
- NIOZ, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Department of Coastal Systems, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands; Department of Animal Ecology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Witbaard
- NIOZ, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, PO Box 140, 4400 AC Yerseke, The Netherlands
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Capt C, Renaut S, Ghiselli F, Milani L, Johnson NA, Sietman BE, Stewart DT, Breton S. Deciphering the Link between Doubly Uniparental Inheritance of mtDNA and Sex Determination in Bivalves: Clues from Comparative Transcriptomics. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:577-590. [PMID: 29360964 PMCID: PMC5800059 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalves exhibit an astonishing diversity of sexual systems and sex-determining mechanisms. They can be gonochoric, hermaphroditic or androgenetic, with both genetic and environmental factors known to determine or influence sex. One unique sex-determining system involving the mitochondrial genome has also been hypothesized to exist in bivalves with doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mtDNA. However, the link between DUI and sex determination remains obscure. In this study, we performed a comparative gonad transcriptomics analysis for two DUI-possessing freshwater mussel species to better understand the mechanisms underlying sex determination and DUI in these bivalves. We used a BLAST reciprocal analysis to identify orthologs between Venustaconcha ellipsiformis and Utterbackia peninsularis and compared our results with previously published sex-specific bivalve transcriptomes to identify conserved sex-determining genes. We also compared our data with other DUI species to identify candidate genes possibly involved in the regulation of DUI. A total of ∼12,000 orthologous relationships were found, with 2,583 genes differentially expressed in both species. Among these genes, key sex-determining factors previously reported in vertebrates and in bivalves (e.g., Sry, Dmrt1, Foxl2) were identified, suggesting that some steps of the sex-determination pathway may be deeply conserved in metazoans. Our results also support the hypothesis that a modified ubiquitination mechanism could be responsible for the retention of the paternal mtDNA in male bivalves, and revealed that DNA methylation could also be involved in the regulation of DUI. Globally, our results suggest that sets of genes associated with sex determination and DUI are similar in distantly-related DUI species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Capt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Renaut
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de la Science de la Biodiversité du Québec, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Ghiselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Liliana Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Nathan A Johnson
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bernard E Sietman
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Center for Aquatic Mollusk Programs, Lake City, Minnesota, USA
| | - Donald T Stewart
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sophie Breton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Featherstone AM, Butler PG, Peharda M, Chauvaud L, Thébault J. Influence of riverine input on the growth of Glycymeris glycymeris in the Bay of Brest, North-West France. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189782. [PMID: 29261749 PMCID: PMC5738111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A crossdated, replicated, chronology of 114 years (1901–2014) was developed from internal growth increments in the shells of Glycymeris glycymeris samples collected monthly from the Bay of Brest, France. Bivalve sampling was undertaken between 2014 and 2015 using a dredge. In total 401 live specimens and 243 articulated paired valves from dead specimens were collected, of which 38 individuals were used to build the chronology. Chronology strength, assessed as the Expressed Population Signal, was above 0.7 throughout, falling below the generally accepted threshold of 0.85 before 1975 because of reduced sample depth. Significant positive correlations were identified between the shell growth and the annual averages of rainfall (1975–2008; r = 0.34) and inflow from the river Elorn (1989–2009; r = 0.60). A significant negative correlation was identified between shell growth and the annual average salinity (1998–2014; r = -0.62). Analysis of the monthly averages indicates that these correlations are associated with the winter months (November–February) preceding the G. glycymeris growth season suggesting that winter conditions predispose the benthic environment for later shell growth. Concentration of suspended particulate matter within the river in February is also positively correlated with shell growth, leading to the conclusion that food availability is also important to the growth of G. glycymeris in the Bay of Brest. With the addition of principle components analysis, we were able to determine that inflow from the River Elorn, nitrite levels and salinity were the fundamental drivers of G. glycymeris growth and that these environmental parameters were all linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Featherstone
- Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Plouzané, France
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Plouzané, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul G. Butler
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laurent Chauvaud
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Plouzané, France
| | - Julien Thébault
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l’environnement marin (LEMAR UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer), Plouzané, France
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Prosser RS, Rochfort Q, McInnis R, Exall K, Gillis PL. Assessing the toxicity and risk of salt-impacted winter road runoff to the early life stages of freshwater mussels in the Canadian province of Ontario. Environ Pollut 2017; 230:589-597. [PMID: 28710977 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In temperate urbanized areas where road salting is used for winter road maintenance, the level of chloride in surface waters has been increasing. While a number of studies have shown that the early-life stages of freshwater mussels are particularly sensitive to salt; few studies have examined the toxicity of salt-impacted winter road runoff to the early-life stages of freshwater mussels to confirm that chloride is the driver of toxicity in this mixture. This study examines the acute toxicity of field-collected winter road runoff to the glochidia of wavy-rayed lampmussels (Lampsilis fasciola) (48 h exposure) and newly released juvenile fatmucket mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea) (<1 week old; 96 h exposure) under different water hardness. The chronic toxicity (28 d) to older juvenile L. siliquoidea (7-12 months old) was also investigated. The 48-h EC50 and 96-h LC50 for L. fasciola glochidia and L. siliquoidea juveniles exposed to different dilutions of road run-off created with moderately hard synthetic water (∼80 mg CaCO3/L) were 1177 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1011-1344 mg Cl-/L) and 2276 mg Cl-/L (95% CI: 1698-2854 mg Cl-/L), respectively. These effect concentrations correspond with the toxicity of chloride reported in other studies, indicating that chloride is likely the driver of toxicity in salt-impacted road-runoff, with other contaminants (e.g., metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) playing a de minimis role. Toxicity data from the current study and literature and concentrations of chloride in the surface waters of Ontario were used to conduct a probabilistic risk assessment of chloride to early-life stage freshwater mussels. The assessment indicated that chronic exposure to elevated chloride levels could pose a risk to freshwater mussels; further investigation is warranted to ensure that the most sensitive organisms are protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Prosser
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
| | - Q Rochfort
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - R McInnis
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - K Exall
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - P L Gillis
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
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Ran Z, Li S, Zhang R, Xu J, Liao K, Yu X, Zhong Y, Ye M, Yu S, Ran Y, Huang W, Yan X. Proximate, amino acid and lipid compositions in Sinonovacula constricta (Lamarck) reared at different salinities. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:4476-4483. [PMID: 28295389 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinonovacula constricta is an economically and nutritionally important bivalve native to the estuaries and mudflats of China, Japan and Korea. In the present study, S. constricta, cultured either under experimental conditions or collected directly from natural coastal areas with different seawater salinities, was investigated for changes in proximates, amino acids and lipids. RESULTS When culture salinity was increased, levels of moisture, carbohydrate, crude protein and crude lipid were significantly decreased, whereas the level of ash was significantly increased. The level of Ala was increased by 1.5- to 2-fold, whereas the contents of most lipids were significantly decreased, and the proportion of phosphatidylethanolamine was significantly increased. Notably, a high proportion of ceramide aminoethylphosphonates was detected in S. constricta reared at all salinities. The energy content appears to be higher in S. constricta reared at higher salinity. In experimental S. constricta, when the salinity was enhanced, the changes of compositions were very close to those reared at constant high salinity. CONCLUSION Sinonovacula constricta reared at higher salinities possesses a superior quality. A short period of exposure to a higher salinity for farmed S. constricta reared at a lower salinity before harvest would be useful with respect to improving its nutritive value. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshou Ran
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technology Center of the People's Republic of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Runtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jilin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Liao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuejun Yu
- Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technology Center of the People's Republic of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Zhong
- Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technology Center of the People's Republic of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengwei Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Sievers M, Fitridge I, Bui S, Dempster T. To treat or not to treat: a quantitative review of the effect of biofouling and control methods in shellfish aquaculture to evaluate the necessity of removal. Biofouling 2017; 33:755-767. [PMID: 28876130 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1361937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The global growth of farmed shellfish production has resulted in considerable research investigating how biofouling compromises farm productivity. Shellfish fitness can be compared between fouled stock and stock which has undergone treatment. As treatment options are often harsh, they may deleteriously affect stock. The projected impact of biofouling may therefore be confounded by the impact of treatments. Given the substantial cost of fouling removal, some have questioned the necessity of biofouling mitigation strategies. Meta-analysis revealed that biofouling typically reduces shellfish fitness. However, the fitness of treated stock was often lower or equal to fouled control stock, indicating that many common antifouling (AF) strategies are ineffective at enhancing farm productivity. Overall, caution and diligence are required to successfully implement biofouling mitigation strategies. The need remains for increased passive prevention approaches and novel AF strategies suitable for shellfish culture, such as strategic siting of bivalve farms in areas of low biofouling larval supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sievers
- a Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
- b School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - Isla Fitridge
- a Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - Samantha Bui
- a Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
- c Institute of Marine Research , Matre , Norway
| | - Tim Dempster
- a Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), School of BioSciences , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
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Niu D, Du Y, Wang Z, Xie S, Nguyen H, Dong Z, Shen H, Li J. Construction of the First High-Density Genetic Linkage Map and Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci for Growth-Related Traits in Sinonovacula constricta. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2017; 19:488-496. [PMID: 28725940 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The razor clam (Sinonovacula constricta) is an important aquaculture species, for which a high-density genetic linkage map would play an important role in marker-assisted selection (MAS). In this study, we constructed a high-density genetic map and detected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Sinonovacula constricta with an F1 cross population by using the specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) method. A total of 315,553 SLAF markers out of 467.71 Mreads were developed. The final linkage map was composed of 7516 SLAFs (156.60-fold in the parents and 20.80-fold in each F1 population on average). The total distance of the linkage map was 2383.85 cM, covering 19 linkage groups with an average inter-marker distance of 0.32 cM. The proportion of gaps less than 5.0 cM was on average 96.90%. A total of 16 suggestive QTLs for five growth-related traits (five QTLs for shell height, six QTLs for shell length, three QTLs for shell width, one QTL for total body weight, and one QTL for soft body weight) were identified. These QTLs were distributed on five linkage groups, and the regions showed overlapping on LG9 and LG13. In conclusion, the high-density genetic map and QTLs for S. constricta provide a valuable genetic resource and a basis for MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yunchao Du
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shumei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Haideng Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhiguo Dong
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Heding Shen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Dubert J, Aranda-Burgos JA, Ojea J, Barja JL, Prado S. Mortality event involving larvae of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus in a hatchery: isolation of the pathogen Vibrio tubiashii subsp. europaeus. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1185-1193. [PMID: 28093770 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio are a common, as yet unresolved, cause of mortality in shellfish hatcheries. In this study, we report the results of routine microbiological monitoring of larval cultures of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus in a hatchery in Galicia (NW Spain). Previous episodes of mortality with signs similar to those of vibriosis affecting other species in the installation indicated the possibility of bacterial infection and led to division of the culture at the early D-veliger larval stage. One batch was cultured under routine conditions, and the other was experimentally treated with antibiotic (chloramphenicol). Differences in larval survival were assessed, and culturable bacterial population in clams and sea water was evaluated, with particular attention given to vibrios. Severe mortalities were recorded from the first stages of culture onwards. The pathogen Vibrio tubiashii subsp. europaeus was detected in both batches, mainly associated with larvae. Moreover, initial detection of the pathogen in the eggs suggested the vertical transmission from broodstock as a possible source. Experimental use of antibiotic reduced the presence and diversity of vibrios in sea water, but proved inefficient in controlling vibrios associated with larvae from early stages and it did not stop mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubert
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Biología - CIBUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
| | - J A Aranda-Burgos
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas - CIMA, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Ribadeo (Lugo), Spain
| | - J Ojea
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas - CIMA, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Ribadeo (Lugo), Spain
| | - J L Barja
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Biología - CIBUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
| | - S Prado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Biología - CIBUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
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Yu J, Zhang L, Li Y, Li R, Zhang M, Li W, Xie X, Wang S, Hu X, Bao Z. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of the SOX gene family in a bivalve mollusc Patinopecten yessoensis. Gene 2017; 627:530-537. [PMID: 28694209 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
SOX family is composed of transcription factors that play vital roles in various developmental processes. Comprehensive understanding on evolution of the SOX family requires full characterization of SOX genes in different phyla. Mollusca is the second largest metazoan phylum, but till now, systematic investigation on the SOX family is still lacking in this phylum. In this study, we conducted genome-wide identification of the SOX family in Yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis and profiled their tissue distribution and temporal expression patterns in the ovaries and testes during gametogenesis. Seven SOX genes were identified, including SOXB1, B2, C, D, E, F and H, representing the first record in protostomes with SOX members identical to that proposed to exist in the last common ancestor of chordates. Genomic structure analysis identified relatively conserved exon-intron structures, accompanied by intron insertion. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed possible involvement of scallop SOX in various functions, including neuro-sensory cell differentiation, hematopoiesis, myogenesis and gametogenesis. This study represents the first systematic characterization of SOX gene family in Mollusca. It will assist in a better understanding of the evolution and function of SOX family in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yangping Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ruojiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Meiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wanru Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinran Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
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Liao K, Chen W, Zhang R, Zhou H, Xu J, Zhou C, Yan X. qPCR analysis of bivalve larvae feeding preferences when grazing on mixed microalgal diets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180730. [PMID: 28662212 PMCID: PMC5491265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the feeding preferences of bivalve larvae would help improving the bivalve aquaculture and hatchery by providing appropriate microalgal diets. However, inaccurate and laborious identification and counting of microalgal species have challenged the selective feeding of bivalves. In the present study, we developed a highly specific and sensitive assay using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess the selective feeding of bivalve larvae based on species-specific primers targeting to microalgal 18S rDNA sequences. The assay exhibited good specificity. The detection limits of the qPCR assay were 769, 71, 781 and 21 18S rDNA copies for Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis galbana, Platymonas helgolandica and Nannochloropsis oculata, respectively. Using such assay, we found that C. calcitrans and I. galbana were preferentially ingested, whereas N. oculata was preferentially rejected in biodeposits of four bivalve species, Tegillarca gransa, Cyclina sinensis, Scapharca subcrenata and Sinonovacula constricta. Furthermore, our growth experiments revealed that C. calcitrans and I. galbana could significantly promote the shell growth, whereas feeding of N. oculata resulted in poorer growth of four bivalve species. These data indicated that qPCR might be useful in screening of efficient and reliable microalgal species for each bivalve species, leading to improved bivalve aquaculture and hatchery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wenbi Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Runtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jilin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chengxu Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Fuentes-Santos I, Labarta U, Arranz K, Fernández-Reiriz MJ. From classical to nonparametric growth models: Towards comprehensive modelling of mussel growth patterns. Mar Environ Res 2017; 127:41-48. [PMID: 28342651 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding biological processes, such as growth, is crucial to development management and sustainability plans for bivalve populations. Von Bertalanffy and Gompertz models have been commonly used to fit bivalve growth. These models assume that individual growth is only determined by size, overlooking the effects of environmental and intrinsic conditions on growth patterns. The comparison between classical models and nonparametric GAM (generalized additive models) fits conducted in this work shows that the latter provide a more realistic approach of mussel growth measured in terms of shell length, and dry weight of hard and soft tissues. GAM fits detected a reduction in growth during the cold season, under unfavourable nutritional conditions. These fits also captured the decoupling between hard and soft tissue growth, widely addressed in the literature but not incorporated in growth models. In addition a GAM fit of condition index allowed us to explain annual changes in resources allocation, identifying the asymptotic growth of shell and the effects of the reproductive cycle on soft tissue fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fuentes-Santos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Uxío Labarta
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Kristina Arranz
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mª José Fernández-Reiriz
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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Savorelli F, Manfra L, Croppo M, Tornambè A, Palazzi D, Canepa S, Trentini PL, Cicero AM, Faggio C. Fitness Evaluation of Ruditapes philippinarum Exposed to Ni. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 177:384-393. [PMID: 27826804 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, long-term effects of Ni, a widespread heavy metal in the aquatic ecosystems, have been determined on growth and lethality of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum, a known bioindicator of the marine environment. Three/four-month-old bivalves have been exposed to different concentrations of Ni dissolved in synthetic seawater. Growth and lethality as endpoints after 28 days of treatment have been observed. Obtained results are the following: EC25 = 3.97 ± 0.94 and 9.45 ± 1.59 mg/L and NOEC = 1.56 and 6.25 mg/L for growth and mortality, respectively. Moreover, this study can be considered a new tool for the evaluation of fitness of bivalve clam, together with other biological responses following to the biological impacts of metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Savorelli
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection in Emilia-Romagna (ARPA ER), Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Manfra
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy.
- Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (CNR IAMC), Taranto, Italy.
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
| | - M Croppo
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection in Emilia-Romagna (ARPA ER), Ferrara, Italy
| | - A Tornambè
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
| | - D Palazzi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection in Emilia-Romagna (ARPA ER), Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Canepa
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
| | - P L Trentini
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection in Emilia-Romagna (ARPA ER), Ferrara, Italy
| | - A M Cicero
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy
| | - C Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Bylenga CH, Cummings VJ, Ryan KG. High resolution microscopy reveals significant impacts of ocean acidification and warming on larval shell development in Laternula elliptica. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175706. [PMID: 28423059 PMCID: PMC5396886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stressors impact marine larval growth rates, quality and sizes. Larvae of the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica, were raised to the D-larvae stage under temperature and pH conditions representing ambient and end of century projections (-1.6°C to +0.4°C and pH 7.98 to 7.65). Previous observations using light microscopy suggested pH had no influence on larval abnormalities in this species. Detailed analysis of the shell using SEM showed that reduced pH is in fact a major stressor during development for this species, producing D-larvae with abnormal shapes, deformed shell edges and irregular hinges, cracked shell surfaces and even uncalcified larvae. Additionally, reduced pH increased pitting and cracking on shell surfaces. Thus, apparently normal larvae may be compromised at the ultrastructural level and these larvae would be in poor condition at settlement, reducing juvenile recruitment and overall survival. Elevated temperatures increased prodissoconch II sizes. However, the overall impacts on larval shell quality and integrity with concurrent ocean acidification would likely overshadow any beneficial results from warmer temperatures, limiting populations of this prevalent Antarctic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H. Bylenga
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Vonda J. Cummings
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ken G. Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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50
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Bartsch MR, Bartsch LA, Richardson WB, Vallazza JM, Moraska Lafrancois B. Effects of food resources on the fatty acid composition, growth and survival of freshwater mussels. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173419. [PMID: 28267810 PMCID: PMC5340365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased nutrient and sediment loading in rivers have caused observable changes in algal community composition, and thereby, altered the quality and quantity of food resources available to native freshwater mussels. Our objective was to characterize the relationship between nutrient conditions and mussel food quality and examine the effects on fatty acid composition, growth and survival of juvenile mussels. Juvenile Lampsilis cardium and L. siliquoidea were deployed in cages for 28 d at four riverine and four lacustrine sites in the lower St. Croix River, Minnesota/Wisconsin, USA. Mussel foot tissue and food resources (four seston fractions and surficial sediment) were analyzed for quantitative fatty acid (FA) composition. Green algae were abundant in riverine sites, whereas cyanobacteria were most abundant in the lacustrine sites. Mussel survival was high (95%) for both species. Lampsilis cardium exhibited lower growth relative to L. siliquoidea (p <0.0001), but growth of L. cardium was not significantly different across sites (p = 0.13). In contrast, growth of L. siliquoidea was significantly greater at the most upstream riverine site compared to the lower three lacustrine sites (p = 0.002). In situ growth of Lampsilis siliquoidea was positively related to volatile solids (10 – 32 μm fraction), total phosphorus (<10 and 10 – 32 μm fractions), and select FA in the seston (docosapentaeonic acid, DPA, 22:5n3; 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic, 22:5n6; arachidonic acid, ARA, 20:4n6; and 24:0 in the <10 and 10 – 32 μm fractions). Our laboratory feeding experiment also indicated high accumulation ratios for 22:5n3, 22:5n6, and 20:4n6 in mussel tissue relative to supplied algal diet. In contrast, growth of L. siliquiodea was negatively related to nearly all FAs in the largest size fraction (i.e., >63 μm) of seston, including the bacterial FAs, and several of the FAs associated with sediments. Reduced mussel growth was observed in L. siliquoidea when the abundance of cyanobacteria exceeded 9% of the total phytoplankton biovolume. Areas dominated by cyanobacteria may not provide sufficient food quality to promote or sustain mussel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Bartsch
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lynn A. Bartsch
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William B. Richardson
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jon M. Vallazza
- United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States of America
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