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Ukai R, Uchida H, Sugaya K, Onose JI, Oshiro N, Yasumoto T, Abe N. Structural Assignment of the Product Ion Generated from a Natural Ciguatoxin-3C Congener, 51-Hydroxyciguatoxin-3C, and Discovery of Distinguishable Signals in Congeners Bearing the 51-Hydroxy Group. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:89. [PMID: 38393167 PMCID: PMC10892285 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) stand as the primary toxins causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and are essential compounds distinguished by their characteristic polycyclic ether structure. In a previous report, we identified the structures of product ions generated via homolytic fragmentation by assuming three charge sites in the mass spectrometry (MS)/MS spectrum of ciguatoxin-3C (CTX3C) using LC-MS. This study aims to elucidate the homolytic fragmentation of a ciguatoxin-3C congener. We assigned detailed structures of the product ions in the MS/MS spectrum of a naturally occurring ciguatoxin-3C congener, 51-hydroxyciguatoxin-3C (51-hydoxyCTX3C), employing liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source. The introduction of a hydroxy substituent on C51 induced different fragmentation pathways, including a novel cleavage mechanism of the M ring involving the elimination of 51-OH and the formation of enol ether. Consequently, new cleavage patterns generated product ions at m/z 979 (C55H79O15), 439 (C24H39O7), 149 (C10H13O), 135 (C9H11O), and 115 (C6H11O2). Additionally, characteristic product ions were observed at m/z 509 (C28H45O8), 491 (C28H43O7), 481 (C26H41O8), 463 (C26H39O7), 439 (C24H39O7), 421 (C24H37O6), 171 (C9H15O3), 153 (C9H13O2), 141 (C8H13O2), and 123 (C8H11O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryogo Ukai
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; (R.U.); (K.S.); (J.-i.O.)
| | - Hideaki Uchida
- Japan Customer Service Organization, Agilent Technologies Japan, Ltd., 9-1 Takakura-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8510, Japan;
| | - Kouichi Sugaya
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; (R.U.); (K.S.); (J.-i.O.)
| | - Jun-ichi Onose
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; (R.U.); (K.S.); (J.-i.O.)
| | - Naomasa Oshiro
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Yasumoto
- Tama Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, 6-11-10 Nagayama, Tama, Tokyo 206-0025, Japan;
| | - Naoki Abe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Graduate School of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; (R.U.); (K.S.); (J.-i.O.)
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Darius HT, Revel T, Viallon J, Sibat M, Cruchet P, Longo S, Hardison DR, Holland WC, Tester PA, Litaker RW, McCall JR, Hess P, Chinain M. Comparative Study on the Performance of Three Detection Methods for the Quantification of Pacific Ciguatoxins in French Polynesian Strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060348. [PMID: 35736151 PMCID: PMC9229625 DOI: 10.3390/md20060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa dinoflagellates produce a suite of secondary metabolites, including ciguatoxins (CTXs), which bioaccumulate and are further biotransformed in fish and marine invertebrates, causing ciguatera poisoning when consumed by humans. This study is the first to compare the performance of the fluorescent receptor binding assay (fRBA), neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitative estimation of CTX contents in 30 samples, obtained from four French Polynesian strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. fRBA was applied to Gambierdiscus matrix for the first time, and several parameters of the fRBA protocol were refined. Following liquid/liquid partitioning to separate CTXs from other algal compounds, the variability of CTX contents was estimated using these three methods in three independent experiments. All three assays were significantly correlated with each other, with the highest correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.841) found between fRBA and LC-MS/MS. The CBA-N2a was more sensitive than LC-MS/MS and fRBA, with all assays showing good repeatability. The combined use of fRBA and/or CBA-N2a for screening purposes and LC-MS/MS for confirmation purposes allows for efficient CTX evaluation in Gambierdiscus. These findings, which support future collaborative studies for the inter-laboratory validation of CTX detection methods, will help improve ciguatera risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Sébastien Longo
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Donnie Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.C.H.)
| | | | - R. Wayne Litaker
- CSS, Inc. Under Contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;
| | - Jennifer R. McCall
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (J.V.); (P.C.); (S.L.); (M.C.)
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Zhu J, Lee WH, Wu J, Zhou S, Yip KC, Liu X, Kirata T, Chan LL. The Occurrence, Distribution, and Toxicity of High-Risk Ciguatera Fish Species (Grouper and Snapper) in Kiritimati Island and Marakei Island of the Republic of Kiribati. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030208. [PMID: 35324705 PMCID: PMC8952361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is one of the most widespread food poisonings caused by the ingestion of fish contaminated by ciguatoxins (CTXs). Snapper and grouper with high palatable and economic value are the primary food source and fish species for exportation in the Republic of Kiribati, but they are highly suspected CTX-contaminated species due to their top predatory characteristics. In this study, 60 fish specimens from 17 species of snappers and groupers collected from the Kiritimati Island and Marakei Island of the Republic of Kiribati were analyzed using mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) assay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine Pacific CTX-1, -2 and -3 (P-CTX-1, -2 and -3). The LC-MS/MS results show that CTXs were detected in 74.5% of specimens from Marakei Island and 61.5% of specimens from Kiritimati Island. The most toxic fish Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus from Marakei Island and Cephalopholis miniata from Kiritimati Island were detected as 53-fold and 28-fold P-CTX-1 equivalents higher than the safety level of 10 pg/g P-CTX-1 equivalents, respectively. CTX levels and composition profiles varied with species and location. The N2a results suggested that fish specimens also contain high levels of other CTX-like toxins or sodium channel activators. The distribution patterns for ciguatoxic fish of the two islands were similar, with fish sampled from the northwest being more toxic than the southwest. This study shows that groupers and snappers are high-risk species for ciguatera in the Republic of Kiribati, and these species can further be used as indicator species in ciguatera endemic areas for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (J.W.); (S.Z.); (K.-C.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Wai-Hin Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (J.W.); (S.Z.); (K.-C.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Jiajun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (J.W.); (S.Z.); (K.-C.Y.); (X.L.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Shiwen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (J.W.); (S.Z.); (K.-C.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Ki-Chun Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (J.W.); (S.Z.); (K.-C.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaowan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (J.W.); (S.Z.); (K.-C.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Taratau Kirata
- Ministry of Fisheries & Marine Resources Development, Kiribati Government, Tarawa 276123, Kiribati;
| | - Leo-Lai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (J.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (J.W.); (S.Z.); (K.-C.Y.); (X.L.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-34424125
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Gwinn JK, Uhlig S, Ivanova L, Fæste CK, Kryuchkov F, Robertson A. In Vitro Glucuronidation of Caribbean Ciguatoxins in Fish: First Report of Conjugative Ciguatoxin Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1910-1925. [PMID: 34319092 PMCID: PMC9215509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTX) are potent marine neurotoxins, which can bioaccumulate in seafood, causing a severe and prevalent human illness known as ciguatera poisoning (CP). Despite the worldwide impact of ciguatera, effective disease management is hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding the movement and biotransformation of CTX congeners in marine food webs, particularly in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. In this study we investigated the hepatic biotransformation of C-CTX across several fish and mammalian species through a series of in vitro metabolism assays focused on phase I (CYP P450; functionalization) and phase II (UGT; conjugation) reactions. Using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry to explore potential C-CTX metabolites, we observed two glucuronide products of C-CTX-1/-2 and provided additional evidence from high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry to support their identification. Chemical reduction experiments confirmed that the metabolites were comprised of four distinct glucuronide products with the sugar attached at two separate sites on C-CTX-1/-2 and excluded the C-56 hydroxyl group as the conjugation site. Glucuronidation is a novel biotransformation pathway not yet reported for CTX or other related polyether phycotoxins, yet its occurrence across all fish species tested suggests that it could be a prevalent and important detoxification mechanism in marine organisms. The absence of glucuronidation observed in this study for both rat and human microsomes suggests that alternate biotransformation pathways may be dominant in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kay Gwinn
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, United States
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås NO-1431, Norway
| | - Lada Ivanova
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås NO-1431, Norway
| | | | - Fedor Kryuchkov
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås NO-1431, Norway
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, United States
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Sanchez-Henao A, García-Álvarez N, Silva Sergent F, Estévez P, Gago-Martínez A, Martín F, Ramos-Sosa M, Fernández A, Diogène J, Real F. Presence of CTXs in moray eels and dusky groupers in the marine environment of the Canary Islands. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 221:105427. [PMID: 32044545 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Local population frequently consumes moray eels and dusky groupers from the Canary Islands. These species are top predators and the interactions between them include predation but also, in some cases, collaborative hunting. These fish are well known to cause ciguatera (CFP) outbreaks in several marine areas such as Japan, Hawaii, French Polynesia and Caribe. Groupers have been involved in CFP events in the Canary Islands, however, moray eels have not yet been well studied in this regard. The present research seeks to describe the finding of a black moray in the stomach of a positive dusky grouper during its necropsy, and to clarify the implication of groupers and moray eels in the food webs, accumulating CTXs in the Canarian environment. The study also updates statistics on the presence of toxic groupers in this archipelago. For these purposes, 248 grouper samples from the CFP official control in the Canary Islands (2018-2019) were analysed and 36 moray eels (5 species) were collected under the EuroCigua project and one was obtained during a dusky grouper necropsy. All samples were analysed with the Neuro-2a cell-based assay (CBA) to evidence CTX-like toxicity. Regarding the necropsied grouper and the moray eel found in its stomach content, the LCMS/MS method allowed the identification and quantification of CCTX1 in both fish at similar levels while none of the P-CTXs for which standards were available were detected. Among groupers, 25.4 % displayed CTX-like toxicity with differences between islands. For moray eels 38.9 % showed toxicity, involving 4 species. Black moray exhibited a high proportion of positives (9/12) and a positive correlation was found between CTX-like toxicity quantification and the black moray weight. Regarding the grouper, and the moray eel found in its stomach, the LCMS/MS method allowed the identification and quantification of C-CTX1 in both fish at similar levels. This found suggests a trophic interaction between these species and their role in maintaining CTXs in the Canary waters where local population commonly demand those species for consumption. The island of El Hierro stands out above all the other Canary Islands with the concerning percentage of positive grouper samples and the high CTX toxicity levels obtained in moray eel specimens analysed in this marine area. This is the first report of CTX-like toxicity in flesh of moray eels fished in the Canary archipelago and the confirmation of the presence of C-CTX1 by LCMS/MS in a black moray from this marine area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Sanchez-Henao
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Natalia García-Álvarez
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Freddy Silva Sergent
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Pablo Estévez
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Martín
- Canary Health Service, Directorate-General for Public Health, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Ramos-Sosa
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Marine and Continental Waters Environmental Monitoring, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Fernando Real
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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Rossignoli AE, Tudó A, Bravo I, Díaz PA, Diogène J, Riobó P. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020134. [PMID: 32098095 PMCID: PMC7076799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (<LOD to 90.37 ± 15.89 fg CTX1B eq cell−1). Unlike the similar CTX-like toxicity of G. australes and G. silvae strains from different locations, G. excentricus and G. caribaeus differed considerably according to the origin of the strain. These differences emphasise the importance of species identification to assess the regional risk of CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986492111; Fax: +34-986498626
| | - Angels Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Ocenográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Patricio A. Díaz
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; (A.T.); (J.D.)
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Department of Photobiology and Toxinology of Phytoplankton, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
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Kretzschmar AL, Verma A, Kohli G, Murray S. Development of a quantitative PCR assay for the detection and enumeration of a potentially ciguatoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus lapillus (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224664. [PMID: 31730656 PMCID: PMC6857910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is an illness contracted through the ingestion of seafood containing ciguatoxins. It is prevalent in tropical regions worldwide, including in Australia. Ciguatoxins are produced by some species of Gambierdiscus. Therefore, screening of Gambierdiscus species identification through quantitative PCR (qPCR), along with the determination of species toxicity, can be useful in monitoring potential ciguatera risk in these regions. In Australia, CFP is prevalent in tropical Queensland and increasingly in sub-tropical regions of Australia, but has a report rate of approximately 10%. Yet the identity, distribution and abundance of ciguatoxin producing Gambierdiscus spp. is largely unknown. In this study, we developed a rapid qPCR assay to quantify the presence and abundance of Gambierdiscus lapillus, a likely ciguatoxic species first described from Australia. We assessed the specificity and efficiency of the qPCR assay. The assay was tested on 25 environmental samples from the Heron Island reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef, a ciguatera endemic region, to determine the presence and patchiness of this species across samples from Chnoospora sp., Padina sp. and Sargassum sp. macroalgal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Liza Kretzschmar
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- ithree institute (i3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arjun Verma
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Kohli
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- Alfred Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Shauna Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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Darius HT, Roué M, Sibat M, Viallon J, Gatti CMII, Vandersea MW, Tester PA, Litaker RW, Amzil Z, Hess P, Chinain M. Toxicological Investigations on the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoid) from Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva, French Polynesia): Evidence for the Presence of Pacific Ciguatoxins. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E122. [PMID: 29642418 PMCID: PMC5923409 DOI: 10.3390/md16040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoids) is a source of protein for many islanders in the Indo-West Pacific. It was previously reported to occasionally cause ciguatera-like poisoning; however, the exact nature of the causative agent was not confirmed. In April and July 2015, ciguatera poisonings were reported following the consumption of T.gratilla in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia). Patient symptomatology was recorded and sea urchin samples were collected from Anaho Bay in July 2015 and November 2016. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in T.gratilla samples. Gambierdiscus species were predominant in the benthic assemblages of Anaho Bay, and G.polynesiensis was highly prevalent in in vitro cultures according to qPCR results. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major ciguatoxin congener in toxic sea urchin samples, followed by 51-OH-P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A, and P-CTX-4B. Between July 2015 and November 2016, the toxin content in T.gratilla decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit allowed for human consumption. This study provides evidence of CTX bioaccumulation in T.gratilla as a cause of ciguatera-like poisoning associated with a documented symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 53267, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Clémence Mahana Iti Iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Mark W Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | | | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae-UMR 241-EIO, PO Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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Rhodes LL, Smith KF, Murray S, Harwood DT, Trnski T, Munday R. The Epiphytic Genus Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) in the Kermadec Islands and Zealandia Regions of the Southwestern Pacific and the Associated Risk of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15070219. [PMID: 28696400 PMCID: PMC5532661 DOI: 10.3390/md15070219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Species in the genus Gambierdiscus produce ciguatoxins (CTXs) and/or maitotoxins (MTXs), which may cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans if contaminated fish are consumed. Species of Gambierdiscus have previously been isolated from macroalgae at Rangitahua (Raoul Island and North Meyer Islands, northern Kermadec Islands), and the opportunity was taken to sample for Gambierdiscus at the more southerly Macauley Island during an expedition in 2016. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated, cultured, and DNA extracted and sequenced to determine the species present. Bulk cultures were tested for CTXs and MTXs by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The species isolated were G. australes, which produced MTX-1 (ranging from 3 to 36 pg/cell), and G. polynesiensis, which produced neither MTX-1 nor, unusually, any known CTXs. Isolates of both species produced putative MTX-3. The risk of fish, particularly herbivorous fish, causing CFP in the Zealandia and Kermadec Islands region is real, although in mainland New Zealand the risk is currently low. Both Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa have been recorded in the sub-tropical northern region of New Zealand, and so the risk may increase with warming seas and shift in the distribution of Gambierdiscus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley L Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
| | - Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
| | - Tom Trnski
- Auckland War Memorial Museum, Private Bag 92018, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Rex Munday
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3240, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand.
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10
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Skinner MP, Brewer TD, Johnstone R, Fleming LE, Lewis RJ. Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Pacific Islands (1998 to 2008). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1416. [PMID: 22180797 PMCID: PMC3236724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciguatera is a type of fish poisoning that occurs throughout the tropics, particularly in vulnerable island communities such as the developing Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs). After consuming ciguatoxin-contaminated fish, people report a range of acute neurologic, gastrointestinal, and cardiac symptoms, with some experiencing chronic neurologic symptoms lasting weeks to months. Unfortunately, the true extent of illness and its impact on human communities and ecosystem health are still poorly understood. METHODS A questionnaire was emailed to the Health and Fisheries Authorities of the PICTs to quantify the extent of ciguatera. The data were analyzed using t-test, incidence rate ratios, ranked correlation, and regression analysis. RESULTS There were 39,677 reported cases from 17 PICTs, with a mean annual incidence of 194 cases per 100,000 people across the region from 1998-2008 compared to the reported annual incidence of 104/100,000 from 1973-1983. There has been a 60% increase in the annual incidence of ciguatera between the two time periods based on PICTs that reported for both time periods. Taking into account under-reporting, in the last 35 years an estimated 500,000 Pacific islanders might have suffered from ciguatera. CONCLUSIONS This level of incidence exceeds prior ciguatera estimates locally and globally, and raises the status of ciguatera to an acute and chronic illness with major public health significance. To address this significant public health problem, which is expected to increase in parallel with environmental change, well-funded multidisciplinary research teams are needed to translate research advances into practical management solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Skinner
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tom D. Brewer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ron Johnstone
- Coastal Ecosystems and Resource Management, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management and Centre for Marine Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Peninsula College of Medicine, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- National Science Foundation (NSF)-National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Oceans and Human Health Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Glaizal M, Tichadou L, Drouet G, Hayek-Lanthois M, De Haro L. Ciguatera contracted by French tourists in Mauritius recurs in Senegal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49:767. [PMID: 21867366 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2011.607461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Yamashita S, Ishihara Y, Morita H, Uchiyama J, Takeuchi K, Inoue M, Hirama M. Stereoselective 6-exo radical cyclization using cis-vinyl sulfoxide: practical total synthesis of CTX3C. J Nat Prod 2011; 74:357-364. [PMID: 21250701 DOI: 10.1021/np100729d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins, the principal causative toxins of ciguatera seafood poisoning, are large ladder-like polycyclic ethers. We report a highly stereoselective 6-exo radical cyclization/ring-closing olefin metathesis sequence to construct the syn/trans-fused polyether system. The new method was applied to the practical synthesis of ciguatoxin CTX3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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13
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Morrison K, Aguiar Prieto P, Castro Domínguez A, Waltner-Toews D, Fitzgibbon J. Ciguatera fish poisoning in la Habana, Cuba: a study of local social-ecological resilience. Ecohealth 2008; 5:346-359. [PMID: 18716840 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-008-0188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Following the collapse of the Cuban economy in the early 1990s, epidemiologists in the Cuban Ministry of Health noticed dramatic increases in reported outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in some coastal communities. This article summarizes the results of a comparative case study which applied an ecosystem approach to human health to investigate this issue. Situated learning and complexity theories were used to interpret the results of the investigation. CFP outbreaks are influenced by a complex set of interactions between ecological and socioeconomic processes. This study found that the level of organization of the local sports fishing community and the degree of degradation of the local nearshore marine ecosystem appear to be key factors influencing the diverging levels of CFP outbreaks recorded in the 1990s in the communities studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Morrison
- Environment and Resource Science/Studies, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9J 7B8.
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14
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Cuypers E, Yanagihara A, Rainier JD, Tytgat J. TRPV1 as a key determinant in ciguatera and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 361:214-7. [PMID: 17659256 PMCID: PMC2000974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning are distinct clinical entities characterized by gastrointestinal and neurological disturbances, following the consumption of certain reef fish and shellfish containing toxic polyether compounds sporadically present in certain toxic marine dinoflagellates. The biotransformation and bioaccumulation of gambierol and brevetoxin, and their congeners, are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of these "food-chain diseases", for which no effective treatments are available. Here, we describe for the first time the potent effect of gambierol and brevetoxin on TRPV1 channels, a key player in thermal and pain sensation. Our findings may lead to promising new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cuypers
- Laboratorium voor Toxicologie, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 922, KULeuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Angel Yanagihara
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jon D. Rainier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Laboratorium voor Toxicologie, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 922, KULeuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Corresponding author. TEL: +32 16 32 34 04, FAX: +32 16 32 34 05 E-mail address:
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15
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Kipping R, Eastcott H, Sarangi J. Tropical fish poisoning in temperate climates: food poisoning from ciguatera toxin presenting in Avonmouth. J Public Health (Oxf) 2006; 28:343-6. [PMID: 17052991 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdl064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera toxin causes a range of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neurological symptoms that occur within 1-6 h of ingesting fish with the toxin and can last for days, months or years. It is a well-recognized problem in the tropics. Avon Health Protection Team investigated food poisoning on a ship at Avonmouth, which was thought by the crew to be related to a white snapper fish from the Caribbean. The symptoms were initially thought to be scombroid fish poisoning but were consistent with ciguatera fish poisoning. Cases of fish poisoning from fish imported from the Caribbean and Pacific or travellers returning from tropical countries may be ciguatera fish poisoning, but mistakenly diagnosed as scombroid fish poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kipping
- South Gloucestershire PCT, Emersons Green, South Gloucestershire BS16 7FH, UK.
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16
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Abstract
Human exposure to naturally occurring marine toxins has been associated with a range of neurobehavioral abnormalities. The toxins are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) and are typically contracted through seafood consumption. The primary target of many of the HAB toxins is the neurologic system, and the neurobehavioral symptoms associated with the HAB illnesses have influenced public health policy. The HAB-related illnesses most frequently linked to neuropsychological disturbance are Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, and Possible Estuarine Associated Syndrome, which is associated with exposure to the Pfiesteria piscicida organism. Although the neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying many of the HAB illnesses have been well delineated, the literature examining the neuropsychological impairments is unclear and needs to be defined. This review is intended to introduce an emerging area of study linking HAB illnesses with neuropsychological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Friedman
- The NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Florida, USA.
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17
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18
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Bricelj VM, Connell L, Konoki K, Macquarrie SP, Scheuer T, Catterall WA, Trainer VL. Sodium channel mutation leading to saxitoxin resistance in clams increases risk of PSP. Nature 2005; 434:763-7. [PMID: 15815630 DOI: 10.1038/nature03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs, the primary vectors of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans, show marked inter-species variation in their capacity to accumulate PSP toxins (PSTs) which has a neural basis. PSTs cause human fatalities by blocking sodium conductance in nerve fibres. Here we identify a molecular basis for inter-population variation in PSP resistance within a species, consistent with genetic adaptation to PSTs. Softshell clams (Mya arenaria) from areas exposed to 'red tides' are more resistant to PSTs, as demonstrated by whole-nerve assays, and accumulate toxins at greater rates than sensitive clams from unexposed areas. PSTs lead to selective mortality of sensitive clams. Resistance is caused by natural mutation of a single amino acid residue, which causes a 1,000-fold decrease in affinity at the saxitoxin-binding site in the sodium channel pore of resistant, but not sensitive, clams. Thus PSTs might act as potent natural selection agents, leading to greater toxin resistance in clam populations and increased risk of PSP in humans. Furthermore, global expansion of PSP to previously unaffected coastal areas might result in long-term changes to communities and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Monica Bricelj
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada.
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19
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Mira Gutiérrez J. [The man and the sea: marine phytoplancton and public health]. An R Acad Nac Med (Madr) 2005; 122:661-79; discussion 679-82. [PMID: 16776321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The progressive, world-wide emergence of the natural phenomenon "red tide" normally ignored because of the exceptionality or exotic nature of its sanitary and medical formation, is a risk already present in Spain and Europe, with a certain repetition and under some of the ethiological and clinical forms which were previously unknown to us. Today under the conventional denomination of "Harmful Algae Blooms" (HABs) they have given rise to an extensive investigation, to much bibliography and an almost universal sanitary legislation, as well as a preventive preoccupation of the some states which have become aware that this is a potential and practically unavoidable risk. In this work the basic facts of HABs, their eco-epidemiology and the knowledge of toxic syndroms produced by the marine phytoplancton, represented by some Dinoflagellates and Diatomeas, and Cyanobacteria, are reviewed.
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20
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Pottier I, Hamilton B, Jones A, Lewis RJ, Vernoux JP. Identification of slow and fast-acting toxins in a highly ciguatoxic barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) by HPLC/MS and radiolabelled ligand binding. Toxicon 2004; 42:663-72. [PMID: 14602122 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A barracuda implicated in ciguatera fish poisoning in Guadeloupe was estimated to have an overall flesh toxicity of 15 MUg/g using mouse bioassay. A lipid soluble extract was separated into two toxic fractions, FrA and FrB, on a LH20 Sephadex column eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (1:1). When intraperitoneal injected into mice, FrA provoked symptoms characteristic of slow-acting ciguatoxins, whereas FrB produced symptoms indicative of fast-acting toxins (FAT). High performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/radio-ligand binding (HPLC/MS/RLB) analysis confirmed the two fractions were distinct, because only a weak overlap of some compounds was observed. HPLC/MS/RLB analysis revealed C-CTX-1 as the potent toxin present in FrA, and two coeluting active compounds at m/z 809.43 and 857.42 in FrB, all displaying the characteristic pattern of ion formation for hydroxy-polyethers. Other C-CTX congeners and putative hydroxy-polyether-like compounds were detected in both fractions, however, the RLB found them inactive. C-CTX-1 accounted for > 90% of total toxicity in this barracuda and was confirmed to be a competitive inhibitor of brevetoxin binding to voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSCs) with a potency two-times lower than P-CTX-1. However, FAT active on VSSCs and < 900 Da were suspected to contribute to the overall toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivannah Pottier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Alimentaire USC INRA, Universite de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen 14032, France
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciguatera is a disease caused by the ingestion of fish containing the toxins of Gambierdiscus toxicus. This dinoflagellate is frequently found in damaged coral reef systems. Previously rare in Europe, this disease entity is now seen in tourists returning from tropical countries. CASE SERIES Eighteen patients were examined between 1997 and 2002. Nine poisonings occurred in Atlantic Ocean islands, eight in Pacific Ocean islands, and one in the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Gastrointestinal signs were always present in the Atlantic areas, but were less severe or absent in the Pacific areas. All patients had sensory disturbances, and two of them had motor disturbances affecting the respiratory muscles and leading to the death of a 73-year-old man in Cuba. The 17 surviving patients returned to France and for 2 to 18 months suffered from arthralgias, myalgias, or pruritus. CONCLUSION Ciguatera is a newly imported intoxication in Europe. As the number of international tourists grows each year, this type of poisoning will be seen more frequently. Furthermore, as the condition of coral reefs declines around the world and the prevalence of G. toxicus increases, physicians in non-tropical countries should be prepared to manage such poisoned patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc de Haro
- Centre Antipoison Hôpital Salvator, Marseille, France.
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22
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Pottier I, Vernoux JP. [Evaluation of Antilles fish ciguatoxicity by mouse and chick bioassays]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2003; 96:24-8. [PMID: 12784589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera is a common seafood poisoning in Western Atlantic and French West Indies. Ciguatera fish poisoning in the Caribbean is a public health problem. A toxicological study was carried out on 178 Caribbean fish specimens (26 species) captured off Guadeloupe and Saint Barthelemy between 1993 and 1999. The mouse bioassay and the chick feeding test were used to control fish edibility. Ciguatoxins presence was assumed when symptomatology was typical of ciguatera in mouse and chick. Fishes were classified in three groups: non toxic fish (edible), low toxic fish (not edible) and toxic fish (not edible). 75% of fishes were non toxic. Toxic fish specimens belonged to four families of high trophic level carnivores: Carangidae, Lutjanidae, Serranidae et Sphyraenidae. Percentages of toxic fishes to humans reached 55% for Caranx latus and 33% for Caranx bartholomaei and Caranx lugubris. Only a significant correlation between weight and toxicity was only found for C. latus and snappers. Small carnivorous groupers (Serranidae) were also toxic. Atoxic fish species were (a) pelagic fish (Coryphaena hippurus, Auxis thazard and Euthynnus pelamis), (b) invertebrates feeders (Malacanthus plumieri, Balistes vetula), (c) small high-risk fish or (d) fish of edible benthic fish families. Liver of four fishes (Mycteroperca venenosa, Caranx bartholomaei, Seriola rivoliana, Gymnothorax funebris) contained ciguatoxins at a significant level although their flesh was safe. This study confirms the usefulness of mouse and chick bioassays for sanitary control of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pottier
- Laboratoire de microbiologie alimentaire U.S.C. INRA, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
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23
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Goodman A, Williams TN, Maitland K. Ciguatera poisoning in Vanuatu. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68:263-6. [PMID: 12641423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries. We conducted a retrospective study of admissions to two hospitals on the islands of Vanuatu in the southwestern Pacific region. We estimated the annual hospital admission rate for fish poisoning to be 65 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 55-75)/100,000 population on the island of Santo and 29 (95% CI = 19-43)/100,000 population on the island of Ambae. Hospital admission was more common in males 20-29 years old. Death was a rare complication. In the face of increases in both tourism and in the global trade in tropical and exotic fish, physicians in both endemic and non-endemic areas should be familiar with the epidemiology and clinical features of this important condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goodman
- Department of Paediatrics, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Of the three types of toxicity known so far in Portuguese shellfish, only diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) are produced by microalgae that seem to have been present in the last decades or centuries. The most important paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) producer, Gymnodinium catenatum, is hypothesised to have been introduced quite recently as only in 1976 PSP toxicity was detected for the first time in shellfish from Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula. While ASP presents very short episodes of contamination, the concentration of DSP toxins in some years surpasses human safety values for much longer periods. It is traditionally stated that shellfish should be consumed in 'months with R' (September-April). A retrospective study of the maximum monthly DSP levels attained in mussels from a coastal lagoon-Ria de Aveiro-between 1994 and 2001, showed that the highest frequency of months with concentrations surpassing the safety level of 2 microg/g digestive glands were found in June-September, followed by May and October. These months correspond with the months of lowest historical average rainfall in the period 1941-1998. Oscillations in the rainfall pattern coincided with earliest (or latest) detection by HPLC of DSP toxins in mussel in the years studied. In a semi-closed lagunar environment prone to in situ growth of DSP-producer microalgae, like Dinophysis acuminata, rainfall affects river output, lowering salinity and disrupting water column stability that favours Dinophysis growth. The seasonality of DSP recurrence may be connected to the folk adage on safety of shellfish consumption, after many years of empirical observations by coastal populations of diarrhoea episodes in summertime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vale
- Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Pottier I, Vernoux JP, Jones A, Lewis RJ. Analysis of toxin profiles in three different fish species causing ciguatera fish poisoning in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Food Addit Contam 2002; 19:1034-42. [PMID: 12456274 DOI: 10.1080/02652030210155378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A grey snapper (Lutjanus griseus), a grouper (Serranidae) and a black jack (Caranx lugubris) were implicated in three different ciguatera poisonings in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. A mouse bioassay indicated toxicity for each specimens: 0.5-1, > or = 1 and > 1 MUg g(-1), respectively. After purification by gel filtration chromatography, the samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The toxin profiles differ from one fish to another. C-CTX-1 was detected at 0.24, 0.90 and 13.8 ng g(-1) flesh in the snapper, grouper and jack, respectively. It contributed only to part of the whole toxicity determined by the mouse bioassay. Other toxins identified were C-CTX-2 (a C-CTX-1 epimer), three additional isomers of C-CTX-1 or-2, and five ciguatoxin congeners (C-CTX-1127, C-CTX-1143 and its isomer C-CTX-1143a, and C-CTX-1157 and its isomer C-CTX-1157b). Putative hydroxy-polyether-like compounds were also detected in the flesh of the grouper with [M+ + H]+ ions at m/z 851.51, 857.50, 875.51, 875.49 and 895.54 Da. Some of these compounds have the same mass range as some known dinoflagellate toxins. In conclusion, this study confirms the usefulness of LC-MS analysis to determine the ciguatoxins levels and the toxin profile in fish flesh hazardous to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pottier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Alimentaire USC INRA, Universite de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix F-14032 Caen cedex, France
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Abstract
1. The present paper reviews the toxic dinoflagellates found in Singapore waters that produce toxins that can accumulate through marine food chains to cause seafood poisonings. 2. Singapore waters contain dinoflagellate species linked to three types of seafood poisoning: paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and ciguatera. 3. Paralytic shellfish poisoning and DSP occur by eating bivalve shellfish contaminated with saxitoxins and okadaic acid analogues, respectively. Shellfish accumulate these toxins from filter feeding on a number of species of (mostly) planktonic dinoflagellates. 4. In contrast, benthic species of dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus produce the ciguatoxins that are bioaccumulated into finfish to cause ciguatera. 5. Paralytic shellfish poisoning and DSP are the major concern for local and regionally produced seafood. To the best of our knowledge, ciguatera poisoning in Singapore only originates from imported reef fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael James Holmes
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260.
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