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Huang Q, Peng Z, Li S, Nan W, He B. Association between carotenoids and the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States. Heart Lung 2024; 65:93-100. [PMID: 38457968 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies mainly concentrated on examining the correlation between single carotenoids and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, these findings have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate both the individual and overall associations of carotenoids with the prevalence of COPD. METHODS This study comprised 2,939 participants chosen from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. The logistic regression, quantile-based G-computation regression (qgcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were employed to explore the association between carotenoids and the prevalence of COPD. Mediation analyses were also conducted to explore the underlying mechanism of carotenoids on COPD. RESULTS Individuals diagnosed with COPD had significantly lower serum carotenoid concentrations than those without COPD. We found a negative relationship between combined carotenoids and the prevalence of COPD, and lutein and zeaxanthin and alpha cryptoxanthin were identified as the main contributors to this negative association. Moreover, eosinophil acted as a mediator in the relationship between lutein and zeaxanthin, alpha cryptoxanthin, and the prevalence of COPD, with mediating proportions of 2.75 % and 3.67 %. CONCLUSION A negative association was observed between combined carotenoids and COPD prevalence, with lutein and zeaxanthin, and alpha cryptoxanthin identified as the main contributors. Eosinophils could potentially mediate the association between carotenoids and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Huang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhenyu Peng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wenbin Nan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Baimei He
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
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Gunjević V, Majerić Musa M, Zurak D, Svečnjak Z, Duvnjak M, Grbeša D, Kljak K. Carotenoid degradation rate in milled grain of dent maize hybrids and its relationship with the grain physicochemical properties. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113909. [PMID: 38225147 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids in maize grain degrade during storage, but the relationship between their stability and the physicochemical properties of the grain is unclear. Therefore, the carotenoid degradation rate in milled grain of three dent hybrids differing in grain hardness was evaluated at various temperatures (-20, 4 and 22 °C). The carotenoid degradation rate was calculated using first-order kinetics based on the content in the samples after 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 90 days of storage and related to the physicochemical properties of the grain. The highest grain hardness was found in the hybrid with the highest zein and endosperm lipid concentration, while the lowest grain hardness was found in the hybrid with the highest amylose content and the specific surface area of starch granule (SSA). As expected, carotenoids in milled maize grain were most stable at -20 °C, followed by storage at 4 and 22 °C. Tested hybrids differed in the degradation rate of zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene, and these responses were also temperature-dependent. In contrast, all hybrids showed similar degradation rate for lutein and β-cryptoxanthin regardless of the storage temperature. Averaged over the hybrids, the degradation rate for individual carotenoids ranked as follows: lutein < zeaxanthin < α-cryptoxanthin < β-cryptoxanthin < β-carotene. The lower degradation rate for most carotenoids was mainly associated with a higher content of zein and specific endosperm lipids, with the exception of zeaxanthin, which showed an opposite pattern of response. Degradation rate for lutein and zeaxanthin negatively correlated with SSA, but interestingly, small starch granules were positively associated with higher degradation rate for mostcarotenoids. Dent-type hybrids may differ significantly in carotenoid degradation rate, which was associated with specific physicochemical properties of the maize grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gunjević
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mirta Majerić Musa
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Zurak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zlatko Svečnjak
- Department of Field Crops, Forage and Grassland, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Duvnjak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Darko Grbeša
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Kristina Kljak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is the leading cause of cancer-induced death in the USA. Although much attention has been focused on the anti-carcinogenic effect of consuming carotenoid-containing food or supplements, the results have been inconsistent. We investigated whether serum carotenoid levels were associated with the mortality risk of lung cancer in US adults using data from a nationally representative sample. The data were obtained from the Third Nutrition and Health Examination Survey (NHANES III) database and the NHANES III Linked Mortality File. A total of 10,382 participants aged over 20,years with available serum carotenoid levels and no other missing information on questionnaires and biomarkers at baseline (NHANES III) were included in the present study. Of the 10,382 participants, 161 subjects died due to lung cancer. We found that high serum levels of alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin at baseline were significantly associated with a lower risk of lung cancer death. When we stratified the risk by current smoking status, the risk of death of current smokers was significantly decreased to 46% (95% confidence interval, 31-94%) for alpha-carotene and 61% (95% confidence interval, 19-80%) for beta-cryptoxanthin. By contrast, no association was observed among never/former smokers at baseline. High serum levels of alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin are associated with a lower risk of lung cancer death in US adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-bok Min
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University School of MedicineSuwon, Korea
| | - Jin-young Min
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, Korea
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Noguchi S, Sumida T, Ogawa H, Tada M, Takahata K. Effects of Oxygenated Carotenoid β-Cryptoxanthin on Morphological Differentiation and Apoptosis in Neuro2a Neuroblastoma Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 67:2467-9. [PMID: 14646211 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Beta-Cryptoxanthin (beta Cx) was investigated for cell functions in neuroblastoma Neuro2a cells. The following results were obtained. 1. Beta-Cx induced neurite outgrowth. 2. Beta-Cx inhibited the etoposide-induced activation of caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest a bioregulatry function of beta Cx in the control of differentiation and apoptosis in Neuro2a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Noguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
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Arita S, Otsuki K, Osaki KI, Murata Y, Shimoishi Y, Tada M. Reduction in Photostability by the Esterification of β-Cryptoxanthin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:451-3. [PMID: 14981315 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes, in which beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin palmitate or beta-cryptoxanthin acetate had been embedded, were irradiated by UVA, and the rate of degradation of each carotenoid was measured. There was no significant difference in the degradation rate between beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin. The degradation rates of beta-cryptoxanthin palmitate and beta-cryptoxanthin acetate were faster than that of beta-cryptoxanthin, and the degradation rate of beta-cryptoxanthin palmitate was faster than that of beta-cryptoxanthin acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Arita
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
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Schweiggert RM, Kopec RE, Villalobos-Gutierrez MG, Högel J, Quesada S, Esquivel P, Schwartz SJ, Carle R. Carotenoids are more bioavailable from papaya than from tomato and carrot in humans: a randomised cross-over study. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:490-8. [PMID: 23931131 PMCID: PMC4091614 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carrot, tomato and papaya represent important dietary sources of β-carotene and lycopene. The main objective of the present study was to compare the bioavailability of carotenoids from these food sources in healthy human subjects. A total of sixteen participants were recruited for a randomised cross-over study. Test meals containing raw carrots, tomatoes and papayas were adjusted to deliver an equal amount of β-carotene and lycopene. For the evaluation of bioavailability, TAG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions containing newly absorbed carotenoids were analysed over 9·5 h after test meal consumption. The bioavailability of β-carotene from papayas was approximately three times higher than that from carrots and tomatoes, whereas differences in the bioavailability of β-carotene from carrots and tomatoes were insignificant. Retinyl esters appeared in the TRL fractions at a significantly higher concentration after the consumption of the papaya test meal. Similarly, lycopene was approximately 2·6 times more bioavailable from papayas than from tomatoes. Furthermore, the bioavailability of β-cryptoxanthin from papayas was shown to be 2·9 and 2·3 times higher than that of the other papaya carotenoids β-carotene and lycopene, respectively. The morphology of chromoplasts and the physical deposition form of carotenoids were hypothesised to play a major role in the differences observed in the bioavailability of carotenoids from the foods investigated. Particularly, the liquid-crystalline deposition of β-carotene and the storage of lycopene in very small crystalloids in papayas were found to be associated with their high bioavailability. In conclusion, papaya was shown to provide highly bioavailable β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene and may represent a readily available dietary source of provitamin A for reducing the incidence of vitamin A deficiencies in many subtropical and tropical developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf M. Schweiggert
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rachel E. Kopec
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Josef Högel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Silvia Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Patricia Esquivel
- School of Food Technology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
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Yang M, Wang Y, Davis CG, Lee SG, Fernandez ML, Koo SI, Cho E, Song WO, Chun OK. Validation of an FFQ to assess short-term antioxidant intake against 30 d food records and plasma biomarkers. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:297-306. [PMID: 23164175 PMCID: PMC10282361 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012005071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a brief FFQ developed for capturing short-term antioxidant intake in a sample of US college students. DESIGN A seventy-four-item antioxidant FFQ was developed based on major antioxidant sources in the American diet. The FFQ was validated against 30 d food records (FR) and plasma antioxidant concentrations. The reliability of the FFQ was evaluated by two FFQ administered at a 1-month interval. Settings University of Connecticut, CT, USA. SUBJECTS Sixty healthy college students. RESULTS Estimates of dietary antioxidants from the FFQ were moderately to highly correlated with those estimated from the 30 d FR (r = 0·29-0·80; P < 0·05) except for γ-tocopherol and β-cryptoxanthin. Total antioxidant capacity from diet only or from diet and supplements estimated by the 30 d FR and FFQ were highly correlated (r = 0·67 and 0·71, respectively; P < 0·0001). The FFQ categorized 91 % of participants into the same or adjacent tertiles of antioxidant intake as the 30 d FR. Most dietary carotenoids estimated from the FFQ were correlated with plasma levels (P < 0·05). Correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability ranged from 0·39 to 0·86. More than 94 % of the participants were classified in the same or adjacent tertiles between the two administrations of the FFQ. CONCLUSIONS The brief FFQ demonstrated reasonable validity for capturing a comprehensive antioxidant intake profile. This FFQ is applicable in epidemiological or clinical studies to capture short-term antioxidant intake or to simply document the variations of antioxidant intake in intervention trials. Cross-validation studies are warranted in other target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road, Extension Unit 4017, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road, Extension Unit 4017, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, USA
| | - Catherine G Davis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road, Extension Unit 4017, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, USA
| | - Sang Gil Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road, Extension Unit 4017, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, USA
| | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road, Extension Unit 4017, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, USA
| | - Sung I Koo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road, Extension Unit 4017, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, USA
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Won O Song
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ock K Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road, Extension Unit 4017, Storrs, CT 06269-4017, USA
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da Silva Messias R, Galli V, Dos Anjos E Silva SD, Rombaldi CV. Carotenoid biosynthetic and catabolic pathways: gene expression and carotenoid content in grains of maize landraces. Nutrients 2014; 6:546-63. [PMID: 24476639 PMCID: PMC3942716 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant carotenoids have been implicated in preventing several age-related diseases, and they also provide vitamin A precursors; therefore, increasing the content of carotenoids in maize grains is of great interest. It is not well understood, however, how the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is regulated. Fortunately, the maize germplasm exhibits a high degree of genetic diversity that can be exploited for this purpose. Here, the accumulation of carotenoids and the expression of genes from carotenoid metabolic and catabolic pathways were investigated in several maize landraces. The carotenoid content in grains varied from 10.03, in the white variety MC5, to 61.50 μg·g−1, in the yellow-to-orange variety MC3, and the major carotenoids detected were lutein and zeaxanthin. PSY1 (phythoene synthase) expression showed a positive correlation with the total carotenoid content. Additionally, the PSY1 and HYD3 (ferredoxin-dependent di-iron monooxygenase) expression levels were positively correlated with β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, while CYP97C (cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase) expression did not correlate with any of the carotenoids. In contrast, ZmCCD1 (carotenoid dioxygenase) was more highly expressed at the beginning of grain development, as well as in the white variety, and its expression was inversely correlated with the accumulation of several carotenoids, suggesting that CCD1 is also an important enzyme to be considered when attempting to improve the carotenoid content in maize. The MC27 and MC1 varieties showed the highest HYD3/CYP97C ratios, suggesting that they are promising candidates for increasing the zeaxanthin content; in contrast, MC14 and MC7 showed low HYD3/CYP97C, suggesting that they may be useful in biofortification efforts aimed at promoting the accumulation of provitamin A. The results of this study demonstrate the use of maize germplasm to provide insight into the regulation of genes involved in the carotenoid pathway, which would thus better enable us to select promising varieties for biofortification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Galli
- Embrapa Temperate Agriculture, BR 396, Km 78, P.O. Box 403, Pelotas-RS 96010-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Cesar Valmor Rombaldi
- Federal University of Pelotas, Eliseu Maciel Agronomy College, Campus Universitário s/n, P.O. Box 354, Pelotas-RS 96010-900, Brazil.
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Baudelet PH, Gagez AL, Bérard JB, Juin C, Bridiau N, Kaas R, Thiéry V, Cadoret JP, Picot L. Antiproliferative activity of Cyanophora paradoxa pigments in melanoma, breast and lung cancer cells. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4390-406. [PMID: 24189278 PMCID: PMC3853734 DOI: 10.3390/md11114390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa (Cp) was chemically investigated to identify pigments efficiently inhibiting malignant melanoma, mammary carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma cells growth. Cp water and ethanol extracts significantly inhibited the growth of the three cancer cell lines in vitro, at 100 µg · mL(-1). Flash chromatography of the Cp ethanol extract, devoid of c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin, enabled the collection of eight fractions, four of which strongly inhibited cancer cells growth at 100 µg · mL(-1). Particularly, two fractions inhibited more than 90% of the melanoma cells growth, one inducing apoptosis in the three cancer cells lines. The detailed analysis of Cp pigment composition resulted in the discrimination of 17 molecules, ten of which were unequivocally identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. Pheophorbide a, β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin were the three main pigments or derivatives responsible for the strong cytotoxicity of Cp fractions in cancer cells. These data point to Cyanophora paradoxa as a new microalgal source to purify potent anticancer pigments, and demonstrate for the first time the strong antiproliferative activity of zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Hubert Baudelet
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, F-17042, La Rochelle, France; E-Mails: (P.-H.B.); (A.-L.G.); (C.J.); (N.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Anne-Laure Gagez
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, F-17042, La Rochelle, France; E-Mails: (P.-H.B.); (A.-L.G.); (C.J.); (N.B.); (V.T.)
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, Platform for the High Resolution Analysis of Biomolecules, F-17071, La Rochelle cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bérard
- IFREMER, Laboratory PBA, IFREMER Centre Nantes, F-44311, Nantes, France; E-Mails: (J.-B.B.); (R.K.); (J.-P.C.)
| | - Camille Juin
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, F-17042, La Rochelle, France; E-Mails: (P.-H.B.); (A.-L.G.); (C.J.); (N.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Nicolas Bridiau
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, F-17042, La Rochelle, France; E-Mails: (P.-H.B.); (A.-L.G.); (C.J.); (N.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Raymond Kaas
- IFREMER, Laboratory PBA, IFREMER Centre Nantes, F-44311, Nantes, France; E-Mails: (J.-B.B.); (R.K.); (J.-P.C.)
| | - Valérie Thiéry
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, F-17042, La Rochelle, France; E-Mails: (P.-H.B.); (A.-L.G.); (C.J.); (N.B.); (V.T.)
| | - Jean-Paul Cadoret
- IFREMER, Laboratory PBA, IFREMER Centre Nantes, F-44311, Nantes, France; E-Mails: (J.-B.B.); (R.K.); (J.-P.C.)
| | - Laurent Picot
- University of La Rochelle, UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, F-17042, La Rochelle, France; E-Mails: (P.-H.B.); (A.-L.G.); (C.J.); (N.B.); (V.T.)
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Hendrickson SJ, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Eliassen AH. Food predictors of plasma carotenoids. Nutrients 2013; 5:4051-66. [PMID: 24152746 PMCID: PMC3820058 DOI: 10.3390/nu5104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Empirical prediction models that weight food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) food items by their relation to nutrient biomarker concentrations may estimate nutrient exposure better than nutrient intakes derived from food composition databases. Carotenoids may especially benefit because contributing foods vary in bioavailability and assessment validity. Our objective was to develop empirical prediction models for the major plasma carotenoids and total carotenoids and evaluate their validity compared with dietary intakes calculated from standard food composition tables. 4180 nonsmoking women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) blood subcohort with previously measured plasma carotenoids were randomly divided into training (n = 2787) and testing (n = 1393) subsets. Empirical prediction models were developed in the training subset by stepwise selection from foods contributing ≥0.5% to intake of the relevant carotenoid. Spearman correlations between predicted and measured plasma concentrations were compared to Spearman correlations between dietary intake and measured plasma concentrations for each carotenoid. Three to 12 foods were selected for the α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids prediction models. In the testing subset, Spearman correlations with measured plasma concentrations for the calculated dietary intakes and predicted plasma concentrations, respectively, were 0.31 and 0.37 for α-carotene, 0.29 and 0.31 for β-carotene, 0.36 and 0.41 for β-cryptoxanthin, 0.28 and 0.31 for lutein/zeaxanthin, 0.22 and 0.23 for lycopene, and 0.22 and 0.27 for total carotenoids. Empirical prediction models may modestly improve assessment of some carotenoids, particularly α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J. Hendrickson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (S.J.H.); (W.C.W.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (S.J.H.); (W.C.W.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Bernard A. Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mail:
| | - A. Heather Eliassen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (S.J.H.); (W.C.W.)
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-525-2104; Fax: +1-617-525-2008
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Ma G, Zhang L, Matsuta A, Matsutani K, Yamawaki K, Yahata M, Wahyudi A, Motohashi R, Kato M. Enzymatic formation of β-citraurin from β-cryptoxanthin and Zeaxanthin by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase4 in the flavedo of citrus fruit. Plant Physiol 2013; 163:682-95. [PMID: 23966550 PMCID: PMC3793050 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.223297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the pathway of β-citraurin biosynthesis, carotenoid contents and the expression of genes related to carotenoid metabolism were investigated in two varieties of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu), Yamashitabeni-wase, which accumulates β-citraurin predominantly, and Miyagawa-wase, which does not accumulate β-citraurin. The results suggested that CitCCD4 (for Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase4) was a key gene contributing to the biosynthesis of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 increased rapidly from September, which was consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Miyagawa-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 remained at an extremely low level during the ripening process, which was consistent with the absence of β-citraurin. Functional analysis showed that the CitCCD4 enzyme exhibited substrate specificity. It cleaved β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin at the 7,8 or 7',8' position. But other carotenoids tested in this study (lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene, all-trans-violaxanthin, and 9-cis-violaxanthin) were not cleaved by the CitCCD4 enzyme. The cleavage of β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin by CitCCD4 led to the formation of β-citraurin. Additionally, with ethylene and red light-emitting diode light treatments, the gene expression of CitCCD4 was up-regulated in the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase. These increases in the expression of CitCCD4 were consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin in the two treatments. These results might provide new strategies to improve the carotenoid contents and compositions of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asami Matsuta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsutani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Anung Wahyudi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Reiko Motohashi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
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Fratianni A, Albanese D, Mignogna R, Cinquanta L, Panfili G, Di Matteo M. Degradation of carotenoids in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) during drying process. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2013; 68:241-246. [PMID: 23807280 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-013-0369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are natural compounds whose nutritional importance comes from the provitamin A activity of some of them and their protection against several serious human disorders. The degradation of carotenoids was investigated during apricot drying by microwave and convective hot-air at 60 and 70 °C. Seven carotenoids were identified: antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, 13-cis-β-carotene, all-trans-β-carotene and 9-cis-β-carotene; among these, all-trans-β-carotene was found to be about 50 % of total carotenoids. First-order kinetic models were found to better describe all-trans-β-carotene reduction during drying, with a degradation rate constant (k1) that increased two folds when temperatures increased by 10 °C, in both methods. No differences were found in k1 between apricots dried by hot air at 70 °C (k1 = 0.0340 h(-1)) and by microwave at 60 °C. The evolution of total carotenoids (117.1 mg/kg on dry basis) during drying highlighted a wider decrease (about 50%) when microwave heating was employed, for both set temperatures. Antheraxantin was found to be the carotenoid most susceptible to heat, disappearing at 6 h during both trials with microwave as well as during convective hot-air at 70 °C. For this reason, antheraxanthin could be a useful marker for the evaluation of thermal damage due to the drying process. Also the degree of isomerization of all-trans-β-carotene could be a useful marker for the evaluation of the drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fratianni
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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13
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Kopec RE, Schweiggert RM, Riedl KM, Carle R, Schwartz SJ. Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography/photo-diode array detection for the quantitation of carotenoids, retinyl esters, α-tocopherol and phylloquinone in chylomicron-rich fractions of human plasma. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:1393-402. [PMID: 23681818 PMCID: PMC3833067 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bioavailability of essential lipophilic micronutrients and carotenoids is of utmost interest for human health, as the consumption of these compounds may help alleviate major nutritional deficiencies, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. High-performance liquid chromatography/photo-diode array detection (HPLC-PDA) and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) were compared for the quantitative analysis of α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, α-tocopherol, phylloquinone, and several retinyl esters from chylomicron-containing triglyceride rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions of human plasma obtained from two clinical trials. METHODS After selecting an efficient extraction method for the analytes, both the HPLC/PDA and the HPLC/MS/MS methods were developed and several parameters validated using an HP 1200 series HPLC system interfaced with a HP 1200 series diode-array detector (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and a QTRAP 5500 (AB Sciex, Foster City, CA, USA) via an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) probe operated in positive ion mode. RESULTS For lycopene, α- and β-carotene, HPLC/MS/MS was up to 37 times more sensitive than HPLC-PDA. PDA detection was shown to be up to 8 times more sensitive for lutein. MS/MS signals were enhanced by matrix components for lutein and β-cryptoxanthin, as determined by referencing to the matrix-independent PDA signal. In contrast, matrix suppression was observed for retinyl palmitate, α-carotene, and β-carotene. Both detectors showed similar suitability for α-tocopherol, lycopene and retinyl palmitate (representing ~73% of total retinyl esters). MS/MS exclusively allowed the quantitation of minor retinyl esters, phylloquinone, and (Z)-lycopene isomers. CONCLUSIONS HPLC/MS/MS was more sensitive than HPLC-PDA for six of the eight analytes and represents a powerful tool for the analysis of chylomicron samples and potentially other biological samples of limited sample size. When internal standards are available for the target carotenoid, employing MS/MS detection may reduce the necessary blood sample volume, which is particularly advantageous for minimizing risk and discomfort to human subjects during clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Kopec
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ralf M. Schweiggert
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ken M. Riedl
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Correspondence to: S. J. Schwartz, 2015 Fyffe Ct., 110 Parker Building, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Horton DK, Adetona O, Aguilar-Villalobos M, Cassidy BE, Pfeiffer CM, Schleicher RL, Caldwell KL, Needham LL, Rathbun SL, Vena JE, Naeher LP. Changes in the concentrations of biochemical indicators of diet and nutritional status of pregnant women across pregnancy trimesters in Trujillo, Peru, 2004-2005. Nutr J 2013; 12:80. [PMID: 23758715 PMCID: PMC3685542 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developing countries, deficiencies in essential micronutrients are common, particularly in pregnant women. Although, biochemical indicators of diet and nutrition are useful to assess nutritional status, few studies have examined such indicators throughout pregnancy in women in developing countries. METHODS The primary objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of 78 Peruvian women throughout pregnancy for 16 different nutritional indicators including fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids, iron-status indicators, and selenium. Venous blood samples from which serum was prepared were collected during trimesters one (n = 78), two (n = 65), three (n = 62), and at term via the umbilical cord (n = 52). Questionnaires were completed to determine the demographic characteristics of subjects. Linear mixed effects models were used to study the associations between each maternal indicator and the demographic characteristics. RESULTS None of the women were vitamin A and E deficient at any stage of pregnancy and only 1/62 women (1.6%) was selenium deficient during the third trimester. However, 6.4%, 44% and 64% of women had ferritin levels indicative of iron deficiency during the first, second and third trimester, respectively. Statistically significant changes (p ≤ 0.05) throughout pregnancy were noted for 15/16 nutritional indicators for this Peruvian cohort, with little-to-no association with demographic characteristics. Three carotenoids (beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin and trans-lycopene) were significantly associated with education status, while trans-lycopene was associated with age and beta-cryptoxanthin with SES (p < 0.05). Concentrations of retinol, tocopherol, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin and selenium were lower in cord serum compared with maternal serum (p < 0.05). Conversely, levels of iron status indicators (ferritin, transferrin saturation and iron) were higher in cord serum (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The increasing prevalence of iron deficiency throughout pregnancy in these Peruvian women was expected. It was surprising though not to find deficiencies in other nutrients. The results highlight the importance of continual monitoring of women throughout pregnancy for iron deficiency which could be caused by increasing fetal needs and/or inadequate iron intake as pregnancy progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kevin Horton
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Olorunfemi Adetona
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, 150 Environmental Health Science Bldg, Athens, Georgia 30602-2102, USA
| | | | - Brandon E Cassidy
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, 150 Environmental Health Science Bldg, Athens, Georgia 30602-2102, USA
| | - Christine M Pfeiffer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, USA
| | - Rosemary L Schleicher
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, USA
| | - Kathleen L Caldwell
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, USA
| | - Larry L Needham
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30341, USA
| | - Stephen L Rathbun
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Athens, Georgia, 30602-7396, USA
| | - John E Vena
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Paul D. Coverdell Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Athens, Georgia, 30602-7396, USA
| | - Luke P Naeher
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, 150 Environmental Health Science Bldg, Athens, Georgia 30602-2102, USA
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Rink SM, Mendola P, Mumford SL, Poudrier JK, Browne RW, Wactawski-Wende J, Perkins NJ, Schisterman EF. Self-report of fruit and vegetable intake that meets the 5 a day recommendation is associated with reduced levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and increased levels of antioxidant defense in premenopausal women. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 113:776-85. [PMID: 23522825 PMCID: PMC3660508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been associated with a variety of chronic diseases and reproductive disorders. Fruits and vegetables (F/V) may contribute to antioxidant vitamin and micronutrient levels and reduce oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of meeting the 5 A Day For Better Health Program recommendation for F/V consumption on biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant defense. DESIGN In this longitudinal study, healthy premenopausal women (n=258) were followed for ≤2 menstrual cycles with ≤16 oxidative stress measures timed to cycle phase. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma concentrations of F2-isoprostane, 9-hydroxyoctadecadieneoic acid, 13-hydroxyoctadecadieneoic acid, erythrocyte activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as blood micronutrient concentrations were measured. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) (1 per cycle), and 24-hour recalls (≤4 per cycle). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Fruit and vegetable servings were dichotomized based on the recommendation to consume five servings of F/V each day. Linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to analyze lipid peroxidation markers, antioxidant vitamins, and antioxidant enzymes by cycle phase and in association with usual F/V intake. RESULTS For both 24-hour recall (timed to cycle phase) and cycle-specific FFQ, meeting the recommendation to consume five servings of F/V each day was associated with decreased F2-isoprostanes (24-hour recall β=-.10 [95% CI, -0.12 to -0.07]; FFQ β= -.14 [95% CI, -0.18 to -0.11]). Glutathione reductase was lower in association with typical consumption of five or more servings of F/V by FFQ but not in the phase-specific analysis. Higher levels of ascorbic acid, lutein, beta carotene, and beta cryptoxanthin were observed with both intake measures. CONCLUSIONS Meeting the 5 A Day For Better Health Program recommendation was associated with lower oxidative stress and improved antioxidant status in analyses of typical diet (via FFQ) and in menstrual cycle phase-specific analyses using 24-hour recalls. Green salads were commonly eaten and increasing intake of salads may be a useful strategy to influence oxidation in reproductive aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Rink
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Mensi A, Choiset Y, Rabesona H, Haertlé T, Borel P, Chobert JM. Interactions of β-lactoglobulin variants A and B with Vitamin A. Competitive binding of retinoids and carotenoids. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:4114-9. [PMID: 23573912 DOI: 10.1021/jf400711d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
β-Lactoglobulin (β-Lg) is the major whey protein of bovine milk present at a concentration of 2-3 g L(-1). Its biological role is still not well-known. However, many studies have suggested that β-Lg may play either nutritional or specific transporter role. The high affinity of β-Lg for retinol and other retinoids was reported. The results of interaction studies of β-Lg with carotenoids, that is, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and α-carotene, which display similar structures are reported in this study. The affinities of β-Lg for binding of retinoids and carotenoids were compared, providing more information about the binding site(s) of these molecules by β-Lg. Interactions were followed by the measurements of quenching of β-Lg tryptophan fluorescence and retinol fluorescence. The obtained results indicate that carotenoids are bound by β-Lg with high affinity of the order of 10(-8) M. Measurement of retinol competition with carotenoids for binding by β-Lg suggests that the binding of these two ligands occurs at two different sites of β-Lg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Mensi
- UR 1268, INRA Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages-équipe Fonctions et Interactions des Protéines, rue de la Géraudière, B.P. 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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17
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Delgado-Pelayo R, Hornero-Méndez D. Identification and quantitative analysis of carotenoids and their esters from sarsaparilla (Smilax aspera L.) berries. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:8225-8232. [PMID: 22823246 DOI: 10.1021/jf302719g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoid composition of sarsaparilla ( Smilax aspera L.) berries has been analyzed for the first time. Lycopene was found to be the main carotenoid (242.44 μg/g fresh wt) in the pulp, followed by β-carotene (65.76 μg/g fresh wt) and β-cryptoxanthin (42.14 μg/g fresh wt; including the free and esterified forms). Other minor carotenoids were lycophyll (13.70 μg/g fresh wt), zeaxanthin (8.56 μg/g fresh wt; including the free and esterified forms), lutein (0.94 μg/g fresh wt), and antheraxanthin (0.58 μg/g fresh wt). β-Cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin were present in free and esterified forms. β-Cryptoxanthin was mainly esterified with saturated fatty acids (capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic), although a low amount of β-cryptoxanthin oleate was also detected. In the case of zeaxanthin, only a monoester with myristic acid (zeaxanthin monomyristate) was identified. The diverse carotenoid profile, some with provitamin A activity, together with the relatively high content, up to 375 μg/g fresh wt, makes sarsaparilla berries a potential source of carotenoids for the food, animal feed, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Delgado-Pelayo
- Grupo de Química y Bioquímica de Pigmentos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Avenida Padre García Tejero 4, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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18
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Murphy MM, Barraj LM, Herman D, Bi X, Cheatham R, Randolph RK. Phytonutrient intake by adults in the United States in relation to fruit and vegetable consumption. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:222-9. [PMID: 22741166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals consuming diets dense in fruits and vegetables consume an array of phytonutrients as well as recognized nutritional components, including vitamins, minerals, and fiber. There is a growing body of evidence that phytonutrients may play positive roles in health. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to estimate usual intakes of nine individual phytonutrients by Americans consuming recommended levels of fruits and vegetables compared to intakes by adults not meeting these recommendations, and to identify contributions of food sources to total phytonutrient intakes. The phytonutrients examined in this study are found predominantly in fruits and vegetables. DESIGN Food consumption data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003-2006 and phytonutrient concentration data from US Department of Agriculture databases and the published literature were used to estimate energy-adjusted usual intakes. Student's t tests were used to compare mean energy-adjusted phytonutrient intakes between subpopulations who consumed recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables vs those who did not. Percentage contributions of each phytonutrient by food source were estimated for all adults. RESULTS Energy-adjusted intakes of all phytonutrients other than ellagic acid were considerably higher among both men and women meeting dietary recommendations for fruit and vegetable intakes compared to those not meeting the recommendations; energy-adjusted intakes of ellagic acid were higher only among women meeting vs not meeting the recommendations. For five of the nine phytonutrients (α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, hesperetin, and ellagic acid), a single food accounted for 64% or more of the total intake of the phytonutrient. CONCLUSIONS Energy-adjusted intakes of carotenoids and flavonoids are higher among men and women whose diets conform to dietary guidance for fruits and vegetables. A limited number of foods provide the majority of these phytonutrients. Findings from this research provide important reference information on the phytonutrient contributions of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Murphy
- Exponent, Inc, 1150 Connecticut Ave, NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
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19
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Liu X, Gai Z, Tao F, Tang H, Xu P. Carotenoids play a positive role in the degradation of heterocycles by Sphingobium yanoikuyae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39522. [PMID: 22745775 PMCID: PMC3380023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial oxidative degradation is a potential way of removing pollutants such as heterocycles from the environment. During this process, reactive oxygen species or other oxidants are inevitably produced, and may cause damage to DNA, proteins, and membranes, thereby decreasing the degradation rate. Carotenoids can serve as membrane-integrated antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative stress. FINDINGS Several genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were cloned and characterized from a carbazole-degrading bacterium Sphingobium yanoikuyae XLDN2-5. In addition, a yellow-pigmented carotenoid synthesized by strain XLDN2-5 was identified as zeaxanthin that was synthesized from β-carotene through β-cryptoxanthin. The amounts of zeaxanthin and hydrogen peroxide produced were significantly and simultaneously enhanced during the biodegradation of heterocycles (carbazole < carbazole + benzothiophene < carbazole + dibenzothiophene). These higher production levels were consistent with the transcriptional increase of the gene encoding phytoene desaturase, one of the key enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Sphingobium yanoikuyae XLDN2-5 can enhance the synthesis of zeaxanthin, one of the carotenoids, which may modulate membrane fluidity and defense against intracellular oxidative stress. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the positive role of carotenoids in the biodegradation of heterocycles, while elucidating the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in the Sphingobium genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People′s Republic of China
| | - Zhonghui Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People′s Republic of China
| | - Fei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People′s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People′s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People′s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Baldrick FR, Elborn JS, Woodside JV, Treacy K, Bradley JM, Patterson CC, Schock BC, Ennis M, Young IS, McKinley MC. Effect of fruit and vegetable intake on oxidative stress and inflammation in COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J 2012; 39:1377-84. [PMID: 22088966 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00086011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence supports a positive relationship between fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Increasing FV intake may attenuate the oxidative stress and inflammation associated with COPD. An exploratory randomised controlled trial to examine the effect of increased consumption of FV on oxidative stress and inflammation in moderate-to-severe COPD was conducted. 81 symptomatically stable patients with a habitually low FV intake (two or fewer portions of FV per day) were randomised to the intervention group (five or more portions of FV per day) or the control group (two or fewer portions of FV per day). Each participant received self-selected weekly home deliveries of FV for 12 weeks. 75 participants completed the intervention. There was a significant between-group change in self-reported FV intake and biomarkers of FV intake (zeaxanthin (p = 0.034) and β-cryptoxanthin (p = 0.015)), indicating good compliance; post-intervention intakes in intervention and control groups were 6.1 and 1.9 portions of FV per day, respectively. There were no significant changes in biomarkers of airway inflammation (interleukin-8 and myeloperoxidase) and systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein) or airway and systemic oxidative stress (8-isoprostane). This exploratory study demonstrated that patients with moderate-to-severe COPD were able to comply with an intervention to increase FV intake; however, this had no significant effect on airway or systemic oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina R Baldrick
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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21
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Fan P, Shen Y, Li Y, Ma A, Sun Z, Wang Z. [Serum retinol and carotenoid of rural infants and young children in Linyi of Shangdong Province and analysis on their related influencing dietary factors]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2012; 41:424-428. [PMID: 23050441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was carried out to determine serum retinol and carotenoid of infants and young children in rural areas, and to explore their related dietary factors. METHODS A total of 254 rural healthy infants and young children aged 6-24 month-old were recruited from a program for health examination and feeding survey conducted in villages in Meibu of Linyi of Shandong Province by cluster sampling method. Serum retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin and lutein + zeaxanthin were detected with HPLC. The frequency of food intake of babies during the past month was inquired from their mothers or baby-sitters. The relationship between serum retinol and carotenoid level with some factors related to feeding pattern was analyzed. RESULTS The average serum retinol was (0.96 +/- 0.55) micromol/L with little variation by age (P > 0.05). The prevalence of serum vitamin A deficiency and marginal deficiency were 40.6% and 32.6%. The average serum beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin and lutein + zeaxanthin were (0.056 +/- 0.088) micromol/L, (3.3 +/- 12.1) nmol/L, (27.0 +/- 45.2) nmol/L and (0.22 +/- 0.22) micromol/L, respectively, and no significant difference between age groups on serum beta-carotene, alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin (all were P > 0.05) except lutein + zeaxanthin (P < 0.05). Breast feeding and formula feeding were significant dietary factors influencing serum retinol and carotenoids levels. The frequency of breast-feeding was correlated significantly with serum beta-carotene (P < 0.05). Serum retinol was correlated positively with carotenoids and among carotenoids with each other (all were P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Vitamin A deficiency and marginal deficiency were prevalent in the investigated infants and young children. Serum carotenoid was little variation with age, but was different significantly with dietary patterns fed by breast milk, formula, or fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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22
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Abstract
Bone homeostasis is maintained through a balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Aging induces bone loss due to decreased osteoblastic bone formation and increased osteoclastic bone resorption. Osteoporosis with its accompanying decrease in bone mass is widely recognized as a major public health problem. Nutritional factors may play a role in the prevention of bone loss with aging. Among various carotenoids (carotene and xanthophylls including beta (β)-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, β-carotene, astaxanthin, and rutin), β-cryptoxanthin, which is abundant in Satsuma mandarin orange (Citrus unshiu MARC.), has been found to have a stimulatory effect on bone calcification in vitro. β-cryptoxanthin has stimulatory effects on osteoblastic bone formation and inhibitory effects on osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro, thereby increasing bone mass. β-cryptoxanthin has an effect on the gene expression of various proteins that are related osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resororption in vitro. The intake of β-cryptoxanthin may have a preventive effect on bone loss in animal models for osteoporosis and in healthy human or postmenopausal women. Epidemiological studies suggest a potential role of β-cryptoxanthin as a sustainable nutritional approach to improving bone health of human subjects. β-Cryptoxanthin may be an osteogenic factor in preventing osteoporosis in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, USA.
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23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Deterioration in pulmonary function is associated with greater disability and mortality in older adults. Dietary antioxidants are implicated in lung health, but the relationship between major dietary antioxidants, such as serum carotenoids, and pulmonary function have not been well characterized. Serum carotenoids are considered the most reliable indicator of fruit and vegetable intake. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We examined the relationship between serum α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene with pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] and forced vital capacity [FVC]) in a population-based sample of 631 moderately to severely disabled community-dwelling older women (Women's Health and Aging Study I) in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. RESULTS Higher serum α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations were positively associated with both FEV1 and FVC, respectively (all P < 0.05), in separate multivariate linear regression models adjusting for age, race, education, cognition, anemia, inflammation, and chronic diseases. Total serum carotenoids were associated with FEV1 (P = 0.08) and FVC (P = 0.06), respectively, in similar models. No association was found between β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene, and FEV1 or FVC. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations, which reflect greater intake of orange and dark green leafy fruits and vegetables, were associated with better pulmonary function among older community-dwelling women.function may lead to food avoidance and to a higher incidence of digestive complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Semba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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24
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Khachik F. Partial synthesis of serum carotenoids and their metabolites. Acta Biochim Pol 2012; 59:75-78. [PMID: 22428147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human serum and tissues contain in excess of 12 dietary carotenoids and several metabolites that originate from consumption of fruits and vegetables. Among these are hydroxycarotenoids: (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein (1), (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin (2), (3R,6'R)-α-cryptoxanthin (3), and (3R)-β-cryptoxanthin (4). In addition, several dehydration products of 1 have also been identified in human serum, these are: (3R,6'R)-3-hydroxy-3',4'-didehydro-β,γ-carotene (5), (3R,6'R)-3-hydroxy-2',3'-didehydro-β,ε-carotene (6), and (3R)-3-hydroxy-3',4'-didehydro-β,β-carotene (7). Several metabolites of 1 and/or 2, namely, (3R,3'S,6'R)-lutein (3'-epilutein, 8) and (3R,3'S;meso)-zeaxanthin (9) have also been characterized in human serum and ocular tissues. Semi-synthetic processes have been developed that separately transform commercially available 1 into 4 via 7 as well as 1 into 8. While 8 is converted into 2 by base-catalyzed isomerization, 7 is transformed into 2 and its (3R,3'S;meso)-stereoisomer (9) by regioselective hydroboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Khachik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, USA.
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Ma G, Zhang L, Kato M, Yamawaki K, Kiriiwa Y, Yahata M, Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H. Effect of blue and red LED light irradiation on β-cryptoxanthin accumulation in the flavedo of citrus fruits. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:197-201. [PMID: 22026557 DOI: 10.1021/jf203364m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Cryptoxanthin (β-cry), an antioxidant abundant in citrus fruits, plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases, especially cancers. In the present study, to increase the content of β-cry in citrus flavedo, the effects of blue (470 nm) and red (660 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) lights on the accumulation of carotenoids and expression of genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated in the flavedo of Satsuma mandarin. The results showed that accumulation of β-cry was induced by red light, while it was not affected by blue light. The accumulation of β-cry under red light was attributed to simultaneous increases in the expression of CitPSY, CitPDS, CitZDS, CitLCYb1, CitLCYb2, CitHYb, and CitZEP. The results presented herein might provide new strategies to enhance the commercial and nutritional value of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Takayanagi K, Morimoto SI, Shirakura Y, Mukai K, Sugiyama T, Tokuji Y, Ohnishi M. Mechanism of visceral fat reduction in Tsumura Suzuki obese, diabetes (TSOD) mice orally administered β-cryptoxanthin from Satsuma mandarin oranges (Citrus unshiu Marc). J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:12342-51. [PMID: 22085304 DOI: 10.1021/jf202821u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) is abundant in Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc). Several studies have shown a relationship between Satsuma mandarin consumption and a low risk of several diseases, for example, diabetes, gout, and hypertension, suggesting β-CRX involvement in disease prevention. We investigated the effect of β-CRX on mildly obese males. β-CRX administration reduced visceral adipose tissue, body weight, and abdominal circumference. However, the detailed mechanism by which β-CRX mediates these changes remains unknown. To identify this mechanism, we used an obese model mouse (TSOD). Oral β-CRX administration repressed body weight, abdominal adipose tissue weight, and serum lipid concentrations in TSOD; these results are identical to previous human trial results. β-CRX administration significantly repressed adipocyte hypertrophy. Gene expression analysis strongly indicated that β-CRX can alter cytokine secretion and cell proliferation. These results suggest that β-CRX derived from Satsuma mandarins can help prevent obesity by repressing hypertrophy of abdominal adipocytes.
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Granado-Lorencio F, Donoso-Navarro E, Sánchez-Siles LM, Blanco-Navarro I, Pérez-Sacristán B. Bioavailability of β-cryptoxanthin in the presence of phytosterols: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:11819-11824. [PMID: 21954852 DOI: 10.1021/jf202628w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds are used in the design and development of new food products with potential health benefits, although little is known regarding their bioavailability and interactions. This study assessed the stability, in vitro bioaccessibility, and human bioavailability of β-cryptoxanthin from β-cryptoxanthin-rich drinks with and without added phytosterols developed for this purpose. The developed drinks showed no difference in the content of β-cryptoxanthin, and they were stable over 6 months. In vitro, hydrolysis of β-cryptoxanthin esters and the amount of free β-cryptoxanthin at duodenal and micellar phases were similar regardless of the presence of phytosterols. In the human study, the daily intake provoked significant increments of β-cryptoxanthin in serum regardless of the type of the drink. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo human studies have shown that the bioavailability of β-cryptoxanthin is not significantly affected by the presence of phytosterols when they are simultaneously supplied in a drink.
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Wang Z, Zhang H, Liu M, Su D, Song X, Lai J. [Serum carotenoid concentrations in some Chinese adults from urban, suburban and rural communities]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2011; 40:591-595. [PMID: 22043709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was carried out to analyze serum carotenoids concentration of some Chinese adults by HPLC. METHODS One hundred and eighty four 30 - 60 year-old adults (84 males and 100 females) from three different communities were recruited in the investigation. The fast blood samples were collected and separated into serum in summer, autumn, winter and spring of the year, respectively. The serum were extracted with organic solvents and analyzed with a HP1100 HPLC for the concentration of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin. RESULTS The average serum concentration of carotenoids of investigated population in summer, autumn, winter and spring were as followed (inmicromol/L), respectively: beta-carotene, 0.72 +/- 0.20, 0.71 +/- 0.18, 0.70 +/- 0.19 and 0.63 +/- 0.20; alpha-carotene, 0.037 +/- 0.018, 0.039 +/- 0.015, 0.038 +/- 0.017 and 0.030 +/- 0.019; beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.11 +/- 0.03, 0.14 +/- 0.03, 0.13 +/- 0.04 and 0.10 +/- 0.03; lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.61 +/- 0.16, 0.45 +/- 0.09, 0.46 +/- 0.12 and 0.47 +/- 0.14; lycopene, 0.43 +/- 0.26, 0.11 +/- 0.06, 0.07 +/- 0. 04 and 0.07 +/- 0.03. The average serum beta-carotene concentration of total-population was lowest in spring, but the descent did not occurred from urban sub-population. There were significant seasonal changes in average serum concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, and lycopene from total population. Further more, there was significant difference of serum concentration of every carotenoid between three sub-populations in every season. CONCLUSIONS The data of serum carotenoid concentration in total 713 blood samples from some Chinese adults were reported here, which would be helpful to understanding the population distribution of carotenoid concentration in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixu Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Liu C, Bronson RT, Russell RM, Wang XD. β-Cryptoxanthin supplementation prevents cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation, oxidative damage, and squamous metaplasia in ferrets. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1255-66. [PMID: 21421799 PMCID: PMC3151338 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In epidemiologic studies, high intake of β-cryptoxanthin has been associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer, particularly among current smokers. However, data are not available from well-controlled animal studies to examine the effects of β-cryptoxanthin on cigarette smoke-induced lung lesions, and the biological mechanisms by which β-cryptoxanthin might affect lung carcinogenesis. We evaluated the effects of β-cryptoxanthin supplementation on cigarette smoke-induced squamous metaplasia, inflammation, and changes in protein levels of proinflammatory cytokine [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)] and transcription factors [nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1)], as well as on smoke-induced oxidative DNA damage [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)] in the lung tissue of ferrets. Thirty-six male ferrets were assigned to cigarette smoke exposure or no exposure and to low-dose, or high-dose β-cryptoxanthin, or no dose (2 × 3 factorial design) for 3 months. β-Cryptoxanthin supplementation dose-dependently increased plasma and lung β-cryptoxanthin levels in ferrets, whereas cigarette smoke exposure lowered plasma and lung β-cryptoxanthin levels. β-Cryptoxanthin at both doses significantly decreased smoke-induced lung squamous metaplasia and inflammation. β-Cryptoxanthin also substantially reduced smoke-elevated TNFα levels in alveolar, bronchial, bronchiolar, and bronchial serous/mucous gland epithelial cells and in lung macrophages. Moreover, β-cryptoxanthin decreased smoke-induced activation of NF-κB, expression of AP-1 and levels of 8-OHdG. The beneficial effects of β-cryptoxanthin were stronger for high-dose β-cryptoxanthin than for low-dose β-cryptoxanthin. Data from this study indicate that β-cryptoxanthin provides a beneficial effect against cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, oxidative DNA damage and squamous metaplasia in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Izuchi R, Nakai Y, Takahashi H, Ushiama S, Okada S, Misaka T, Abe K. Hepatic gene expression of the insulin signaling pathway is altered by administration of persimmon peel extract: a DNA microarray study using type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:3320-3329. [PMID: 21370910 DOI: 10.1021/jf102422z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is a very popular fruit in East Asian countries, but its peels are not consumed despite the fact that they contain many antioxidants such as carotenoids and polyphenols. We prepared a fat-soluble extract from persimmon peel (PP) and fed type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats an AIN-93G rodent diet supplemented with persimmon peel extract (PP diet) for 12 weeks. Compared with the control AIN-93G diet, the PP diet significantly reduced plasma glutamic-pyruvate transaminase activity, with accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin in the liver. DNA microarray analysis revealed that the PP diet altered hepatic gene expression profiles. In particular, expression of insulin signaling pathway-related genes was significantly enriched in differentially expressed gene sets. Moreover, Western blotting analysis showed an increase in insulin receptor beta tyrosine phosphorylation in rats fed the PP diet. These data suggest that the PP diet improves insulin resistance in GK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Izuchi
- Toyo Institute of Food Technology, Kawanishi-shi, Hyogo, Japan.
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31
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Mein JR, Dolnikowski GG, Ernst H, Russell RM, Wang XD. Enzymatic formation of apo-carotenoids from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin by ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 506:109-21. [PMID: 21081106 PMCID: PMC3026080 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthophyll carotenoids, such as lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin, may provide potential health benefits against chronic and degenerative diseases. Investigating pathways of xanthophyll metabolism are important to understanding their biological functions. Carotene-15,15'-monooxygenase (CMO1) has been shown to be involved in vitamin A formation, while recent studies suggest that carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase (CMO2) may have a broader substrate specificity than previously recognized. In this in vitro study, we investigated baculovirus-generated recombinant ferret CMO2 cleavage activity towards the carotenoid substrates zeaxanthin, lutein and β-cryptoxanthin. Utilizing HPLC, LC-MS and GC-MS, we identified both volatile and non-volatile apo-carotenoid products including 3-OH-β-ionone, 3-OH-α-ionone, β-ionone, 3-OH-α-apo-10'-carotenal, 3-OH-β-apo-10'-carotenal, and β-apo-10'-carotenal, indicating cleavage at both the 9,10 and 9',10' carbon-carbon double bond. Enzyme kinetic analysis indicated the xanthophylls zeaxanthin and lutein are preferentially cleaved over β-cryptoxanthin, indicating a key role of CMO2 in non-provitamin A carotenoid metabolism. Furthermore, incubation of 3-OH-β-apo-10'-carotenal with CMO2 lysate resulted in the formation of 3-OH-β-ionone. In the presence of NAD(+), in vitro incubation of 3-OH-β-apo-10'-carotenal with ferret hepatic homogenates formed 3-OH-β-apo-10'-carotenoic acid. Since apo-carotenoids serve as important signaling molecules in a variety of biological processes, enzymatic cleavage of xanthophylls by mammalian CMO2 represents a new avenue of research regarding vertebrate carotenoid metabolism and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Mein
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Gregory G. Dolnikowski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Hansgeorg Ernst
- Fine Chemicals and Biocatalysis Research, GVF/A-B009, BASF AG D-67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert M. Russell
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
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Sugiura M, Nakamura M, Ogawa K, Ikoma Y, Ando F, Shimokata H, Yano M. Dietary patterns of antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid intake associated with bone mineral density: findings from post-menopausal Japanese female subjects. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:143-52. [PMID: 20480147 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent studies show that antioxidants may reduce the risk of osteoporosis. This study showed the associations of bone mineral density with dietary patterns of antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids. The findings suggest the combination of vitamin C and β-cryptoxanthin intakes might provide benefit to bone health in post-menopausal Japanese female subjects. INTRODUCTION Recent epidemiological studies show antioxidants may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, but little is known about the dietary patterns of antioxidant vitamin and carotenoid intakes and their relation with bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS A total of 293 post-menopausal female subjects who had received health examinations in the town of Mikkabi, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, participated in the study. Radial BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids were assessed by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified on a selected set of antioxidants through principal component factor analysis. RESULTS Three dietary patterns were identified. The "retinol" pattern, characterized by notably high intakes of preformed retinol, zeaxanthin, and vitamin E, was positively associated with the risk for low BMD. In contrast, the "β-cryptoxanthin" pattern, characterized by notably high intakes of β-cryptoxanthin and vitamin C, was negatively associated with low BMD. The odds ratios for low BMD in the highest tertiles of dietary intakes of preformed retinol, vitamin C, and β-cryptoxanthin against the lowest tertiles were 3.22 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.38-7.51], 0.25 (CI, 0.10-0.66), and 0.40 (CI, 0.17-0.92), respectively, after adjustments for confounders. However, negative associations of vitamin C and β-cryptoxanthin with low BMD were not significant after further adjustment for intake of β-cryptoxanthin or vitamin C, respectively. Higher intakes of both vitamin C and β-cryptoxanthin were significantly associated with low BMD (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The combination of vitamin C and β-cryptoxanthin may be associated with radial BMD in post-menopausal Japanese female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sugiura
- Research team for health benefit of fruit, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 485-6 Shimizu-Okitsu-nakachou, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, 424-0292, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND New varieties of fruits and vegetables, with higher carotenoid levels, are being developed to improve the potential health benefits to consumers. To assist the development of a new variety of high zeaxanthin sweetcorn, an analytical screening method was developed, including chromameter measurement of hue angle and optimized extraction for HPLC, and applied to 385 lines of a breeding population and six commercial varieties. RESULTS Saponification had no effect on carotenoid extraction. In the breeding population, carotenoid levels had a wide range with the highest levels of zeaxanthin being 11.9 mg kg(-1) fresh weight, which was at least six times greater than the tested commercial varieties. The regression of hue angle versus zeaxanthin was described by the equation, hue angle = 76.16 + 4.50 x exp(-0.24 x zeaxanthin) + 11.73 x exp(-0.24 x zeaxanthin), r(2) of 0.59. The top 6% of lines, with regards to zeaxanthin (zeaxanthin + beta-cryptoxanthin + beta-carotene) and total carotenoids, all had hue angles <or=84.1 degrees. CONCLUSION The use of a hue angle of 85 degrees as a maximum cut-off for liquid extraction will allow for much increased efficiency in screening further germplasm for high zeaxanthin lines. There appears to be significant opportunity to further increase the zeaxanthin concentration by selecting for lines which preferentially channel carotenoid synthesis towards zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent J Fanning
- Innovative Food Technologies, Primary Industries and Fisheries, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 19 Hercules Street, Hamilton, Queensland, Australia, 4007.
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Matsuda-Inoguchi N, Date C, Sakurai K, Kuwazoe M, Watanabe T, Toji C, Furukawa Y, Shimbo S, Nakatsuka H, Ikeda M. Reduction in estimated vitamin A intake induced by new food composition tables in Japan, where vitamin A is taken mostly from plant foods. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009; 57:279-91. [PMID: 17135019 DOI: 10.1080/09637480600789958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A revised edition of the standard tables of food composition was implemented in Japan in 2005; one of the major revision points is the change of retinol activity equivalents for pro-vitamin A carotenoids. This preliminary analysis was conducted to examine whether the revision affects the estimation of vitamin A intake; and if so, to what extent. Accordingly, a field survey was conducted to collect 24-h duplicates of daily foods of citizens, and 26 adult women volunteered. Application of the procedures in the new and previous standard tables of food composition gave 537 microg retinol activity equivalent and 704 microg retinol equivalence, respectively, for daily vitamin A intake. Thus, the changes in retinol activity equivalents induced substantial reduction (by 24%) in estimation of vitamin A intake among the Japanese population, for whom pro-vitamin A carotenoids in plant foods are the major sources (76%) for vitamin A, and retinol accounts for only 35% (on the retinol activity equivalent basis).
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Talegawkar SA, Johnson EJ, Carithers TC, Taylor HA, Bogle ML, Tucker KL. Carotenoid intakes, assessed by food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs), are associated with serum carotenoid concentrations in the Jackson Heart Study: validation of the Jackson Heart Study Delta NIRI Adult FFQs. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11:989-97. [PMID: 18053294 PMCID: PMC2654383 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980007001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intake and status of carotenoids have been associated with chronic disease. The objectives of this study were to examine the association between carotenoid intakes as measured by two regional food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and their corresponding measures in serum, and to report on dietary food sources of carotenoids in Jackson Heart Study (JHS) participants. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of data for 402 African American men and women participating in the Diet and Physical Activity Sub-Study (DPASS) of the JHS. RESULTS Mean serum carotenoid concentrations and intakes in this population were comparable to those reported for the general US population. After adjustment for covariates, correlations between serum and dietary measures of each carotenoid, for the average of the recalls (deattenuated), the short FFQ and the long FFQ, respectively, were: 035 and 0-carotene; 026 and 0-carotene; 017 and 0-carotene; 034 and 0-cryptoxanthin; 015 and 037, 014 for lycopene. Major dietary sources of -carotene and lutein plus zeaxanthin, mustard, turnip and collard greens; of beta-cryptoxanthin, orange juice; and of lycopene, tomato juice. CONCLUSIONS On average, carotenoid intakes and serum concentrations are not lower in this southern African American population than the general US population. The two regional FFQs developed for a southern US population and used as dietary assessment tools in the JHS appear to provide reasonably valid information for most of these carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera A Talegawkar
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Teresa C Carithers
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Herman A Taylor
- The Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Katherine L Tucker
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Abstract
Two mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana deficient in lutein have been investigated with respect to their responses to growth under a range of suboptimal conditions. The first mutant, lut1, was enriched in violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin and zeinoxanthin compared with the wild-type (WT). In the second mutant, lut2, the lack of lutein was compensated for only by an increase in xanthophyll cycle (XC) carotenoids. Upon transfer of plants grown under optimal conditions to high light (HL), drought or HL + drought, both mutants acclimated during several days to the new conditions to the same extent as the WT. In contrast, transfer to chilling conditions (6 degrees C) for 6 days induced responses that were different between WT and mutants and between the mutants themselves. In contrast to the WT, the lut2 mutant in particular exhibited a large increase in the Chl a/b ratio and the XC pool size, extensive de-epoxidation and an enhanced extent of non-photochemical quenching. It is suggested that although the role of lutein in the structure and organisation of the light-harvesting complexes can be fulfilled by other xanthophylls under excess light conditions at optimal temperatures, this is not the case at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L Pérez-Bueno
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
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Yamaguchi M, Uchiyama S. Combination of beta-cryptoxanthin and zinc has potent effects on apoptotic cell death and suppression of bone resorption-related gene expression in osteoclastic cells. Int J Mol Med 2008; 22:221-228. [PMID: 18636177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the effect of beta-cryptoxanthin (CRP) on osteoclastic cells formed in the mouse marrow culture system in vitro is enhanced by culture with zinc. Bone marrow cells were isolated from mice. The macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-dependent bone marrow macrophages were cultured in the presence of M-CSF (10 ng/ml) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) ligand (RANKL; 50 ng/ml) for 96 h. The osteoclastic cells formed were further cultured for 24 or 72 h in a medium containing either vehicle, CRP, zinc sulfate (zinc), or CRP plus zinc with or without M-CSF (10 ng/ml) and RANKL (50 ng/ml). The number of osteoclastic cells was significantly decreased after culture with the combination of CRP (10(-7) M) and zinc (10(-5) M) in the presence or absence of M-CSF and RANKL for 24 or 72 h as compared with the value for CRP or zinc alone. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed the presence of low-molecular weight deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments of adherent cells cultured with CRP (10(-7) M) plus zinc (10(-5) M) for 24 or 72 h in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL, indicating that the combination of the two chemicals induces apoptotic cell death. CRP plus zinc-induced decrease in osteoclastic cells was significantly inhibited in the presence of caspase-3 inhibitor (10(-8) or 10(-7) M). Culture with CRP (10(-7) M) plus zinc ((10(-5) M) for 24 or 72 h caused a significant increase in caspase-3 mRNA expression in the presence or absence of M-CSF and RANKL as compared with the value for each chemical alone. CRP plus zinc-induced increase in caspase-3 mRNA expression was completely inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide (10(-7) M), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, or 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DBR; 10(-6) M), an inhibitor of transcription activity. The mRNA expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) and cathepsin K was significantly decreased after culture with CRP plus zinc in the presence or absence of M-CSF and RANKL for 72 h as compared with CRP or zinc alone. Nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) mRNA expression was significantly decreased after culture with CRP plus zinc in the presence or absence of M-CSF and RANKL for 72 h as compared with each chemical alone, while NF-kappaB mRNA expression was not significantly changed. This study demonstrated that the combination of CRP and zinc has potent suppressive effects on osteoclastic cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Molecular Metabolism, Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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38
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Jayaraj J, Devlin R, Punja Z. Metabolic engineering of novel ketocarotenoid production in carrot plants. Transgenic Res 2008; 17:489-501. [PMID: 17682834 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids constitute a vast group of pigments that are ubiquitous throughout nature. Carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots provide an important source of dietary beta-carotene (provitamin A), alpha-carotene and lutein. Ketocarotenoids, such as canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, are produced by some algae and cyanobacteria but are rare in plants. Ketocarotenoids are strong antioxidants that are chemically synthesized and used as dietary supplements and pigments in the aquaculture and neutraceutical industries. We engineered the ketocarotenoid biosynthetic pathway in carrot tissues by introducing a beta-carotene ketolase gene isolated from the alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Gene constructs were made with three promoters (double CaMV 35S, Arabidopsis-ubiquitin, and RolD from Agrobacterium rhizogenes). The pea Rubisco small sub-unit transit peptide was used to target the enzyme to plastids in leaf and root tissues. The phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) gene was used as a selectable marker. Following Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, 150 plants were regenerated and grown in a glasshouse. All three promoters provided strong root expression, while the double CaMV 35S and Ubiquitin promoters also had strong leaf expression. The recombinant ketolase protein was successfully targeted to the chloroplasts and chromoplasts. Endogenous expression of carrot beta-carotene hydroxylases was up-regulated in transgenic leaves and roots, and up to 70% of total carotenoids was converted to novel ketocarotenoids, with accumulation up to 2,400 microg/g root dry weight. Astaxanthin, adonirubin, and canthaxanthin were most prevalent, followed by echinenone, adonixanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin. Our results show that carrots are suitable for biopharming ketocarotenoid production for applications to the functional food, neutraceutical and aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraman Jayaraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Yang Z, Zhang Z, Penniston KL, Binkley N, Tanumihardjo SA. Serum carotenoid concentrations in postmenopausal women from the United States with and without osteoporosis. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2008; 78:105-11. [PMID: 19003732 PMCID: PMC2692339 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831.78.3.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant defenses may be compromised in osteoporotic women. Little is known about fruit and vegetable or carotenoid consumption among postmenopausal women. The primary carotenoids in human serum are alpha- and beta-carotene, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin. This study investigated the interrelationships among serum carotenoid concentrations, fruit and vegetable intake, and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women (n = 59, 62.7 +/- 8.8 y). Bone density was assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and osteoporosis diagnosis was based upon T-scores. Serum samples (n = 53) and three-day diet records (n = 49) were analyzed. Logistic regression analyzed differences between carotenoids after adjusting for serum retinol; supplement usage; milk, yogurt, fruit, and vegetable intake; and body mass index (BMI). Pearson statistics correlated carotenoids with specific fruit or vegetable intake. Serum lycopene concentrations were lower in the osteoporosis group than controls (p = 0.03). Beta-cryptoxanthin intake was higher in the osteoporosis group (p = 0.0046). Total fruit and vegetable intakes were correlated with serum lycopene and beta-cryptoxanthin (p = 0.03, 0.006, respectively). Serum alpha-carotene concentration was associated with carrot intake, and zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin with lettuce intake. Carotenoids that may have beneficial skeletal effects are lower in women with osteoporosis. Research is needed to identify potential protective mechanisms or utilization of carotenoids during osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Yang
- University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Dept. Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Zhumin Zhang
- University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Dept. Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Kristina L. Penniston
- University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Dept. Nutritional Sciences, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Neil Binkley
- UW-Medical School Institute on Aging Medicine, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Nutritional Sciences, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA, Phone: 608-265-0792., Fax: 608-262-5860.,
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40
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Granado-Lorencio F, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Herrero-Barbudo C, Blanco-Navarro I, Pérez-Sacristán B. Seasonal variation of serum alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin and 25-OH-vitamin D(3) in women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19:717-20. [PMID: 17882465 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-007-0470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED beta-Cryptoxanthin displays a unique anabolic effect on bone calcification. In women with osteoporosis, serum beta-cryptoxanthin and 25-OH-vitamin D(3) showed a weak but significant correlation and exhibited a complementary seasonal distribution. The potential role of beta-cryptoxanthin as a nutritional approach to improving bone health deserves further evaluation. INTRODUCTION Dietary intake and serum levels of beta-cryptoxanthin have been inversely related to different bone and joint disorders and in vitro and animal studies have shown that beta-cryptoxanthin displays a unique anabolic effect on bone calcification. Due to the emerging role of beta-cryptoxanthin in bone biology, we aimed to assess the serum distribution and variability of beta-cryptoxanthin and their potential relation to 25-OH-vitamin D(3) in women with osteoporosis. METHODS Serum concentrations of alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin and 25-OH- D(3) in women with osteoporosis (N = 644) were analyzed using a quality-controlled high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. RESULTS Overall, significant seasonal variations were found for the three analytes and inter-individual variation was also high (60-73%). beta-cryptoxanthin and 25-OH-vitamin D(3) exhibited a marked complementary seasonal distribution in serum, with vitamin D displaying the highest values in summer and beta-cryptoxanthin in winter. CONCLUSIONS Given the anabolic effect of beta-cryptoxanthin on bone calcification and its complementary seasonal distribution with respect to 25-OH-vitamin D(3), the potential role of beta-cryptoxanthin as a sustainable nutritional approach to improving bone health deserves to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Granado-Lorencio
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Unidad de Vitaminas, 28035, Madrid, Spain.
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41
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Zhao X, Pan L, Meng J, Wang Y. [Several carotenoids of vegetable determinated by high performance liquid chromatography]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2008; 37:228-230. [PMID: 18589615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect alpha-carotene (alpha-C), beta-carotene (beta-C), cryptoxanthin (Cryp), lutein (Lut) and lycopene (Lyco) levels in vegetables. METHODS A HPLC method with C30 column was used to detect several carotenoids at the wave length of 450 nm. A gradient elution method with methanol, methyl-t-butyl-ether and ammonium acetate solution was used to separate the carotenoids. RESULTS The level of Lut, Cryp, alpha-c, beta-c and lycopene were linearly related with the peak area. The recoveries of the standard were between 94.7%-108.1%. The relative standard deviations were less than 4.62%. CONCLUSION The method could be simple and credible. It could separate 5 carotenoids in vegetables simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zhao
- Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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42
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Sugiura M, Nakamura M, Ogawa K, Ikoma Y, Ando F, Yano M. Bone mineral density in post-menopausal female subjects is associated with serum antioxidant carotenoids. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19:211-9. [PMID: 17846860 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-007-0457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED High intake of fruit and vegetables may reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Carotenoids exist in abundance in these foods. This study showed the association of bone mineral density with serum carotenoids. The findings suggest that beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene might provide benefits to bone health in post-menopausal female subjects. INTRODUCTION Antioxidant carotenoids are abundant in fruit and vegetables. Recent epidemiological studies show that high intakes of fruit and vegetables may reduce the risk of osteoporosis, but little is known about the association of bone mineral density (BMD) with serum carotenoids. METHODS A total of 699 subjects (222 males and 477 females) who had received health examinations in the town of Mikkabi, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, participated in the study. Radial BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The associations of serum carotenoid concentrations with the radial BMD were evaluated cross-sectionally. RESULTS In male and pre-menopausal female subjects, the six serum carotenoids were not associated with the radial BMD. On the other hand, in post-menopausal female subjects, serum beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene were weakly but positively correlated with the radial BMD. After adjustment for confounders, the odds ratio (OR) for the lowest quartile of BMD in the high groups (Q2-Q4) of serum beta-cryptoxanthin against the lowest quartile (Q1) was 0.45 (95% confidence interval: 0.22-0.95) in post-menopausal female subjects. However, this association was not significant after further adjusting for intakes of minerals and vitamins. CONCLUSIONS Antioxidant carotenoids, especially beta-cryptoxanthin, significantly but partly associate with the radial BMD in post-menopausal female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sugiura
- Research team for health benefit of fruit, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 485-6 Shimizu-Okitsu-nakachou, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
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Harjes CE, Rocheford TR, Bai L, Brutnell TP, Kandianis CB, Sowinski SG, Stapleton AE, Vallabhaneni R, Williams M, Wurtzel ET, Yan J, Buckler ES. Natural genetic variation in lycopene epsilon cyclase tapped for maize biofortification. Science 2008; 319:330-3. [PMID: 18202289 PMCID: PMC2933658 DOI: 10.1126/science.1150255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dietary vitamin A deficiency causes eye disease in 40 million children each year and places 140 to 250 million at risk for health disorders. Many children in sub-Saharan Africa subsist on maize-based diets. Maize displays considerable natural variation for carotenoid composition, including vitamin A precursors alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. Through association analysis, linkage mapping, expression analysis, and mutagenesis, we show that variation at the lycopene epsilon cyclase (lcyE) locus alters flux down alpha-carotene versus beta-carotene branches of the carotenoid pathway. Four natural lcyE polymorphisms explained 58% of the variation in these two branches and a threefold difference in provitamin A compounds. Selection of favorable lcyE alleles with inexpensive molecular markers will now enable developing-country breeders to more effectively produce maize grain with higher provitamin A levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Harjes
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Ling Bai
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ann E. Stapleton
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Ratnakar Vallabhaneni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York (CUNY), Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mark Williams
- DuPont Crop Genetics Research, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | - Eleanore T. Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York (CUNY), Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jianbing Yan
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apartado Postal 6-64, 06600 Mexico, DF, Mexico
| | - Edward S. Buckler
- Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant, Soil and Nutrition Research Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Dhuique-Mayer C, Borel P, Reboul E, Caporiccio B, Besancon P, Amiot MJ. Beta-cryptoxanthin from citrus juices: assessment of bioaccessibility using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:883-90. [PMID: 17381979 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507670822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Beta-Cryptoxanthin (beta-CX), a provitaminic carotenoid of potential interest for health, is found principally in Citrus fruit in both free and esterified forms. Little is known about the intestinal absorption of beta-CX especially with regard to the esterified forms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the absorption of free and esterified beta-CX using simulated digestion coupled with the Caco-2 model. Bioaccessibility was investigated by measuring the transfer of carotenoids from different citrus juices into micelles using an in vitro digestion system. Then, carotenoid uptake was evaluated by adding carotenoid-rich micelles (from the in vitro digestion) or synthetic micelles (made from synthetic lipids and carotenoids purified from citrus juice) to human intestinal cells (Caco-2 TC7 clone). Our results showed that beta-cryptoxanthin esters (beta-CXE) were partially hydrolysed during the in vitro digestion. The bioaccessibility of free beta-CX measured was significantly higher (40 (SD 1.05) %) than that of beta-carotene (30 (SD 1.9) %) and beta-CXE (16 (SD 1.5) %). In the same way, the incorporation of free beta-CX (27 (SD 1.01) %) into synthetic micelles exceeded (P<0.05) that of beta-carotene (10 (SD 0.7) %) and beta-CXE (8.8 (SD 0.4) %). In the case of micelles from in vitro digestion, the uptake of beta-carotene, free beta-CX and beta-CXE forms by Caco-2 cells was 14.3 (SD 1.8), 3.9 (SD 1.3), and 0.7 (SD 0.08) % respectively. These results showed a preferential uptake by Caco-2 cells of beta-carotene and free beta-CX compared with the two esters of beta-CX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Dhuique-Mayer
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UR 24, Tropical food quality, TA50/04, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Abstract
This study examined differences in serum carotenoid levels by marital status. The design was a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of 16,597 participants ages 18 years and older from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The main outcome measures were serum levels of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids. Multivariate linear regression was used to model the association of serum carotenoids and marital status by sex and age with adjustments made for age, race/ethnicity, years of education, household income, body mass index, alcohol use, physical activity, serum cotinine, serum cholesterol, and vitamin/mineral supplement use. Among men, never married marital status was associated with lower total carotenoid levels (mean 66.16 microg/dL, P=0.05), lutein/zeaxanthin (mean 15.57 microg/dL [0.27 micromol/L], P=0.01), and lycopene (mean 24.28 microg/dL [0.45 micromol/L], P=0.00) compared to married marital status among men. Divorced marital status was associated with lower lycopene levels (mean 24.23 microg/dL [0.45 micromol/L], P=0.00) compared to married men. Compared to married men, widowed marital status was associated with lower alpha-carotene (mean 2.47 microg/dL [0.05 micromol/L], P=0.02), beta-carotene (mean 11.52 microg/dL [0.21 micromol/L], P=0.04), and lycopene levels (mean 25.15 microg/dL [0.47 micromol/L], P=0.04). Among women, widowed marital status was associated with lower levels of total carotenoids (mean 62.72 microg/dL, P=0.01), alpha-carotene (mean 1.85 microg/dL [0.03 micromol/L], P=0.01), beta-carotene (mean 11.57 microg/dL [0.22 micromol/L], P=0.03), and lutein/zeaxanthin (mean 17.50 microg/dL [0.31 micromol/L], P=0.05) compared to married women. Our conclusion is that serum carotenoid levels varied by marital status, and widowed men and women were at the greatest risk of low carotenoid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim P Stimpson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA.
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Uchiyama S, Yamaguchi M. Anabolic effect of beta-cryptoxanthin in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells is enhanced with 17beta-estradiol, genistein, or zinc sulfate in vitro: the unique effect with zinc on Runx2 and alpha1(I) collagen mRNA expressions. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 307:209-19. [PMID: 17899321 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whether the anabolic effect of beta-cryptoxanthin (CRP), a kind of carotenoid, on osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells are modulated in the presence of various hormones or nutrient factors were investigated. Cells were cultured for 72 h in a minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and the cells with subconfluency were changed to a medium containing either vehicle or CRP (10(-8)-10(-6) M) in the presence or absence of various factors without FBS. Cells were cultured for 72 h. Protein content or alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cells were significantly increased after culture with CRP (10(-7) or 10(-6) M), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (VD(3); 10(-9) or 10(-8) M), 17beta-estradiol (E(2); 10(-9) M), genistein (10(-7) or 10(-6) M), or menaquinone-7 (MK-7; 10(-7) or 10(-6) M). The effect of CRP (10(-6) M) in increasing protein content in the cells was significantly enhanced in the presence of E(2) (10(-9) M) or genistein (10(-6) M). Gene expression in osteoblastic cells was determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Culture with CRP (10(-7) or 10(-6) M) caused a significant increase in the expression of Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase mRNAs in the cells. Runx2 mRNA expression was significantly increased after culture with E(2) (10(-9) M) or MK-7 (10(-7) or 10(-6) M), but not VD(3) (10(-9) or 10(-8) M) or genistein (10(-7) or 10(-6) M). Alkaline phosphatase mRNA expression was significantly increased after culture with VD(3) (10(-9) or 10(-8) M), genistein (10(-7) or 10(-6) M), or MK-7 (10(-7) or 10(-6) M), but not E(2) (10(-10) or 10(-9) M). The effect of CRP (10(-7) or 10(-6) M) in increasing Runx2 or alkaline phosphatase mRNA expressions in the cells was not enhanced in the presence of VD(3), E(2), genistein, or MK-7. Culture with zinc sulfate (zinc; 10(-5) M) caused a significant increase in protein content or alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cells. The effect of CRP (10(-7) M) in increasing protein content or alkaline phosphatase activity in the cells was not significantly enhanced in the presence of zinc (10(-5) M). Culture with zinc (10(-5) M) caused a significant increase in alpha1(I) collagen mRNA expression, while it did not have a significant effect on Runx2 or osteocalcin mRNA expressions in the cells. The effect of CRP (10(-7) M) in increasing Runx2 or alpha1(I) collagen mRNA expressions was significantly enhanced in the presence of zinc (10(-6 )or 10(-5) M). Such an effect was not seen in the presence of cycloheximide (10(-7) M), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, or 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D: -ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole (DRB; 10(-6) M), an inhibitor of transcriptional activity. This study demonstrates that the stimulatory effect of CRP on protein content in osteoblastic cells was additively enhanced with E(2) or genistein, and that the stimulatory effect of CRP on Runx2 or alpha1(I) collagen mRNA expressions was enhanced in the presence of zinc. Thus, the anabolic effect of CRP in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells was modulated with a specific factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Molecular Metabolism, Graduate School of Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Sundl I, Pail E, Mellitzer K, Toplak H, Winklhofer-Roob BM. Effects of orlistat therapy on plasma concentrations of oxygenated and hydrocarbon carotenoids. Lipids 2007; 41:113-8. [PMID: 17707976 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Orlistat is a lipase inhibitor that is applied for treating obesity. Lipases are required for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of orlistat therapy on plasma concentrations of oxygenated (beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin) and hydrocarbon (alpha-, beta-carotene, lycopene) carotenoids. Six patients with a body mass index (BMI) > or = 30 kg/m2 received 360 mg/d orlistat over 4.5 mon. Plasma carotenoid concentrations were determined at baseline (T0) and after 3 (T3) and 4.5 mon (T4.5) along with anthropometric, dietary, and biochemical indices, including plasma lipids, retinol, (alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and FA. Baseline BMI was 32.7 +/- 1.97 kg/m2. Five of six patients lost weight; the average weight loss was 3.6 +/- 2.4% (P = 0.47). There were no significant changes in dietary carotenoid intakes. In contrast, plasma alpha- and beta-carotene concentrations decreased significantly from T0 to T4.5 by 45% (P = 0.006) and 32% (P = 0.013), respectively. Plasma lycopene decreased from T0 to T3 but increased again from T3 to T4.5, while beta-cryptoxanthin and lutein/zeaxanthin concentrations did not change. There were no significant alterations in tocopherol, retinol, and FA concentrations. In conclusion, even though weight loss was not significant, orlistat therapy was associated with significant decreases in plasma concentrations of the highly lipophilic hydrocarbon carotenoids, alpha- and beta-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Sundl
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Stram DO, Yuan JM, Chan KK, Gao YT, Ross RK, Yu MC. Beta-cryptoxanthin and lung cancer in Shanghai, China--an examination of potential confounding with cigarette smoking using urinary cotinine as a biomarker for true tobacco exposure. Nutr Cancer 2007; 57:123-9. [PMID: 17571944 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701273998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diet may be a modifier of smoking-related cancer risk, with protective effects of intake of fruits and vegetables and associated antioxidants found in many observational studies. We previously reported serum beta-cryptoxanthin levels being inversely associated with smoking-related lung cancer incidence in a cohort of Chinese men. We noted, however, that serum beta-cryptoxanthin is negatively correlated with smoking. Since self-reports of smoking intensity undoubtedly contain errors, this negative correlation indicates a potential bias in assessing the effects of beta-cryptoxanthin, due to confounding with the unmeasured (residual) portion of cigarette exposure. We evaluated cotinine levels in pre-diagnostic spot urine samples to attempt to improve smoking assessment. We noted that urinary cotinine levels correlated significantly with cigarette consumption overall and that cotinine was strongly predictive of lung cancer risk. Urinary cotinine, however, was not as strong a predictor of lung cancer risk in current smokers as were self-reports of cigarette consumption and cotinine remained only a marginally significant predictor of lung cancer risk after adjustment for self-reports. An apparent benefit of beta-cryptoxanthin remained evident when including both urinary cotinine and self-reported cigarette consumption and cotinine in the statistical model. However, we conclude that cotinine measured from a single spot urine seems to have only limited value in augmenting self-reports of cigarette consumption so that, at present, the apparent protective effects of beta-cryptoxanthin, as seen in our own study, should continue to be regarded as unproven. We believe that future epidemiological evaluation of the association between beta-cryptoxanthin (and other antioxidants) and reduced lung cancer risk must utilize improved biomarkers to augment smokers' own self-reports of smoking amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Abstract
There has been considerable interest in the role of carotenoids in the chemoprevention of cancer. However, few studies have examined the association between intake of specific carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer and the results for carotenoids have been inconclusive. To investigate whether the intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, and lycopene is inversely associated with ovarian cancer risk, a case–control study was conducted in China during 1999–2000. The cases were 254 patients with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer and 652 age-matched controls were randomly recruited during the same period. Habitual dietary intake and lifestyle were collected by face-to-face interview using a validated and reliable FFQ. The US Department of Agriculture nutrient composition database was used to calculate the intake of specific carotenoids. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were used to estimate OR and 95 % CI, accounting for age, locality, education, BMI, smoking, tea drinking, parity, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, menopausal status, family history of ovarian cancer, physical activity and energy intake. Compared with the highest v. the lowest quartile of intake, the adjusted OR were 0·39 (95 % CI 0·23, 0·66) for α-carotene, 0·51 (95 % CI 0·31, 0·84) for β-carotene, 0·51 (95 % CI 0·31, 0·83) for β-cryptoxanthin, 0·45 (0·27, 0·76) for lutein and zeaxanthin, and 0·33 (95 % CI 0·20, 0·56) for total carotenoids, with statistically significant tests for trend. It is concluded that a higher intake of carotenoids can reduce the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Population Health, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Stimpson JP, Urrutia-Rojas X. Acculturation in the United States Is Associated with Lower Serum Carotenoid Levels: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:1218-23. [PMID: 17604755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association of acculturation in the United States and serum carotenoid levels. The design was a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of 16,539 participants, 17 years of age and older, from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). The main outcome measures were serum levels of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids. Multivariate linear regression was used to model the association of serum carotenoids and country of birth, language of interview, and years in the United States. Adjustments were made for age, sex, years of education, race/ethnicity, body mass index, alcohol use, physical activity, serum cotinine, serum cholesterol, and vitamin/mineral usage. Individuals born in the United States who speak English had the lowest levels of carotenoids, and individuals born in Mexico had the highest levels of carotenoids, with the exception of lycopene. Years of residence in the United States was associated with lower alpha-carotene (4.18 vs 1.51), beta-carotene (20.21 vs 14.87), beta-cryptoxanthin (12.51 vs 8.95), lutein/zeaxanthin (25.15 vs 18.03), and total carotenoids (88.79 vs 75.44). Years residence in the United States was positively associated with higher lycopene levels (26.69 vs 32.03). Acculturation in the United States was associated with lower fruit and vegetable intake, as measured by serum carotenoid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim P Stimpson
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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