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Li X, Hu Y, Wu Y, Yang Z, Liu Y, Liu H. Exosomal let-7a-5p derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviates coxsackievirus B3-induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis via the SMAD2/ZFP36 signal axis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:422-437. [PMID: 38725341 PMCID: PMC11087186 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC) is one of the most common acquired heart diseases in children and teenagers. However, its pathogenesis is still unclear, and effective treatments are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory pathway by which exosomes alleviate ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes (CMCs) induced by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). CVB3 was utilized for inducing the VMC mouse model and cellular model. Cardiac echocardiography, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were implemented to assess the cardiac function. In CVB3-induced VMC mice, cardiac insufficiency was observed, as well as the altered levels of ferroptosis-related indicators (glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA)). However, exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs-exo) could restore the changes caused by CVB3 stimulation. Let-7a-5p was enriched in hucMSCs-exo, and the inhibitory effect of hucMSCs-exolet-7a-5p mimic on CVB3-induced ferroptosis was higher than that of hucMSCs-exomimic NC (NC: negative control). Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2) increased in the VMC group, while the expression of zinc-finger protein 36 (ZFP36) decreased. Let-7a-5p was confirmed to interact with SMAD2 messenger RNA (mRNA), and the SMAD2 protein interacted directly with the ZFP36 protein. Silencing SMAD2 and overexpressing ZFP36 inhibited the expression of ferroptosis-related indicators. Meanwhile, the levels of GPX4, solute carrier family 7, member 11 (SLC7A11), and GSH were lower in the SMAD2 overexpression plasmid (oe-SMAD2)+let-7a-5p mimic group than in the oe-NC+let-7a-5p mimic group, while those of MDA, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Fe2+ increased. In conclusion, these data showed that ferroptosis could be regulated by mediating SMAD2 expression. Exo-let-7a-5p derived from hucMSCs could mediate SMAD2 to promote the expression of ZFP36, which further inhibited the ferroptosis of CMCs to alleviate CVB3-induced VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu 610041, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yueting Wu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu 610041, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zuocheng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu 610041, China.
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. ,
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China. ,
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu 610041, China. ,
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. ,
- Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. ,
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Nouwen LV, Breeuwsma M, Zaal EA, van de Lest CHA, Buitendijk I, Zwaagstra M, Balić P, Filippov DV, Berkers CR, van Kuppeveld FJM. Modulation of nucleotide metabolism by picornaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012036. [PMID: 38457376 PMCID: PMC10923435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses actively reprogram the metabolism of the host to ensure the availability of sufficient building blocks for virus replication and spreading. However, relatively little is known about how picornaviruses-a large family of small, non-enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses-modulate cellular metabolism for their own benefit. Here, we studied the modulation of host metabolism by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of the enterovirus genus, and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a member of the cardiovirus genus, using steady-state as well as 13C-glucose tracing metabolomics. We demonstrate that both CVB3 and EMCV increase the levels of pyrimidine and purine metabolites and provide evidence that this increase is mediated through degradation of nucleic acids and nucleotide recycling, rather than upregulation of de novo synthesis. Finally, by integrating our metabolomics data with a previously acquired phosphoproteomics dataset of CVB3-infected cells, we identify alterations in phosphorylation status of key enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism, providing insight into the regulation of nucleotide metabolism during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke V. Nouwen
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Breeuwsma
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A. Zaal
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H. A. van de Lest
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Buitendijk
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Balić
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Celia R. Berkers
- Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rani P, George B, V S, Biswas S, V M, Pal A, Rajmani RS, Das S. MicroRNA-22-3p displaces critical host factors from the 5' UTR and inhibits the translation of Coxsackievirus B3 RNA. J Virol 2024; 98:e0150423. [PMID: 38289119 PMCID: PMC10883805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01504-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to cause acute myocarditis and pancreatitis in humans. We investigated the microRNAs (miRNAs) that can potentially govern the viral life cycle by binding to the untranslated regions (UTRs) of CVB3 RNA. MicroRNA-22-3p was short-listed, as its potential binding site overlapped with the region crucial for recruiting internal ribosome entry site trans-acting factors (ITAFs) and ribosomes. We demonstrate that miR-22-3p binds CVB3 5' UTR, hinders recruitment of key ITAFs on viral mRNA, disrupts the spatial structure required for ribosome recruitment, and ultimately blocks translation. Likewise, cells lacking miR-22-3p exhibited heightened CVB3 infection compared to wild type, confirming its role in controlling infection. Interestingly, miR-22-3p level was found to be increased at 4 hours post-infection, potentially due to the accumulation of viral 2A protease in the early phase of infection. 2Apro enhances the miR-22-3p level to dislodge the ITAFs from the SD-like sequence, rendering the viral RNA accessible for binding of replication factors to switch to replication. Furthermore, one of the cellular targets of miR-22-3p, protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), was significantly downregulated during CVB3 infection. Partial silencing of PCDH1 reduced viral replication, demonstrating its proviral role. Interestingly, upon CVB3 infection in mice, miR-22-3p level was found to be downregulated only in the small intestine, the primary target organ, indicating its possible role in influencing tissue tropism. It appears miR-22-3p plays a dual role during infection by binding viral RNA to aid its life cycle as a viral strategy and by targeting a proviral protein to restrict viral replication as a host response.IMPORTANCECVB3 infection is associated with the development of end-stage heart diseases. Lack of effective anti-viral treatments and vaccines for CVB3 necessitates comprehensive understanding of the molecular players during CVB3 infection. miRNAs have emerged as promising targets for anti-viral strategies. Here, we demonstrate that miR-22-3p binds to 5' UTR and inhibits viral RNA translation at the later stage of infection to promote viral RNA replication. Conversely, as host response, it targets PCDH1, a proviral factor, to discourage viral propagation. miR-22-3p also influences CVB3 tissue tropism. Deciphering the multifaced role of miR-22-3p during CVB3 infection unravels the necessary molecular insights, which can be exploited for novel intervening strategies to curb infection and restrict viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Biju George
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sabarishree V
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Somarghya Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Madhurya V
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Apala Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Raju S. Rajmani
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
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Sun B, Lin L, Yao T, Yao J, Zhang G, Li Y, Li C. Jingfang Granule mitigates Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocardial damage by modulating mucolipin 1 expression. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 320:117396. [PMID: 37951374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jingfang Granules (JFG) originate from the traditional herbal formula Jingfang Baidu powder. It has the effects of inducing sweating and dispelling wind. It is a classic medication used for treating external pathogenic factors and viral diseases. However, the therapeutic mechanism of JFG for viral myocarditis needs further clarification. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of JFG on coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis (VMC), along with the elucidation of its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57 BL/6JNifdc mice were divided randomly into several groups: control, model, Jingfang Granule groups (0.23, 0.46, and 0.69 g/20g, respectively), and a positive group (oseltamivir, 19.33 mg/kg). Following the establishment of the VMC model, the mice underwent an 8 -week treatment regimen. Pathological alterations in cardiac tissues and inflammatory protein expression were monitored. Differential gene analysis was conducted utilizing transcriptomic techniques. The differential gene mucolipin 1 (Mcoln1) was knocked down by transfection with siRNA in H9C2 cell, and investigative techniques such as immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, JC-1 staining, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, and mitochondrial stress testing were employed to examine its mechanism of action. RESULTS JFG significantly mitigates the pathological damage observed in the cardiac tissues of CVB3-induced VMC mice and attenuates the expression of inflammatory genes. Subsequently, differentially expressed genes are identified through transcriptomic analysis and validated via PCR. Among these, the upregulation of Mcoln1 promotes autophagy, facilitating the clearance of damaged mitochondria and excessive ROS. This has been substantiated through in vitro experiments. Excessive ROS precipitates a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, instigating cell apoptosis. In accordance with TUNEL staining results, JFG acts to inhibit cell apoptosis. To ascertain whether Mcoln1 is a crucial target for JFG in treating VMC, Mcoln1 was suppressed in H9C2 cells. The suppression of Mcoln1 hinders the elevation in autophagy levels post-JFG treatment, obstructs the enhancement of mitochondrial function, and impedes the clearance of ROS. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of JFG on cell apoptosis is attenuated. CONCLUSION The research findings indicate that JFG has a protective effect on CVB3-induced H9C2 cell injury. JFG may exert its effects in VMC treatment by enhancing autophagy to suppress cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, thereby counteracting cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Sun
- Innovation Research Institute of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Innovation Research Institute of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Tian Yao
- Innovation Research Institute of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, 276006, China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, 276006, China
| | - Yunlun Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 University Road, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Chao Li
- Innovation Research Institute of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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Andino R, Kirkegaard K, Macadam A, Racaniello VR, Rosenfeld AB. The Picornaviridae Family: Knowledge Gaps, Animal Models, Countermeasures, and Prototype Pathogens. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S427-S445. [PMID: 37849401 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are nonenveloped particles with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. This virus family includes poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, rhinoviruses, and Coxsackieviruses. Picornaviruses are common human pathogens, and infection can result in a spectrum of serious illnesses, including acute flaccid myelitis, severe respiratory complications, and hand-foot-mouth disease. Despite research on poliovirus establishing many fundamental principles of RNA virus biology and the first transgenic animal model of disease for infection by a human virus, picornaviruses are understudied. Existing knowledge gaps include, identification of molecules required for virus entry, understanding cellular and humoral immune responses elicited during virus infection, and establishment of immune-competent animal models of virus pathogenesis. Such knowledge is necessary for development of pan-picornavirus countermeasures. Defining enterovirus A71 and D68, human rhinovirus C, and echoviruses 29 as prototype pathogens of this virus family may provide insight into picornavirus biology needed to establish public health strategies necessary for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew Macadam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent R Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy B Rosenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Wu Y, Yue Y, Xiong S. Cardiac miR-19a/19b was induced and hijacked by CVB3 to facilitate virus replication via targeting viral genomic RdRp-encoding region. Antiviral Res 2023; 217:105702. [PMID: 37604350 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is one of the major pathogens of viral myocarditis, lacking specific anti-virus therapeutic options. Increasing evidence has shown an important involvement of the miR-17-92 cluster both in virus infection and cardiovascular development and diseases, while its role in CVB3-induced viral myocarditis remains unclear. In this study, we found that miR-19a and miR-19b were significantly up-regulated in heart tissues of CVB3-infected mice and exerted a significant facilitatory impact on CVB3 biosynthesis and replication, with a more pronounced effect observed in miR-19b, by targeting the encoding region of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3D (RdRp, 3Dpol) to increase viral genomic RNA stability. The virus-promoting effects were nullified by the synonymous mutations in the viral 3Dpol-encoding region, which corresponded to the seed sequence shared by miR-19a and miR-19b. In parallel, treatment with miR-19b antagomir not only resulted in a noteworthy suppression of CVB3 replication and infection in infected cells, but also demonstrated a significant reduction in the cardiac viral load of CVB3-infected mice, resulting in a considerable alleviation of myocarditis. Collectively, our study showed that CVB3-induced cardiac miR-19a/19b contributed to viral myocarditis via facilitating virus biosynthesis and replication, and targeting miR-19a/19b might represent a novel therapeutic target for CVB3-induced viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Yang Y, Huang C, Hui L, Song Y, Fu Y, Li M, Yang H, Wu J, Sun J, Xu W, Wei L. Cathelicidins Target HSP60 To Restrict CVB3 Transmission via Disrupting the Exosome and Reducing Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis. J Virol 2023; 97:e0143322. [PMID: 36916989 PMCID: PMC10062171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01433-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides (mouse, CRAMP; human, LL-37) have broad-spectrum antiviral activities against enveloped viruses, but their mechanisms of action against nonenveloped viruses remain to be elucidated. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of nonenveloped virus belonging to the Enterovirus genus of Picornaviridae, is an important pathogen of viral myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Here, we observed that cardiac CRAMP expression was significantly upregulated in mice after CVB3 infection. The administration of CRAMP or LL-37 markedly suppressed CVB3 infection in mice, and CRAMP deficiency increased the susceptibility of mice to CVB3. CRAMP and LL-37 inhibited CVB3 replication in primary cardiomyocytes. However, they did not inactivate CVB3 particles and did not regulate the response of cardiomyocytes against CVB3 infection. Intriguingly, they inhibited CVB3 transmission through the exosome, but not virus receptor. In detail, CRAMP and LL-37 directly induced the lysis of exosomes by interfering with exosomal heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and then blocked the diffusion of exosomes to recipient cells and inhibited the establishment of productive infection by exosomes. In addition, the interaction of CRAMP and LL-37 with HSP60 simultaneously inhibited HSP60-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes and reduced HSP60-enhanced CVB3 replication. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of cathelicidins against viral infection and provide a new therapeutic strategy for CVB3-induced viral myocarditis. IMPORTANCE The relative mechanisms that cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides use to influence nonenveloped virus infection are unclear. We show here that cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides (CRAMP and LL-37) directly target exosomal HSP60 to destroy exosomes, which in turn block the diffusion of exosomes to recipient cardiomyocytes and reduced HSP60-induced apoptosis, thus restricting coxsackievirus B3 infection. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides use against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunjing Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Hui
- The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yahui Song
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxuan Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Fu Y, Xiong S. Exosomes mediate Coxsackievirus B3 transmission and expand the viral tropism. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011090. [PMID: 36634130 PMCID: PMC9888687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific virus-receptor interactions are important determinants in viral host range, tropism and pathogenesis, influencing the location and initiation of primary infection as well as viral spread to other target organs/tissues in the postviremic phase. Coxsackieviruses of Group B (CVB) and its six serotypes (CVB1-6) specifically interact with two receptor proteins, coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and decay-accelerating factor (DAF), and cause various lesions in most permissive tissues. However, our previous data and other studies revealed that virus receptor-negative cells or tissues can be infected with CVB type 3 (CVB3), which can also effectively replicate. To study this interesting finding, we explored the possibility that exosomes are involved in CVB3 tropism and that exosomes functionally enhance CVB3 transmission. We found that exosomes carried and delivered CVB3 virions, resulting in efficient infection in receptor-negative host cells. We also found that delivery of CVB3 virions attached to exosomes depended on the virus receptor CAR. Importantly, exosomes carrying CVB3 virions exhibited greater infection efficiency than free virions because they accessed various entry routes, overcoming restrictions to viral tropism. In vivo experiments demonstrated that inhibition of exosome coupling with virions attenuated CVB3-induced immunological system dysfunction and reduced mortality. Our study describes a new mechanism in which exosomes contribute to viral tropism, spread, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Enteroviruses are believed to trigger or accelerate islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals, thereby resulting in loss of functional insulin-producing β-cells and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Although enteroviruses are primarily involved in acute and lytic infections in vitro and in vivo, they can also establish a persistent infection. Prospective epidemiological studies have strongly associated the persistence of enteroviruses, especially coxsackievirus B (CVB), with the appearance of islet autoantibodies and an increased risk of T1DM. CVB can persist in pancreatic ductal and β-cells, which leads to structural or functional alterations of these cells, and to a chronic inflammatory response that promotes recruitment and activation of pre-existing autoreactive T cells and β-cell autoimmune destruction. CVB persistence in other sites, such as the intestine, blood cells and thymus, has been described; these sites could serve as a reservoir for infection or reinfection of the pancreas, and this persistence could have a role in the disturbance of tolerance to β-cells. This Review addresses the involvement of persistent enterovirus infection in triggering islet autoimmunity and T1DM, as well as current strategies to control enterovirus infections for preventing or reducing the risk of T1DM onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France.
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10
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Voss M, Pinkert S, Kespohl M, Gimber N, Klingel K, Schmoranzer J, Laue M, Gaida M, Kloetzel PM, Beling A. A Conserved Cysteine Residue in Coxsackievirus B3 Protein 3A with Implication for Elevated Virulence. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040769. [PMID: 35458499 PMCID: PMC9029043 DOI: 10.3390/v14040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) are implicated in an extensive range of clinical manifestations, such as pancreatic failure, cardiovascular disease, hepatitis, and meningoencephalitis. We recently reported on the biochemical properties of the highly conserved cysteine residue at position 38 (C38) of enteroviral protein 3A and demonstrated a C38-mediated homodimerization of the Coxsackievirus B3 protein 3A (CVB3-3A) that resulted in its profound stabilization. Here, we show that residue C38 of protein 3A supports the replication of CVB3, a clinically relevant member of the enterovirus genus. The infection of HeLa cells with protein 3A cysteine 38 to alanine mutants (C38A) attenuates virus replication, resulting in comparably lower virus particle formation. Consistently, in a mouse infection model, the enhanced virus propagation of CVB3-3A wt in comparison to the CVB3-3A[C38A] mutant was confirmed and found to promote severe liver tissue damage. In contrast, infection with the CVB3-3A[C38A] mutant mitigated hepatic tissue injury and ameliorated the signs of systemic inflammatory responses, such as hypoglycemia and hypothermia. Based on these data and our previous report on the C38-mediated stabilization of the CVB3-3A protein, we conclude that the highly conserved amino acid C38 in protein 3A enhances the virulence of CVB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Voss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
| | - Sandra Pinkert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
| | - Meike Kespohl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Side Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Matthias Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Joint Unit Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, JGU-Mainz and TRON, Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Kloetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
| | - Antje Beling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Side Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-528-187; Fax: +49-30-450-528-921
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11
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Yang Q, Li Y, Wang Y, Qiao X, Liu T, Wang H, Shen H. The circRNA circSIAE Inhibits Replication of Coxsackie Virus B3 by Targeting miR-331-3p and Thousand and One Amino-Acid Kinase 2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:779919. [PMID: 35141166 PMCID: PMC8820919 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.779919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3), an enterovirus, is the main pathogen causing viral myocarditis, pericarditis, hepatitis and other inflammation-related diseases. Non-coding RNAs with a closed loop molecular structure, called circular RNAs (circRNAs), have been shown to be involved in multiple virus-related processes, but roles and mechanisms in CVB3 infection have not been systematically studied. In this study, when HeLa cells were infected with CVB3, the expression of hsa_circ_0000367 (circSIAE) was significantly decreased as demonstrated by real-time quantitative PCR assays. We found that circSIAE downregulated the expression of miR-331-3p through direct binding and inhibited the replication of CVB3 in HeLa and 293T cells. The analysis of signals downstream of miR-331-3p suggested that miR-331-3p promotes CVB3 replication, viral plaque formation and fluorescent virus cell production through interactions with the gene coding for thousand and one amino-acid kinase 2 (TAOK2). In conclusion, this study found that circSIAE can target TAOK2 through sponge adsorption of miR-331-3p to inhibit the replication and proliferation of CVB3 virus, providing an early molecular target for the diagnosis of CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingru Yang
- Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Jiangyin Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangyin, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaorong Qiao
- Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tingjun Liu
- Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Wang, ; Hongxing Shen,
| | - Hongxing Shen
- Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Wang, ; Hongxing Shen,
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12
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Zhang G, Li J, Sun Q, Zhang K, Xu W, Zhang Y, Wu G. Pathological Features of Echovirus-11-Associated Brain Damage in Mice Based on RNA-Seq Analysis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122477. [PMID: 34960747 PMCID: PMC8707869 DOI: 10.3390/v13122477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 11 (E11) is a neurotropic virus that occasionally causes fatal neurological diseases in infected children. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the disease and pathological spectrum of E11 infection remains unclear. Therefore, we modelled E11 infection in 2-day-old type I interferon receptor knockout (IFNAR−/−) mice, which are susceptible to enteroviruses, with E11, and identified symptoms consistent with the clinical signs observed in human cases. All organs of infected suckling mice were found to show viral replication and pathological changes; the muscle tissue showed the highest viral replication, whereas the brain and muscle tissues showed the most obvious pathological changes. Brain tissues showed oedema and a large number of dead nerve cells; RNA-Seq analysis of the brain and hindlimb muscle tissues revealed differentially expressed genes to be abundantly enriched in immune response-related pathways, with changes in the Guanylate-binding protein (GBP) and MHC class genes, causing aseptic meningitis-related symptoms. Furthermore, human glioma U251 cell was identified as sensitive target cells for E11 infection. Overall, these results provide new insights into the pathogenesis and progress of aseptic meningitis caused by E11.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Echovirus Infections/genetics
- Echovirus Infections/pathology
- Echovirus Infections/virology
- Enterovirus B, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Meningitis, Aseptic/genetics
- Meningitis, Aseptic/pathology
- Meningitis, Aseptic/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/virology
- RNA-Seq
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Transcriptome
- Viral Load
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jichen Li
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Keyi Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (G.W.); Tel.: +86-58-900-183 (Y.Z.); +86-58-900-656 (G.W.)
| | - Guizhen Wu
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (G.W.); Tel.: +86-58-900-183 (Y.Z.); +86-58-900-656 (G.W.)
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13
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Xiang P, Mohamud Y, Luo H. SNAP47 Interacts with ATG14 to Promote VP1 Conjugation and CVB3 Propagation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082141. [PMID: 34440910 PMCID: PMC8394894 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), an enterovirus (EV) in the family of Picornaviridae, is a global human pathogen for which effective antiviral treatments and vaccines are lacking. Previous research demonstrated that EV-D68 downregulated the membrane fusion protein SNAP47 (synaptosome associated protein 47) and SNAP47 promoted EV-D68 replication via regulating autophagy. In the current study, we investigated the interplay between CVB3 and cellular SNAP47 using HEK293T/HeLa cell models. We showed that, upon CVB3 infection, protein levels of SNAP47 decreased independent of the activity of virus-encoded proteinase 3C. We further demonstrated that the depletion of SNAP47 inhibited CVB3 infection, indicating a pro-viral function of SNAP47. Moreover, we found that SNAP47 co-localizes with the autophagy-related protein ATG14 on the cellular membrane fractions together with viral capsid protein VP1, and expression of SNAP47 or ATG14 enhanced VP1 conjugation. Finally, we revealed that disulfide interactions had an important role in strengthening VP1 conjugation. Collectively, our study elucidated a mechanism by which SNAP47 and ATG14 promoted CVB3 propagation through facilitating viral capsid assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinhao Xiang
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (P.X.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (P.X.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (P.X.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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14
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Abstract
RNA viruses exist as genetically heterogeneous populations due to high mutation rates, and many of these mutations reduce fitness and/or replication speed. However, it is unknown whether mutations can increase replication speed of a virus already well adapted to replication in cultured cells. By sequentially passaging coxsackievirus B3 in cultured cells and collecting the very earliest progeny, we selected for increased replication speed. We found that a single mutation in a viral capsid protein, VP1-F106L, was sufficient for the fast-replication phenotype. Characterization of this mutant revealed quicker genome release during entry compared to wild-type virus, highlighting a previously unappreciated infection barrier. However, this mutation also reduced capsid stability in vitro and reduced replication and pathogenesis in mice. These results reveal a tradeoff between overall replication speed and fitness. Importantly, this approach-selecting for the earliest viral progeny-could be applied to a variety of viral systems and has the potential to reveal unanticipated inefficiencies in viral replication cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lanahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
| | - Robert W Maples
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048
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15
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Dai Q, He X, Yu H, Bai Y, Jiang L, Sheng H, Peng J, Wang M, Yu J, Zhang K. Berberine impairs coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis through the inhibition of virus replication and host pro-inflammatory response. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3581-3589. [PMID: 33336842 PMCID: PMC8247049 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma coptidis, is reported to possess antiviral activity. Our previous study has shown that BBR alleviates coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) replication in HeLa cells. However, the anti-CVB3 activity of BBR is still unclear in vivo. In this study, we explored the effect of BBR on CVB3-induced viral myocarditis in mice. These results demonstrated the beneficial effect of BBR on alleviating CVB3-induced myocarditis in vivo, which sheds new light on the utility of BBR as a therapeutic strategy against CVB3-induced viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dai
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Xiaomei He
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Hua Yu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Southwest HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Lu Jiang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Halei Sheng
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jin Peng
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Maolin Wang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of Outpatient, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
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16
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Xue YC, Ng CS, Mohamud Y, Fung G, Liu H, Bahreyni A, Zhang J, Luo H. FUS/TLS Suppresses Enterovirus Replication and Promotes Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. J Virol 2021; 95:e00304-21. [PMID: 33827951 PMCID: PMC8316056 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00304-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, the dynamic virus-host relationship is constantly in play. Many cellular proteins, such as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), have been shown to mediate antiviral responses during viral infection. Here, we report that the RBP FUS/TLS (fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma) acts as a host-restricting factor against infection with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Mechanistically, we found that deletion of FUS leads to increased viral RNA transcription and enhanced internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-driven translation, with no apparent impact on viral RNA stability. We further demonstrated that FUS physically interacts with the viral genome, which may contribute to direct inhibition of viral RNA transcription/translation. Moreover, we identified a novel function for FUS in regulating host innate immune response. We show that in the absence of FUS, gene expression of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines elicited by viral or bacterial infection is significantly impaired. Emerging evidence suggests a role for stress granules (SGs) in antiviral innate immunity. We further reveal that knockout of FUS abolishes the ability to form SGs upon CVB3 infection or poly(I·C) treatment. Finally, we show that, to avoid FUS-mediated antiviral response and innate immunity, CVB3 infection results in cytoplasmic mislocalization and cleavage of FUS through the enzymatic activity of viral proteases. Together, our findings in this study identify FUS as a novel host antiviral factor which restricts CVB3 replication through direct inhibition of viral RNA transcription and protein translation and through regulation of host antiviral innate immunity.IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses are common human pathogens, including those that cause myocarditis (coxsackievirus B3 [CVB3]), poliomyelitis (poliovirus), and hand, foot, and mouth disease (enterovirus 71). Understanding the virus-host interaction is crucial for developing means of treating and preventing diseases caused by these pathogens. In this study, we explored the interplay between the host RNA-binding protein FUS/TLS and CVB3 and found that FUS/TLS restricts CVB3 replication through direct inhibition of viral RNA transcription/translation and through regulation of cellular antiviral innate immunity. To impede the antiviral role of FUS, CVB3 targets FUS for mislocalization and cleavage. Findings from this study provide novel insights into interactions between CVB3 and FUS, which may lead to novel therapeutic interventions against enterovirus-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chao Xue
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Huitao Liu
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Hulsebosch BM, Mounce BC. Polyamine Analog Diethylnorspermidine Restricts Coxsackievirus B3 and Is Overcome by 2A Protease Mutation In Vitro. Viruses 2021; 13:310. [PMID: 33669273 PMCID: PMC7920041 DOI: 10.3390/v13020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, including Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), are pervasive pathogens that cause significant disease, including cardiomyopathies. Unfortunately, no treatments or vaccines are available for infected individuals. We identified the host polyamine pathway as a potential drug target, as inhibiting polyamine biosynthesis significantly reduces enterovirus replication in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that CVB3 is sensitive to polyamine depletion through the polyamine analog diethylnorspermidine (DENSpm), which enhances polyamine catabolism through induction of polyamine acetylation. We demonstrate that CVB3 acquires resistance to DENSpm via mutation of the 2A protease, which enhances proteolytic activity in the presence of DENSpm. Resistance to DENSpm occurred via mutation of a non-catalytic site mutation and results in decreased fitness. These data demonstrate that potential for targeting polyamine catabolism as an antiviral target as well as highlight a potential mechanism of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M. Hulsebosch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Bryan C. Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA;
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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18
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent antiviral defence mechanism in eukaryotes, and numerous viruses have been found to encode viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs). Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) belongs to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, and has been reported to be a major causative pathogen for viral myocarditis. Despite the importance of CVB3, it is unclear whether CVB3 can also encode proteins that suppress RNAi. Here, we showed that the CVB3 nonstructural protein 3A suppressed RNAi triggered by either small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in mammalian cells. We further uncovered that CVB3 3A interacted directly with double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and siRNAs in vitro. Through mutational analysis, we found that the VSR activity of CVB3 3A was significantly reduced by mutations of D24A/L25A/L26A, Y37A/C38A and R60A in conserved residues. In addition, the 3A protein encoded by coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), another member of Enterovirus, also showed VSR activity. Taken together, our findings showed that CVB3 3A has in vitro VSR activity, thereby providing insights into the pathogenesis of CVB3 and other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Mu
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Haobo Zhang
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Ting Shu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Yang Qiu
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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19
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Waldman P, Lucas FS, Varrault G, Moulin L, Wurtzer S. Hydrophobic Organic Matter Promotes Coxsackievirus B5 Stabilization and Protection from Heat. Food Environ Virol 2020; 12:118-129. [PMID: 31912415 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In urban rivers, many of which are used for drinking water production, viruses encounter a range of particulate, colloidal, and dissolved organic and inorganic compounds. To date, the impact of environmental organic matter on virus persistence in the environment has received little attention. In the present study, fresh water was fractioned to separate particulate natural organic matter from dissolved forms. Each fraction was tested for its ability to promote coxsackievirus B5 resistance to heat inactivation. Our results demonstrate that, at natural concentrations, environmental waters contain particulate or dissolved compounds that are able to protect viruses from heat. We also show that hydrophobic compounds promote an efficient protection against heat inactivation. This study suggests that local conditions encountered by viruses in the environment could greatly impact their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Waldman
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU, UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences Et Technologie, Université Paris-Est, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - F S Lucas
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU, UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences Et Technologie, Université Paris-Est, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - G Varrault
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU, UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences Et Technologie, Université Paris-Est, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - L Moulin
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry sur Seine, France.
| | - S Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry sur Seine, France
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20
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Taylor DJ, Hamid SM, Andres AM, Saadaeijahromi H, Piplani H, Germano JF, Song Y, Sawaged S, Feuer R, Pandol SJ, Sin J. Antiviral Effects of Menthol on Coxsackievirus B. Viruses 2020; 12:E373. [PMID: 32231022 PMCID: PMC7232514 DOI: 10.3390/v12040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a common human enterovirus that causes systemic infection but specifically replicates to high titers in the pancreas. It was reported that certain viruses induce mitochondrial fission to support infection. We documented that CVB triggers mitochondrial fission and blocking mitochondrial fission limits infection. The transient receptor potential channels have been implicated in regulating mitochondrial dynamics; namely, the heat and capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) contributes to mitochondrial depolarization and fission. When we transiently warmed HeLa cells to 39 °C prior to CVB exposure, infection was heightened, whereas cooling cells to 25 °C reduced infection. Inducing "cold" by stimulating transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) with menthol led to reduced infection and also resulted in lower levels of mitochondrial fission during infection. Additionally, menthol stabilized levels of mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) which is known to be tied to mitochondrial dynamics. Taken together, this highlights a novel pathway wherein CVB relies on TRPV1 to initiate proviral mitochondrial fission, which may contribute to the disruption of antiviral immunity. TRPM8 has been shown to antagonize TRPV1, and thus we hypothesize that stimulating TRPM8 blocks TRPV1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation following CVB exposure and attenuates infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J.R. Taylor
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Syed M. Hamid
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Allen M. Andres
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Hannaneh Saadaeijahromi
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Honit Piplani
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Juliana F. Germano
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Yang Song
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Savannah Sawaged
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ralph Feuer
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute (IRRI) at San Diego State University, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA;
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Jon Sin
- The Smidt Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA (S.M.H.); (A.M.A.); (H.S.); (H.P.); (J.F.G.); (Y.S.); (S.S.)
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21
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Oh SJ, Gim JA, Lee JK, Park H, Shin OS. Coxsackievirus B3 Infection of Human Neural Progenitor Cells Results in Distinct Expression Patterns of Innate Immune Genes. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030325. [PMID: 32192194 PMCID: PMC7150933 DOI: 10.3390/v12030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of Picornaviridae family, is an important human pathogen that causes a wide range of diseases, including myocarditis, pancreatitis, and meningitis. Although CVB3 has been well demonstrated to target murine neural progenitor cells (NPCs), gene expression profiles of CVB3-infected human NPCs (hNPCs) has not been fully explored. To characterize the molecular signatures and complexity of CVB3-mediated host cellular responses in hNPCs, we performed QuantSeq 3′ mRNA sequencing. Increased expression levels of viral RNA sensors (RIG-I, MDA5) and interferon-stimulated genes, such as IFN-β, IP-10, ISG15, OAS1, OAS2, Mx2, were detected in response to CVB3 infection, while IFN-γ expression level was significantly downregulated in hNPCs. Consistent with the gene expression profile, CVB3 infection led to enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Furthermore, we show that type I interferon (IFN) treatment in hNPCs leads to significant attenuation of CVB3 RNA copy numbers, whereas, type II IFN (IFN-γ) treatment enhances CVB3 replication and upregulates suppressor of cytokine signaling 1/3 (SOCS) expression levels. Taken together, our results demonstrate the distinct molecular patterns of cellular responses to CVB3 infection in hNPCs and the pro-viral function of IFN-γ via the modulation of SOCS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 PLUS program, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (S.-J.O.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jeong-An Gim
- Medical Science Research Center, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea;
| | - Jae Kyung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 PLUS program, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (S.-J.O.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Hosun Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu 42415, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (O.S.S.); Tel.: +82-53-640-6943 (H.P.); +82-2-2626-3280 (O.S.S.)
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 PLUS program, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (S.-J.O.); (J.K.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.P.); (O.S.S.); Tel.: +82-53-640-6943 (H.P.); +82-2-2626-3280 (O.S.S.)
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22
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McCune BT, Lanahan MR, tenOever BR, Pfeiffer JK. Rapid Dissemination and Monopolization of Viral Populations in Mice Revealed Using a Panel of Barcoded Viruses. J Virol 2020; 94:e01590-19. [PMID: 31666382 PMCID: PMC6955244 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01590-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier for pathogens to initiate infection. Despite this barrier, enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), successfully penetrate the intestine to initiate infection and spread systemically prior to shedding in stool. However, the effect of the gastrointestinal barrier on CVB3 population dynamics is relatively unexplored, and the selective pressures acting on CVB3 in the intestine are not well characterized. To examine viral population dynamics in orally infected mice, we produced over 100 CVB3 clones harboring nine unique nucleotide "barcodes." Using this collection of barcoded viruses, we found diverse viral populations throughout each mouse within the first day postinfection, but by 48 h the viral populations were dominated by fewer than three barcoded viruses in intestinal and extraintestinal tissues. Using light-sensitive viruses to track replication status, we found that diverse viruses had replicated prior to loss of diversity. Sequencing whole viral genomes from samples later in infection did not reveal detectable viral adaptations. Surprisingly, orally inoculated CVB3 was detectable in pancreas and liver as soon as 20 min postinoculation, indicating rapid systemic dissemination. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and monopolization in all examined tissues. These results underscore a complex dynamic between dissemination and clearance for an enteric virus.IMPORTANCE Enteric viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract but can disseminate to systemic sites. However, the dynamics of viral dissemination are unclear. In this study, we created a library of 135 barcoded coxsackieviruses to examine viral population diversity across time and space following oral inoculation of mice. Overall, we found that the broad population of viruses disseminates early, followed by monopolization of mouse tissues with three or fewer pool members at later time points. Interestingly, we detected virus in systemic tissues such as pancreas and liver just 20 min after oral inoculation. These results suggest rapid dissemination of diverse viral populations, followed by a major restriction in population diversity and monopolization in all examined tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Broc T McCune
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew R Lanahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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23
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Yao HL, Liu M, Wang WJ, Wang XL, Song J, Song QQ, Han J. Construction of miRNA-target networks using microRNA profiles of CVB3-infected HeLa cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17876. [PMID: 31784561 PMCID: PMC6884461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulating gene expression in multiple biological processes and diseases. Thus, to understand changes in miRNA during CVB3 infection, specific miRNA expression profiles were investigated at 3 h, 6 h, and 9 h postinfection in HeLa cells by small-RNA high-throughput sequencing. Biological implications of 68 differentially expressed miRNAs were analyzed through GO and KEGG pathways. Interaction networks between 34 known highly differentially expressed miRNAs and targets were constructed by mirDIP and Navigator. The predicted targets showed that FAM135A, IKZF2, PLAG1, ZNF148, PHC3, LCOR and DYRK1A, which are associated with cellular differentiation and transcriptional regulation, were recognized by 8 miRNAs or 9 miRNAs through interactional regulatory networks. Seven target genes were confirmed by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the expression of DYRK1A, FAM135A, PLAG1, ZNF148, and PHC3 were obviously inhibited at 3 h, 6 h, and 9 h postinfection. The expression of LCOR did not show a significant change, and the expression of IKZF2 increased gradually with prolonged infection time. Our findings improve the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of CVB3 infection on cellular differentiation and development through miRNA regulation, which has implications for interventional approaches to CVB3-infection therapy. Our results also provide a new method for screening target genes of microRNA regulation in virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lan Yao
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, 2 YaBao Rd, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Mi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing, 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 44 Xiao HongShan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Wen Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing, 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 44 Xiao HongShan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Xin Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing, 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 44 Xiao HongShan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing, 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 44 Xiao HongShan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Qin Qin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing, 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 44 Xiao HongShan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Rd, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 44 Xiao HongShan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
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24
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Sanchez David RY, Combredet C, Najburg V, Millot GA, Beauclair G, Schwikowski B, Léger T, Camadro JM, Jacob Y, Bellalou J, Jouvenet N, Tangy F, Komarova AV. LGP2 binds to PACT to regulate RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral responses. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaar3993. [PMID: 31575732 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 stimulate inflammatory and antiviral responses by sensing nonself RNA molecules produced during viral replication. Here, we investigated how LGP2 regulates the RIG-I- and MDA5-dependent induction of type I interferon (IFN) signaling and showed that LGP2 interacted with different components of the RNA-silencing machinery. We identified a direct protein-protein interaction between LGP2 and the IFN-inducible, double-stranded RNA binding protein PACT. The LGP2-PACT interaction was mediated by the regulatory C-terminal domain of LGP2 and was necessary for inhibiting RIG-I-dependent responses and for amplifying MDA5-dependent responses. We described a point mutation within LGP2 that disrupted the LGP2-PACT interaction and led to the loss of LGP2-mediated regulation of RIG-I and MDA5 signaling. These results suggest a model in which the LGP2-PACT interaction regulates the inflammatory responses mediated by RIG-I and MDA5 and enables the cellular RNA-silencing machinery to coordinate with the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Y Sanchez David
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
- Ecole doctorale B3MI/Paris7, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Najburg
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Gael A Millot
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-C3BI, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Beauclair
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Benno Schwikowski
- Systems Biology Laboratory and USR 3756, Institut Pasteur and CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Léger
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
- Mitochondria, Metals, and Oxidative Stress Group, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Bellalou
- Platform of Recombinant Proteins in Prokaryotic Cells, Institut Pasteur, 75015, CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
| | - Anastassia V Komarova
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
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25
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Tong L, Qiu Y, Wang H, Qu Y, Zhao Y, Lin L, Wang Y, Xu W, Zhao W, He H, Zhao G, Zhang MH, Yang D, Ge X, Zhong Z. Expression Profile and Function Analysis of Long Non-coding RNAs in the Infection of Coxsackievirus B3. Virol Sin 2019; 34:618-630. [PMID: 31388922 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of lncRNAs in the infection of enteroviruses have been barely demonstrated. In this study, we used coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a typical enterovirus, as a model to investigate the expression profiles and functional roles of lncRNAs in enterovirus infection. We profiled lncRNAs and mRNA expression in CVB3-infected HeLa cells by lncRNA-mRNA integrated microarrays. As a result, 700 differentially expressed lncRNAs (431 up-regulated and 269 down-regulated) and 665 differentially expressed mRNAs (299 up-regulated and 366 down-regulated) were identified in CVB3 infection. Then we performed lncRNA-mRNA integrated pathway analysis to identify potential functional impacts of the differentially expressed mRNAs, in which lncRNA-mRNA correlation network was built. According to lncRNA-mRNA correlation, we found that XLOC-001188, an lncRNA down-regulated in CVB3 infection, was negatively correlated with NFAT5 mRNA, an anti-CVB3 gene reported previously. This interaction was supported by qPCR detection following siRNA-mediated knockdown of XLOC-001188, which showed an increase of NFAT5 mRNA and a reduction of CVB3 genomic RNA. In addition, we observed that four most significantly altered lncRNAs, SNHG11, RP11-145F16.2, RP11-1023L17.1 and RP11-1021N1.2 share several common correlated genes critical for CVB3 infection, such as BRE and IRF2BP1. In all, our studies reveal the alteration of lncRNA expression in CVB3 infection and its potential influence on CVB3 replication, providing useful information for future studies of enterovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yunyue Qu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Weizhen Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hongyan He
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Guangze Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Mary H Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xingyi Ge
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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26
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Dial CN, Tate PM, Kicmal TM, Mounce BC. Coxsackievirus B3 Responds to Polyamine Depletion via Enhancement of 2A and 3C Protease Activity. Viruses 2019; 11:E403. [PMID: 31052199 PMCID: PMC6563312 DOI: 10.3390/v11050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are small positively-charged molecules abundant in eukaryotic cells that are crucial to RNA virus replication. In eukaryotic cells, polyamines facilitate processes such as transcription, translation, and DNA replication, and viruses similarly rely on polyamines to facilitate transcription and translation. Whether polyamines function at additional stages in viral replication remains poorly understood. Picornaviruses, including Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), are sensitive to polyamine depletion both in vitro and in vivo; however, precisely how polyamine function in picornavirus infection has not been described. Here, we describe CVB3 mutants that arise with passage in polyamine-depleted conditions. We observe mutations in the 2A and 3C proteases, and we find that these mutant proteases confer resistance to polyamine depletion. Using a split luciferase reporter system to measure protease activity, we determined that polyamines facilitate viral protease activity. We further observe that the 2A and 3C protease mutations enhance reporter protease activity in polyamine-depleted conditions. Finally, we find that these mutations promote cleavage of cellular eIF4G during infection of polyamine-depleted cells. In sum, our results suggest that polyamines are crucial to protease function during picornavirus infection. Further, these data highlight viral proteases as potential antiviral targets and highlight how CVB3 may overcome polyamine-depleting antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney N Dial
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Patrick M Tate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Thomas M Kicmal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Bryan C Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Zhang X, Gao X, Hu J, Xie Y, Zuo Y, Xu H, Zhu S. ADAR1p150 Forms a Complex with Dicer to Promote miRNA-222 Activity and Regulate PTEN Expression in CVB3-Induced Viral Myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020407. [PMID: 30669342 PMCID: PMC6359435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR) are enzymes that regulate RNA metabolism through post-transcriptional mechanisms. ADAR1 is involved in a variety of pathological conditions including inflammation, cancer, and the host defense against viral infections. However, the role of ADAR1p150 in vascular disease remains unclear. In this study, we examined the expression of ADAR1p150 and its role in viral myocarditis (VMC) in a mouse model. VMC mouse cardiomyocytes showed significantly higher expression of ADAR1p150 compared to the control samples. Coimmunoprecipitation verified that ADAR1p150 forms a complex with Dicer in VMC. miRNA-222, which is involved in many cardiac diseases, is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes in VMC. In addition, the expression of miRNA-222 was promoted by ADAR1p150/Dicer. Among the target genes of miRNA-222, the expression of phosphatase-and-tensin (PTEN) protein was significantly reduced in VMC. By using a bioinformatics tool, we found a potential binding site of miRNA-222 on the PTEN gene’s 3′-UTR, suggesting that miRNA-222 might play a regulatory role. In cultured cells, miR-222 suppressed PTEN expression. Our findings suggest that ADAR1p150 plays a key role in complexing with Dicer and promoting the expression of miRNA-222, the latter of which suppresses the expression of the target gene PTEN during VMC. Our work reveals a previously unknown role of ADAR1p150 in gene expression in VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincai Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Xiangting Gao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 215021, China.
| | - Jun Hu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Yuanyi Zuo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Hongfei Xu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
| | - Shaohua Zhu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
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Ge YL, Liu CH, Wang MH, Li ZZ, Zhang X, Yu HL, Fu AS, Wang HY. Does Adenovirus and Coxsackie B Virus Infection Play a Role in Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica (TO). Clin Lab 2018; 64. [PMID: 30549982 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2018.180618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
<i>Background:</i> Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare benign disease. We report a case of TO. <i>Methods:</i> Chest CT scan and bronchoscope with biopsy was performed for diagnosis and blood tests explored for the latent etiology. <i>Results:</i> Chest CT scan and bronchoscopic images showed multiple nodular protrusions in the trachea and main bronchi. Histopathology demonstrated sub-mucosal ossification and inflammatory cell infiltration. Laboratory inspection showed adenovirus and coxsackie B virus IgM antibodies were positive. <i>Conclusions:</i> The patient recently had a virus infection and inflammation was observed in histopathology, which indicated adenovirus and coxsackie B virus may play a role in the occurrence or exacerbation of TO.
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29
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Zhai X, Wu S, Lin L, Wang T, Zhong X, Chen Y, Xu W, Tong L, Wang Y, Zhao W, Zhong Z. Stress Granule Formation is One of the Early Antiviral Mechanisms for Host Cells Against Coxsackievirus B Infection. Virol Sin 2018; 33:314-322. [PMID: 29959686 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are intracellular granules formed when cellular translation is blocked and have been reported to be involved in a variety of viral infections. Our previous studies revealed that SGs are involved in the coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection process, but the role of SGs in CVB infection has not been fully explored. In this study, we found that CVB type 3 (CVB3) could induce SG formation in the early phase of infection. Results showed that levels of CVB3 RNA and protein were significantly inhibited during the early stage of CVB3 infection by the elevated formation of SGs, while viral RNA and protein synthesis were significantly promoted when SG formation was blocked. Our findings suggest that SG formation is one of the early antiviral mechanisms for host cells against CVB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhai
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Weizhen Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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Wang Y, Jia L, Shen J, Wang Y, Fu Z, Su SA, Cai Z, Wang JA, Xiang M. Cathepsin B aggravates coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis through activating the inflammasome and promoting pyroptosis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006872. [PMID: 29360865 PMCID: PMC5809100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CatB) is a cysteine proteolytic enzyme widely expressed in various cells and mainly located in the lysosomes. It contributes to the pathogenesis and development of many diseases. However, the role of CatB in viral myocarditis (VMC) has never been elucidated. Here we generated the VMC model by intraperitoneal injection of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) into mice. At day 7 and day 28, we found CatB was significantly activated in hearts from VMC mice. Compared with the wild-type mice receiving equal amount of CVB3, genetic ablation of CatB (Ctsb-/-) significantly improved survival, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased serum level of cardiac troponin I, and ameliorated cardiac dysfunction, without altering virus titers in hearts. Conversely, genetic deletion of cystatin C (Cstc-/-), which markedly enhanced CatB levels in hearts, distinctly increased the severity of VMC. Furthermore, compared with the control, we found the inflammasome was activated in the hearts of wild-type mice with VMC, which was attenuated in the hearts of Ctsb-/- mice but was further enhanced in Cstc-/- mice. Consistently, the inflammasome-initiated pyroptosis was reduced in Ctsb-/- mice hearts and further increased in Cstc-/- mice. These results suggest that CatB aggravates CVB3-induced VMC probably through activating the inflammasome and promoting pyroptosis. This finding might provide a novel strategy for VMC treatment. Severe VMC could lead to sudden cardiac death especially in youths, and is also the most common cause of secondary dilated cardiomyopathy. However, we still lack effective and specific clinical treatments currently. Therefore, further exploration of the pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Our results implied that CatB, a cysteine protease mainly located in the lysosome, is activated in the hearts of mice with VMC induced by intraperitoneal injection of CVB3. Genetic deletion of CatB significantly improves survival, attenuates cardiac inflammation, decreases serum cardiac troponin I levels and alleviates cardiac dysfunction, without altering virus titers in hearts. However, ablation of its main endogenous inhibitor, cystatin C, distinctly exaggerates the disease severity. Mechanistically, we found that CatB influences VMC probably by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and promoting caspase-1-induced pyroptosis. This may provide a potential new therapeutic strategy for VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangliang Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yidong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zurong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng-an Su
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhejun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (MX); (ZC)
| | - Jian-an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (MX); (ZC)
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Pouremamali A, Makavndi M, Samarbafzadeh A, Neisi N, Rasti M, Shamsizadeh A, Teimoori A, Haj MS, Nashibi R, Salmanzadeh S, Nikfar R, Soleimani R, Shabani A. Human Rhinoviruses A9, A49, B14 and Echovirus 3, 9 among the patients with acute respiratory infection. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2018; 67:18-23. [PMID: 30157660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background: Acute respiratory infection result in high mortality and morbidity worldwide. There are several viral factors that originate respiratory diseases among them Enteroviruses(EVs) and Human Rhinoviruses(HRVs) can be mentioned. HRVs and EVs belong to Picornaviridae family and they have been recently classified under Enteroviruses. The pattern of respiratory infections generating organisms varies according to geographical locations. Therefore, it seems necessary to organize an appropriate plan to manage common viral diseases exclusively about Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses. PATIENT AND METHODS A total of 100 samples were collected from patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) who were hospitalized in Ahvaz city hospitals during December 2012 to November 2013 (one year longitude). Semi-Nested PCR was done on samples for detection of HRVs and EVs using region gene of VP4/VP2. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses performed with MEGA version 5 software find out the sequence homology among the detected HRV and EV serotype. RESULTS The results of this study revealed that from of 100 cases of ARIs 19 patients (19%) were HRV positive and 3 (3%) patients positive for EVs. Most positive cases of HRVs were observed in the autumn season while 3 positive cases of EVs were equally found in spring, summer and autumn. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the HRV strains were HRV-A9, HRV-A49, HRV-B14 and EV strains were Echo3 and 9. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed that high prevalence of 19% HRVs, HRV-A9, HRV-A49, HRV-B14 serotypes and low frequency of 3% Echo Viruses, Echo3 and Echo 9 serotypes have been detected in patients with ARI.
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Wen J, Huang C. Coxsackieviruses B3 infection of myocardial microvascular endothelial cells activates fractalkine via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7548-7552. [PMID: 28944873 PMCID: PMC5865889 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by pathogens may lead to cardiovascular diseases, including acute/chronic myocarditis. (Coxsackieviruses B3) CVB3 is considered to be the most common causative agent in m‑yocarditis, which can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of CVB3‑infected myocardial microvascular endothelial cells. The CVB3 infection was detected by 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50). The role of fractalkine (FKN) in the infection was detected using western blotting and RNA interference. To assess mitogen‑activated protein kinase signaling activity, levels of total and phosphorylated extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase, and p38 were measured at 0, 20, 40, and 60 min after CVB3 infection by western blot analysis. The results showed that infection activated FKN via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the TCID50 of CVB3 in infected cells was lower compared with that in myocardial microvascular endothelial cells following ERK1/2 inhibition and FKN silencing. CVB3 infection of myocardial microvascular endothelial cells activates FKN via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. These findings represent a foundation for the development of novel methods of treating CVB3‑induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jili Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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33
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Fros JJ, Dietrich I, Alshaikhahmed K, Passchier TC, Evans DJ, Simmonds P. CpG and UpA dinucleotides in both coding and non-coding regions of echovirus 7 inhibit replication initiation post-entry. eLife 2017; 6:e29112. [PMID: 28960178 PMCID: PMC5659819 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vertebrate and plant RNA and small DNA viruses suppress genomic CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies, apparently mimicking host mRNA composition. Artificially increasing CpG/UpA dinucleotides attenuates viruses through an entirely unknown mechanism. Using the echovirus 7 (E7) model in several cell types, we show that the restriction in E7 replication in mutants with increased CpG/UpA dinucleotides occurred immediately after viral entry, with incoming virions failing to form replication complexes. Sequences of CpG/UpA-high virus stocks showed no evidence of increased mutational errors that would render them replication defective, these viral RNAs were not differentially sequestered in cytoplasmic stress granules nor did they induce a systemic antiviral state. Importantly, restriction was not mediated through effects on translation efficiency since replicons with high CpG/UpA sequences inserted into a non-coding region were similarly replication defective. Host-cells thus possess intrinsic defence pathways that prevent replication of viruses with increased CpG/UpA frequencies independently of codon usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelke Jan Fros
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Dietrich
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Kinda Alshaikhahmed
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim Casper Passchier
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - David John Evans
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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Elmastour F, Jaïdane H, Benkahla M, Aguech-Oueslati L, Sane F, Halouani A, Engelmann I, Bertin A, Mokni M, Gharbi J, Aouni M, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Anti-coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4) enhancing activity of serum associated with increased viral load and pathology in mice reinfected with CV-B4. Virulence 2017; 8:908-923. [PMID: 27792461 PMCID: PMC5626334 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1252018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies it was shown that inoculation of Swiss albino mice with CV-B4 E2 resulted in the production of serum IgG capable of enhancing the CV-B4 E2 infection of murine spleen cells cultures. To investigate whether such an enhancing activity of serum can play a role in vivo, we decided to study the CV-B4 E2 infection in mice exposed to successive inoculations of virus. In Swiss albino mice infected with CV-B4 E2 at the age of 21 days, anti-CV-B4 E2 neutralizing and enhancing activities of their serum peaked after 55 d. In contrast, mice inoculated at the age of 55 d expressed much lower activities. Despite the neutralizing activity of serum, CV-B4 E2 inoculated a second time to 55 day-old animals spread into the host. At the age of 72 and 89 d the levels of viral RNA and infectious particles were higher in organs of animals exposed to 2 successive infections compared with animals infected once at the age of 21 d or 55 d. In animals with 2 successive inoculations of CV-B4 E2 there was a relationship between the anti-CV-B4 E2 enhancing activity of serum and the level of viral RNA in organs and an enhancement of pathology was observed as displayed by histological analysis of pancreas and hyperglycaemia. Altogether our data strongly suggest that an anti-CV-B4 E2 enhancing activity in the host can play a role in the outcome of a secondary infection with this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Elmastour
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Jaïdane
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Benkahla
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Leila Aguech-Oueslati
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Famara Sane
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Aymen Halouani
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Antoine Bertin
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Moncef Mokni
- Université de Sousse, CHU Farhat Hached, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jawhar Gharbi
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Université de Monastir, Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Enagnon K. Alidjinou
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Université de Lille, Faculté de Médecine, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie/EA3610, Lille, France
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Villenave R, Wales SQ, Hamkins-Indik T, Papafragkou E, Weaver JC, Ferrante TC, Bahinski A, Elkins CA, Kulka M, Ingber DE. Human Gut-On-A-Chip Supports Polarized Infection of Coxsackie B1 Virus In Vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169412. [PMID: 28146569 PMCID: PMC5287454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of enterovirus infection is difficult in animals because they express different virus receptors than humans, and static cell culture systems do not reproduce the physical complexity of the human intestinal epithelium. Here, using coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) as a prototype enterovirus strain, we demonstrate that human enterovirus infection, replication and infectious virus production can be analyzed in vitro in a human Gut-on-a-Chip microfluidic device that supports culture of highly differentiated human villus intestinal epithelium under conditions of fluid flow and peristalsis-like motions. When CVB1 was introduced into the epithelium-lined intestinal lumen of the device, virions entered the epithelium, replicated inside the cells producing detectable cytopathic effects (CPEs), and both infectious virions and inflammatory cytokines were released in a polarized manner from the cell apex, as they could be detected in the effluent from the epithelial microchannel. When the virus was introduced via a basal route of infection (by inoculating virus into fluid flowing through a parallel lower 'vascular' channel separated from the epithelial channel by a porous membrane), significantly lower viral titers, decreased CPEs, and delayed caspase-3 activation were observed; however, cytokines continued to be secreted apically. The presence of continuous fluid flow through the epithelial lumen also resulted in production of a gradient of CPEs consistent with the flow direction. Thus, the human Gut-on-a-Chip may provide a suitable in vitro model for enteric virus infection and for investigating mechanisms of enterovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Villenave
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samantha Q. Wales
- Molecular Virology Team, Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiama Hamkins-Indik
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Efstathia Papafragkou
- Molecular Virology Team, Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James C. Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Ferrante
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony Bahinski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Elkins
- Molecular Virology Team, Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Kulka
- Molecular Virology Team, Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Chen J, Zhu Z, Li Y, Wu H, Liu H, Wang X, Yu D. [Pathogenic Analyses of an Outbreak of Viral Encephalitis Caused by ECHO30 in Guazhou of Gansu Province, China]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2016; 32:721-726. [PMID: 30004203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We used molecular-biology methods to identify the pathogens that caused an outbreak of viral encephalitis in Guazhou (Gansu province, China)during June-August 2015.We also undertook molecular characterizations of these pathogens. A total of 132samples(14cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)samples;25throat swabs;66serum samples;27fecal samples)were collected from 74 patients during the outbreak of viral encephalitis. For CSF and serum samples, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay immunoglobulin-M tests were undertaken to detect Japanese encephalitis viruses, enteroviruses, herpes simplex viruses, mumps viruses, and adenoviruses. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was done to detect enteroviruses(including coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71) and the RNA of human adenoviruses. Then, viral isolation was carried out using HEp-2 and RD cells, and the entire VP1 region of positive viral isolates was amplified and sequenced. Finally, molecular characterizations of these pathogens were completed. Seventy two samples were identified as enteroviruses from 132 samples. Among them,71 were identified as echovirus(ECHO)30using enterovirus molecular typing. Japanese encephalitis viruses,herpes simplex viruses, mumps viruses, and adenoviruses were not detected.ECHO30 was isolated from 46 samples out of 29 patients.Similarities in nucleic acids among these ECHO30 isolates were 99.2%-100.0%.ECHO30 from Gansu province and other ECHO30 strains isolated in China since 2011 belonged to a same evolutionary branch.ECHO30 was the pathogen that caused the outbreak of viral encephalitis in Guazhou in 2015.ECHO30 from and Gansu province and ECHO30 isolated in China since 2011 belonged to the same evolutionary branch.
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Peter AK, Bradford WH, Dalton ND, Gu Y, Chao CJ, Peterson KL, Knowlton KU. Increased Echogenicity and Radiodense Foci on Echocardiogram and MicroCT in Murine Myocarditis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159971. [PMID: 27486657 PMCID: PMC4972301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To address the question as to whether echocardiographic and/or microcomputed tomography (microCT) analysis can be utilized to assess the extent of Coxsackie B virus (CVB) induced myocarditis in the absence of left ventricular dysfunction in the mouse. Background Viral myocarditis is a significant clinical problem with associated inflammation of the myocardium and myocardial injury. Murine models of myocarditis are commonly used to study the pathophysiology of the disease, but methods for imaging the mouse myocardium have been limited to echocardiographic assessment of ventricular dysfunction and, to a lesser extent, MRI imaging. Methods Using a murine model of myocarditis, we used both echocardiography and microCT to assess the extent of myocardial involvement in murine myocarditis using both wild-type mice and CVB cleavage-resistant dystrophin knock-in mice. Results Areas of increased echogenicity were only observed in the myocardium of Coxsackie B virus infected mice. These echocardiographic abnormalities correlated with the extent of von Kossa staining (a marker of membrane permeability), inflammation, and fibrosis. Given that calcium phosphate uptake as imaged by von Kossa staining might also be visualized using microCT, we utilized microCT imaging which allowed for high-resolution, 3-dimensional images of radiodensities that likely represent calcium phosphate uptake. As with echocardiography, only mice infected with Coxsackie B virus displayed abnormal accumulation of calcium within individual myocytes indicating increased membrane permeability only upon exposure to virus. Conclusions These studies demonstrate new, quantitative, and semi-quantitative imaging approaches for the assessment of myocardial involvement in the setting of viral myocarditis in the commonly utilized mouse model of viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Peter
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- BioFrontiers, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William H. Bradford
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy D. Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yusu Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chieh-Ju Chao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kirk L. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kirk U. Knowlton
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li M, Su Y, Yu Y, Yu Y, Wang X, Zou Y, Ge J, Chen R. Dual roles of calpain in facilitating Coxsackievirus B3 replication and prompting inflammation in acute myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:1123-31. [PMID: 27472894 PMCID: PMC7114300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Viral myocarditis (VMC) treatment has long been lacking of effective methods. Our former studies indicated roles of calpain in VMC pathogenesis. This study aimed at verifying the potential of calpain in Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis treatment. Methods A transgenic mouse overexpressing the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, was introduced in the study. VMC mouse model was established via intraperitoneal injection of CVB3 in transgenic and wild mouse respectively. Myocardial injury was assayed histologically (HE staining and pathology grading) and serologically (myocardial damage markers of CK-MB and cTnI). CVB3 replication was observed in vivo and in vitro via the capsid protein VP1 detection or virus titration. Inflammation/fibrotic factors of MPO, perforin, IFNγ, IL17, Smad3 and MMP2 were evaluated using western blot or immunohistology stain. Role of calpain in regulating fibroblast migration was studied in scratch assays. Results Calpastatin overexpression ameliorated myocardial injury induced by CVB3 infection significantly in transgenic mouse indicated by reduced peripheral CK-MB and cTnI levels and improved histology injury. Comparing with CVB3-infected wild type mouse, the transgenic mouse heart tissue carried lower virus load. The inflammation factors of MPO, perforin, IFNγ and IL17 were down-regulated accompanied with fibrotic agents of Smad3 and MMP2 inhibition. And calpain participated in the migration of fibroblasts in vitro, which further proves its role in regulating fibrosis. Conclusion Calpain plays dual roles of facilitating CVB3 replication and inflammation promotion. Calpain inhibition in CVB3-induced myocarditis showed significant treatment effect. Calpain might be a novel target for VMC treatment in clinical practices. Calpain is involved in virus replication in myocarditis. Calpain mediates inflammation infiltration in myocarditis. Calpain might be a candidate for viral myocarditis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yangang Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinggang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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McDonald S, Block A, Beaucourt S, Moratorio G, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB. Design of a Genetically Stable High Fidelity Coxsackievirus B3 Polymerase That Attenuates Virus Growth in Vivo. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13999-14011. [PMID: 27137934 PMCID: PMC4933160 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.726596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive strand RNA viruses replicate via a virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) that uses a unique palm domain active site closure mechanism to establish the canonical two-metal geometry needed for catalysis. This mechanism allows these viruses to evolutionarily fine-tune their replication fidelity to create an appropriate distribution of genetic variants known as a quasispecies. Prior work has shown that mutations in conserved motif A drastically alter RdRP fidelity, which can be either increased or decreased depending on the viral polymerase background. In the work presented here, we extend these studies to motif D, a region that forms the outer edge of the NTP entry channel where it may act as a nucleotide sensor to trigger active site closure. Crystallography, stopped-flow kinetics, quench-flow reactions, and infectious virus studies were used to characterize 15 engineered mutations in coxsackievirus B3 polymerase. Mutations that interfere with the transport of the metal A Mg(2+) ion into the active site had only minor effects on RdRP function, but the stacking interaction between Phe(364) and Pro(357), which is absolutely conserved in enteroviral polymerases, was found to be critical for processive elongation and virus growth. Mutating Phe(364) to tryptophan resulted in a genetically stable high fidelity virus variant with significantly reduced pathogenesis in mice. The data further illustrate the importance of the palm domain movement for RdRP active site closure and demonstrate that protein engineering can be used to alter viral polymerase function and attenuate virus growth and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Andrew Block
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Stéphanie Beaucourt
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Gonzalo Moratorio
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Olve B Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.
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Kim KW, Ho A, Alshabee-Akil A, Hardikar AA, Kay TWH, Rawlinson WD, Craig ME. Coxsackievirus B5 Infection Induces Dysregulation of microRNAs Predicted to Target Known Type 1 Diabetes Risk Genes in Human Pancreatic Islets. Diabetes 2016; 65:996-1003. [PMID: 26558682 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has identified enterovirus (EV) infections as key environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms via which EVs contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes remain unclear. Given that EVs dysregulate host microRNAs (miRNAs), which function as key regulators of β-cell biology, we investigated the impact of coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) infection on the cellular expression of miRNAs within human islets. Using high-throughput quantitative PCR nanofluidics arrays, the expression of 754 miRNAs was examined in CVB5-infected human pancreatic islets. In total, 33 miRNAs were significantly dysregulated (≥ threefold difference) in the infected compared with control islets (P < 0.05). Subsequently, these differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted to target mRNAs of 57 known type 1 diabetes risk genes that collectively mediate various biological processes, including the regulation of cell proliferation, cytokine production, the innate immune response, and apoptosis. In conclusion, we report the first global miRNA expression profiling of CVB5-infected human pancreatic islets. We propose that EVs disrupt the miRNA-directed suppression of proinflammatory factors within β-cells, thereby resulting in an exacerbated antiviral immune response that promotes β-cell destruction and eventual type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wook Kim
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Prince of Wales Hospital, Virology Research Laboratory, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andy Ho
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Prince of Wales Hospital, Virology Research Laboratory, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ammira Alshabee-Akil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Prince of Wales Hospital, Virology Research Laboratory, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Thomas W H Kay
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Prince of Wales Hospital, Virology Research Laboratory, Sydney, Australia School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria E Craig
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Prince of Wales Hospital, Virology Research Laboratory, Sydney, Australia Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Galochkina AV, Zarubaev VV, Kiselev OI, Babkin VA, Ostroukhova LA. [ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF THE DIHYDROQUERCETIN DURING THE COXSACKIEVIRUS B4 REPLICATION IN VITRO]. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:27-31. [PMID: 27145597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A study of the antiviral activity of antioxidants against viral infections is believed to be essential for creating complex antiviral agents. Dihydroquercetin is considered as the most active antioxidant extracted from Larix gmelinii. In this work, we present results of experiments of the antiviral properties of dihydroquercetin against a member of the family Picarnaviridae--Coxsackievirus B4 in vitro. We have estimated that dihydroquercetin reduces viral titers at 100 µg/ml concentration as compared with control of virus. We have shown using the plaque assay that CPE of virusis reduced in the presence of dihydroquercetin at 100 µg/ml. Study of the phase of viral lifecycle, in which dihydroquercetin acted, demonstrated that the highest efficacy of the antiviral therapy was reached at early stages of virus reproduction (1-3 hours post infection). These results show that dihydroquercetin has antiviralproperty against Coxsackievirus B4. This drug and other antioxidants can be tested as inhibitors of viral replication.
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Maciejewski S, Nguyen JHC, Gómez-Herreros F, Cortés-Ledesma F, Caldecott KW, Semler BL. Divergent Requirement for a DNA Repair Enzyme during Enterovirus Infections. mBio 2015; 7:e01931-15. [PMID: 26715620 PMCID: PMC4725011 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01931-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viruses of the Enterovirus genus of picornaviruses, including poliovirus, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and human rhinovirus, commandeer the functions of host cell proteins to aid in the replication of their small viral genomic RNAs during infection. One of these host proteins is a cellular DNA repair enzyme known as 5' tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2). TDP2 was previously demonstrated to mediate the cleavage of a unique covalent linkage between a viral protein (VPg) and the 5' end of picornavirus RNAs. Although VPg is absent from actively translating poliovirus mRNAs, the removal of VPg is not required for the in vitro translation and replication of the RNA. However, TDP2 appears to be excluded from replication and encapsidation sites during peak times of poliovirus infection of HeLa cells, suggesting a role for TDP2 during the viral replication cycle. Using a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line lacking TDP2, we found that TDP2 is differentially required among enteroviruses. Our single-cycle viral growth analysis shows that CVB3 replication has a greater dependency on TDP2 than does poliovirus or human rhinovirus replication. During infection, CVB3 protein accumulation is undetectable (by Western blot analysis) in the absence of TDP2, whereas poliovirus protein accumulation is reduced but still detectable. Using an infectious CVB3 RNA with a reporter, CVB3 RNA could still be replicated in the absence of TDP2 following transfection, albeit at reduced levels. Overall, these results indicate that TDP2 potentiates viral replication during enterovirus infections of cultured cells, making TDP2 a potential target for antiviral development for picornavirus infections. IMPORTANCE Picornaviruses are one of the most prevalent groups of viruses that infect humans and livestock worldwide. These viruses include the human pathogens belonging to the Enterovirus genus, such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and human rhinovirus. Diseases caused by enteroviruses pose a major problem for public health and have significant economic impact. Poliovirus can cause paralytic poliomyelitis. CVB3 can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease and myocarditis. Human rhinovirus is the causative agent of the common cold, which has a severe economic impact due to lost productivity and severe health consequences in individuals with respiratory dysfunction, such as asthma. By gaining a better understanding of the enterovirus replication cycle, antiviral drugs against enteroviruses may be developed. Here, we report that the absence of the cellular enzyme TDP2 can significantly decrease viral yields of poliovirus, CVB3, and human rhinovirus, making TDP2 a potential target for an antiviral against enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maciejewski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joseph H C Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Fernando Gómez-Herreros
- School of Life Sciences, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe Cortés-Ledesma
- School of Life Sciences, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- School of Life Sciences, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Abstract
Enterovirus B species (EV-B) are responsible for a vast number of mild and serious acute infections. They are also suspected of remaining in the body, where they cause persistent infections contributing to chronic diseases such as type I diabetes. Recent studies of the infectious entry pathway of these viruses revealed remarkable similarities, including non-clathrin entry of large endosomes originating from the plasma membrane invaginations. Many cellular factors regulating the efficient entry have recently been associated with macropinocytic uptake, such as Rac1, serine/threonine p21-activated kinase (Pak1), actin, Na/H exchanger, phospholipace C (PLC) and protein kinase Cα (PKCα). Another characteristic feature is the entry of these viruses to neutral endosomes, independence of endosomal acidification and low association with acidic lysosomes. The biogenesis of neutral multivesicular bodies is crucial for their infection, at least for echovirus 1 (E1) and coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9). These pathways are triggered by the virus binding to their receptors on the plasma membrane, and they are not efficiently recycled like other cellular pathways used by circulating receptors. Therefore, the best “markers” of these pathways may be the viruses and often their receptors. A deeper understanding of this pathway and associated endosomes is crucial in elucidating the mechanisms of enterovirus uncoating and genome release from the endosomes to start efficient replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varpu Marjomäki
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
| | - Paula Turkki
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
| | - Moona Huttunen
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Alidjinou EK, Sané F, Trauet J, Copin MC, Hober D. Coxsackievirus B4 Can Infect Human Peripheral Blood-Derived Macrophages. Viruses 2015; 7:6067-79. [PMID: 26610550 PMCID: PMC4664995 DOI: 10.3390/v7112924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond acute infections, group B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are also reported to play a role in the development of chronic diseases, like type 1 diabetes. The viral pathogenesis mainly relies on the interplay between the viruses and innate immune response in genetically-susceptible individuals. We investigated the interaction between CVB4 and macrophages considered as major players in immune response. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) generated with either M-CSF or GM-CSF were inoculated with CVB4, and infection, inflammation, viral replication and persistence were assessed. M-CSF-induced MDM, but not GM-CSF-induced MDM, can be infected by CVB4. In addition, enhancing serum was not needed to infect MDM in contrast with parental monocytes. The expression of viral receptor (CAR) mRNA was similar in both M-CSF and GM-CSF MDM. CVB4 induced high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) in both MDM populations. CVB4 effectively replicated and persisted in M-CSF MDM, but IFNα was produced in the early phase of infection only. Our results demonstrate that CVB4 can replicate and persist in MDM. Further investigations are required to determine whether the interaction between the virus and MDM plays a role in the pathogenesis of CVB-induced chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille 59037, France.
| | - Famara Sané
- Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille 59037, France.
| | - Jacques Trauet
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille 59037, France.
| | - Marie-Christine Copin
- Laboratoire d'anatomie pathologique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille 59037, France.
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de virologie EA3610, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille 59037, France.
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Li X, Xia Y, Huang S, Liu F, Ying Y, Xu Q, Liu X, Jin G, Papasian CJ, Chen J, Fu M, Huang X. Identification of the interaction of VP1 with GM130 which may implicate in the pathogenesis of CVB3-induced acute pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13324. [PMID: 26314804 PMCID: PMC4551966 DOI: 10.1038/srep13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a causative agent of viral myocarditis, pancreatitis, and meningitis in humans. Although the susceptibility of CVB3-induced acute pancreatitis is age-dependent, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we identified the host factor Golgi matrix protein 130 (GM130) as a novel target of CVB3 during CVB3-induced acute pancreatitis. The viral protein VP1 interacted with GM130, disrupted GM130-GRASP65 complexes, and caused GM130 degradation, which may lead to disruption of the Golgi ribbon and development of acute pancreatitis in mice. Interestingly, the expression level of GM130 in mouse pancreas was age-dependent, which was nicely correlated with the age-associated susceptibility of CVB3-induced acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, interference RNA-mediated knockdown of GM130 significantly reduced CVB3 replication in HeLa cells. Taken together, the study identified GM130 as a novel target of CVB3, which may implicate in the pathogenesis of CVB3-induced acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanhua Xia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengping Huang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Fadi Liu
- Children’s Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiufang Xu
- Shanghai Qingpu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Children’s Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guili Jin
- The affiliated hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Christopher J. Papasian
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Xin L, Ma X, Xiao Z, Yao H, Liu Z. Coxsackievirus B3 induces autophagy in HeLa cells via the AMPK/MEK/ERK and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 36:46-54. [PMID: 26305625 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, the number of autophagosomes increased after coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. However, the exact mechanism by which CVB3 regulates the number of autophagosomes is unclear. Earlier studies have found that infection with CVB3 activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). ERK is essential for CVB3 replication and can increase the number of autophagosomes. In the current study, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 was activated in HeLa cells after CVB3 infection. The ERK kinase inhibitor, U0126, was then used to inhibit the activity of ERK. Treatment with U0126 led to a significant reduction in the number of autophagosomes indicating that the CVB3-induced autophagosome accumulation may have occurred via the ERK pathway. The relationship between CVB3 infection and ERK pathway activation was also investigated. The results showed that the RasGAP protein could be further cleaved, leading to the activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK (mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase)/ERK pathway and that CVB3 infection could result in an increase in the concentration of calcium in the cytoplasm, resulting in mitochondrial damage, a decrease in the concentration of ATP and activation of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)/MEK/ERK pathway. In summary, CVB3 might directly or indirectly induce autophagy via AMPK/MEK/ERK and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways in the host cells, representing a pivotal mechanism for CVB3 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xin
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China
| | - Zonghui Xiao
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China
| | - Hailan Yao
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China.
| | - Zhewei Liu
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, China.
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47
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Harris KG, Morosky SA, Drummond CG, Patel M, Kim C, Stolz DB, Bergelson JM, Cherry S, Coyne CB. RIP3 Regulates Autophagy and Promotes Coxsackievirus B3 Infection of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:221-32. [PMID: 26269957 PMCID: PMC4562276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3) is an essential kinase for necroptotic cell death signaling and has been implicated in antiviral cell death signaling upon DNA virus infection. Here, we performed high-throughput RNAi screening and identified RIP3 as a positive regulator of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB) replication in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). RIP3 regulates autophagy, a process utilized by CVB for viral replication factory assembly, and depletion of RIP3 inhibits autophagic flux and leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes and amphisomes. Additionally, later in infection, RIP3 is cleaved by the CVB-encoded cysteine protease 3C(pro), which serves to abrogate RIP3-mediated necrotic signaling and induce a nonnecrotic form of cell death. Taken together, our results show that temporal targeting of RIP3 allows CVB to benefit from its roles in regulating autophagy while inhibiting the induction of necroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine G Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stefanie A Morosky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Coyne G Drummond
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Maulik Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bergelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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48
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Jagdeo JM, Dufour A, Fung G, Luo H, Kleifeld O, Overall CM, Jan E. Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein M Facilitates Enterovirus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:7064-78. [PMID: 25926642 PMCID: PMC4473559 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02977-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Picornavirus infection involves a dynamic interplay of host and viral protein interactions that modulates cellular processes to facilitate virus infection and evade host antiviral defenses. Here, using a proteomics-based approach known as TAILS to identify protease-generated neo-N-terminal peptides, we identify a novel target of the poliovirus 3C proteinase, the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteinM(hnRNP M), a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling RNA-binding protein that is primarily known for its role in pre-mRNA splicing. hnRNPMis cleaved in vitro by poliovirus and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) 3C proteinases and is targeted in poliovirus- and CVB3-infected HeLa cells and in the hearts of CVB3-infected mice. hnRNPMrelocalizes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during poliovirus infection. Finally, depletion of hnRNPMusing small interfering RNA knockdown approaches decreases poliovirus and CVB3 infections in HeLa cells and does not affect poliovirus internal ribosome entry site translation and viral RNA stability. We propose that cleavage of and subverting the function of hnRNPMis a general strategy utilized by picornaviruses to facilitate viral infection. IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses, a member of the picornavirus family, are RNA viruses that cause a range of diseases, including respiratory ailments, dilated cardiomyopathy, and paralysis. Although enteroviruses have been studied for several decades, the molecular basis of infection and the pathogenic mechanisms leading to disease are still poorly understood. Here, we identify hnRNPMas a novel target of a viral proteinase. We demonstrate that the virus subverts the function of hnRNPMand redirects it to a step in the viral life cycle. We propose that cleavage of hnRNPMis a general strategy that picornaviruses use to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne M. Jagdeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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49
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Chu PY, Tyan YC, Chen YS, Chen HL, Lu PL, Chen YH, Chen BC, Huang TS, Wang CF, Su HJ, Shi YY, Sanno-Duanda B, Lin KH, Motomura K. Transmission and Demographic Dynamics of Coxsackievirus B1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129272. [PMID: 26053872 PMCID: PMC4460132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious activity of coxsackievirus B1 (CV-B1) in Taiwan was high from 2008 to 2010, following an alarming increase in severe neonate disease in the United States (US). To examine the relationship between CV-B1 strains isolated in Taiwan and those from other parts of the world, we performed a phylodynamic study using VP1 and partial 3Dpol (414 nt) sequences from 22 strains of CV-B1 isolated in Taiwan (1989-2010) and compared them to sequences from strains isolated worldwide. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by neighbor-joining, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain methods. Four genotypes (GI-IV) in the VP1 region of CV-B1 and three genotypes (GA-C) in the 3Dpol region of enterovirus B were identified and had high support values. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that the GI and GIII strains in VP1 were geographically distributed in Taiwan (1993-1994) and in India (2007-2009). On the other hand, the GII and GIV strains appear to have a wider spatiotemporal distribution and ladder-like topology A stair-like phylogeny was observed in the VP1 region indicating that the phylogeny of the virus may be affected by different selection pressures in the specified regions. Further, most of the GI and GII strains in the VP1 tree were clustered together in GA in the 3D tree, while the GIV strains diverged into GB and GC. Taken together, these data provide important insights into the population dynamics of CV-B1 and indicate that incongruencies in specific gene regions may contribute to spatiotemporal patterns of epidemicity for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (PYC); (KM)
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- National Sun Yat-Sen University-Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Lin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsien Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bao-Chen Chen
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsi-Shu Huang
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chu-Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Ju Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yong-Ying Shi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bintou Sanno-Duanda
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Kuei-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Kazushi Motomura
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Research Institute of Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- * E-mail: (PYC); (KM)
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50
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Campagnola G, McDonald S, Beaucourt S, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB. Structure-function relationships underlying the replication fidelity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. J Virol 2015; 89:275-86. [PMID: 25320316 PMCID: PMC4301111 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01574-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases are considered to be low-fidelity enzymes, providing high mutation rates that allow for the rapid adaptation of RNA viruses to different host cell environments. Fidelity is tuned to provide the proper balance of virus replication rates, pathogenesis, and tissue tropism needed for virus growth. Using our structures of picornaviral polymerase-RNA elongation complexes, we have previously engineered more than a dozen coxsackievirus B3 polymerase mutations that significantly altered virus replication rates and in vivo fidelity and also provided a set of secondary adaptation mutations after tissue culture passage. Here we report a biochemical analysis of these mutations based on rapid stopped-flow kinetics to determine elongation rates and nucleotide discrimination factors. The data show a spatial separation of fidelity and replication rate effects within the polymerase structure. Mutations in the palm domain have the greatest effects on in vitro nucleotide discrimination, and these effects are strongly correlated with elongation rates and in vivo mutation frequencies, with faster polymerases having lower fidelity. Mutations located at the top of the finger domain, on the other hand, primarily affect elongation rates and have relatively minor effects on fidelity. Similar modulation effects are seen in poliovirus polymerase, an inherently lower-fidelity enzyme where analogous mutations increase nucleotide discrimination. These findings further our understanding of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase structure-function relationships and suggest that positive-strand RNA viruses retain a unique palm domain-based active-site closure mechanism to fine-tune replication fidelity. IMPORTANCE Positive-strand RNA viruses represent a major class of human and animal pathogens with significant health and economic impacts. These viruses replicate by using a virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme that has low fidelity, generating many mutations that allow the rapid adaptation of these viruses to different tissue types and host cells. In this work, we use a structure-based approach to engineer mutations in viral polymerases and study their effects on in vitro nucleotide discrimination as well as virus growth and genome replication fidelity. These results show that mutation rates can be drastically increased or decreased as a result of single mutations at several key residues in the polymerase palm domain, and this can significantly attenuate virus growth in vivo. These findings provide a pathway for developing live attenuated virus vaccines based on engineering the polymerase to reduce virus fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Campagnola
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Seth McDonald
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Olve B Peersen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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