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Maciej-Hulme ML, Dubaissi E, Shao C, Zaia J, Amaya E, Flitsch SL, Merry CLR. Selective Inhibition of Heparan Sulphate and Not Chondroitin Sulphate Biosynthesis by a Small, Soluble Competitive Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136988. [PMID: 34209670 PMCID: PMC8269443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan, heparan sulphate (HS), orchestrates many developmental processes. Yet its biological role has not yet fully been elucidated. Small molecule chemical inhibitors can be used to perturb HS function and these compounds provide cheap alternatives to genetic manipulation methods. However, existing chemical inhibition methods for HS also interfere with chondroitin sulphate (CS), complicating data interpretation of HS function. Herein, a simple method for the selective inhibition of HS biosynthesis is described. Using endogenous metabolic sugar pathways, Ac4GalNAz produces UDP-GlcNAz, which can target HS synthesis. Cell treatment with Ac4GalNAz resulted in defective chain elongation of the polymer and decreased HS expression. Conversely, no adverse effect on CS production was observed. The inhibition was transient and dose-dependent, affording rescue of HS expression after removal of the unnatural azido sugar. The utility of inhibition is demonstrated in cell culture and in whole organisms, demonstrating that this small molecule can be used as a tool for HS inhibition in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L. Maciej-Hulme
- Materials Science Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, UK
- Correspondence: (M.L.M.-H.); (C.L.R.M.)
| | - Eamon Dubaissi
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Chun Shao
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (C.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (E.D.); (E.A.)
| | - Sabine L. Flitsch
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK;
| | - Catherine L. R. Merry
- Materials Science Centre, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Grosvenor St., Manchester M1 7HS, UK
- Correspondence: (M.L.M.-H.); (C.L.R.M.)
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2
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Zhou Y, Little PJ, Cao Y, Ta HT, Kamato D. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 transactivation of TGFBR1 stimulates the mRNA expression of proteoglycan synthesizing genes XYLT1 and CHST3. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2020; 1867:118848. [PMID: 32920014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) via transactivation dependent signalling pathways contributes to a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological responses. In the vasculature, hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains on proteoglycans leads to lipid retention in the intima resulting in the early pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, we investigated and defined the contribution of transactivation dependent signalling in LPA mediated GAG chain hyperelongation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). LPA acting via the LPA receptor 5 (LPAR5) transactivates the TGFBR1 to stimulate the mRNA expression of GAG initiation and elongation genes xylosyltransferase-1 (XYLT1) and chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 (CHST3), respectively. We found that LPA stimulates ROS and Akt signalling in VSMCs, however they are not associated in LPAR5 transactivation of the TGFBR1. We observed that LPA via ROCK dependent pathways transactivates the TGFBR1 to stimulate genes associated with GAG chain elongation. We demonstrate that GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1 occurs via a universal biochemical mechanism and the identified effectors represent potential therapeutic targets to inhibit pathophysiological effects of GPCR transactivation of the TGFBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China.
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Hang T Ta
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China.
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3
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Sorial AK, Hofer IMJ, Tselepi M, Cheung K, Parker E, Deehan DJ, Rice SJ, Loughlin J. Multi-tissue epigenetic analysis of the osteoarthritis susceptibility locus mapping to the plectin gene PLEC. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:1448-1458. [PMID: 32580029 PMCID: PMC7594932 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In cartilage, the osteoarthritis (OA) associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11780978 correlates with differential expression of PLEC, and with differential methylation of PLEC CpG dinucleotides, forming eQTLs and mQTLs respectively. This implies that methylation links chondrocyte genotype and phenotype, thus driving the functional effect of this genetic risk signal. PLEC encodes plectin, a cytoskeletal protein that enables tissues to respond to mechanical forces. We sought to assess whether these PLEC functional effects were cartilage specific. METHOD Cartilage, fat pad, synovium and peripheral blood were collected from patients undergoing arthroplasty. PLEC CpGs were analysed for mQTLs and allelic expression imbalance (AEI) was performed to test for eQTLs. Plectin was knocked down in a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) line using CRISPR/Cas9 and cells phenotyped by RNA-sequencing. RESULTS mQTLs were discovered in fat pad, synovium and blood. Their effects were however stronger in the joint tissues and of comparable effect between these tissues. We observed AEI in synovium in the same direction as for cartilage and correlations between methylation and PLEC expression. Knocking-down plectin impacted on pathways reported to have a role in OA, including Wnt signalling, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis and immune regulation. CONCLUSIONS Synovium is also a target of the rs11780978 OA association functionally operating on PLEC. In fat pad, mQTLs were identified but these did not correlate with PLEC expression, suggesting the functional effect is not joint-wide. Our study highlights interplay between genetic risk, DNA methylation and gene expression in OA, and reveals clear differences between tissues from the same diseased joint.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Arthroplasty, Replacement
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Glycosaminoglycans/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Male
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/blood
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/genetics
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/surgery
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/blood
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/genetics
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/surgery
- Plectin/blood
- Plectin/genetics
- Plectin/metabolism
- Quantitative Trait Loci
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sorial
- Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - I M J Hofer
- Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - M Tselepi
- Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - K Cheung
- Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - E Parker
- Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - D J Deehan
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - S J Rice
- Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - J Loughlin
- Newcastle University, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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4
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Jain E, Chinzei N, Blanco A, Case N, Sandell LJ, Sell S, Rai MF, Zustiak SP. Platelet-Rich Plasma Released From Polyethylene Glycol Hydrogels Exerts Beneficial Effects on Human Chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2401-2410. [PMID: 31254416 PMCID: PMC6778705 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disease resulting from chronic joint inflammation and erosion of articular cartilage. A promising biological treatment for OA is intra-articular administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). However, immediate bolus release of growth factors limits beneficial therapeutic effects of PRP, thus necessitating the demand for sustained release platforms. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic value of PRP released from a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel on articular chondrocytes/cartilage explants derived from OA patients. Lyophilized PRP (PRGF) was encapsulated in PEG hydrogels at 10% w/v and hydrogel swelling, storage modulus and degradation and PRGF release kinetics were determined. PRGF releasate from the hydrogels was collected on day 1, 4, and 11. Encapsulation of PRGF at 10% w/v in PEG hydrogels had minimal effect on hydrogel properties. PRGF was released with an initial burst followed by sustained release until complete hydrogel degradation. Effect of PRGF releasates and bolus PRGF (1% w/v PRGF) on patient-derived cartilage explants or chondrocytes was assessed by chondrocyte proliferation (pico-green assay), gene expression for COL1A1, COL2A1, MMP13, COX2, and NFKB1 (real-time polymerase chain reaction), and measurement of nitric oxide concentration (Griess' assay). Compared to bolus PRGF, PRGF releasates enhanced chondrocyte proliferation, suppressed the expression of genes like MMP13, NFKB1, COL1A1, and COL2A1 and reduced levels of nitric oxide. Taken together, these results indicate that release of PRGF from PEG hydrogels may improve the therapeutic efficacy of PRP and merits further investigation in an animal model of OA. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2401-2410, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Jain
- Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University
| | - Nobuaki Chinzei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University
| | | | | | - Linda J Sandell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University
| | - Scott Sell
- Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University
| | - Muhammad Farooq Rai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University
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5
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Silagi ES, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the nucleus pulposus: Dysregulation and the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:368-379. [PMID: 29501510 PMCID: PMC6119535 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Few human tissues have functions as closely linked to the composition of their extracellular matrices as the intervertebral disc. In fact, the hallmark of intervertebral disc degeneration, commonly accompanying low back and neck pain, is the progressive loss of extracellular matrix molecules - specifically the GAG-substituted proteoglycans. While this loss is often associated with increased extracellular catabolism via metalloproteinases and pro-inflammatory cytokines, there is strong evidence that disc degeneration is related to dysregulation of the enzymes involved in GAG biosynthesis. In this review, we discuss those environmental factors, unique to the disc, that control expression and function of XT-1, GlcAT-I, and ChSy/ChPF in the healthy and degenerative state. Additionally, we address the pathophysiology of aberrant GAG biosynthesis and highlight therapeutic strategies designed to augment the loss of extracellular matrix molecules that afflict the degenerative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Silagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College and Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
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6
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Briggs DC, Hohenester E. Structural Basis for the Initiation of Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis by Human Xylosyltransferase 1. Structure 2018; 26:801-809.e3. [PMID: 29681470 PMCID: PMC5992326 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are essential components of the animal extracellular matrix and are required for cell adhesion, migration, signaling, and immune function. PGs are composed of a core protein and long glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which often specify PG function. GAG biosynthesis is initiated by peptide O-xylosyltransferases, which transfer xylose onto selected serine residues in the core proteins. We have determined crystal structures of human xylosyltransferase 1 (XT1) in complex with the sugar donor, UDP-xylose, and various acceptor peptides. The structures reveal unique active-site features that, in conjunction with functional experiments, explain the substrate specificity of XT1. A constriction within the peptide binding cleft requires the acceptor serine to be followed by glycine or alanine. The remainder of the cleft can accommodate a wide variety of sequences, but with a general preference for acidic residues. These findings provide a framework for understanding the selectivity of GAG attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Briggs
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Erhard Hohenester
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Fan H, Hu Y, Li X, Wu H, Lv R, Bai J, Wang J, Qin L. Ectopic Cartilage Formation Induced by Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Porous Gelatin-Chondroitin-Hyaluronate Scaffold Containing Microspheres Loaded with TGF-β1. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 29:602-11. [PMID: 16841290 DOI: 10.1177/039139880602900610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to produce a novel porous gelatin-chondroitin-hyaluronate scaffold in combination with a controlled release of TGF-β1 and to evaluate its potentials in ectopic cartilage formation. The gelatin-chondroitin-hyaluronate scaffold was developed to mimic the natural extra cellular matrix of cartilage. Gelatin microspheres loaded with TGF-β1 (MS-TGFβ1) showed a fast cytokine release at initial phase (37.4%) and the ultimate accumulated release was 83.1% by day 18. Then MS-TGFβ1 were incorporated into scaffold. The MSCs seeded on scaffold with or without MS-TGFβ1 were incubated in vitro or implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. In vitro study showed that, compared to the scaffold, the scaffold/MS-TGFβ1 significantly augmented the proliferation of MSCs and GAG synthesis. Three weeks postoperatively histology observation showed that in MSCs/scaffold/MS-TGFβ1 implantation group, cells of newly formed ectopic cartilage were located within typical lacunae and demonstrated morphological characteristics of chondrocytes. Six weeks later the ectopic cartilage grew more and islands of cartilage were observed. The matrix was extensively metachromatic by safranin-O/Fast green staining. Immunohistochemical staining also indicated ectopic cartilage was intensely stained for type II collagen. Instead, in the MSCs/scaffold implantation group, no cartilage-like tissue formed and matrix showed negative or weak positive staining. The percentage of positive staining area was significantly larger in MSCs/scaffold/MS-TGFβ1 group (p<0.05) at each time point. The results indicated that the novel gelatin-chondroitin-hyaluronate scaffold with MS-TGFβ1 could induce the chondral differentiation of MSCs to form cartilage and might serve as a new way to repair cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an - People's Republic of China
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8
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Neidlin M, Korcari A, Macheras G, Alexopoulos LG. Cue-Signal-Response Analysis in 3D Chondrocyte Scaffolds with Anabolic Stimuli. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 46:345-353. [PMID: 29147820 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is an avascular connective tissue responsible for bearing loads. Cell signaling plays a central role in cartilage homeostasis and tissue engineering by directing chondrocytes to synthesize/degrade the extracellular matrix or promote inflammatory responses. The aim of this paper was to investigate anabolic, catabolic and inflammatory pathways of well-known and underreported anabolic stimuli in 3D chondrocyte cultures and connect them to diverse cartilage responses including matrix regeneration and cell communication. A cue-signal-response experiment was performed in chondrocytes embedded in alginate scaffolds subjected to a 9-day treatment with 7 anabolic cues. At the signaling level diverse pathways were measured whereas at the response level glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and cytokine releases were monitored. A significant increase of GAG was observed for each stimulus and well known anabolic phosphoproteins were activated. In addition, WNK1, an underreported protein of chondrocyte signaling, was uncovered. At the extracellular level, inflammatory and regulating cytokines were measured and DEFB1 and CXCL10 were identified as novel contributors to chondrocyte responses, both closely linked to TLR signaling and inflammation. Finally, two new pro-growth factors with an inflammatory potential, Cadherin-11 and MGP were observed. Interestingly, well-known anabolic stimuli yielded inflammatory responses which pinpoints to the pleiotropic roles of individual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neidlin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonion Korcari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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9
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Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are Mendelian disorders with a prevalence of approximatively 1 in every 5000 individuals and can usually be diagnosed based on clinical and radiological findings. However, given that some diseases can be caused by several different genes, and that some genes can cause a variety of different phenotypes, achieving a molecular diagnosis can be challenging. We review here different approaches, from single gene sequencing to genomic approaches using next-generation sequencing, to reach a molecular diagnosis for skeletal dysplasias. We will further describe the overall advantages and limitations of first, second and third-generation sequencing, including single gene sequencing, whole-exome and genome sequencing (WES and WGS), multiple gene panel sequencing and single molecule sequencing. We also provide a brief overview of potential future applications of emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Falardeau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | - Philippe M Campeau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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10
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Realegeno S, Puschnik AS, Kumar A, Goldsmith C, Burgado J, Sambhara S, Olson VA, Carroll D, Damon I, Hirata T, Kinoshita T, Carette JE, Satheshkumar PS. Monkeypox Virus Host Factor Screen Using Haploid Cells Identifies Essential Role of GARP Complex in Extracellular Virus Formation. J Virol 2017; 91:e00011-17. [PMID: 28331092 PMCID: PMC5432867 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00011-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a human pathogen that is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which includes Vaccinia virus and Variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox). Human monkeypox is considered an emerging zoonotic infectious disease. To identify host factors required for MPXV infection, we performed a genome-wide insertional mutagenesis screen in human haploid cells. The screen revealed several candidate genes, including those involved in Golgi trafficking, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. We validated the role of a set of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes during infection, VPS51 to VPS54 (VPS51-54), which comprise the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex. The GARP complex is a tethering complex involved in retrograde transport of endosomes to the trans-Golgi apparatus. Our data demonstrate that VPS52 and VPS54 were dispensable for mature virion (MV) production but were required for extracellular virus (EV) formation. For comparison, a known antiviral compound, ST-246, was used in our experiments, demonstrating that EV titers in VPS52 and VPS54 knockout (KO) cells were comparable to levels exhibited by ST-246-treated wild-type cells. Confocal microscopy was used to examine actin tail formation, one of the viral egress mechanisms for cell-to-cell dissemination, and revealed an absence of actin tails in VPS52KO- or VPS54KO-infected cells. Further evaluation of these cells by electron microscopy demonstrated a decrease in levels of wrapped viruses (WVs) compared to those seen with the wild-type control. Collectively, our data demonstrate the role of GARP complex genes in double-membrane wrapping of MVs necessary for EV formation, implicating the host endosomal trafficking pathway in orthopoxvirus infection.IMPORTANCE Human monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic infectious disease caused by Monkeypox virus (MPXV). Of the two MPXV clades, the Congo Basin strain is associated with severe disease, increased mortality, and increased human-to-human transmission relative to the West African strain. Monkeypox is endemic in regions of western and central Africa but was introduced into the United States in 2003 from the importation of infected animals. The threat of MPXV and other orthopoxviruses is increasing due to the absence of routine smallpox vaccination leading to a higher proportion of naive populations. In this study, we have identified and validated candidate genes that are required for MPXV infection, specifically, those associated with the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex. Identifying host targets required for infection that prevents extracellular virus formation such as the GARP complex or the retrograde pathway can provide a potential target for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Realegeno
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andreas S Puschnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia Goldsmith
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jillybeth Burgado
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Victoria A Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Darin Carroll
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Inger Damon
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Chatron-Colliet A, Brusa C, Bertin-Jung I, Gulberti S, Ramalanjaona N, Fournel-Gigleux S, Brézillon S, Muzard M, Plantier-Royon R, Rémond C, Wegrowski Y. 'Click'-xylosides as initiators of the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans: Comparison of mono-xylosides with xylobiosides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:319-326. [PMID: 27618481 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Different mono-xylosides and their corresponding xylobiosides obtained by a chemo-enzymatic approach featuring various substituents attached to a triazole ring were probed as priming agents for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis in the xylosyltransferase-deficient pgsA-745 Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Xylosides containing a hydrophobic aglycone moiety were the most efficient priming agents. Mono-xylosides induced higher GAG biosynthesis in comparison with their corresponding xylobiosides. The influence of the degree of polymerization of the carbohydrate part on the priming activity was investigated through different experiments. We demonstrated that in case of mono-xylosides, the cellular uptake as well as the affinity and the catalytic efficiency of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 were higher than for xylobiosides. Altogether, these results indicate that hydrophobicity of the aglycone and degree of polymerization of glycone moiety were critical factors for an optimal priming activity for GAG biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Chatron-Colliet
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Charlotte Brusa
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 2, France
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, INRA, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Bertin-Jung
- MolCelTEG Team and Glyco-Fluo platform (UMR 7365 and FR3209) Biopôle - Faculté de Médecine, UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Gulberti
- MolCelTEG Team and Glyco-Fluo platform (UMR 7365 and FR3209) Biopôle - Faculté de Médecine, UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Nick Ramalanjaona
- MolCelTEG Team and Glyco-Fluo platform (UMR 7365 and FR3209) Biopôle - Faculté de Médecine, UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Fournel-Gigleux
- MolCelTEG Team and Glyco-Fluo platform (UMR 7365 and FR3209) Biopôle - Faculté de Médecine, UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Murielle Muzard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Richard Plantier-Royon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), CNRS UMR 7312, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Caroline Rémond
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, INRA, Reims Cedex, France
| | - Yanusz Wegrowski
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, UFR de Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims Cedex, France
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Kim LB, Shkurupy VA, Putyatina AN. Altered Liver Proteoglycan/Glycosaminoglycan Structure as a Manifestation of Extracellular Matrix Remodeling upon BCG-induced Granulomatosis in Mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 162:331-335. [PMID: 28091914 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental BCG-induced granulomatosis in mice was used to study changes in the dynamics of individual liver proteoglycan components reflecting phasic extracellular matrix remodeling, determined by the host-parasite interaction and associated with granuloma development. In the early BCG-granulomatosis period, the increase in individual proteoglycan components promotes granuloma formation, providing conditions for mycobacteria adhesion to host cells, migration of phagocytic cells from circulation, and cell-cell interaction leading to granuloma development and fibrosis. Later, reduced reserve capacity of the extracellular matrix, development of interstitial fibrosis and granuloma fibrosis can lead to trophic shortage for cells within the granulomas, migration of macrophages out of them, and development of spontaneous necrosis and apoptosis typical of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Kim
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - V A Shkurupy
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A N Putyatina
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Sasarman F, Maftei C, Campeau PM, Brunel-Guitton C, Mitchell GA, Allard P. Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans: associated disorders and biochemical tests. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:173-88. [PMID: 26689402 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are long, unbranched heteropolymers with repeating disaccharide units that make up the carbohydrate moiety of proteoglycans. Six distinct classes of GAGs are recognized. Their synthesis follows one of three biosynthetic pathways, depending on the type of oligosaccharide linker they contain. Chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin sulfate contain a common tetrasaccharide linker that is O-linked to specific serine residues in core proteins. Keratan sulfate can contain three different linkers, either N-linked to asparagine or O-linked to serine/threonine residues in core proteins. Finally, hyaluronic acid does not contain a linker and is not covalently attached to a core protein. Most inborn errors of GAG biosynthesis are reported in small numbers of patients. To date, in 20 diseases, convincing evidence for pathogenicity has been presented for mutations in a total of 16 genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, epimerases or transporters. GAG synthesis defects should be suspected in patients with a combination of characteristic clinical features in more than one connective tissue compartment: bone and cartilage (short long bones with or without scoliosis), ligaments (joint laxity/dislocations), and subepithelial (skin, sclerae). Some produce distinct clinical syndromes. The commonest laboratory tests used for this group of diseases are analysis of GAGs, enzyme assays, and molecular testing. In principle, GAG analysis has potential as a general first-line diagnostic test for GAG biosynthesis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Sasarman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Catalina Maftei
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Catherine Brunel-Guitton
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Grant A Mitchell
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Pierre Allard
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal and CHU Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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Altman RD, Manjoo A, Fierlinger A, Niazi F, Nicholls M. The mechanism of action for hyaluronic acid treatment in the osteoarthritic knee: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:321. [PMID: 26503103 PMCID: PMC4621876 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability within the adult population. Current treatment options for OA of the knee include intra-articular (IA) hyaluronic acid (HA), a molecule found intrinsically within the knee joint that provides viscoelastic properties to the synovial fluid. A variety of mechanisms in which HA is thought to combat knee OA are reported in the current basic literature. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search to identify currently available primary non-clinical basic science articles focussing on the mechanism of action of IA-HA treatment. Included articles were assessed and categorized based on the mechanism of action described within them. The key findings and conclusions from each included article were obtained and analyzed in aggregate with studies of the same categorical assignment. RESULTS Chondroprotection was the most frequent mechanism reported within the included articles, followed by proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, anti-inflammatory, mechanical, subchondral, and analgesic actions. HA-cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) receptor binding was the most frequently reported biological cause of the mechanisms presented. High molecular weight HA was seen to be superior to lower molecular weight HA products. HA derived through a biological fermentation process is also described as having favorable safety outcomes over avian-derived HA products. CONCLUSIONS The non-clinical basic science literature provides evidence for numerous mechanisms in which HA acts on joint structures and function. These actions provide support for the purported clinical benefit of IA-HA in OA of the knee. Future research should not only focus on the pain relief provided by IA-HA treatment, but the disease modification properties that this treatment modality possesses as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Altman
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 1000 Veterans Ave, 90024, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - A Manjoo
- Division of Orthopaedics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - A Fierlinger
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA.
| | - F Niazi
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA.
| | - M Nicholls
- Kentucky Orthopaedic and Hand Surgeons, A division of Ortho Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Suflita M, Fu L, He W, Koffas M, Linhardt RJ. Heparin and related polysaccharides: synthesis using recombinant enzymes and metabolic engineering. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7465-79. [PMID: 26219501 PMCID: PMC4546523 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are linear anionic polysaccharides that exhibit a number of important biological and pharmacological activities. The two most prominent members of this class of polysaccharides are heparin/heparan sulfate and the chondroitin sulfates (including dermatan sulfate). These polysaccharides, having complex structures and polydispersity, are biosynthesized in the Golgi of most animal cells. The chemical synthesis of these glycosaminoglycans is precluded by their structural complexity. Today, we depend on food animal tissues for their isolation and commercial production. Ton quantities of these glycosaminoglycans are used annually as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. The variability of animal-sourced glycosaminoglycans, their inherent impurities, the limited availability of source tissues, the poor control of these source materials, and their manufacturing processes suggest a need for new approaches for their production. Over the past decade, there have been major efforts in the biotechnological production of these glycosaminoglycans. This mini-review focuses on the use of recombinant enzymes and metabolic engineering for the production of heparin and chondroitin sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Suflita
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 121806
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 121806
| | - Wenqin He
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 121806
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 121806
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 121806
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 121806
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 121806
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 121806
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 121806
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Balcan E, Arslan O. Effect of Tunicamycin on Glycosaminoglycans and Laminins in Embryonic and Postnatal Thymic Tissues. Anal Quant Cytopathol Histpathol 2015; 37:252-266. [PMID: 26410972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare histological and molecular alterations in the embryonic and neonatal thymi following exposure to tunicamycin. STUDY DESIGN Mouse embryos at gestational days 17 (n = 7) and 18 (n = 7) and newborn animals at post-natal days 1 (n = 5) and 3 (n = 5) were divided into two groups: control and tunicamycin-treated. Combined Alcian blue and Periodic acid-Schiff sequences immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were performed to determine glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation and laminin expression in control and tunicamycin-treated embryonic and postnatal thymi. The apoptotic effect of tunicamycin was evaluated by TUNEL assay. RESULTS In the control group acidic GAGs first appeared in medullary cells at postnatal day 3, whereas treatment with tunicamycin promoted the accumulation of acidic GAGs in all treated groups as of embryonic day 17. However, tunicamycin slightly decreased the laminin expression, and the number of apoptotic cells was considerably increased after tunicamycin treatment. CONCLUSION Results suggest that carboxylated and acidic GAGs are two presumptive candidates to establish the thymic microenvironment during the late fetal development and postnatal periods of mice and that tunicamycin would be implicated in this establishment by increasing the acidic GAG accumulation and by reducing the laminin expression and the thymic stromal cell population.
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Jin CL, Oh JH, Han M, Shin MK, Yao C, Park CH, Jin ZH, Chung JH. UV irradiation-induced production of monoglycosylated biglycan through downregulation of xylosyltransferase 1 in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:20-9. [PMID: 25936869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biglycan (BGN) is a proteoglycan composed of a 42-kDa core protein and two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, and known to be involved in structural, space-filling functions and many physiological regulations in the skin. OBJECTIVE To investigate ultraviolet (UV) irradiation-induced changes of BGN protein and its GAG chain synthesis in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. METHODS UV irradiation-induced or xylosyltransferase (XYLT) 1 siRNA-mediated smaller-sized protein bands detected by Western blot using BGN antibodies were identified as monoglycosylated forms of BGN, using BGN siRNA-mediated knockdown and chondroitinase ABC (ChABC). Differential activity of XYLT1 and 2 on BGN core protein was investigated by size shift of S42A- and S47A-BGN mutants to core protein size caused by XYLT1 siRNA transfection or UV irradiation. RESULTS After UV irradiation, intact form of BGN protein (I-BGN) and core protein form were reduced in cultured fibroblasts, but other smaller-sized bands were observed to be increased. These smaller-sized ones were reduced by transfection of BGN siRNA, and shifted to the core protein size by treatment with ChABC, suggesting that they are defectively-glycosylated forms of BGN (D-BGN) protein. UV irradiation also decreased mRNA expression levels of XYLT1 and 2, which are responsible for initiation of GAG chain synthesis. UV-mediated reduction of XYLT1 expression was much stronger than that of XYLT2. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of XYLT1 resulted in the increase of D-BGN and the decrease of I-BGN, while down-regulation of XYLT2 resulted in no change of D-BGN and I-BGN, suggesting that the XYLT1 may react with both GAG-attaching serine sites of BGN; however, XYLT2 may prefer to react one of them. Another dermatan sulfate (DS) proteoglycan, decorin, showed no or a little change of its molecular weight by UV irradiation or XYLT1 siRNA transfection, suggesting that DS synthesis may not be a critical factor in formation of D-BGN. Co-transfection with XYLT1, 2 siRNAs and wild-type or mutant forms of BGN overexpression vectors revealed that S42A-BGN showed size reduction to core protein size by XYLT1 downregulation, but S47A-BGN did not, suggesting that XYLT2 can react only with S42 on BGN core protein. With UV irradiation, both S42A-BGN and S47A-BGN showed size reduction, which is probably because UV-caused downregulation of both XYLTs and overexpression condition resulted in incomplete glycosylation and secretion. CONCLUSIONS UV irradiation-induced increase of BGN monoglycosylated forms in cultured human dermal fibroblasts is resulted from dominance of XYLT2 activity, which acts only at S42 on BGN core protein, caused by UV-mediated stronger reduction of XYLT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Long Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, China; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jang-Hee Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Han
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyeong Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe Hu Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, China.
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Bahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minn
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Zhang H, Li L, Wang Q, Gan HQ, Wang H, Bi C, Li QJ, Wang ZQ. [Influence of BMP-7 on chondrocyte secretion and expression of Col-II,AGG and Sox9 mRNA in porous tantalum-chondrocyte composites in vitro]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2015; 47:219-225. [PMID: 25882933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the influence of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on chondrocyte secretion and expression of type II collagen (Col-II), aggrecan (AGG) and SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (Sox9) mRNA in porous tantalum-chondrocyte composites. METHODS The articular chondrocytes were isolated from 3-week-old New Zealand immature rabbits and identified. The 2nd generation of chondrocytes with 1×10(6)/mL inoculate concentration was seeded in porous tantalum and divided into 4 groups, and control group (tantalum/chondrocyte), 50 μg/L BMP-7 group (50 μg/L BMP-7/tantalum/chondrocyte), 100 μg/L BMP-7 group (100 μg/L BMP-7/tantalum/chondrocyte), and 200 μg/L BMP-7 group (200 μg/L BMP-7/tantalum/chondrocyte). The proliferation of chondrocytes was measured by CCK-8 assay. The chondrocyte growth and morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The synthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in chondrocytes was tested by dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) colorimetric quantification method. Col-II, AGG and Sox9 mRNA in chondrocytes were detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS The chondrocytes were spindle-shaped in 24 hours of primary cell culture and most cells became polygonal shaped in 4 days. The chondrocytes were affirmed by alcian blue, safranin O and Col-II immunocytochemistry staining. The result of CCK-8 assay showed that the level of cell proliferation in 100 μg/L BMP-7 groups were higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05). The chondrocytes implanted into porous tantalum scaffolds with BMP-7 had better functions, by which cytoplasmic processes developed and extended to the surface and inner of porous tantalum by SEM observation. DMMB quantitative determination of GAG showed that GAG amount of chondrocytes in 100 μg/L BMP-7 groups was significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05). The expressions of Col-II, AGG and Sox9 mRNA in chondrocytes were up-regulated in the experimental groups, compared with the control group and the best effect appeared when concentration of BMP-7 was 200 μg/L. (P<0.05). CONCLUSION BMP-7/tantalum/chondrocytes composites enhanced in vitro chondrocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix greatly, and can promote chondrogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Joint Surgery, the Second Hospital of Tangshan, Hebei Tangshan 063000, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hebei United University Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Q Wang
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Hebei United University, Hebei Tangshan 063000, China
| | - H Q Gan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hebei United University Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Tangshan 063000, China
| | - H Wang
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Tangshan, Hebei Tangshan 063000, China
| | - C Bi
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Hebei United University Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Q J Li
- Experimental Center, Hebei United University, Hebei Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Z Q Wang
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Hebei United University Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Tangshan 063000, China
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Foidart JB, Pirard YS, Winand RJ, Mahieu PR. Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans by cultivated rat glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells. Contrib Nephrol 2015; 26:17-22. [PMID: 7285586 DOI: 10.1159/000396100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Morgan HR. Changes at the membranes of leukosis virus transformed cells and virus as detected by electronmicroscopy. Bibl Haematol 2015:144-7. [PMID: 4142386 DOI: 10.1159/000391702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lehri-Boufala S, Ouidja MO, Barbier-Chassefière V, Hénault E, Raisman-Vozari R, Garrigue-Antar L, Papy-Garcia D, Morin C. New roles of glycosaminoglycans in α-synuclein aggregation in a cellular model of Parkinson disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116641. [PMID: 25617759 PMCID: PMC4305359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of Parkinson disease (PD) remain mysterious, although some evidence supports mitochondrial dysfunctions and α-synuclein accumulation in Lewy bodies as major events. The abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein has been associated with a deficiency in the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Cathepsin D (cathD), the major lysosomal protease responsible of α-synuclein degradation was described to be up-regulated in PD model. As glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) regulate cathD activity, and have been recently suggested to participate in PD physiopathology, we investigated their role in α-synuclein accumulation by their intracellular regulation of cathD activity. In a classical neuroblastoma cell model of PD induced by MPP+, the genetic expression of GAGs-biosynthetic enzymes was modified, leading to an increase of GAGs amounts whereas intracellular level of α-synuclein increased. The absence of sulfated GAGs increased intracellular cathD activity and limited α-synuclein accumulation. GAGs effects on cathD further suggested that specific sequences or sulfation patterns could be responsible for this regulation. The present study identifies, for the first time, GAGs as new regulators of the lysosome degradation pathway, regulating cathD activity and affecting two main biological processes, α-synuclein aggregation and apoptosis. Finally, this opens new insights into intracellular GAGs functions and new fields of investigation for glycobiological approaches in PD and neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lehri-Boufala
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Mohand-Ouidir Ouidja
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Véronique Barbier-Chassefière
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Emilie Hénault
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière-Bâtiment, ICM (Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière), CRICM, Thérapeutique Expérimentale de la Neurodégénérescence, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UPMC, 75651, Paris, France
| | - Laure Garrigue-Antar
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Dulce Papy-Garcia
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Morin
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire CRRET-EAC CNRS 7149, 61 Avenue de Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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Park H, Woo EK, Lee KY. Ionically cross-linkable hyaluronate-based hydrogels for injectable cell delivery. J Control Release 2014; 196:146-53. [PMID: 25315489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although hyaluronate is an attractive biomaterial for many biomedical applications, hyaluronate hydrogels are generally formed using chemical cross-linking reagents that may cause unwanted side effects, including toxicity. We thus propose to design and prepare ionically cross-linkable hyaluronate compounds that can form gels in the presence of counter-ions. This study is based on the hypothesis that introduction of alginate to hyaluronate backbones (hyaluronate-g-alginate) could allow for gel formation in the presence of calcium ions. Here, we demonstrated ease of formation of cross-linked structures with calcium ions without additional chemical cross-linking reagents in hyaluronate-g-alginate (HGA) gels. The mechanical properties of HGA gels were regulated through changes in polymer composition and calcium concentration. We also confirmed that HGA gels could be useful in regenerating cartilage in a mouse model following subcutaneous injection into the dorsal region with primary chondrocytes. This finding was supported by histological and immunohistochemical analyses, glycosaminoglycan quantification and chondrogenic marker gene expression. This approach to the design and tailoring of ionically cross-linkable biomedical polymers may be broadly applicable to the development of biomaterials, especially in the drug delivery and tissue engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghyun Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Woo
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuen Yong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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Greco KV, Nalesso G, Kaneva MK, Sherwood J, Iqbal AJ, Moradi-Bidhendi N, Dell'Accio F, Perretti M. Analyses on the mechanisms that underlie the chondroprotective properties of calcitonin. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:348-58. [PMID: 25117448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcitonin (CT) has recently been shown to display chondroprotective effects. Here, we investigate the putative mechanisms by which CT delivers these actions. METHODS Immortalized C-28/I2 cells or primary adult human articular chondrocytes (AHAC) were cultured in high-density micromasses to investigate: (i) CT anabolic effects using qPCR and immuhistochemistry analysis; (ii) CT anti-apoptotic effects using quantitation of Bax/Bcl gene products ratio, TUNEL assay and caspase-3 expression; (iii) CT effects on CREB, COL2A1 and NFAT transcription factors. RESULTS CT (10(-10)-10(-8)nM) induced significant up-regulation of cartilage phenotypic markers (SOX9, COL2A1 and ACAN), with down-regulation of catabolic (MMP1 and MMP13 and ADAMTS5) gene products both in resting and inflammatory conditions. This was mirrored by an augmented production of type II collagen and accumulation of glycosaminoglycan- and proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix in vitro. Mechanistic analyses revealed only partial involvement of cyclic AMP formation in these effects of CT. Congruently, using reporter assays for specific transcription factors, there was no indication for CREB activation, whereas the COL2A1 promoter was genuinely and directly activated by cell exposure to CT. Phenotypically, these mechanisms supported the ability of CT, whilst inactive on its own, to counteract the pro-apoptotic effects of IL-1β, demonstrated by TUNEL-positive staining of chondrocytes and ratio of BAX/BCL genes products. CONCLUSION These data may provide a novel lead for the development of CT-based chondroprotective strategies that rely on the engagement of mechanisms that lead to augmented chondrocyte anabolism and inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin V Greco
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena K Kaneva
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Sherwood
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Niloufar Moradi-Bidhendi
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
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25
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Ponrasu T, Suguna L. Efficacy of Annona squamosa L in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen during wound repair in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:124352. [PMID: 25003104 PMCID: PMC4070582 DOI: 10.1155/2014/124352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to find out the effects of Annona squamosa on the formation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen during wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes induced rats were segregated into 4 groups, each containing six animals. Groups I and III served as the normal and diabetic control while groups II and IV served as normal and diabetic treated. The animals were treated with 200 μL of Annona squamosa extract topically. The granulation tissues formed were removed on the 8th day and the amount of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen formed was evaluated by sequential extraction and SDSPAGE, respectively. Histological evaluation was also carried out using Masson's trichrome stain. In vitro wound healing efficacy of A. squamosa in human dermal fibroblast culture (HDF) was also carried out. The fibroblasts treated with varying concentrations of A. squamosa were examined for proliferation and closure of the wound area and photographed. A. squamosa increased cellular proliferation in HDF culture. The granulation tissues of treated wounds showed increased levels of glycosaminoglycans (P < 0.05) and collagen which were also confirmed by histopathology. The results strongly substantiate the beneficial effects of A. squamosa on the formation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Ponrasu
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - Lonchin Suguna
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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Turajane T, Thitiset T, Honsawek S, Chaveewanakorn U, Aojanepong J, Papadopoulos KI. Assessment of chondrogenic differentiation potential of autologous activated peripheral blood stem cells on human early osteoarthritic cancellous tibial bone scaffold. Musculoskelet Surg 2014; 98:35-43. [PMID: 24178764 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-013-0303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current therapeutic regimens in osteoarthritis (OA) address mainly pain but not the slow progressive degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the loss of a chondrogenic phenotype in articular cartilage. In the present study, using an early OA cancellous bone scaffold, we aimed to uncover evidence of the successful hyaline cartilage regenerative capacity of autologous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF)-activated peripheral blood stem cells (AAPBSC) with growth factor addition. MATERIALS AND METHODS AAPBSC were harvested in ten patients (median age 58 years, 8 females), and flow cytometry was performed for cell surface markers. Arthroscopically obtained cancellous bone scaffold specimens were seeded with AAPBSC. In Group 1, the scaffold was seeded with AAPBSC only, in Group 2, AAPBSC plus hyaluronic acid (HA), and in Group 3, AAPBSC plus HA, hG-CSF, and double-centrifuged platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The specimens were analyzed for cell attachment and proliferation by the fluorometric quantification of cellular DNA assay and scanning electron microscopy. Chondrogenic gene expression was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of Sox9, collagen type II (COL-2), and aggrecan. Histological sections of scaffold constructs for cartilaginous matrix formation were stained with toluidine blue (proteoglycan) and safranin O (sGAG) after 3 weeks. RESULTS AAPBSC displayed especially high levels of CD29 and CD44 surface markers, as well as CD90, and CD105, while only a small proportion expressed CD34. Almost half of the seeded cells attached on the bone scaffolds in all three groups (not statistically significant), whereas the means of cell proliferation on day 7 compared to day 1 were statistically significant difference with the order of increase as group 3 > group 2 > group 1. RT-PCR showed statistically significant sequential increases in Sox9, COL-2, and Aggrecan all being highest in group 3. Histological analysis demonstrated cells in the cancellous bone scaffold with a round morphology, and ECM was positively stained by toluidine blue and safranin O indicating increased proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan content, respectively, in the newly formed cartilage matrix. CONCLUSIONS AAPBSC initiated chondrocyte differentiation on an autologous cancellous bone scaffold, and the addition of PRP and hG-CSF further stimulated cell proliferation toward a chondrocyte phenotype with potentiated Sox9 transcription resulting in sequential COL-2 and aggrecan mRNA increases that ultimately resulted in histologically confirmed increased proteoglycan and glucosaminoglycan content in newly formed hyaline cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Turajane
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stem Cell Research and Treatment Center, Police General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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27
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Levett PA, Melchels FPW, Schrobback K, Hutmacher DW, Malda J, Klein TJ. A biomimetic extracellular matrix for cartilage tissue engineering centered on photocurable gelatin, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:214-23. [PMID: 24140603 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of hydrogels tailored for cartilage tissue engineering has been a research and clinical goal for over a decade. Directing cells towards a chondrogenic phenotype and promoting new matrix formation are significant challenges that must be overcome for the successful application of hydrogels in cartilage tissue therapies. Gelatin-methacrylamide (Gel-MA) hydrogels have shown promise for the repair of some tissues, but have not been extensively investigated for cartilage tissue engineering. We encapsulated human chondrocytes in Gel-MA-based hydrogels, and show that with the incorporation of small quantities of photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HA-MA), and to a lesser extent chondroitin sulfate methacrylate (CS-MA), chondrogenesis and mechanical properties can be enhanced. The addition of HA-MA to Gel-MA constructs resulted in more rounded cell morphologies, enhanced chondrogenesis as assessed by gene expression and immunofluorescence, and increased quantity and distribution of the newly synthesized extracellular matrix (ECM) throughout the construct. Consequently, while the compressive moduli of control Gel-MA constructs increased by 26 kPa after 8 weeks culture, constructs with HA-MA and CS-MA increased by 114 kPa. The enhanced chondrogenic differentiation, distribution of ECM, and improved mechanical properties make these materials potential candidates for cartilage tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Levett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Chicatun F, Pedraza CE, Muja N, Ghezzi CE, McKee MD, Nazhat SN. Effect of chitosan incorporation and scaffold geometry on chondrocyte function in dense collagen type I hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2553-64. [PMID: 23859275 PMCID: PMC3856934 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering approaches for articular cartilage (AC) repair using collagen type I (Coll)-based hydrogels are limited by their low collagen fibril density (CFD; <0.5 wt%) and their poor capacity to support chondrocyte differentiation. Chitosan (CTS) is a well-characterized polysaccharide that mimics the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) present in native AC extracellular matrix and exhibits chondroprotective properties. Here dense Coll/CTS hydrogel discs (16 mm diameter, 140-250 μm thickness) with CFD (∼6 wt%) approaching that of AC were developed to investigate the effect of CTS content on the growth and differentiation of three-dimensionally seeded RCJ3.1C5.18 chondroprogenitor cells. Compared to dense Coll alone, cells seeded within Coll/CTS showed increased viability and metabolic activity, as well as a decrease in cell-mediated gel contraction. Immunohistochemistry for collagen type II, in combination with Safranin O staining and GAG quantification, indicated greater chondroprogenitor differentiation within Coll/CTS, compared to cells seeded within Coll alone. The complex interplay between scaffold geometry, microstructure, composition, mechanical properties and cell function was further evaluated by rolling dense planar sheets to prepare cylindrically shaped constructs having clinically relevant diameters (3-5 mm diameter, 9 mm height). The compressive modulus of the cylindrically shaped constructs decreased significantly after 7 days in culture, and remained unchanged up to 21 days for each scaffold composition. Unlike Coll, cells seeded within Coll/CTS showed greater viability along the entire radial extent of the cylindrical rolls and increased GAG production at each time point. While GAG content decreased over time and reduced cell viability was observed within the core region of all cylindrical rolls, the incorporation of CTS diminished both these effects. In summary, these findings provide insight into the challenges involved when scaling up scaffolds designed and optimised in vitro for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Chicatun
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Naser Muja
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chiara E. Ghezzi
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc D. McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Showan N. Nazhat
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.R., C.G., E.A.)
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.R., C.G., E.A.)
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.R., C.G., E.A.)
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (E.A.)
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30
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Holmes B, Castro NJ, Li J, Keidar M, Zhang LG. Enhanced human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell functions in novel 3D cartilage scaffolds with hydrogen treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2013; 24:365102. [PMID: 23959974 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/36/365102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue is a nanostructured tissue which is notoriously hard to regenerate due to its extremely poor inherent regenerative capacity and complex stratified architecture. Current treatment methods are highly invasive and may have many complications. Thus, the goal of this work is to use nanomaterials and nano/microfabrication methods to create novel biologically inspired tissue engineered cartilage scaffolds to facilitate human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis. To this end we utilized electrospinning to design and fabricate a series of novel 3D biomimetic nanostructured scaffolds based on hydrogen (H2) treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and biocompatible poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) polymers. Specifically, a series of electrospun fibrous PLLA scaffolds with controlled fiber dimension were fabricated in this study. In vitro MSC studies showed that stem cells prefer to attach in the scaffolds with smaller fiber diameter. More importantly, the MWCNT embedded scaffolds showed a drastic increase in mechanical strength and a compressive Young's modulus matching to natural cartilage. Furthermore, our MSC differentiation results demonstrated that incorporation of the H2 treated carbon nanotubes and poly-L-lysine coating can induce more chondrogenic differentiations of MSCs than controls. After two weeks of culture, PLLA scaffolds with H2 treated MWCNTs and poly-L-lysine can achieve the highest glycosaminoglycan synthesis, making them promising for further exploration for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Holmes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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31
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DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycosaminoglycans: re-creating, re-modeling and re-designing nature's longest or most complex carbohydrate chains. Glycobiology 2013; 23:764-77. [PMID: 23481097 PMCID: PMC3671772 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides composed of hexosamine-containing disaccharide repeating units. The three most studied classes of GAGs, heparin/heparan sulfate, hyaluronan and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, are essential macromolecules. GAGs isolated from animal and microbial sources have been utilized therapeutically, but naturally occurring GAGs are extremely heterogeneous limiting further development of these agents. These molecules pose difficult targets to construct by classical organic syntheses due to the long chain lengths and complex patterns of modification by sulfation and epimerization. Chemoenzymatic synthesis, a process that employs exquisite enzyme catalysts and various defined precursors (e.g. uridine 5'-diphosphosphate-sugar donors, sulfate donors, acceptors and oxazoline precursors), promises to deliver homogeneous GAGs. This review covers both theoretical and practical issues of GAG oligosaccharide and polysaccharide preparation as single molecular entities and in library formats. Even at this early stage of technology development, nearly monodisperse GAGs can be made with either natural or artificial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology, Oklahoma City, OK 73126, USA.
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Gierman LM, van El B, van der Ham F, Koudijs A, Stoop R, Verheijen JH, Kloppenburg M, van Osch GJVM, Stojanovic-Susulic V, Huizinga TWJ, Zuurmond AM. Profiling the secretion of soluble mediators by end stage osteoarthritis synovial tissue explants reveals a reduced responsiveness to an inflammatory trigger. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62634. [PMID: 23658758 PMCID: PMC3643929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence is accumulating that synovial tissue plays an active role in osteoarthritis (OA), however, exact understanding of its contribution is lacking. In order to further elucidate its role in the OA process, we aimed to identify the secretion pattern of soluble mediators by synovial tissue and to assess its ability to initiate cartilage degeneration. Methods Synovial tissue explants (STEs) obtained from donors without history of OA (n = 8) or from end stage OA patients (n = 16) were cultured alone or together with bovine cartilage explants in the absence or presence of IL-1α. The secretion of 48 soluble mediators was measured and the effect on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity was determined. Results Normal and OA STEs secreted comparable levels of almost all measured soluble mediators. However, in the presence of IL-1α these mediators were less secreted by OA than by normal STEs of which 15 differed significantly (p<0.01). No effect of normal or OA STEs on GAG release from the cartilage explants was observed, and no differences in MMP activity between OA and normal STEs were detected. Conclusions Unexpectedly, a comparable secretion profile of soluble mediators was found for OA and normal STEs while the reduced responsiveness of OA STEs to an inflammatory trigger indicates a different state of this tissue in OA patients. The effects could be the result of prolonged exposure to an inflammatory environment in OA development. Further understanding of the pro-inflammatory and inflammation resolving mechanisms during disease progression in synovial tissue may provide valuable targets for therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobke M. Gierman
- TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margreet Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J. V. M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vedrana Stojanovic-Susulic
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Janssen, A division of Johnson & Johnson, Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tom W. J. Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Paiva AD, Fernandes KM, Dias RS, dos Santos Rocha A, Licursi de Oliveira L, Neves CA, Oliveira de Paula S, Mantovani HC. Safety evaluation of the antimicrobial peptide bovicin HC5 orally administered to a murine model. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:69. [PMID: 23537130 PMCID: PMC3639230 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovicin HC5 is an antimicrobial peptide that shows a broad spectrum of activity and potential for biotechnological and therapeutic applications. To gain insight about the safety of bovicin HC5 application, the histological and immunostimulatory effects of orally administrated bovicin HC5 to BALB/c mice were evaluated. BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: negative control (NC group); mice given purified bovicin HC5 (Bov group); mice given ovalbumin (positive control, PC group; a murine model of enteropathy). The mice were initially pre-sensitized, and PBS, bovicin HC5 or ovalbumin were administered for 30 days by daily gavages. Histological and morphometric analysis were performed and the relative expression of cytokines was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS The oral administration of bovicin HC5 to BALB/c mice reduced weight gain and caused alterations in the small intestine, although absorptive changes have not been detected. The number of total goblet cells and the mucopolysaccharides production were not affected by bovicin HC5 administration. A hypertrophy of Paneth cells and an increase in the number of mitotic cells were observed in Bov group, while the number of mast cells remained unaltered. Increased expression of TNF-α, INF-γ and IL-12 was observed in the small intestine upon bovicin HC5 administration. CONCLUSION Bovicin HC5 has only minor effects on intestinal permeability and did not elicit an allergenic response upon oral administration to animal models. Considering the low in vivo toxicity of bovicin HC5, it might be a good candidate for enteral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dias Paiva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto Sousa Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alípio dos Santos Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Clóvis Andrade Neves
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Babur BK, Ghanavi P, Levett P, Lott WB, Klein T, Cooper-White JJ, Crawford R, Doran MR. The interplay between chondrocyte redifferentiation pellet size and oxygen concentration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58865. [PMID: 23554943 PMCID: PMC3598946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes dedifferentiate during ex vivo expansion on 2-dimensional surfaces. Aggregation of the expanded cells into 3-dimensional pellets, in the presence of induction factors, facilitates their redifferentiation and restoration of the chondrogenic phenotype. Typically 1×10(5)-5×10(5) chondrocytes are aggregated, resulting in "macro" pellets having diameters ranging from 1-2 mm. These macropellets are commonly used to study redifferentiation, and recently macropellets of autologous chondrocytes have been implanted directly into articular cartilage defects to facilitate their repair. However, diffusion of metabolites over the 1-2 mm pellet length-scales is inefficient, resulting in radial tissue heterogeneity. Herein we demonstrate that the aggregation of 2×10(5) human chondrocytes into micropellets of 166 cells each, rather than into larger single macropellets, enhances chondrogenic redifferentiation. In this study, we describe the development of a cost effective fabrication strategy to manufacture a microwell surface for the large-scale production of micropellets. The thousands of micropellets were manufactured using the microwell platform, which is an array of 360×360 µm microwells cast into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), that has been surface modified with an electrostatic multilayer of hyaluronic acid and chitosan to enhance micropellet formation. Such surface modification was essential to prevent chondrocyte spreading on the PDMS. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) production and collagen II gene expression in chondrocyte micropellets increased significantly relative to macropellet controls, and redifferentiation was enhanced in both macro and micropellets with the provision of a hypoxic atmosphere (2% O2). Once micropellet formation had been optimized, we demonstrated that micropellets could be assembled into larger cartilage tissues. Our results indicate that micropellet amalgamation efficiency is inversely related to the time cultured as discreet microtissues. In summary, we describe a micropellet production platform that represents an efficient tool for studying chondrocyte redifferentiation and demonstrate that the micropellets could be assembled into larger tissues, potentially useful in cartilage defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Kul Babur
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Parisa Ghanavi
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Levett
- Medical Device Domain, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - William B. Lott
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Travis Klein
- Medical Device Domain, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin J. Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ross Crawford
- Medical Device Domain, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael R. Doran
- Stem Cell Therapies Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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35
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Chmielarz I, Gabig-Cimińska M, Malinowska M, Banecka-Majkutewicz Z, Węgrzyn A, Jakobkiewicz-Banecka J. Comparison of siRNA-mediated silencing of glycosaminoglycan synthesis genes and enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis in cell culture studies. Acta Biochim Pol 2012; 59:697-702. [PMID: 23251908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of laronidase (Aldurazyme(®)), employed in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) and various siRNAs, tested previously in studies on substrate reduction therapy (SRT) for mucopolysaccharidoses, was tested. The enzyme did not cause any cytotoxic effects, and the siRNAs did not inhibit growth of most investigated cell lines. However, some cytotoxic effects of some tested siRNAs were observed in one MPS IIIA cell line. The efficacy of a combination of enzyme replacement therapy and siRNA-based substrate deprivation therapy was tested on three MPS I cell lines. Surprisingly, different results were obtained for different cell lines. The decrease of glycosaminoglycan storage in cells treated simultaneously with both methods was: (i) less pronounced than obtained with either of those methods used alone in one cell line, (ii) similar to that observed for enzyme replacement therapy in another cell line, and (iii) stronger than that obtained with either of the methods used alone in the third cell line. Therefore, it appears that the effects of various therapeutic methods may strongly depend on the features of the MPS cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Chmielarz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Osaki T, Kitahara K, Okamoto Y, Imagawa T, Tsuka T, Miki Y, Kawamoto H, Saimoto H, Minami S. Effect of fucoidan extracted from mozuku on experimental cartilaginous tissue injury. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:2560-70. [PMID: 23203277 PMCID: PMC3509535 DOI: 10.3390/md10112560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, on acceleration of healing of experimental cartilage injury in a rabbit model. An injured cartilage model was surgically created by introduction of three holes, one in the articular cartilage of the medial trochlea and two in the trochlear sulcus of the distal femur. Rabbits in three experimental groups (F groups) were orally administered fucoidan of seven different molecular weights (8, 50, 146, 239, 330, 400, or 1000 kD) for 3 weeks by screening. Control (C group) rabbits were provided water ad libitum. After the experimental period, macroscopic examination showed that the degree of filling in the fucoidan group was higher than that in the C group. Histologically, the holes were filled by collagen fiber and fibroblasts in the C group, and by chondroblasts and fibroblasts in the F groups. Image analysis of Alcian blue- and safranin O-stained F-group specimens showed increased production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs), respectively. Some injured holes were well repaired both macroscopically and microscopically and were filled with cartilage tissues; cartilage matrices such as PGs and GAGs were produced in groups F 50, F 146, and F 239. Thus, fucoidan administration enhanced morphologically healing of cartilage injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Osaki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.O.); (T.I.); (T.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Koudai Kitahara
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.O.); (T.I.); (T.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Yoshiharu Okamoto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.O.); (T.I.); (T.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Tomohiro Imagawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.O.); (T.I.); (T.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Takeshi Tsuka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.O.); (T.I.); (T.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Yasunari Miki
- Marine Products Kimuraya, 3307 Watari, Sakaiminato, Tottori 684-0072, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hitoshi Kawamoto
- Marine Products Kimuraya, 3307 Watari, Sakaiminato, Tottori 684-0072, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Saimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Saburo Minami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (K.K.); (Y.O.); (T.I.); (T.T.); (S.M.)
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Vassal-Stermann E, Duranton A, Black AF, Azadiguian G, Demaude J, Lortat-Jacob H, Breton L, Vivès RR. A New C-Xyloside induces modifications of GAG expression, structure and functional properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47933. [PMID: 23110134 PMCID: PMC3482234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are critically involved in major cellular processes. Most PG activities are due to the large interactive properties of their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharide chains, whose expression and fine structural features are tightly controlled by a complex and highly regulated biosynthesis machinery. Xylosides are known to bypass PG-associated GAG biosynthesis and prime the assembly of free polysaccharide chains. These are, therefore, attractive molecules to interfere with GAG expression and function. Recently, we have developed a new xyloside derivative, C-Xyloside, that shares classical GAG-inducing xyloside activities while exhibiting improved metabolic stability. We have previously shown that C-Xyloside had beneficial effects on skin homoeostasis/regeneration using a number of models, but its precise effects on GAG expression and fine structure remained to be addressed. In this study, we have therefore investigated this in details, using a reconstructed dermal tissue as model. Our results first confirmed that C-Xyloside strongly enhanced synthesis of GAG chains, but also induced significant changes in their structure. C-Xyloside primed GAGs were exclusively chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) that featured reduced chain size, increased O-sulfation, and changes in iduronate content and distribution. Surprisingly, C-Xyloside also affected PG-borne GAGs, the main difference being observed in CS/DS 4-O/6-O-sulfation ratio. Such changes were found to affect the biological properties of CS/DS, as revealed by the significant reduction in binding to Hepatocyte Growth Factor observed upon C-Xyloside treatment. Overall, this study provides new insights into the effect of C-Xyloside on GAG structure and activities, which opens up perspectives and applications of such compound in skin repair/regeneration. It also provides a new illustration about the use of xylosides as tools for modifying GAG fine structure/function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Vassal-Stermann
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, CNRS-CEA-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, CNRS-CEA-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Romain R. Vivès
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, CNRS-CEA-Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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Pingguan-Murphy B, Nawi I. Upregulation of matrix synthesis in chondrocyte-seeded agarose following sustained bi-axial cyclic loading. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:939-44. [PMID: 22948463 PMCID: PMC3416901 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(08)14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The promotion of extracellular matrix synthesis by chondrocytes is a requisite part of an effective cartilage tissue engineering strategy. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of bi-axial cyclic mechanical loading on cell proliferation and the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by chondrocytes in three-dimensional cultures. METHOD A strain comprising 10% direct compression and 1% compressive shear was applied to bovine chondrocytes seeded in an agarose gel during two 12-hour conditioning periods separated by a 12-hour resting period. RESULTS The bi-axial-loaded chondrocytes demonstrated a significant increase in glycosaminoglycan synthesis compared with samples exposed to uni-axial or no loading over the same period (p<0.05). The use of a free-swelling recovery period prior to the loading regime resulted in additional glycosaminoglycan production and a significant increase in DNA content (p<0.05), indicating cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the use of a bi-axial loading regime results in increased matrix production compared with uni-axial loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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39
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Su X, Bao G, Kang H. [Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into temporomandibular joint disc cells]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2012; 29:732-736. [PMID: 23016426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present paper is aimed to observe the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) differentiation. The bFGF was used to stimulate BMSCs and histology, immunohistochemistry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to examine the extracellular matrix produced by induced BMSCs, evaluated the feasibility of BMSCs being the seeding cells of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc tissue engineering. The results showed that having been induced with bFGF, the BMSCs could differentiate into fibroblast-like cells, which could synthesize GAG and collagen type I matrix. So it is feasible for BMSCs as seeding cells for engineered TMJ disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Su
- Key Lab of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Medical College, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China
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40
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Derrick-Roberts ALK, Marais W, Byers S. Rhodamine B and 2-acetamido-1,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-glucopyranose (F-GlcNAc) inhibit chondroitin/dermatan and keratan sulphate synthesis by different mechanisms in bovine chondrocytes. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:214-20. [PMID: 22546219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MPS disorders result from a deficiency or absence of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degrading enzymes leading to an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of GAGs and their subsequent accumulation in a range of cells. The inhibition of GAG synthesis using small chemical inhibitors has been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach to treatment. Several inhibitors have been shown to decrease heparan sulphate GAG synthesis and in this study we evaluated a novel fluorinated analog of N-acetylglucosamine (2-acetamido-1,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-D-glucopyranose (F-GlcNAc)) and rhodamine B for their ability to also inhibit the synthesis of chondroitin/dermatan and keratan sulphate GAGs present in bovine cartilage. Both inhibitors decreased GAG synthesis in chondrocyte monolayer culture and in cartilage chip explant culture in a dose dependent manner. Both inhibitors decreased the size of newly synthesised proteoglycans and in the case of F-GlcNAc this was due to a decrease in newly synthesised GAG chain size. Rhodamine B, however, did not affect GAG chain size, while both inhibitors decreased the amount of chondroitin/dermatan and keratan sulphate GAG equally. The expression of genes responsible for the initiation and elongation of chondroitin/dermatan sulphate and keratan sulphate GAGs were downregulated in the presence of rhodamine B but not in the presence of F-GlcNAc. Thus the 2 inhibitors appear to have differing effects on GAG synthesis, with F-GlcNAc inhibiting the epimerisation of UDP-GlcNAc to UDP-GalNAc thus decreasing the availability of monosaccharides for addition to the growing GAG chain, whereas rhodamine B is more likely to reduce the number of GAG chains. Together with previous data these 2 inhibitors are capable of non-specific inhibition of GAG synthesis, reducing the production of chondroitin/dermatan sulphate, keratan sulphate and heparan sulphate GAGs. As such they would be applicable to therapy in a range of MPS disorders.
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41
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Dziedzic D, Narajczyk M, Gabig-Cimińska M, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J. Simultaneous siRNA-mediated silencing of pairs of genes coding for enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Acta Biochim Pol 2012; 59:293-8. [PMID: 22590693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated recently that it is possible to decrease expression of genes coding for enzymes involved in synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by using specific siRNAs which interfere with stability of particular mRNAs. This procedure has been proposed as a potential treatment for patients suffering from mucopolysaccharidoses, a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by dysfunction of enzymes required for GAG degradation, and resultant storage of these compounds in cells of affected persons. Here, we asked if the simultaneous use two species of specific siRNAs aimed at silencing two genes involved in particular steps of GAG synthesis may be more effective than the use of single siRNA. We found that inhibition of GAG synthesis in cells treated with two siRNAs is generally more effective than using single siRNAs. However, the differences were not statistically significant, therefore the potential benefit from the use of two siRNAs over the use of a single siRNA is doubtful in the light of the cost-benefit ratio and possibly stronger side-effects of the putative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Dziedzic
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Wilkinson FL, Holley RJ, Langford-Smith KJ, Badrinath S, Liao A, Langford-Smith A, Cooper JD, Jones SA, Wraith JE, Wynn RF, Merry CLR, Bigger BW. Neuropathology in mouse models of mucopolysaccharidosis type I, IIIA and IIIB. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35787. [PMID: 22558223 PMCID: PMC3338781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharide diseases (MPS) are caused by deficiency of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degrading enzymes, leading to GAG accumulation. Neurodegenerative MPS diseases exhibit cognitive decline, behavioural problems and shortened lifespan. We have characterised neuropathological changes in mouse models of MPSI, IIIA and IIIB to provide a better understanding of these events. Wild-type (WT), MPSI, IIIA and IIIB mouse brains were analysed at 4 and 9 months of age. Quantitative immunohistochemistry showed significantly increased lysosomal compartment, GM2 ganglioside storage, neuroinflammation, decreased and mislocalised synaptic vesicle associated membrane protein, (VAMP2), and decreased post-synaptic protein, Homer-1, in layers II/III-VI of the primary motor, somatosensory and parietal cortex. Total heparan sulphate (HS), was significantly elevated, and abnormally N-, 6-O and 2-O sulphated compared to WT, potentially altering HS-dependent cellular functions. Neuroinflammation was confirmed by significantly increased MCP-1, MIP-1α, IL-1α, using cytometric bead arrays. An overall genotype effect was seen in all parameters tested except for synaptophysin staining, neuronal cell number and cortical thickness which were not significantly different from WT. MPSIIIA and IIIB showed significantly more pronounced pathology than MPSI in lysosomal storage, astrocytosis, microgliosis and the percentage of 2-O sulphation of HS. We also observed significant time progression of all genotypes from 4–9 months in lysosomal storage, astrocytosis, microgliosis and synaptic disorganisation but not GM2 gangliosidosis. Individual genotype*time differences were disparate, with significant progression from 4 to 9 months only seen for MPSIIIB with lysosomal storage, MPSI with astrocytocis and MPSIIIA with microgliosis as well as neuronal loss. Transmission electron microscopy of MPS brains revealed dystrophic axons, axonal storage, and extensive lipid and lysosomal storage. These data lend novel insight to MPS neuropathology, suggesting that MPSIIIA and IIIB have more pronounced neuropathology than MPSI, yet all are still progressive, at least in some aspects of neuropathology, from 4–9 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L. Wilkinson
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Holley
- Stem Cell Glycobiology, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kia J. Langford-Smith
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Soumya Badrinath
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aiyin Liao
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Langford-Smith
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, and Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A. Jones
- Genetic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J. Ed Wraith
- Genetic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rob F. Wynn
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine L. R. Merry
- Stem Cell Glycobiology, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W. Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Tachaboonyakiat W, Furubayashi T, Katoh M, Ooya T, Yui N. Novel biodegradable cholesterol-modified polyrotaxane hydrogels for cartilage regeneration. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 2012; 15:1389-404. [PMID: 15648570 DOI: 10.1163/1568562042368086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol was introduced to a hydrolyzable polyrotaxane (PRx), not only to improve cell proliferation and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production, but also to control the degradation rate of the hydrogels. The cholesterol was introduced to hydrolyzable PRx species by threading many alpha-cyclodextrins (alpha-CDs) on a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain having hydrolyzable ester linkages at the terminals; the PRx species were then cross-linked with other PEGs to prepare cholesterol-modified PRx hydrogels. The degree of cholesterol substitution was varied in the range of 1-25%. These hydrogels were examined to clarify the effect of cholesterol groups on mechanical properties, erosion time and chondrocyte proliferation. Highly porous biodegradable cholesterol-modified PRx hydrogels were fabricated using a combination of potassium hydrogen carbonate (as an effervescent salt) and citric acid. This fabrication process enabled the homogeneous expansion of pores within the polymer matrices, leading to well-interconnected macroporous hydrogels with a mean pore size of around 200-400 microm, ideal for high-density chondrocyte seeding. Time to complete degradation of the hydrogels was shortened by increasing the degree of substitution due to the aggregation of alpha-CDs through hydrophobic interaction of cholesterol groups. The presence of approx. 10% cholesterol improved the chondrocyte proliferation and GAG production. The modification of cholesterols to PRx is a good approach for creating new biodegradable hydrogels in terms of chondrocyte culture and controlling degradation time of the hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpen Tachaboonyakiat
- Innovation Plaza Ishikawa, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-13 Asahidai, Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa 923-1211, Japan
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Pomin VH. Structure-function relationship of anticoagulant and antithrombotic well-defined sulfated polysaccharides from marine invertebrates. Adv Food Nutr Res 2012; 65:195-209. [PMID: 22361188 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416003-3.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Marine sulfated polysaccharides (MSPs), such as sulfated fucans (SFs), sulfated galactans (SGs), and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) isolated from invertebrate animals, are highly anionic polysaccharides capable of interacting with certain cationic proteins, such as (co)-factors of the coagulation cascade during clotting-inhibition process. Primarily, these molecular complexes between MSPs and coagulation-related proteins seem to be driven mostly by electrostatic interactions. However, through a systematic comparison using several novel well-defined sulfated polysaccharides composed of repetitive oligosaccharides with clear sulfation patterns, it was proved that those molecular interactions are essentially regulated by the stereochemistry of the glycans (which depends on a conjunction of anomeric configurations, sugar types, conformational preferences, glycosylation, and sulfation sites), rather than just a mere consequence of the electronegative density charges (mainly from number of sulfate groups). Here, we present an overview about the structure-function relationship of the invertebrate MSPs with regular structures as potential anticoagulant and antithrombotic agents, as pathologies related to the cardiovascular system are one of the major causes of mortality in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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Nadanaka S, Kitagawa H. [Regulation of Wnt-3a signaling and diffusion by sulfated glycosaminoglycans]. Seikagaku 2011; 83:1027-1031. [PMID: 22256598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nadanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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Wang H, Cui Y, Zhu J, Zhou X, Zhu C, Chen X. [Effect of mechanical stimulation combined with inductive factors on tissue engineered cartilage]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2011; 25:1377-1382. [PMID: 22229199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical stimulation and inductive factors are both crucial aspects in tissue engineered cartilage. To evaluate the effects of mechanical stimulation combined with inductive factors on the differentiation of tissue engineered cartilage. METHODS Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated from newborn porcine (aged 7 days and weighing 3-6 kg) and expanded in vitro. The BMSCs at passage 2 were seeded onto a scaffold of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in the concentration of 5 x 10(7)/mL to prepare cell-scaffold composite. Cell-scaffold composites were cultivated in a medium with chondrocyte-inducted factors (group A), in a vessel with mechanic stimulating only (group B), or mechanic stimulating combined with chondrocyte-inducted factors (group C) (parameters of mechanics: 1 Hz, 0.5 MPa, and 4 hours/day). Cell-scaffold composite and auto-cartilage served as positive control (group D) and negative control (group E), respectively. After 4 weeks of cultivation, the thickness, elastic modulus, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of composites were measured. Additionally, BMSCs chondrogenic differentiation was assessed via real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and histological staining. RESULTS The thickness, elastic modulus, and maximum load in group C were significantly higher than those in groups A and B (P < 0.05). In groups A, B, and C, cartilage lacuna formation, GAG expression, and positive results for collagen type II were observed through HE staining, Safranin-O staining, and immunohistochemistry staining. The dyeing depth was deeper in group A than in group B, and in group C than in groups A and B; group C was close to group E. The GAG content in group C was significantly higher than that in groups A and B (P < 0.05). Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR revealed that mRNA expressions of collagen type I, collagen type II, and GAG in group C were significantly higher than those in groups A and B (P < 0.05), and in group A than in group B (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Mechanical stimulation combined with chondrocyte inductive factors can enhance the mechanical properties of the composite and induce higher expression of collagen and GAG of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble factors released from chondrocytes can both enhance and induce chondrocyte-like behavior in cocultured dedifferentiated cells. The ability to similarly prime and modulate biosynthetic activity of differentiated cells encapsulated in a three-dimensional environment is unknown. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES To understand the effect of coculture on engineered cartilage, we posed three hypotheses: (1) coculturing with a monolayer of chondrocytes ("chondrocyte feeder layer") expedites and increases engineered tissue growth; (2) expedited growth arises from paracrine effects; and (3) these effects are dependent on the specific morphology and expression of the two-dimensional feeder cells. METHODS In three separate studies, chondrocyte-laden hydrogels were cocultured with chondrocyte feeder layers. Mechanical properties and biochemical content were quantified to evaluate tissue properties. Histology and immunohistochemistry stains were observed to visualize each constituent's distribution and organization. RESULTS Coculture with a chondrocyte feeder layer led to stiffer tissue constructs (Young's modulus and dynamic modulus) with greater amounts of glycosaminoglycan and collagen. This was dependent on paracrine signaling between the two populations of cells and was directly modulated by the rounded morphology and expression of the feeder cell monolayer. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a potential need to prime and modulate tissues before implantation and present novel strategies for enhancing medium formulations using soluble factors released by feeder cells. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Determining the soluble factors present in the coculture system can enhance a chondrogenic medium formulation for improved growth of cartilage substitutes. The feeder layer strategy described here may also be used to prime donor cartilage allografts before implantation to increase their success in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Elizabeth Y. Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - James P. Andry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY USA
| | - J. Chloë Bulinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Gerard A. Ateshian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Clark T. Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Diabetes Unit, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Shin JE, Oh JH, Kim YK, Jung JY, Chung JH. Transcriptional regulation of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycan chain-synthesizing glycosyltransferases by UV irradiation in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:417-24. [PMID: 21394312 PMCID: PMC3051091 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.3.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Various kinds of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) have been known to be involved in structural and space-filling functions, as well as many physiological regulations in skin. To investigate ultraviolet (UV) radiation-mediated regulation of GAGs and PGs in cultured human dermal fibroblasts, transcriptional changes of many types of PGs and GAG chain-synthesizing enzymes at 18 hr after 75 mJ/cm(2) of UV irradiation were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. Hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS)-1, -2, and -3 and hyaluronidase-2 mRNA expressions were significantly increased by UV irradiation. Expressions of lumican, fibromodulin, osteoglycin, syndecan-2, perlecan, agrin, versican, decorin, and biglycan were significantly decreased by UV irradiation, while syndecan-1 was increased. Expressions of GAG chain-synthesizing glycosyltransferases, xylosyltransferase-1, β1,3-glucuronyltransferase-1, β1,4-galactosyltransferase-2, -4, exostosin-1, chondroitin polymerizing factor, and chondroitin sulfate synthase-3 were significantly reduced, whereas those of β1,3-galactosyltransferase-6, β1,4-galactosyltransferase-3, -7, β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltran sferase-2, and -7 were increased by UV irradiation. Heparanase-1 mRNA expression was increased, but that of heparanase-2 was reduced by UV irradiation. Time-course investigation of representative genes showed consistent results. In conclusion, UV irradiation may increase hyaluronic acid production through HAS induction, and decrease other GAG productions through downregulation of PG core proteins and GAG chain-synthesizing glycosyltransferases in cultured human dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Dermatological Science, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Dermatological Science, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Dermatological Science, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Dermatological Science, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Dermatological Science, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Nurminsky D, Shanmugasundaram S, Deasey S, Michaud C, Allen S, Hendig D, Dastjerdi A, Francis-West P, Nurminskaya M. Transglutaminase 2 regulates early chondrogenesis and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Mech Dev 2011; 128:234-45. [PMID: 21129482 PMCID: PMC3140913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression pattern for tissue transglutaminase (TG2) suggests that it regulates cartilage formation. We analyzed the role of TG2 in early stages of chondrogenesis using differentiating high-density cultures of mesenchymal cells from chicken limb bud as a model. We demonstrate that TG2 promotes cell differentiation towards a pre-hypertrophic stage without inducing precocious hypertrophic maturation. This finding, combined with distinctive up-regulation of extracellular TG2 in the pre-hypertrophic cartilage of the growth plate, indicates that TG2 is an autocrine regulator of chondrocyte differentiation. We also show that TG2 regulates synthesis of the cartilaginous glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich extracellular matrix. Elevated levels of TG2 down-regulate xylosyltransferase activity which mediates the key steps in chondroitin sulfate synthesis. On the contrary, inhibition of endogenous transglutaminase activity in differentiating chondrogenic micromasses results in increased GAG deposition and enhancement of early chondrogenic markers. Regulation of GAG synthesis by TG2 appears independent of TGF-β activity, which is a downstream mediator of the TG2 functions in some biological systems. Instead, our data suggest a major role for cAMP/PKA signaling in transmitting TG2 signals in early chondrogenic differentiation. In summary, we demonstrate that matrix synthesis and early stages of chondrogenic differentiation are regulated through a novel mechanism involving TG2-dependent inhibition of PKA. These findings further advance understanding of cartilage formation and disease, and contribute to cartilage bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Nurminsky
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Shobana Shanmugasundaram
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Stephanie Deasey
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Claire Michaud
- Dept. Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | | | - Doris Hendig
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin Herz- und Diabeteszentrum, Universität Bochum Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- Dept. of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Maria Nurminskaya
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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