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Du L, Ma W, Peng W, Zhao H, Zhao J, Wang J, Wang W, Lyu S, Zhang Z, Qi X, Wang E, Lei C, Huang Y. Impact of STAT5A-CNVs on growth traits in Chinese beef cattle breeds. Gene 2024; 896:148073. [PMID: 38086453 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
CNVs, which are a type of structural variation, make a substantial impact on diverse characteristics in multiple species. Q-PCR and data association analysis were used for STAT5A gene copy in this study. This study aimed to investigate the copy number variation (CNV) of the STAT5A gene in seven Chinese cattle breeds, namely Qinchuan cattle, Xianan cattle, Yunling cattle, Ji'an cattle, Jiaxian Red cattle, Qaidam cattle, and Guyuan yellow cattle. Blood samples were collected for CNV typing, and the correlation between CNV type and growth traits was analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software and ANOVA. The findings revealed variations in the distribution of different copy number types among the different cattle breeds. Furthermore, association analysis demonstrated a positive impact of CNV in the STAT5A gene on cattle growth: in the JX, individuals with duplication types exhibited superior performance in terms of rump length (P < 0.05). Conversely, normal GY cattle demonstrated better body height and abdomen circumference (P < 0.05), while QD cattle exhibited a significant correlation between weight and body length with normal individuals (P < 0.05). Moreover, QC bovine duplication individuals outperformed other types, with copy number variation significantly associated with chest depth, chest width, and body length (P < 0.05). The results validate the correlation between copy number variation (CNV) of the STAT5A gene and growth characteristics in five different cattle breeds, providing a reliable benchmark for the purpose of cattle breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Ma
- Shaanxi Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Seed Farm, Shaanxi, Fufeng 722203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Peng
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huangqing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wusheng Wang
- Shaanxi Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Seed Farm, Shaanxi, Fufeng 722203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Lyu
- Henan Provincial Animal Husbandry General Station, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Henan Provincial Animal Husbandry General Station, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingshan Qi
- Biyang County Xiananniu Technology Development Co., Ltd, 463700, People's Republic of China
| | - Eryao Wang
- Henan Provincial Animal Husbandry General Station, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Serrano Matos YA, Cowardin CA. Growing up: A NOD2 our microbes. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:685-687. [PMID: 37167948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In a recent report in Science, Schwarzer and colleagues demonstrate the growth benefits of treatment with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain WJL in a preclinical mouse model of chronic undernutrition. L. plantarum influences the somatotropic axis to promote growth through intestinal epithelial NOD2 sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadeliz A Serrano Matos
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Carrie A Cowardin
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Herrera-Álvarez S, Karlsson E, Ryder OA, Lindblad-Toh K, Crawford AJ. How to Make a Rodent Giant: Genomic Basis and Tradeoffs of Gigantism in the Capybara, the World's Largest Rodent. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1715-1730. [PMID: 33169792 PMCID: PMC8097284 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gigantism results when one lineage within a clade evolves extremely large body size relative to its small-bodied ancestors, a common phenomenon in animals. Theory predicts that the evolution of giants should be constrained by two tradeoffs. First, because body size is negatively correlated with population size, purifying selection is expected to be less efficient in species of large body size, leading to increased mutational load. Second, gigantism is achieved through generating a higher number of cells along with higher rates of cell proliferation, thus increasing the likelihood of cancer. To explore the genetic basis of gigantism in rodents and uncover genomic signatures of gigantism-related tradeoffs, we assembled a draft genome of the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the world's largest living rodent. We found that the genome-wide ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations (ω) is elevated in the capybara relative to other rodents, likely caused by a generation-time effect and consistent with a nearly neutral model of molecular evolution. A genome-wide scan for adaptive protein evolution in the capybara highlighted several genes controlling postnatal bone growth regulation and musculoskeletal development, which are relevant to anatomical and developmental modifications for an increase in overall body size. Capybara-specific gene-family expansions included a putative novel anticancer adaptation that involves T-cell-mediated tumor suppression, offering a potential resolution to the increased cancer risk in this lineage. Our comparative genomic results uncovered the signature of an intragenomic conflict where the evolution of gigantism in the capybara involved selection on genes and pathways that are directly linked to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elinor Karlsson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew J Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Garcia-Galiano D, Cara AL, Tata Z, Allen SJ, Myers MG, Schipani E, Elias CF. ERα Signaling in GHRH/Kiss1 Dual-Phenotype Neurons Plays Sex-Specific Roles in Growth and Puberty. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9455-9466. [PMID: 33158965 PMCID: PMC7724138 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2069-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadal steroids modulate growth hormone (GH) secretion and the pubertal growth spurt via undefined central pathways. GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons express estrogen receptor α (ERα) and androgen receptor (AR), suggesting changing levels of gonadal steroids during puberty directly modulate the somatotropic axis. We generated mice with deletion of ERα in GHRH cells (GHRHΔERα), which displayed reduced body length in both sexes. Timing of puberty onset was similar in both groups, but puberty completion was delayed in GHRHΔERα females. Lack of AR in GHRH cells (GHRHΔAR mice) induced no changes in body length, but puberty completion was also delayed in females. Using a mouse model with two reporter genes, we observed that, while GHRHtdTom neurons minimally colocalize with Kiss1hrGFP in prepubertal mice, ∼30% of GHRH neurons coexpressed both reporter genes in adult females, but not in males. Developmental analysis of Ghrh and Kiss1 expression suggested that a subpopulation of ERα neurons in the arcuate nucleus of female mice undergoes a shift in phenotype, from GHRH to Kiss1, during pubertal transition. Our findings demonstrate that direct actions of gonadal steroids in GHRH neurons modulate growth and puberty and indicate that GHRH/Kiss1 dual-phenotype neurons play a sex-specific role in the crosstalk between the somatotropic and gonadotropic axes during pubertal transition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Late maturing adolescents usually show delayed growth and bone age. At puberty, gonadal steroids have stimulatory effects on the activation of growth and reproductive axes, but the existence of gonadal steroid-sensitive neuronal crosstalk remains undefined. Moreover, the neural basis for the sex differences observed in the clinical arena is unknown. Lack of ERα in GHRH neurons disrupts growth in both sexes and causes pubertal delay in females. Deletion of androgen receptor in GHRH neurons only delayed female puberty. In adult females, not males, a subset of GHRH neurons shift phenotype to start producing Kiss1. Thus, direct estrogen action in GHRH/Kiss1 dual-phenotype neurons modulates growth and puberty and may orchestrate the sex differences in endocrine function observed during pubertal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zachary Tata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology
| | | | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622
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Lu X, Hu S, Liao Y, Zheng J, Zeng T, Zhong X, Liu G, Gou L, Chen L. Vascular endothelial growth factor B promotes transendothelial fatty acid transport into skeletal muscle via histone modifications during catch-up growth. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E1031-E1043. [PMID: 32954823 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00090.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) followed by refeeding, a phenomenon known as catch-up growth (CUG), results in excessive lipid deposition and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Recent reports have suggested that vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) controls muscle lipid accumulation by regulating endothelial fatty acid transport. Here, we found continuous activation of VEGF-B signaling and increased lipid uptake in skeletal muscle from CR to refeeding, as well as increased lipid deposition and impaired insulin sensitivity after refeeding in the skeletal muscle of CUG rodents. Inhibiting VEGF-B signaling reduced fatty acid uptake in and transport across endothelial cells. Knockdown of Vegfb in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of CUG mice significantly attenuated muscle lipid accumulation and ameliorated muscle insulin sensitivity by decreasing lipid uptake. Furthermore, we showed that aberrant histone methylation (H3K9me1) and acetylation (H3K14ac and H3K18ac) at the Vegfb promoter might be the main cause of persistent VEGF-B upregulation in skeletal muscle during CUG. Modifying these aberrant loci using their related enzymes [PHD finger protein 2 (PHF2) or E1A binding protein p300 (p300)] could regulate VEGF-B expression in vitro. Collectively, our findings indicate that VEGF-B can promote transendothelial lipid transport and lead to lipid overaccumulation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle during CUG, which might be mediated by histone methylation and acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengqing Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfei Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyu Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Geng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Luoning Gou
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
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Perrotta S, Roberti D, Bencivenga D, Corsetto P, O'Brien KA, Caiazza M, Stampone E, Allison L, Fleck RA, Scianguetta S, Tartaglione I, Robbins PA, Casale M, West JA, Franzini-Armstrong C, Griffin JL, Rizzo AM, Sinisi AA, Murray AJ, Borriello A, Formenti F, Della Ragione F. Effects of Germline VHL Deficiency on Growth, Metabolism, and Mitochondria. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:835-844. [PMID: 32101665 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1907362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in VHL, which encodes von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL), are associated with divergent diseases. We describe a patient with marked erythrocytosis and prominent mitochondrial alterations associated with a severe germline VHL deficiency due to homozygosity for a novel synonymous mutation (c.222C→A, p.V74V). The condition is characterized by early systemic onset and differs from Chuvash polycythemia (c.598C→T) in that it is associated with a strongly reduced growth rate, persistent hypoglycemia, and limited exercise capacity. We report changes in gene expression that reprogram carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, impair muscle mitochondrial respiratory function, and uncouple oxygen consumption from ATP production. Moreover, we identified unusual intermitochondrial connecting ducts. Our findings add unexpected information on the importance of the VHL-hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) axis to human phenotypes. (Funded by Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silverio Perrotta
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Domenico Roberti
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Debora Bencivenga
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Paola Corsetto
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Katie A O'Brien
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Martina Caiazza
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Emanuela Stampone
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Leanne Allison
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Roland A Fleck
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Saverio Scianguetta
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Immacolata Tartaglione
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Peter A Robbins
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Maddalena Casale
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - James A West
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Clara Franzini-Armstrong
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Julian L Griffin
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Angela M Rizzo
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Antonio A Sinisi
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Andrew J Murray
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Adriana Borriello
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Federico Formenti
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
| | - Fulvio Della Ragione
- From the Departments of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery (S.P., D.R., M. Caiazza, S.S., I.T., M. Casale), Precision Medicine (D.B., E.S., A.B., F.D.R.), and Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.A.S.), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biomolecular Science, University of Milan, Milan (P.C., A.M.R.) - both in Italy; the Departments of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience (K.A.O., A.J.M.) and Biochemistry (J.A.W., J.L.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging (L.A., R.A.F.) and the Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (F.F.), King's College London, London, and the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (P.A.R., F.F.) and Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics (F.F.), University of Oxford, Oxford - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (C.F.-A.)
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Momma D, Onodera T, Homan K, Matsubara S, Sasazawa F, Furukawa J, Matsuoka M, Yamashita T, Iwasaki N. Coordinated existence of multiple gangliosides is required for cartilage metabolism. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:314-325. [PMID: 30471358 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gangliosides, ubiquitously existing membrane components that modulate transmembrane signaling and mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions, are key molecules of inflammatory and neurological disorders. However, the functions of gangliosides in the cartilage degradation process remain unclear. We investigated the functional role of gangliosides in cartilage metabolism related to osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. DESIGN We generated knockout (KO) mice by targeting the β1, 4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAcT) gene, which encodes an enzyme of major gangliosides synthesis, and the GD3 synthase (GD3S) gene, which encodes an enzyme of partial gangliosides synthesis. In vivo OA and in vitro cartilage degradation models were used to evaluate the effect of gangliosides on the cartilage degradation process. RESULTS The GalNAcT and GD3S KO mice developed and grew normally; nevertheless, OA changes in these mice were enhanced with aging. The GalNAcT KO mice showed significantly enhanced OA progression compared to GD3S mice in vivo. Both GalNAcT and GD3S KO mice showed severe IL-1α-induced cartilage degradation ex vivo. Phosphorylation of MAPKs was enhanced in both GalNAcT and GD3S KOs after IL-1α stimulation. Gangliosides modulated by GalNAcT or GD3S rescued an increase of MMP-13 induced by IL-1α in mice lacking GalNAcT or GD3S after exogenous replenishment in vitro. CONCLUSION These data show that the deletion of gangliosides in mice enhanced OA development. Moreover, the gangliosides modulated by GalNAcT are important for cartilage metabolism, suggesting that GalNAcT is a potential target molecule for the development of novel OA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Momma
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - T Onodera
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - K Homan
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - S Matsubara
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - F Sasazawa
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - J Furukawa
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - M Matsuoka
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - T Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Azabu University, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.
| | - N Iwasaki
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Abstract
CONTEXT In the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have catalyzed our understanding of the genetics of height and have identified hundreds of regions of the genome associated with adult height and other height-related body measurements. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION GWASs related to height were identified via PubMed search and a review of the GWAS catalog. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The GWAS results demonstrate that height is highly polygenic: that is, many thousands of genetic variants distributed across the genome each contribute to an individual's height. These height-associated regions of the genome are enriched for genes in known biological pathways involved in growth, such as fibroblast growth factor signaling, as well as for genes expressed in relevant tissues, such as the growth plate. GWASs can also uncover previously unappreciated biological pathways, such as the STC2/PAPPA/IGFBP4 pathway. The genes implicated by GWASs are often the same genes that are the genetic causes of Mendelian growth disorders or skeletal dysplasias, and GWAS results can provide complementary information about these disorders. CONCLUSIONS Here, we review the rationale behind GWASs and what we have learned from GWASs for height, including how it has enhanced our understanding of the underlying biology of human growth. We also highlight the implications of GWASs in terms of prediction of adult height and our understanding of Mendelian growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Guo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Andrew Dauber, MD, MMSc, Division of Endocrinology, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, West Wing Floor 3.5, Suite 200, Room 1215, Washington, DC 20010. E-mail:
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Zhang X, Chu Q, Guo G, Dong G, Li X, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Genome-wide association studies identified multiple genetic loci for body size at four growth stages in Chinese Holstein cattle. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175971. [PMID: 28426785 PMCID: PMC5398616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and maturity of cattle body size affect not only feed efficiency, but also productivity and longevity. Dissecting the genetic architecture of body size is critical for cattle breeding to improve both efficiency and productivity. The volume and weight of body size are indicated by several measurements. Among them, Heart Girth (HG) and Hip Height (HH) are the most important traits. They are widely used as predictors of body weight (BW). Few association studies have been conducted for HG and HH in cattle focusing on single growth stage. In this study, we extended the Genome-wide association studies to a full spectrum of four growth stages (6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months after birth) in Chinese Holstein heifers. The whole genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained from the Illumina BovineSNP50 v2 BeadChip genotyped on 3,325 individuals. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) were derived for both HG and HH at the four different ages and analyzed separately for GWAS by using the Fixed and random model Circuitous Probability Unification (FarmCPU) method. In total, 27 SNPs were identified to be significantly associated with HG and HH at different growth stages. We found 66 candidate genes located nearby the associated SNPs, including nine genes that were known as highly related to development and skeletal and muscular growth. In addition, biological function analysis was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and an interaction network related to development was obtained, which contained 16 genes out of the 66 candidates. The set of putative genes provided valuable resources and can help elucidate the genomic architecture and mechanisms underlying growth traits in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Qin Chu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Gang Guo
- Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Co. Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ganghui Dong
- Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Co. Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xizhi Li
- Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Co. Ltd, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YW); (ZZ)
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YW); (ZZ)
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Gkourogianni A, Andrew M, Tyzinski L, Crocker M, Douglas J, Dunbar N, Fairchild J, Funari MFA, Heath KE, Jorge AAL, Kurtzman T, LaFranchi S, Lalani S, Lebl J, Lin Y, Los E, Newbern D, Nowak C, Olson M, Popovic J, Průhová Š, Elblova L, Quintos JB, Segerlund E, Sentchordi L, Shinawi M, Stattin EL, Swartz J, del Angel AG, Cuéllar SD, Hosono H, Sanchez-Lara PA, Hwa V, Baron J, Nilsson O, Dauber A. Clinical Characterization of Patients With Autosomal Dominant Short Stature due to Aggrecan Mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:460-469. [PMID: 27870580 PMCID: PMC5413162 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Heterozygous mutations in the aggrecan gene (ACAN) cause autosomal dominant short stature with accelerated skeletal maturation. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the phenotypic spectrum and response to growth-promoting therapies. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred three individuals (57 females, 46 males) from 20 families with autosomal dominant short stature and heterozygous ACAN mutations were identified and confirmed using whole-exome sequencing, targeted next-generation sequencing, and/or Sanger sequencing. Clinical information was collected from the medical records. RESULTS Identified ACAN variants showed perfect cosegregation with phenotype. Adult individuals had mildly disproportionate short stature [median height, -2.8 standard deviation score (SDS); range, -5.9 to -0.9] and a history of early growth cessation. The condition was frequently associated with early-onset osteoarthritis (12 families) and intervertebral disc disease (9 families). No apparent genotype-phenotype correlation was found between the type of ACAN mutation and the presence of joint complaints. Childhood height was less affected (median height, -2.0 SDS; range, -4.2 to -0.6). Most children with ACAN mutations had advanced bone age (bone age - chronologic age; median, +1.3 years; range, +0.0 to +3.7 years). Nineteen individuals had received growth hormone therapy with some evidence of increased growth velocity. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygous ACAN mutations result in a phenotypic spectrum ranging from mild and proportionate short stature to a mild skeletal dysplasia with disproportionate short stature and brachydactyly. Many affected individuals developed early-onset osteoarthritis and degenerative disc disease, suggesting dysfunction of the articular cartilage and intervertebral disc cartilage. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal treatment strategy for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gkourogianni
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Melissa Andrew
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 70941
| | - Leah Tyzinski
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 70941
| | | | - Jessica Douglas
- Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Nancy Dunbar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106
| | - Jan Fairchild
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
| | - Mariana F. A. Funari
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento (LIM/42), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-020, Brazil
| | - Karen E. Heath
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM) and Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, and CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid 20849, Spain
| | - Alexander A. L. Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento (LIM/42), Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-020, Brazil
| | | | - Stephen LaFranchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | | | - Jan Lebl
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, Prague 11636, Czech Republic
| | - Yuezhen Lin
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Evan Los
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Dorothee Newbern
- Division of Endocrinology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona 85016
| | - Catherine Nowak
- Genetics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Micah Olson
- Division of Endocrinology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona 85016
| | - Jadranka Popovic
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15237
| | - Štěpánka Průhová
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, Prague 11636, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Elblova
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, Prague 11636, Czech Republic
| | | | - Emma Segerlund
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
- Sunderby Hospital, Sunderby 95442, Sweden
| | - Lucia Sentchordi
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM) and Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPAZ, and CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid 20849, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofia, Madrid 28703, Spain
| | - Marwan Shinawi
- Division of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Eva-Lena Stattin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | | | - Ariadna González del Angel
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Coyoacán 04530, México
| | - Sinhué Diaz Cuéllar
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes-Cuicuilco, Coyoacán 04530, México
| | - Hidekazu Hosono
- Cottage Children’s Medical Center, Santa Barbara, California 93111
| | - Pedro A. Sanchez-Lara
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 70941
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
- Section on Growth and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and
- Department of Medical Sciences, Örebro University and University Hospital, Örebro 70185, Sweden
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 70941
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Abstract
This article surveys the current general understanding of genetic influences on within- and between-population variation in growth and development in the context of establishing an International Growth Standard for Preadolescent and Adolescent Children. Traditional genetic epidemiologic analysis methods are reviewed, and evidence from family studies for genetic effects on different measures of growth and development is then presented. Findings from linkage and association studies seeking to identify specific genomic locations and allelic variants of genes influencing variation in growth and maturation are then summarized. Special mention is made of the need to study the interactions between genes and environments. At present, specific genes and polymorphisms contributing to variation in growth and maturation are only beginning to be identified. Larger genetic epidemiologic studies are needed in different parts of the world to better explore population differences in gene frequencies and gene—environment interactions. As advances continue to be made in molecular and statistical genetic methods, the genetic architecture of complex processes, including those of growth and development, will become better elucidated. For now, it can only be concluded that although the fundamental genetic underpinnings of the growth and development of children worldwide are likely to be essentially the same, there are also likely to be differences between populations in the frequencies of allelic gene variants that influence growth and maturation and in the nature of gene–environment interactions. This does not necessarily preclude an international growth reference, but it does have important implications for the form that such a reference might ultimately take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine A Thomis
- Research Center for Exercise and Health, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany.
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Higuti E, Cecchi CR, Oliveira NAJ, Lima ER, Vieira DP, Aagaard L, Jensen TG, Jorge AAL, Bartolini P, Peroni CN. Partial correction of the dwarf phenotype by non-viral transfer of the growth hormone gene in mice: Treatment age is critical. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 26:1-7. [PMID: 26774398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-viral transfer of the growth hormone gene to different muscles of immunodeficient dwarf (lit/scid) mice is under study with the objective of improving phenotypic correction via this particular gene therapy approach. Plasmid DNA was administered into the exposed quadriceps or non-exposed tibialis cranialis muscle of lit/scid mice followed by electroporation, monitoring several growth parameters. In a 6-month bioassay, 50μg DNA were injected three times into the quadriceps muscle of 80-day old mice. A 50% weight increase, with a catch-up growth of 21%, together with a 16% increase for nose-to-tail and tail lengths (catch-up=19-21%) and a 24-28% increase for femur length (catch-up=53-60%), were obtained. mIGF1 serum levels were ~7-fold higher than the basal levels for untreated mice, but still ~2-fold lower than in non-dwarf scid mice. Since treatment age was found to be particularly important in a second bioassay utilizing 40-day old mice, these pubertal mice were compared in a third bioassay with adult (80-day old) mice, all treated twice with 50μg DNA injected into each tibialis cranialis muscle, via a less invasive approach. mIGF1 concentrations at the same level as co-aged scid mice were obtained 15days after administration in pubertal mice. Catch-up growth, based on femur length (77%), nose-to-tail (36%) and tail length (39%) increases was 40 to 95% higher than those obtained upon treating adult mice. These data pave the way for the development of more effective pre-clinical assays in pubertal dwarf mice for the treatment of GH deficiency via plasmid-DNA muscular administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Higuti
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia R Cecchi
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nélio A J Oliveira
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eliana R Lima
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Vieira
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lars Aagaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas G Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Genetic-Endocrinology Unit (LIM25), Endocrinology Department, University of São Paulo School of Medicine (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibele N Peroni
- Biotechnology Center, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Willemsen RH, Dunger DB. Normal Variation in Pubertal Timing: Genetic Determinants in Relation to Growth and Adiposity. Endocr Dev 2016; 29:17-35. [PMID: 26680570 DOI: 10.1159/000438957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In humans, there is a considerable variation in age of onset of puberty. Twin studies have indicated that pubertal timing is a highly heritable trait. Recently, a few rare genetic causes of precocious puberty have been reported as well as genetic mutations associated with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have helped to explore the genetic determinants of the normal variation in pubertal timing, but have been able to explain only 2.7% of the variance in age at menarche, highlighting the involvement of multiple genes with small effect sizes. These studies indicate an overlap of genes involved in pubertal timing and adiposity, and epidemiological data suggest the existence of a pathway of early infancy weight gain, increased height gain in childhood, earlier pubertal timing and increased adiposity in adulthood. This chapter summarises the data from GWA and epidemiological studies on the normal variation in pubertal timing in relation to growth and adiposity. We discuss putative mechanisms linking early life events to pubertal timing, potential short-term and life-course consequences of earlier pubertal timing, and the impact of these data on clinical management of pubertal disorders.
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Irie M, Yoshikawa M, Ono R, Iwafune H, Furuse T, Yamada I, Wakana S, Yamashita Y, Abe T, Ishino F, Kaneko-Ishino T. Cognitive Function Related to the Sirh11/Zcchc16 Gene Acquired from an LTR Retrotransposon in Eutherians. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005521. [PMID: 26402067 PMCID: PMC4581854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting of mouse Sushi-ichi-relatedretrotransposonhomologue11/Zinc fingerCCHCdomain-containing16 (Sirh11/Zcchc16) causes abnormal behaviors related to cognition, including attention, impulsivity and working memory. Sirh11/Zcchc16 encodes a CCHC type of zinc-finger protein that exhibits high homology to an LTR retrotransposon Gag protein. Upon microdialysis analysis of the prefrontal cortex region, the recovery rate of noradrenaline (NA) was reduced compared with dopamine (DA) after perfusion of high potassium-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid in knockout (KO) mice. These data indicate that Sirh11/Zcchc16 is involved in cognitive function in the brain, possibly via the noradrenergic system, in the contemporary mouse developmental systems. Interestingly, it is highly conserved in three out of the four major groups of the eutherians, euarchontoglires, laurasiatheria and afrotheria, but is heavily mutated in xenarthran species such as the sloth and armadillo, suggesting that it has contributed to brain evolution in the three major eutherian lineages, including humans and mice. Sirh11/Zcchc16 is the first SIRH gene to be involved in brain function, instead of just the placenta, as seen in the case of Peg10, Peg11/Rtl1 and Sirh7/Ldoc1. Retrotransposon-derived DNA sequences occupy approximately 40% of the mammalian genome, compared with only 1.5% of protein coding genes. They have been commonly considered “junk DNA” and even potentially harmful for host organisms. However, a series of knockout (KO) mouse analyses demonstrated that at least some of the LTR retrotransposon- and retrovirus-derived sequences play essential roles in the current mammalian developmental system as endogenous genes, such as Peg10, Peg11/Rtl1, Sirh7/Ldoc1, SYNCYTINs and FEMATRIN-1, which are active in multiple aspects of placental function. Here we demonstrate that another LTR retrotransposon-derived gene, Sirh11/Zcchc16, plays an important role in cognitive function in the brain. Sirh11/Zcchc16 KO mice exhibit abnormal behaviors related to cognition, including attention, impulsivity and working memory, possibly due to the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline (LC-NA) system, suggesting that human SIRH11/ZCCHC16 may be involved in X-linked intellectual disability and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Comparative genome analysis demonstrates that SIRH11/ZCCHC16 was acquired in a common eutherian ancestor, suggesting that it contributed to eutherian brain evolution because it confers a critically important advantage in the competition that occurs in daily life. This study provides further insight into the impact of LTR retrotransposon-derived genes on mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Irie
- School of Health Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yoshikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ono
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwafune
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamio Furuse
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, The Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yamada
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, The Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, The Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Center (BRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yui Yamashita
- Animal Resource Development Unit, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (CLST), Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ishino
- Department of Epigenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence Program for International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (FI); (TKI)
| | - Tomoko Kaneko-Ishino
- School of Health Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (FI); (TKI)
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Cousminer DL, Leinonen JT, Sarin AP, Chheda H, Surakka I, Wehkalampi K, Ellonen P, Ripatti S, Dunkel L, Palotie A, Widén E. Targeted resequencing of the pericentromere of chromosome 2 linked to constitutional delay of growth and puberty. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128524. [PMID: 26030606 PMCID: PMC4452275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is the most common cause of pubertal delay. CDGP is defined as the proportion of the normal population who experience pubertal onset at least 2 SD later than the population mean, representing 2.3% of all adolescents. While adolescents with CDGP spontaneously enter puberty, they are at risk for short stature, decreased bone mineral density, and psychosocial problems. Genetic factors contribute heavily to the timing of puberty, but the vast majority of CDGP cases remain biologically unexplained, and there is no definitive test to distinguish CDGP from pathological absence of puberty during adolescence. Recently, we published a study identifying significant linkage between a locus at the pericentromeric region of chromosome 2 (chr 2) and CDGP in Finnish families. To investigate this region for causal variation, we sequenced chr 2 between the genomic coordinates of 79-124 Mb (genome build GRCh37) in the proband and affected parent of the 13 families contributing most to this linkage signal. One gene, DNAH6, harbored 6 protein-altering low-frequency variants (< 6% in the Finnish population) in 10 of the CDGP probands. We sequenced an additional 135 unrelated Finnish CDGP subjects and utilized the unique Sequencing Initiative Suomi (SISu) population reference exome set to show that while 5 of these variants were present in the CDGP set, they were also present in the Finnish population at similar frequencies. Additional variants in the targeted region could not be prioritized for follow-up, possibly due to gaps in sequencing coverage or lack of functional knowledge of non-genic genomic regions. Thus, despite having a well-characterized sample collection from a genetically homogeneous population with a large population-based reference sequence dataset, we were unable to pinpoint variation in the linked region predisposing delayed puberty. This study highlights the difficulties of detecting genetic variants under linkage regions for complex traits and suggests that advancements in annotation of gene function and regulatory regions of the genome will be critical for solving the genetic background of complex phenotypes like CDGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jaakko T. Leinonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Himanshu Chheda
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karoliina Wehkalampi
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Ellonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Medical and Population Genomics Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Visscher
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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19
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Farewell VT, Johnson TL. Commentary: Dr John Brownlee MA, MD, DSc, DPH (Cantab), FRFPS, FSS, FRMetS (1868-1927), public health officer, geneticist, epidemiologist and medical statistician. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 42:935-43. [PMID: 24062284 PMCID: PMC3780995 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 1914 Dr John Brownlee was appointed head of the Statistical Department of the newly established Medical Research Committee. He had qualified in mathematics, natural philosophy and medicine at the University of Glasgow, and by 1914 had established a reputation as a public health officer, an expert in infectious diseases, and as a proponent of the Pearsonian school of the application of statistics and mathematics to medicine: an ideal background for his new position. In celebration of the centenary anniversary of the Medical Research Council and as a tribute to John Brownlee's involvement at the start, the International Journal of Epidemiology is reprinting in this issue one of his early papers on genetics. We comment on this paper, as well as Brownlee's background, achievements, research and his somewhat enigmatic though likeable character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vern T Farewell
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK and MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Aviation House, London, UK
| | - Tony L Johnson
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK and MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Aviation House, London, UK
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Dunn IC, Meddle SL, Wilson PW, Wardle CA, Law AS, Bishop VR, Hindar C, Robertson GW, Burt DW, Ellison SJH, Morrice DM, Hocking PM. Decreased expression of the satiety signal receptor CCKAR is responsible for increased growth and body weight during the domestication of chickens. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E909-21. [PMID: 23443924 PMCID: PMC3651647 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00580.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Animal domestication has resulted in changes in growth and size. It has been suggested that this may have involved selection for differences in appetite. Divergent growth between chickens selected for egg laying or meat production is one such example. The neurons expressing AGRP and POMC in the basal hypothalamus are important components of appetite regulation, as are the satiety feedback pathways that carry information from the intestine, including CCK and its receptor CCKAR (CCK1 receptor). Using 16 generations of a cross between a fast and a relatively slow growing strain of chicken has identified a region on chromosome 4 downstream of the CCKAR gene, which is responsible for up to a 19% difference in body weight at 12 wk of age. Animals possessing the high-growth haplotype at the locus have lower expression of mRNA and immunoreactive CCKAR in the brain, intestine, and exocrine organs, which is correlated with increased levels of orexigenic AGRP in the hypothalamus. Animals with the high-growth haplotype are resistant to the anorectic effect of exogenously administered CCK, suggesting that their satiety set point has been altered. Comparison with traditional breeds shows that the high-growth haplotype has been present in the founders of modern meat-type strains and may have been selected early in domestication. This is the first dissection of the physiological consequences of a genetic locus for a quantitative trait that alters appetite and gives us an insight into the domestication of animals. This will allow elucidation of how differences in appetite occur in birds and also mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Dunn
- University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
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Cheung LYM, Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R, Le Tissier PR. Pituitary phenotypes of mice lacking the notch signalling ligand delta-like 1 homologue. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:391-401. [PMID: 23279263 PMCID: PMC3664429 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway ligand delta-like 1 homologue (Dlk1, also named Pref1) is expressed throughout the developing pituitary and becomes restricted to mostly growth hormone (GH) cells within the adult gland. We have investigated the role of Dlk1 in pituitary development and function from late embryogenesis to adulthood using a mouse model completely lacking the expression of Dlk1. We confirm that Dlk1-null mice are shorter and weigh less than wild-type littermates from late gestation, at parturition and in adulthood. A loss of Dlk1 leads to significant reduction in GH content throughout life, whereas other pituitary hormones are reduced to varying degrees depending on sex and age. Both the size of the pituitary and the proportion of hormone-producing cell populations are unchanged, suggesting that there is a reduction in hormone content per cell. In vivo challenge of mutant and wild-type littermates with growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide shows that reduced GH secretion is unlikely to account for the reduced growth of Dlk1 knockout animals. These data suggest that loss of Dlk1 gives rise to minor pituitary defects manifesting as an age- and sex-dependent reduction in pituitary hormone contents. However, Dlk1 expression in other tissue is most likely responsible for the weight and length differences observed in mutant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y M Cheung
- Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
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Rotwein P. William H. Daughaday and the foundations of modern research into growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2013; 10:280-283. [PMID: 23724435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This vignette summarizes some of the scientific accomplishments of Dr. William H. Daughaday, a founder of modern research into the biological effects of growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors, and formulator of the somatomedin hypothesis of GH actions on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rotwein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, USA.
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Abstract
Height is a classic polygenic quantitative trait with a high level of heritability. As it is a simple and stable parameter to measure, height is a model for both common, complex disorders and monogenic, Mendelian disease. In this Review, we examine height from the perspective of monogenic and complex genetics and discuss the lessons learned so far. We explore several examples of rare sequence variants with large effects on height and compare these variants to the common variants identified in genome-wide association studies that have small effects on height. We discuss how copy number changes or genetic interactions might contribute to the unidentified aspects of the heritability of height. We also ask whether information derived from genome-wide association studies on specific loci in the vicinity of genes can be used for further research in clinical paediatric endocrinology. Furthermore, we address key challenges that remain for gene discovery and for the transition of moving from genomic localization to mechanistic insights, with an emphasis on using next-generation sequencing to identify causative variants of people at the extremes of height distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Durand
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Young RP, Hopkins RJ. Genetic risk in childhood obesity: implications for clinical practice. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167:196-7. [PMID: 23381454 DOI: 10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Fernandez JR. Genetic risk in childhood obesity: implications for clinical practice--reply. JAMA Pediatr 2013; 167:197-8. [PMID: 23381455 DOI: 10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Belsky DW, Moffitt TE, Houts R, Bennett GG, Biddle AK, Blumenthal JA, Evans JP, Harrington H, Sugden K, Williams B, Poulton R, Caspi A. Polygenic risk, rapid childhood growth, and the development of obesity: evidence from a 4-decade longitudinal study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2012; 166:515-21. [PMID: 22665028 PMCID: PMC3534740 DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test how genomic loci identified in genome-wide association studies influence the development of obesity. DESIGN A 38-year prospective longitudinal study of a representative birth cohort. SETTING The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, Dunedin, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS One thousand thirty-seven male and female study members. MAIN EXPOSURES We assessed genetic risk with a multilocus genetic risk score. The genetic risk score was composed of single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified in genome-wide association studies of obesity-related phenotypes. We assessed family history from parent body mass index data collected when study members were 11 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Body mass index growth curves, developmental phenotypes of obesity, and adult obesity outcomes were defined from anthropometric assessments at birth and at 12 subsequent in-person interviews through 38 years of age. RESULTS Individuals with higher genetic risk scores were more likely to be chronically obese in adulthood. Genetic risk first manifested as rapid growth during early childhood. Genetic risk was unrelated to birth weight. After birth, children at higher genetic risk gained weight more rapidly and reached adiposity rebound earlier and at a higher body mass index. In turn, these developmental phenotypes predicted adult obesity, mediating about half the genetic effect on adult obesity risk. Genetic associations with growth and obesity risk were independent of family history, indicating that the genetic risk score could provide novel information to clinicians. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation linked with obesity risk operates, in part, through accelerating growth in the early childhood years after birth. Etiological research and prevention strategies should target early childhood to address the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Belsky
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Grey House, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Sartelet A, Druet T, Michaux C, Fasquelle C, Géron S, Tamma N, Zhang Z, Coppieters W, Georges M, Charlier C. A splice site variant in the bovine RNF11 gene compromises growth and regulation of the inflammatory response. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002581. [PMID: 22438830 PMCID: PMC3305398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report association mapping of a locus on bovine chromosome 3 that underlies a Mendelian form of stunted growth in Belgian Blue Cattle (BBC). By resequencing positional candidates, we identify the causative c124-2A>G splice variant in intron 1 of the RNF11 gene, for which all affected animals are homozygous. We make the remarkable observation that 26% of healthy Belgian Blue animals carry the corresponding variant. We demonstrate in a prospective study design that approximately one third of homozygous mutants die prematurely with major inflammatory lesions, hence explaining the rarity of growth-stunted animals despite the high frequency of carriers. We provide preliminary evidence that heterozygous advantage for an as of yet unidentified phenotype may have caused a selective sweep accounting for the high frequency of the RNF11 c124-2A>G mutation in Belgian Blue Cattle. Recessive defects in livestock are common, and this is considered to result from the contraction of the effective population size that accompanies intense selection for desired traits, especially when relying heavily on artificial insemination (as males may concomitantly have a very large number of offspring). The costs of recessive defects are assumed to correspond to the loss of the affected animals. By performing a molecular genetic analysis of stunted growth in Belgian Blue Cattle (BBC), we highlight (i) that the economic impact of recessive defects may outweigh the only loss of affected animals and (ii) that some genetic defects are common for reasons other than inbreeding. We first demonstrate that a splice site variant in the RING finger protein 11 (RNF11) gene accounts for ∼40% of cases of stunted growth in BBC. We then show that a large proportion of animals that are homozygous for the corresponding RNF11 mutation die at a young age due to compromised resistance to pathogens. We finally demonstrate that carriers of the mutation benefit from a selective advantage of unidentified origin that accounts for its high frequency in BBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sartelet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charles Michaux
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Corinne Fasquelle
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sarah Géron
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nico Tamma
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zhiyan Zhang
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Wouter Coppieters
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michel Georges
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carole Charlier
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Amps K, Andrews PW, Anyfantis G, Armstrong L, Avery S, Baharvand H, Baker J, Baker D, Munoz MB, Beil S, Benvenisty N, Ben-Yosef D, Biancotti JC, Bosman A, Brena RM, Brison D, Caisander G, Camarasa MV, Chen J, Chiao E, Choi YM, Choo ABH, Collins D, Colman A, Crook JM, Daley GQ, Dalton A, De Sousa PA, Denning C, Downie J, Dvorak P, Montgomery KD, Feki A, Ford A, Fox V, Fraga AM, Frumkin T, Ge L, Gokhale PJ, Golan-Lev T, Gourabi H, Gropp M, Lu G, Hampl A, Harron K, Healy L, Herath W, Holm F, Hovatta O, Hyllner J, Inamdar MS, Irwanto AK, Ishii T, Jaconi M, Jin Y, Kimber S, Kiselev S, Knowles BB, Kopper O, Kukharenko V, Kuliev A, Lagarkova MA, Laird PW, Lako M, Laslett AL, Lavon N, Lee DR, Lee JE, Li C, Lim LS, Ludwig TE, Ma Y, Maltby E, Mateizel I, Mayshar Y, Mileikovsky M, Minger SL, Miyazaki T, Moon SY, Moore H, Mummery C, Nagy A, Nakatsuji N, Narwani K, Oh SKW, Oh SK, Olson C, Otonkoski T, Pan F, Park IH, Pells S, Pera MF, Pereira LV, Qi O, Raj GS, Reubinoff B, Robins A, Robson P, Rossant J, Salekdeh GH, Schulz TC, Sermon K, Sheik Mohamed J, Shen H, Sherrer E, Sidhu K, Sivarajah S, Skottman H, Spits C, Stacey GN, Strehl R, Strelchenko N, Suemori H, Sun B, Suuronen R, Takahashi K, Tuuri T, Venu P, Verlinsky Y, Ward-van Oostwaard D, Weisenberger DJ, Wu Y, Yamanaka S, Young L, Zhou Q. Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:1132-44. [PMID: 22119741 PMCID: PMC3454460 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The International Stem Cell Initiative analyzed 125 human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines and 11 induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines, from 38 laboratories worldwide, for genetic changes occurring during culture. Most lines were analyzed at an early and late passage. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed that they included representatives of most major ethnic groups. Most lines remained karyotypically normal, but there was a progressive tendency to acquire changes on prolonged culture, commonly affecting chromosomes 1, 12, 17 and 20. DNA methylation patterns changed haphazardly with no link to time in culture. Structural variants, determined from the SNP arrays, also appeared sporadically. No common variants related to culture were observed on chromosomes 1, 12 and 17, but a minimal amplicon in chromosome 20q11.21, including three genes expressed in human ES cells, ID1, BCL2L1 and HM13, occurred in >20% of the lines. Of these genes, BCL2L1 is a strong candidate for driving culture adaptation of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Santiago LA, Santiago DA, Faustino LC, Cordeiro A, Lisboa PC, Wondisford FE, Pazos-Moura CC, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. The Δ337T mutation on the TRβ causes alterations in growth, adiposity, and hepatic glucose homeostasis in mice. J Endocrinol 2011; 211:39-46. [PMID: 21746794 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mice bearing the genomic mutation Δ337T on the thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) gene present the classical signs of resistance to thyroid hormone (TH), with high serum TH and TSH. This mutant TR is unable to bind TH, remains constitutively bound to co-repressors, and has a dominant negative effect on normal TRs. In this study, we show that homozygous (TRβΔ337T) mice for this mutation have reduced body weight, length, and body fat content, despite augmented relative food intake and relative increase in serum leptin. TRβΔ337T mice exhibited normal glycemia and were more tolerant to an i.p. glucose load accompanied by reduced insulin secretion. Higher insulin sensitivity was observed after single insulin injection, when the TRβΔ337T mice developed a profound hypoglycemia. Impaired hepatic glucose production was confirmed by the reduction in glucose generation after pyruvate administration. In addition, hepatic glycogen content was lower in homozygous TRβΔ337T mice than in wild type. Collectively, the data suggest that TRβΔ337T mice have deficient hepatic glucose production, by reduced gluconeogenesis and lower glycogen deposits. Analysis of liver gluconeogenic gene expression showed a reduction in the mRNA of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a rate-limiting enzyme, and of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α, a key transcriptional factor essential to gluconeogenesis. Reduction in both gene expressions is consistent with resistance to TH action via TRβ, reproducing a hypothyroid phenotype. In conclusion, mice carrying the Δ337T-dominant negative mutation on the TRβ are leaner, exhibit impaired hepatic glucose production, and are more sensitive to hypoglycemic effects of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Santiago
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Abstract
Epistasis has long been recognized as fundamentally important in understanding the structure, function, and evolutionary dynamics of biological systems. Yet, little is known about how it is distributed underlying specific traits. Based on a global map of epistatic interactions in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we show that epistasis is prevalent (∼13% increase from random expectation) and displays modular architecture among genes that underlie the same growth traits. More interestingly, our results indicate that hub genes responsible for the same growth traits tend to link epistatically with each other more frequently than random expectation. Our results provide a genome-wide perspective on the genetic architecture of growth traits in a eukaryotic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Hong Chen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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Rudolph MC, Russell TD, Webb P, Neville MC, Anderson SM. Prolactin-mediated regulation of lipid biosynthesis genes in vivo in the lactating mammary epithelial cell. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E1059-68. [PMID: 21467304 PMCID: PMC3118595 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00083.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is known to play an essential role in mammary alveolar proliferation in the pregnant mouse, but its role in lactation has been more difficult to define. Genetic manipulations that alter expression of the PRL receptor and its downstream signaling molecules resulted in developmental defects that may directly or indirectly impact secretory activation and lactation. To examine the in vivo role of PRL specifically in lactation, bromocriptine (BrCr) was administered every 8 h to lactating mice on the second day postpartum, resulting in an ~95% decrease in serum PRL levels. Although morphological changes in secretory alveoli were slight, by 8 h of BrCr, pup growth was inhibited significantly. Phosphorylated STAT5 fell to undetectable levels within 4 h. Decreased milk protein gene expression, β-casein, and α-lactalbumin, was observed after 8 h of treatment. To assess mammary-specific effects on lipid synthesis genes, we isolated mammary epithelial cells (MECs) depleted of mammary adipocytes. Expression of genes involved in glucose uptake, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, de novo synthesis of fatty acids, and biosynthesis of triacylglycerides was decreased up to 19-fold in MECs by just 8 h of BrCr treatment. Glands from BrCr-treated mice showed a twofold reduction in intracellular cytoplasmic lipid droplets and a reduction in cytosolic β-casein. These data demonstrate that PRL signaling regulates MEC-specific lipogenic gene expression and that PRL signals coordinate the milk synthesis and mammary epithelial cell survival during lactation in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Abstract
Although recombinant human GH (rhGH) has been available since 1985, there are several questions related to its use that remain unanswered. The Entrez-PubMed search engine was used to conduct a review of publications appearing since 2007 that address growth and GH treatment. Recent publications related to the diagnosis of GH deficiency, genetics of growth, the use of rhGH in different genetic conditions, in idiopathic short stature, and in puberty, and strategies to adjust rhGH dose were reviewed. New studies investigating the genetics of growth and the response to rhGH therapy in different groups are helping in the understanding of the physiology of normal growth. Although in most children treated with rhGH there is a short-term benefit, the clinical relevance of the benefits after long-term treatment in some conditions remains unclear. The challenges are to define milder forms of GH deficiency and to assess the relevance of the benefits, if any, caused by rhGH in different patient populations and the best therapeutic approach for these patients. Well-designed long-term studies using anthropometric, genetic, and laboratory data that will also assess long-term quality of life benefits are needed to help clinicians select patients to initiate treatment with rhGH and to adjust treatment to improve outcome.
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Nimri R, Lebenthal Y, Lazar L, Chevrier L, Phillip M, Bar M, Hernandez-Mora E, de Roux N, Gat-Yablonski G. A novel loss-of-function mutation in GPR54/KISS1R leads to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in a highly consanguineous family. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E536-45. [PMID: 21193544 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), the kisspeptin receptor, is essential for stimulation of GnRH secretion and induction of puberty. Recently loss-of-function mutations of the GPR54 have been implicated as a cause of isolated idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify the genetic cause of IHH in a consanguineous pedigree and to characterize the phenotypic features from infancy through early adulthood. DESIGN In six patients with normosmic IHH belonging to two families of Israeli Muslim-Arab origin highly related to one another, DNA was analyzed for mutations in the GnRHR and GPR54 genes, with functional analysis of the mutation found. The five males underwent comprehensive endocrine evaluation and were under longitudinal follow-up; the one female presented in early adulthood. RESULTS A new homozygous mutation (c.T815C) in GPR54 leading to a phenylalanine substitution by serine (p.F272S) was detected in all patients. Functional analysis showed an almost complete inhibition of kisspeptin-induced GPR54 signaling and a dramatic decrease of the mutated receptor expression at the cell surface. The males exhibited the same clinical features from infancy to adulthood, characterized by cryptorchidism, a relatively short penis, and no spontaneous pubertal development. The female patient presented at 18 yr with impuberism and primary amenorrhea. Repeated stimulation tests demonstrated complete gonadotropin deficiency throughout follow-up. CONCLUSION A novel loss-of-function mutation (p.F272S) in the GPR54 gene is associated with familial normosmic IHH. Underdeveloped external genitalia and impuberism point to the major role of GPR54 in the activation of the gonadotropic axis from intrauterine life to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Nimri
- The Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan Street, Petah Tikva 49202, Israel
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Loukovitis D, Sarropoulou E, Tsigenopoulos CS, Batargias C, Magoulas A, Apostolidis AP, Chatziplis D, Kotoulas G. Quantitative trait loci involved in sex determination and body growth in the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) through targeted genome scan. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16599. [PMID: 21304996 PMCID: PMC3031595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among vertebrates, teleost fish exhibit a considerably wide range of sex determination patterns that may be influenced by extrinsic parameters. However even for model fish species like the zebrafish Danio rerio the precise mechanisms involved in primary sex determination have not been studied extensively. The zebrafish, a gonochoristic species, is lacking discernible sex chromosomes and the sex of juvenile fish is difficult to determine. Sequential protandrous hermaphrodite species provide distinct determination of the gender and allow studying the sex determination process by looking at the mechanism of sex reversal. This is the first attempt to understand the genetic basis of phenotypic variation for sex determination and body weight in a sequential protandrous hermaphrodite species, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). This work demonstrates a fast and efficient strategy for Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) detection in the gilthead sea bream, a non-model but target hermaphrodite fish species. Therefore a comparative mapping approach was performed to query syntenies against two other Perciformes, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), a gonochoristic species and the Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) a protandrous hermaphrodite. In this manner two significant QTLs, one QTL affecting both body weight and sex and one QTL affecting sex, were detected on the same linkage group. The co-segregation of the two QTLs provides a genomic base to the observed genetic correlation between these two traits in sea bream as well as in other teleosts. The identification of QTLs linked to sex reversal and growth, will contribute significantly to a better understanding of the complex nature of sex determination in S. aurata where most individuals reverse to the female sex at the age of two years through development and maturation of the ovarian portion of the gonad and regression of the testicular area. [Genomic sequences reported in this manuscript have been submitted to GenBank under accession numbers HQ021443-HQ021749.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Loukovitis
- Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Animal Production, School of Agricultural Technology, Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki, Sindos, Greece
- Laboratory of Ichthyology and Fisheries, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Sarropoulou
- Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Costas S. Tsigenopoulos
- Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Costas Batargias
- Molecular Population and Quantitative Genetics, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, School of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Messolonghi, Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Antonios Magoulas
- Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Apostolos P. Apostolidis
- Laboratory of Ichthyology and Fisheries, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Chatziplis
- Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Animal Production, School of Agricultural Technology, Alexander Technological Institute of Thessaloniki, Sindos, Greece
| | - Georgios Kotoulas
- Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Temmerman L, Slonimsky E, Rosenthal N. Class 2 IGF-1 isoforms are dispensable for viability, growth and maintenance of IGF-1 serum levels. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010; 20:255-263. [PMID: 20382057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a pleiotropic factor involved in growth, cell survival and cellular differentiation. It exerts its functions through endocrine, paracrine or autocrine mechanisms. Circulating IGF-1 is essential for normal fetal and postnatal growth, although the published phenotypes of IGF-1 null animals have been only partially penetrant, presumably due to mixed genetic backgrounds. Molecular dissection of IGF-1 action is complicated by the existence of at least nine different IGF-1 isoforms, generated in both humans and rodents by usage of alternate promoters, differential splicing and different post-translational modifications. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Class 2 IGF-1 isoform is specifically destined for circulation, supporting an endocrine role of IGF-1 in normal growth processes. Using Cre/LoxP conditional gene targeting of exon 2 of the IGF-1 gene, we have generated a Class 2 IGF-1 knockout mouse line in a pure C57/Bl6 genetic background, where the specific removal of exon 2 ablated Class 2 IGF-1 isoform. Class 2 IGF-1 knockout mice exhibited normal development and postnatal growth patterns and had normal IGF-1 circulating levels, due to compensatory upregulation of Class 1 transcripts. In contrast, progeny of a total IGF-1 knockout line lacking exon 3 in the same genetic background were predictably smaller, displayed dramatically reduced IGF-1 receptor phosphorylation and all died perinatally, apparently due to respiratory failure. These results confirm that Class 2 signal peptide is not necessary for systemic circulation of IGF-1, revealing an internal compensation system for maintaining IGF-1 serum concentrations. We also uncover a vital requirement of IGF-1 for perinatal viability, previously obscured by modifiers in heterogeneous genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Temmerman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Mouse Biology Unit, Via Ramarini 32, I-00015 Monterotondo-Scalo, Roma, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently variation in LIN28B, a human ortholog of the gene-regulating processing of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) controlling the timing of major developmental events in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, was reported to be associated with timing of puberty in humans. In C. elegans, a gain-of-function allele of lin-28 causes a retarded phenotype. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the variation in the LIN28B gene in 145 subjects with constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP). PATIENTS AND METHODS For this study, 115 males and 30 females with CDGP were included. CDGP was defined by Tanner genital or breast stage II and pubertal growth spurt taking place 2 SD later than average. The four coding exons (exons 1-4) and exon-intron boundaries, as well as the fragment of 3' untranslated region containing miRNA recognition elements A and B, of LIN28B were PCR amplified from genomic DNA obtained from peripheral blood leukocytes of the subjects and bidirectionally sequenced. RESULTS No variation in the coding region of LIN28B in the 145 subjects with CDGP was found. However, 16 of 145 subjects carried a 2-nucleotide deletion immediately 5' from miRNA recognition element A. These patients did not differ in phenotypic features as compared with noncarriers, and this variant was present in 100 controls with the same frequency. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that mutations in the coding region or 3' untranslated region miRNA recognition elements A and B of LIN28B do not underlie CDGP. Lack of any variation in the coding region of the gene suggests that LIN28B in developmental timing is so crucial that any changes in the conserved protein would probably be lethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tommiska
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Elks CE, Loos RJF, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Ring SM, Timpson NJ, Ness AR, Davey Smith G, Dunger DB, Wareham NJ, Ong KK. Genetic markers of adult obesity risk are associated with greater early infancy weight gain and growth. PLoS Med 2010; 7:e1000284. [PMID: 20520848 PMCID: PMC2876048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide studies have identified several common genetic variants that are robustly associated with adult obesity risk. Exploration of these genotype associations in children may provide insights into the timing of weight changes leading to adult obesity. METHODS AND FINDINGS Children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort were genotyped for ten genetic variants previously associated with adult BMI. Eight variants that showed individual associations with childhood BMI (in/near: FTO, MC4R, TMEM18, GNPDA2, KCTD15, NEGR1, BDNF, and ETV5) were used to derive an "obesity-risk-allele score" comprising the total number of risk alleles (range: 2-15 alleles) in each child with complete genotype data (n = 7,146). Repeated measurements of weight, length/height, and body mass index from birth to age 11 years were expressed as standard deviation scores (SDS). Early infancy was defined as birth to age 6 weeks, and early infancy failure to thrive was defined as weight gain between below the 5th centile, adjusted for birth weight. The obesity-risk-allele score showed little association with birth weight (regression coefficient: 0.01 SDS per allele; 95% CI 0.00-0.02), but had an apparently much larger positive effect on early infancy weight gain (0.119 SDS/allele/year; 0.023-0.216) than on subsequent childhood weight gain (0.004 SDS/allele/year; 0.004-0.005). The obesity-risk-allele score was also positively associated with early infancy length gain (0.158 SDS/allele/year; 0.032-0.284) and with reduced risk of early infancy failure to thrive (odds ratio = 0.92 per allele; 0.86-0.98; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS The use of robust genetic markers identified greater early infancy gains in weight and length as being on the pathway to adult obesity risk in a contemporary birth cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy E. Elks
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M. Ring
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Ness
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Feist AM, Zielinski DC, Orth JD, Schellenberger J, Herrgard MJ, Palsson BØ. Model-driven evaluation of the production potential for growth-coupled products of Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2010; 12:173-86. [PMID: 19840862 PMCID: PMC3125152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated approaches utilizing in silico analyses will be necessary to successfully advance the field of metabolic engineering. Here, we present an integrated approach through a systematic model-driven evaluation of the production potential for the bacterial production organism Escherichia coli to produce multiple native products from different representative feedstocks through coupling metabolite production to growth rate. Designs were examined for 11 unique central metabolism and amino acid targets from three different substrates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Optimal strain designs were reported for designs which possess maximum yield, substrate-specific productivity, and strength of growth-coupling for up to 10 reaction eliminations (knockouts). In total, growth-coupled designs could be identified for 36 out of the total 54 conditions tested, corresponding to eight out of the 11 targets. There were 17 different substrate/target pairs for which over 80% of the theoretical maximum potential could be achieved. The developed method introduces a new concept of objective function tilting for strain design. This study provides specific metabolic interventions (strain designs) for production strains that can be experimentally implemented, characterizes the potential for E. coli to produce native compounds, and outlines a strain design pipeline that can be utilized to design production strains for additional organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Feist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive #0412, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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Brune BC, Gerlach MK, Seewald MJ, Brune TG. Early postnatal BMI adaptation is regulated during a fixed time period and mainly depends on maternal BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:798-802. [PMID: 19834468 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether there are critical time periods which influence the course of BMI during the first 6 years of life. From 5,433 children who participated in preschool examinations those 212 children were selected who crossed the BMI percentiles as a result of an extreme postnatal BMI rise (from <10th to 90th percentile) or fall (from >90th to <10th percentile) or who have persistently low or high BMI both at birth and at the age of 6 years. Forty children with a BMI close to the 50th percentile both at birth and age 6 years were selected to serve as controls. The courses of weight and height during the first 6 years of age were assessed and BMI was calculated. To identify influences connected with BMI development, we investigated genetic, social, nutritional, and other factors proceeding from the mother during pregnancy. Finally completed data sets of 57 children were available. Our study shows that during two critical time periods a significant move toward low or high BMI takes place among the groups: in early infancy from ~0.5 to 1.5 years and again from 5 to 6 years. At the age of 1.5 years the final state of BMI is already fixed in all study groups. Mothers of overweight 6-year-old children are overweight, whereas mothers of underweight 6-year-old children have a below-normal BMI. All other investigated factors only had a minor influence on postnatal BMI development. We conclude that postnatal BMI development follows a fixed genetic program and is mainly programmed by maternal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina C Brune
- Department of Perinatology, University Children's Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
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Ester WA, van Duyvenvoorde HA, de Wit CC, Broekman AJ, Ruivenkamp CAL, Govaerts LCP, Wit JM, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Losekoot M. Two short children born small for gestational age with insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor haploinsufficiency illustrate the heterogeneity of its phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:4717-27. [PMID: 19864454 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Small for gestational age (SGA)-born children comprise a heterogeneous group in which only few genetic causes have been identified. OBJECTIVE To determine copy number variations in 18 growth-related genes in 100 SGA children with persistent short stature. METHODS Copy number variations in 18 growth-related genes (SHOX, GH1, GHR, IGF1, IGF1R, IGF2, IGFBP1-6, NSD1, GRB10, STAT5B, ALS, SOCS2, and SOCS3) were determined by an "in house" multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification kit. The deletions were further characterized by single-nucleotide polymorphism array analysis. RESULTS Two heterozygous de novo insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) deletions were found: a deletion of the complete IGF1R gene (15q26.3, exons 1-21), including distally flanking sequences, and a deletion comprising exons 3-21, extending further into the telomeric region. In one case, serum IGF-I was low (-2.78 sd score), probably because of a coexisting growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Both children increased their height during GH treatment (1 mg/m(2) per day). Functional studies in skin fibroblast cultures demonstrated similar levels of IGF1R autophosphorylation and a reduced activation of protein kinase B/Akt upon a challenge with IGF-I in comparison with controls. CONCLUSIONS IGF1R haploinsufficiency was present in 2 of 100 short SGA children. GH therapy resulted in moderate catch-up growth in our patients. A review of the literature shows that small birth size, short stature, small head size, relatively high IGF-I levels, developmental delay, and micrognathia are the main predictors for an IGF1R deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wietske A Ester
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Topp SH, Rasmussen SK, Mibus H, Sander L. A search for growth related genes in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana. Plant Physiol Biochem 2009; 47:1024-30. [PMID: 19819156 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Differential display of mRNA from four sets of contrasting phenotypes were carried out in order to identify and isolate genes associated with elongating growth of Kalanchoë blossfeldiana. A total of 17 unique differential expressed cDNA fragments were sequenced and 12 showed homology to genes in other plant species. Three genes were subsequently tested for growth related activity by Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana. One gene fragment (13C) resulted in plants with significantly reduced growth (N = 20, P = 0.05, one-tailed students t-test) from day 25 after virus infection. Full-length cDNA and genomic DNA sequences were obtained by inverse PCR and thermal asymmetric interlaced (TAIL) PCR and the gene was named KbORF1. The predicted gene is 2244 bp long with three exons of 411 bp in total encoding a protein of 137 amino acid residues with homologs widespread among plants. The protein has no known function, but its expression has been confirmed in a proteomic study of Arabidopsis. Southern blot analysis shows two hybridizing fragments in agreement with the tetraploid nature of K. blossfeldiana. Fragment 13C comprises 446 bp of the gene, and the portion of 13C conferring growth retardation by VIGS is located 10 bp into the second intron indicating a regulatory function of this part of the KbORF1 mRNA. Differential display in combination with VIGS as a screening method proved to be a good functional approach not only to search for genes of interest, but also to isolate expressed genetic regulatory domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine H Topp
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Plant and Soil Sciences Laboratory, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Smith MV, Boyd WA, Kissling GE, Rice JR, Snyder DW, Portier CJ, Freedman JH. A discrete time model for the analysis of medium-throughput C. elegans growth data. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7018. [PMID: 19753303 PMCID: PMC2737628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As part of a program to predict the toxicity of environmental agents on human health using alternative methods, several in vivo high- and medium-throughput assays are being developed that use C. elegans as a model organism. C. elegans-based toxicological assays utilize the COPAS Biosort flow sorting system that can rapidly measure size, extinction (EXT) and time-of-flight (TOF), of individual nematodes. The use of this technology requires the development of mathematical and statistical tools to properly analyze the large volumes of biological data. Methodology/Principal Findings Findings A Markov model was developed that predicts the growth of populations of C. elegans. The model was developed using observations from a 60 h growth study in which five cohorts of 300 nematodes each were aspirated and measured every 12 h. Frequency distributions of log(EXT) measurements that were made when loading C. elegans L1 larvae into 96 well plates (t = 0 h) were used by the model to predict the frequency distributions of the same set of nematodes when measured at 12 h intervals. The model prediction coincided well with the biological observations confirming the validity of the model. The model was also applied to log(TOF) measurements following an adaptation. The adaptation accounted for variability in TOF measurements associated with potential curling or shortening of the nematodes as they passed through the flow cell of the Biosort. By providing accurate estimates of frequencies of EXT or TOF measurements following varying growth periods, the model was able to estimate growth rates. Best model fits showed that C. elegans did not grow at a constant exponential rate. Growth was best described with three different rates. Microscopic observations indicated that the points where the growth rates changed corresponded to specific developmental events: the L1/L2 molt and the start of oogenesis in young adult C. elegans. Conclusions Quantitative analysis of COPAS Biosort measurements of C. elegans growth has been hampered by the lack of a mathematical model. In addition, extraneous matter and the inability to assign specific measurements to specific nematodes made it difficult to estimate growth rates. The present model addresses these problems through a population-based Markov model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Windy A. Boyd
- Biomoleclular Screening Branch, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julie R. Rice
- Biomoleclular Screening Branch, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Snyder
- Biomoleclular Screening Branch, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Portier
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan H. Freedman
- Biomoleclular Screening Branch, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Petry CJ, Rayco-Solon P, Fulford AJC, Stead JDH, Wingate DL, Ong KK, Sirugo G, Prentice AM, Dunger DB. Common polymorphic variation in the genetically diverse African insulin gene and its association with size at birth. Hum Genet 2009; 126:375-84. [PMID: 19434426 PMCID: PMC2760954 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin variable number of tandem repeats (INS VNTR) has been variably associated with size at birth in non-African populations. Small size at birth is a major determinant of neonatal mortality, so the INS VNTR may influence survival. We tested the hypothesis, therefore, that genetic variation around the INS VNTR in a rural Gambian population, who experience seasonal variation in nutrition and subsequently birth weight, may be associated with foetal and early growth. Six polymorphisms flanking the INS VNTR were genotyped in over 2,500 people. Significant associations were detected between the maternally inherited SNP 27 (rs689) allele and birth length [effect size 17.5 (5.2-29.8) mm; P = 0.004; n = 361]. Significant associations were also found between the maternally inherited African-specific SNP 28 (rs5506) allele and post-natal weight gain [effect size 0.19 (0.05-0.32) z score points/year; P = 0.005; n = 728). These results suggest that in the Gambian population studied there are associations between polymorphic variation in the genetically diverse INS gene and foetal and early growth characteristics, which contribute to overall polygenic associations with these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive J Petry
- Department of Paediatrics, Box 116, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Beste DJV, Espasa M, Bonde B, Kierzek AM, Stewart GR, McFadden J. The genetic requirements for fast and slow growth in mycobacteria. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5349. [PMID: 19479006 PMCID: PMC2685279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects a third of the world's population. Primary tuberculosis involving active fast bacterial replication is often followed by asymptomatic latent tuberculosis, which is characterised by slow or non-replicating bacteria. Reactivation of the latent infection involving a switch back to active bacterial replication can lead to post-primary transmissible tuberculosis. Mycobacterial mechanisms involved in slow growth or switching growth rate provide rational targets for the development of new drugs against persistent mycobacterial infection. Using chemostat culture to control growth rate, we screened a transposon mutant library by Transposon site hybridization (TraSH) selection to define the genetic requirements for slow and fast growth of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) and for the requirements of switching growth rate. We identified 84 genes that are exclusively required for slow growth (69 hours doubling time) and 256 genes required for switching from slow to fast growth. To validate these findings we performed experiments using individual M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG knock out mutants. We have demonstrated that growth rate control is a carefully orchestrated process which requires a distinct set of genes encoding several virulence determinants, gene regulators, and metabolic enzymes. The mce1 locus appears to be a component of the switch to slow growth rate, which is consistent with the proposed role in virulence of M. tuberculosis. These results suggest novel perspectives for unravelling the mechanisms involved in the switch between acute and persistent TB infections and provide a means to study aspects of this important phenomenon in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateus Espasa
- FHMS, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Bhushan Bonde
- FHMS, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Mook-Kanamori DO, Steegers EA, Uitterlinden AG, Moll HA, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW. Breast-feeding modifies the association of PPARgamma2 polymorphism Pro12Ala with growth in early life: the Generation R Study. Diabetes 2009; 58:992-8. [PMID: 19188432 PMCID: PMC2661583 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether the PPARgamma2 Ala12 allele influences growth in early life and whether this association is modified by breast-feeding. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a prospective cohort study from early fetal life onward. PPARgamma2 was genotyped in DNA obtained from cord blood samples in 3,432 children. Information about breast-feeding was available from questionnaires. Weight, head circumference, and femur length were repeatedly measured in second and third trimesters of pregnancy, at birth, and at the ages of 1.5, 6, 11, 14, and 18 months. RESULTS Genotype frequency distribution was 77.6% (Pro12Pro), 20.7% (Pro12Ala), and 1.7% (Ala12Ala). Growth rates in weight from second trimester of pregnancy to 18 months were higher for Pro12Ala and Ala12Ala than for Pro12Pro carriers (differences 1.11 g/week [95% CI 0.47-1.74] and 2.65 g/week [0.45-4.87], respectively). We found an interaction between genotype and breast-feeding duration (P value for interaction <0.0001). In infants who were breast-fed for > or =4 months, PPARgamma2 Pro12Ala was not associated with growth rate. When breast-feeding duration was <2 months or 2-4 months, growth rate was higher in Ala12Ala than Pro12Pro carriers (differences 9.80 g/week [3.97-15.63] and 6.32 g/week [-1.04 to 13.68], respectively). CONCLUSIONS The PPARgamma2 Ala12 allele is associated with an increased growth rate in early life. This effect may be influenced by breast-feeding duration. Further studies should replicate these findings, identify the underlying mechanisms, and assess whether these effects persist into later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis O. Mook-Kanamori
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric A.P. Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte A. Moll
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Vincent W.V. Jaddoe,
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Kumar M, Gupta GP, Rajam MV. Silencing of acetylcholinesterase gene of Helicoverpa armigera by siRNA affects larval growth and its life cycle. J Insect Physiol 2009; 55:273-278. [PMID: 19135057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is an effective means of regulation of gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. We studied the effect of siRNA on larval development by selective targeting of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene of Helicoverpa armigera. Chemically synthesized siRNA molecules were directly fed to H. armigera larvae along with the artificial diet. The siRNA treatment resulted in specific gene silencing of AChE and consequently brought about mortality, growth inhibition of larvae, reduction in the pupal weight, malformation and drastically reduced fecundity as compared to control larvae. Our studies suggest some novel roles for AChE in growth and development of insect larvae and demonstrate that siRNA can be readily taken up by insect larvae with their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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Kumar M, Gupta GP, Rajam MV. Silencing of acetylcholinesterase gene of Helicoverpa armigera by siRNA affects larval growth and its life cycle. J Insect Physiol 2009; 55:273-8. [PMID: 19135057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is an effective means of regulation of gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. We studied the effect of siRNA on larval development by selective targeting of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene of Helicoverpa armigera. Chemically synthesized siRNA molecules were directly fed to H. armigera larvae along with the artificial diet. The siRNA treatment resulted in specific gene silencing of AChE and consequently brought about mortality, growth inhibition of larvae, reduction in the pupal weight, malformation and drastically reduced fecundity as compared to control larvae. Our studies suggest some novel roles for AChE in growth and development of insect larvae and demonstrate that siRNA can be readily taken up by insect larvae with their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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50
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Cao G, Gu Z, Ren Y, Shu L, Tao C, Karaplis A, Goltzman D, Miao D. Parathyroid hormone contributes to regulating milk calcium content and modulates neonatal bone formation cooperatively with calcium. Endocrinology 2009; 150:561-9. [PMID: 18832101 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether PTH and calcium (Ca) interact in neonatal bone formation, female lactating mice either heterozygous (PTH(+/-)) or homozygous (PTH(-/-)) for targeted deletion of the pth gene were fed either a normal (1% Ca, 0.6% phosphate) or high-Ca diet (2% Ca and 0.4% phosphate). Dietary effects on milk Ca content and Ca-regulating hormones were determined in dams, and the effects of milk content were assessed on bone turnover in 3-wk-old pups. On the normal diet, milk Ca and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) levels were lower, but milk PTH-related protein levels were higher in the PTH(-/-) dams compared with the PTH(+/-) dams. On the high-Ca diet, milk Ca levels were higher, but milk 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and PTH-related protein levels were lower in both PTH(+/-) and PTH(-/-) dams. In pups fed by PTH(-/-) dams compared with pups fed by PTH(+/-) dams on normal diets, bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume relative to tissue volume, and the number of osteoblasts were reduced in both PTH(+/-) (32.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 39.6 +/- 1.5 mg/cm(2), P < 0.05; 23.3 +/- 1.6 vs. 29.2 +/- 2.8%, P < 0.01; and 94.2 +/- 8.2 vs. 123.5 +/- 3.5/mm(2), P < 0.01, respectively) and PTH(-/-) (20.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 27.0 +/- 1.2 mg/mm(2), P < 0.05; 16.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 19.3 +/- 2.1%, P < 0.05; and 48.6 +/- 7.9 vs. 90.5 +/- 8.6/mm(2), P < 0.01, respectively) pups but were lower in the PTH(-/-) pups compared with the PTH(+/-) pups. In contrast, in pups fed by either PTH(+/-) or PTH(-/-) dams on the high-Ca diet, bone mineral density, bone volume/tissue volume, and osteoblast numbers were significantly higher, in both PTH(+/-) (50.5 +/- 1.7 vs. 58.7 +/- 2.0 mg/mm(2), P < 0.05; 37.9 +/- 5.2 vs. 46.1 +/- 5.1, P < 0.05; and 120.5 +/- 9.2 vs. 159.3 +/- 14.7/mm(2), P < 0.01, respectively) and PTH(-/-) (33.0 +/- 1.2 vs. 47.5 +/- 2.2 mg/mm(2), P < 0.001; 23.8 +/- 3.1 vs. 35.9 +/- 2.0, P < 0.05; and 78.7 +/- 10.1 vs. 99.8 +/- 13.6/mm(2), P < 0.05, respectively), and were highest in the PTH(+/-) pups fed by the PTH(+/-) dams on the high-Ca diet. These results indicate that PTH can modulate Ca content of milk, and that PTH and Ca can each exert cooperative roles on osteoblastic bone formation in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofan Cao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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