1
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Klar L. Filgrastim Use in the Treatment of Azathioprine-Induced Myelosuppression Toxicity After Prescription Error in the Feline. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2024; 60:105-108. [PMID: 38662994 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Only one report on the successful use of filgrastim (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) in cats for severe neutropenia following azathioprine toxicity exists. Here, we report on a case in which a cat was prescribed methimazole but the medication was filled incorrectly with azathioprine tablets and the prescription label indicated a methimazole dosing regimen that was administered for three days before recognition of the error. On presentation, the cat's physical examinations were consistent with previous examinations before ingestion of azathioprine. A complete blood cell count revealed neutropenia and leukopenia. The cat later developed hyporexia, dehydration, and vomiting. Treatment included antinausea and appetite stimulant medications, filgrastim, and antibiotics. Filgrastim given as subcutaneous injections over the course of treatment increased neutrophil cell counts after suppression. The cat made a full recovery after responding to the treatment protocol. Based on the perceived response to filgrastim in this single feline case report, its use can be considered for the treatment of azathioprine-induced neutropenia in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Klar
- From Foxboro Animal Hospital, Foxboro, MA
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2
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Sztukowski KE, Yaufman Z, Cook MR, Aarnes TK, Husbands BD. Vincristine-induced adverse events related to body weight in dogs treated for lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1686-1692. [PMID: 38563346 PMCID: PMC11099714 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional dosing of chemotherapy drugs based on body surface area may overdose small dogs, leading to an increased frequency of adverse events (AEs). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Evaluate the frequency of hematologic and gastrointestinal AEs in dogs with newly diagnosed lymphoma treated with vincristine weighing ≤15 kg in comparison to dogs weighing >15 kg. We hypothesized that dogs weighing ≤15 kg would experience a higher frequency of AEs. ANIMALS One hundred and thirty-eight dogs with newly diagnosed lymphoma were treated with vincristine. METHODS A multicenter retrospective study reviewing hematologic data and medical record information. Complete blood counts were performed no more than 24 hours before vincristine administration and then between 4 and 8 days post-administration. Data were evaluated using logistic regression or ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS Thirty-eight dogs weighing ≤15 kg and 100 dogs weighing >15 kg were included. The median vincristine dose for both groups was 0.6 mg/m2. Seventeen (12.3%) instances of neutropenia occurred with no significant difference in overall frequency or grade between groups. Thirty initially asymptomatic substage A dogs (29.4%) experienced gastrointestinal AEs. Because of the widespread use of gastrointestinal supportive care medications, statistical comparison between groups could not be performed. Seven instances of hospitalization occurred (5.0%) and the risk of hospitalization did not differ significantly between groups (P = .37). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Vincristine dosed at ≤0.6 mg/m2 does not increase the risk of hematologic AEs in dogs weighing ≤15 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira E. Sztukowski
- Department of Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Zachary Yaufman
- Department of Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
- Present address:
Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesVirginia‐Maryland College of Veterinary MedicineRoanokeVirginiaUSA
| | - Matthew R. Cook
- Nashville Veterinary SpecialistsNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Present address:
Metropolitan Veterinary HospitalHighland HeightsOhioUSA
| | - Turi K. Aarnes
- Department of Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Brian D. Husbands
- Department of Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State University College of Veterinary MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
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3
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IGARASHI H, NAGAI N, YAMADA Y, ITO T, NEO S, GOTO-KOSHINO Y, KANAI E, AIHARA N, TAKAGI S, KAMIIE J, HISASUE M. A canine case of Ehrlichia canis infection without a history of being in an endemic area in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:354-357. [PMID: 38355119 PMCID: PMC11061565 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A mixed-breed, 8-year-old male dog developed neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and hyperglobulinemia. Bone marrow hyperplasia and splenic plasmacytosis were cytologically observed. The dog had never been outside of Tokyo or Shizuoka Prefecture. Splenectomy was performed to confirm and remove the cause of splenic plasmacytosis. A histopathological diagnosis of splenic plasmacytoma was made; however, serum protein electrophoresis showed polyclonal gammopathy. Further screening was performed, and Ehrlichia canis infection was confirmed. The dog was treated with doxycycline for 5 weeks. After the antibiotic therapy, no relapse of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, or positive polymerase chain reaction result of E. canis infection was observed for 3 years. Careful attention should be given to ehrlichiosis when exploring the cause of pancytopenia or hyperglobulinemia, regardless of the travel history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka IGARASHI
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of
Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoyuki NAGAI
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Yoko YAMADA
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of
Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro ITO
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Sakurako NEO
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Yuko GOTO-KOSHINO
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Graduate School
of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiichi KANAI
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Naoyuki AIHARA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi TAKAGI
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Junichi KAMIIE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaharu HISASUE
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Azabu University, Kanagawa,
Japan
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of
Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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4
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Yale AD, Crawford AL, Gramer I, Guillén A, Desmas I, Holmes EJ. Large granular lymphocyte lymphoma in 65 dogs (2005-2023). Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:115-124. [PMID: 38156420 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Large granular lymphocyte lymphoma (LGLL) is a rare form of lymphoma in dogs. Limited information exists regarding presentation, treatment response, and outcome. The aim of this single-institute, retrospective study was to characterise clinical presentation, biologic behaviour, outcomes, and prognostic factors for dogs with LGLL. Cytologic review was also performed. Sixty-five dogs were included. The most common breed was the Labrador retriever (29.2%), and the most common presenting signs were lethargy (60.0%) and hyporexia (55.4%). The most common primary anatomic forms were hepatosplenic (32.8%) and gastrointestinal (20.7%). Twenty dogs (30.8%) had peripheral blood or bone marrow involvement. Thirty-two dogs were treated with maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy (MTDC) with a response documented in 74.1% of dogs. Dogs ≥7 years, and those with neutropenia or thrombocytopenia at diagnosis had the reduced likelihood of response to treatment. For dogs treated with MTDC median progression-free interval (PFI) was 17 days (range, 0-481), the median overall survival time (OST) 28 days (range, 3-421), and the 6-month and 1-year survival rates were 9.4% and 3.1%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, monocytosis and peripheral blood involvement were significantly associated with shorter PFI and OST. Long-term survival (≥100 days) was significantly associated with intermediate lymphocyte size on cytology. Dogs with LGLL have moderate response rates to chemotherapy but poor overall survival. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate prognostic factors and guide optimum treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Yale
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Asia L Crawford
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Irina Gramer
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alexandra Guillén
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Isabelle Desmas
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Emma J Holmes
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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5
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Dohány A, Guija-de-Arespacochaga A, Fux D, Silberbauer C, Pákozdy Á. A retrospective evaluation of phenobarbital-induced hematologic changes in 69 cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:601-606. [PMID: 37721182 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenobarbital (PB) is used as a first-line treatment for recurrent epileptic seizures in cats. While hematologic abnormalities are well-known side effects of antiepileptic therapy with PB in humans and dogs, little is known about such alterations in cats. OBJECTIVES The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical relevance of cytopenia during PB treatment in cats. METHODS In this single-center, retrospective clinical study, 69 cats-with suspected idiopathic epilepsy admitted to the Small Animal Clinic of the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna (VMU)-were included. A complete blood count for each patient was performed, and changes in hematocrit, leukocytes, neutrophils, and thrombocytes were documented and graded. RESULTS Fifty-three out of 69 cats (76.8%) showed cytopenias with a reduction of at least one cell fraction during PB treatment. The most frequent change was neutropenia (60%), followed by leukopenia (49.3%), thrombocytopenia (24.1%), and anemia (20.3%). Most of the changes were mild or moderate; only one patient (1.5%) showed severe leukopenia and neutropenia, and one was a life-threatening neutropenia (1.5%) with a serum PB concentration within or even below the therapeutic range. These patients did not present with clinical symptoms other than those related to epileptic episodes. Cats who received combination therapy showed lower hematocrits than those who received monotherapy. A tendency for leukocytes and neutrophils to decrease during PB treatment was also seen. CONCLUSIONS Blood cytopenias may frequently occur in cats on chronic PB therapy, even when serum drug levels are within the therapeutic range. However, clinical signs are typically mild to moderate and rarely severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dohány
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Daniela Fux
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Silberbauer
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ákos Pákozdy
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Siewert JM, Gustafson DL, Weishaar KM, Galloway AM, Thamm DH. Individualized chemotherapy drug dose escalation in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2402-2409. [PMID: 37787577 PMCID: PMC10658528 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to determine the ability to escalate drug doses in a 15-week CHOP protocol in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that at least 50% of dogs could successfully be escalated in at least 1 drug. Secondary aims were to establish objective response rate (ORR), progression-free interval (PFI), and overall survival time (OST). ANIMALS Thirty dogs with newly diagnosed multicentric lymphoma were prospectively treated with a 15-week CHOP protocol. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study. Drug doses that did not cause dose-limiting adverse effects (AEs) were increased using a standardized escalation protocol. AEs and response were assessed using VCOG criteria. Serial blood samples were collected after the first dose of each drug for pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS Of the 23 dogs with the opportunity to dose escalate, at least 1 drug was successfully escalated in 18 (78%). Vincristine was successfully escalated to 0.8 mg/m2 or higher in 11 dogs, cyclophosphamide to 300 mg/m2 or higher in 16 dogs, and doxorubicin to 35 mg/m2 or 1.4 mg/kg or higher in 9 dogs. Three of the 23 dogs (13%) were hospitalized at least once because of drug-induced AEs. Neutropenia was the most common dose-limiting toxicosis for all drugs. Peak doxorubicin concentrations were significantly lower in dogs where doxorubicin was successfully escalated. The objective response rate was 100%. The median progression free interval was 171 days. The median overall survival time was 254 days. CONCLUSIONS Drugs in the CHOP protocol can often be escalated safely with manageable AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Siewert
- Flint Animal Cancer CenterColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Daniel L. Gustafson
- Flint Animal Cancer CenterColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
| | | | | | - Douglas H. Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer CenterColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer CenterAuroraColoradoUSA
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7
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Massie AM, Skorupski K, Vernau W, McLarty E, Brady RV, Vernau KM. Large T-cell extradural lymphoma with concurrent marked cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2492-2497. [PMID: 37849352 PMCID: PMC10658537 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3-year-old male pit bull terrier was presented for a 4-day history of progressive tetraparesis and cervical pain. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed an extradural mass within the left lateral vertebral canal extending from caudal C5 to mid-T2. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) demonstrated marked (90%) eosinophilic inflammation. A C6-7 dorsal laminectomy and C7-T2 left hemilaminectomy were done, with gross disease remaining. Histopathology revealed a large T cell lymphoma with marked eosinophilic infiltration. The dog underwent CHOP-based chemotherapy with resolution of clinical signs, with a similar course of therapy performed at recurrence 37 months after initial presentation. The dog was euthanized 39 months after presentation for multiorgan failure secondary to neutropenic sepsis and aspiration pneumonia. This represents a positive long-term response to multimodal treatment of extradural T-cell lymphoma within the vertebral canal associated with a marked CSF eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Massie
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced MedicineUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Katherine Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - William Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ehren McLarty
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rachel V. Brady
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate ProgramColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Karen M. Vernau
- Department of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
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8
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Brooks KV, Frederick SW, Berryessa NA. D-penicillamine-associated neutropenia in a Doberman pinscher. Can Vet J 2023; 64:639-642. [PMID: 37397696 PMCID: PMC10286144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper-associated hepatitis in dogs results from elevated copper levels secondary to increased intake or decreased clearance. Treatment is through establishing a negative copper balance and can include chelation therapy. Traditionally, chelation therapy in dogs is uses D-penicillamine, which has been shown to have severe side effects in humans. Side effects have not been well-documented in dogs but can include nephrotoxicity and dermatologic reactions. This article is the first to report neutropenia in a dog secondary to chelation therapy using D-penicillamine. In this case, a complete blood (cell) count (CBC) collected before initiation of chelation therapy was normal and neutropenia was documented 4 mo after starting therapy. A cytologic examination of bone marrow confirmed a myeloid hypoplasia. Following discontinuation of D-penicillamine, the neutropenia resolved. Based on this case report, periodic CBC rechecks following the initiation of D-penicillamine chelation therapy are recommended to guide treatment decisions. Key clinical message: Dogs with confirmed copper-associated hepatitis should be treated cautiously with D-penicillamine for chelation therapy. D-penicillamine may adversely affect bone marrow, causing a leukopenia characterized by neutropenia. It is recommended that clinicians periodically monitor neutrophil counts while treating dogs with D-penicillamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle V Brooks
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital, 455 Abernathy Road, Sandy Springs, Georgia 30328, USA
| | - Steven W Frederick
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital, 455 Abernathy Road, Sandy Springs, Georgia 30328, USA
| | - Nicolas A Berryessa
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital, 455 Abernathy Road, Sandy Springs, Georgia 30328, USA
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9
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Muguiro DH, Nekouei O, Lee KY, Hill F, Barrs VR. Prevalence of Babesia and Ehrlichia in owned dogs with suspected tick-borne infection in Hong Kong, and risk factors associated with Babesia gibsoni. Prev Vet Med 2023; 214:105908. [PMID: 37004500 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Babesiosis and ehrlichiosis are the most clinically significant tick-borne infections in dogs. Although epidemiological investigations of these diseases have been performed in some Asian regions, little data is available in Hong Kong, where competent vector tick species are endemic. The objectives of this study were to determine the molecular prevalence of Ehrlichia canis and Babesia species (B. canis, B. gibsoni, B. vogeli) in owned dogs suspected of tick-borne infection in Hong Kong and to identify risk factors associated with B. gibsoni infection. Electronic records from the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory of City University of Hong Kong were searched to identify canine blood samples submitted for molecular testing of these pathogens by real time PCR between March 2018 and May 2021. Electronic patient records from the affiliated veterinary hospital were searched to identify a subset of tested dogs to investigate the potential risk factors for B. gibsoni infection using logistic regression models. Among 1508 tested dogs for all four pathogens of interest, Babesia spp. were detected in 435 (28.8%) and E. canis in 112 (7.4%). Babesia gibsoni was detected in 408 dogs while B. vogeli was detected in 27 dogs. Babesia canis was not detected in any dog. Co-infections of different combinations of B. gibsoni, B. vogeli and E. canis were present in 25 dogs. In multivariable logistic regression, mixed breed dogs were more likely to be infected with B. gibsoni than purebreds (P = 0.005), while dogs > 10 years of age were less likely to be infected than younger dogs (P = 0.019). Hematological abnormalities significantly associated with B. gibsoni infection included thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or pancytopenia. Babesiosis caused by B. gibsoni is a common infection in owned dogs suspected of tick-borne infection in Hong Kong. The risk factors reported should be considered in diagnosing dogs suspected of infection with this agent. Furthermore, consideration for testing for B. gibsoni infection should be given if the results of a complete blood count show thrombocytopenia even in the absence of anemia, neutropenia or pancytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hernandez Muguiro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Omid Nekouei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kei Ying Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Fraser Hill
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, and Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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10
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Hay JK, Larson VS. Lomustine (CCNU) and prednisone chemotherapy for high-grade completely excised canine mast cell tumors. Can Vet J 2019; 60:1326-1330. [PMID: 31814640 PMCID: PMC6855235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and toxicity of lomustine and prednisone for treating high-grade completely excised mast cell tumors (MCTs) was evaluated in a retrospective study of 15 dogs. Dogs were treated with lomustine (CCNU) at 70 mg/m2 every 4 weeks and prednisone at 0.5 to 1 mg/kg body weight PO daily. Eight dogs had treatment failures due to recurrence at the site of the initial surgery (2/15), de novo cutaneous MCT (4/15), or metastatic disease (2/15). The median overall survival time was 904 days, with 9 dogs alive at 1 year and 6 dogs alive after 2 years. All but 2 of the dogs had toxicity throughout their treatment protocol, with neutropenia (67%) and elevations in ALT (60%) being the most common; however, no dogs required hospitalization. The protocol was overall well-tolerated and lomustine/prednisone should be considered in the adjunctive treatment of high-grade mast cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Hay
- CARE Centre, 7140 12 Street SE, Calgary, Alberta T2H 2Y4
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11
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Marshall H. Estrogen-induced myelotoxicity in a 4-year-old golden retriever dog due to a Sertoli cell tumor. Can Vet J 2018; 59:425-427. [PMID: 29606731 PMCID: PMC5855222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 4-year-old, unilateral cryptorchid golden retriever dog was presented to the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre with gynecomastia, dribbling urine, lethargy, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. A Sertoli cell tumor was diagnosed in a cryptorchid testicle with estrogen-induced myelotoxicity. The tumor was removed and bone marrow regenerated within 4 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Marshall
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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12
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Denstedt EB. Suspected immune-mediated neutropenia and corticosteroid responsive pancytopenia in a Portuguese water dog. Can Vet J 2017; 58:83-86. [PMID: 28042161 PMCID: PMC5157745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An 8-year-old spayed Portuguese water dog was presented with dysuria, lethargy, and anorexia. A profound neutropenia and pancytopenia were identified. Bone marrow aspirates revealed neutrophilic hyperplasia, a significant left shift, and toxic changes, suggesting immune-mediated destruction as a likely underlying mechanism. Immunosuppressive therapy was instituted and clinical signs improved.
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13
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Waugh CE, Scott KD, Bryan LK. Primary immune-mediated neutropenia in a cat. Can Vet J 2014; 55:1074-1078. [PMID: 25392551 PMCID: PMC4204839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An 18-month-old male castrated indoor Himalayan cat was presented for recurrent fever, lethargy, and uveitis. Persistent neutropenia was identified and tests for infectious disease and bone marrow cytology were performed. Primary immune-mediated neutropenia was diagnosed and successfully treated. At the time of writing this report, 24 mo after the initial diagnosis. the patient was clinically normal and not receiving therapy.
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14
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Nagata N, Saijo M, Kataoka M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Sato Y, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Ogata M, Kurane I, Morikawa S, Sata T, Hasegawa H. Pathogenesis of fulminant monkeypox with bacterial sepsis after experimental infection with West African monkeypox virus in a cynomolgus monkey. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:4359-70. [PMID: 25120821 PMCID: PMC4129056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of severe human monkeypox, which causes systemic and fulminant infections, is not clear. This study presents a case repot of fulminant monkeypox with bacterial sepsis after experimental infection with monkeypox virus in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). In our previous study (Saijo et al., 2009, J Gen Virol), two cynomolgus monkeys became moribund after experimental infection with monkeypox virus Liberia strain, West African strain. One exhibited typical monkeypox-related papulovesicular lesions. The other monkey presented fulminant clinical symptoms with a characteristic flat red rash similar to that found in smallpox, which is associated with extremely high fatality rates. In this study, we found that the monkey with flat red rash had high levels of viremia and neutropenia, as well as high plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared with the other monkey. Monkeypox virus replicates in epithelial cells and macrophages in various organs. Sepsis due to Gram-positive cocci was confirmed histopathologically in the monkey with flat red rash. The lack of inflammatory response in the lesion suggested that the monkey with sepsis experienced strong immune suppression during the viral infection. The neutropenia and excessive inflammatory cytokine responses indicate that neutrophils play key roles in the pathogenesis of systemic and fulminant human monkeypox virus infections with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Department of Division of Experimental Animals Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Department of Division of Experimental Animals Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Momoko Ogata
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kurane
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Sata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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15
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Phalen DN, Frimberger A, Pyecroft S, Peck S, Harmsen C, Lola S, de Mello Mattos B, Li KM, McLachlan AJ, Moore A. Vincristine chemotherapy trials and pharmacokinetics in tasmanian devils with tasmanian devil facial tumor disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65133. [PMID: 23762298 PMCID: PMC3675106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD) is a transmissible cancer threatening to cause the extinction of Tasmanian Devils in the wild. The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of the DFTD to vincristine. Escalating dosage rates of vincristine (0.05 to 0.136 mg/kg) were given to Tasmanian devils in the early stages of DFTD (n = 8). None of these dosage rates impacted the outcome of the disease. A dosage rate of 0.105 mg/kg, a rate significantly higher than that given in humans or domestic animals, was found to the highest dosage rate that could be administered safely. Signs of toxicity included anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and neutropenia. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that, as with other species, there was a rapid drop in blood concentration following a rapid intravenous infusion with a high volume of distribution (1.96 L/kg) and a relatively long elimination half life (11 h). Plasma clearance (1.8 ml/min/kg) was slower in the Tasmanian devil than in humans, suggesting that pharmacodynamics and not pharmacokinetics explain the Tasmanian devil's ability to tolerate high dosage rates of vincristine. While providing base-line data for the use of vincristine in Tasmanian devils and possibly other marsupials with vincristine susceptible cancers, these findings strongly suggest that vincristine will not be effective in the treatment of DFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Phalen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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16
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Wong DM, Alcott CJ, Clark SK, Jones DE, Fisher PG, Sponseller BA. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia and neonatal isoerythrolysis in a Thoroughbred colt. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:219-26. [PMID: 22362958 PMCID: PMC10619328 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3-day-old Thoroughbred colt was originally presented for treatment of neonatal isoerythrolysis, which was treated with a blood transfusion. However, persistent neutropenia was observed despite the absence of detectable infection. Subsequently, a granulocyte agglutination test was performed by incubating the colt's neutrophils with the mare's serum; results were positive, leading to a clinical diagnosis of alloimmune neonatal neutropenia. The diagnosis was further supported via flow cytometric analysis. The colt was hospitalized and treated prophylactically with antimicrobials and 4 separate doses of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF; 1.4-3.5 µg/kg, subcutaneously) in attempts to maintain the neutrophil count within reference intervals over a 4-week period. The colt's neutrophil count increased after administration of rhG-CSF and eventually stabilized within reference intervals by day 20. The colt maintained normal neutrophil counts after discharge and was reportedly healthy at 6 months of age. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia should be considered in foals with persistent neutropenia in the absence of infection. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia can be treated with prophylactic antimicrobials combined with rhG-CSF with a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Wong
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Cody J. Alcott
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Sandra K. Clark
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Douglas E. Jones
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Phyllis G. Fisher
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Brett A. Sponseller
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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17
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Hampton AL, Colby LA, Bergin IL. Facial paralysis and lymphocytic facial neuritis in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) positive for simian retrovirus type D2. Comp Med 2011; 61:538-545. [PMID: 22330582 PMCID: PMC3236697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Simian retrovirus type D (SRVD) is a naturally occurring betaretrovirus in nonhuman primates of the genus Macaca. Infection can lead to a variety of clinical, hematologic, and histopathologic abnormalities. We report an unusual clinical presentation of facial paralysis and histologic lymphocytic neuritis in an SRVD type 2 (SRVD2)-infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) with a catheter-associated vena caval thrombus, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and multisystemic lymphoid hyperplasia. At initial presentation, a right atrial mass was detected by echocardiography. The macaque was clinically asymptomatic but had persistent anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, and later neutropenia. It was seropositive for SRV and PCR-positive for SRVD 2. Approximately 1 mo after initial presentation, the macaque developed right facial paralysis and was euthanized. Histologic lesions included lymphoplasmacytic aggregates affecting multiple organs, consistent with SRV-related lymphoid hyperplasia. The right facial nerve showed lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. The nerve itself was negative immunohistochemically for SRV antigen, but antigen was present infrequently in pericapillary lymphoid cells within the facial nerve and abundantly within lymphoid aggregates in the adjacent parotid salivary gland, bone marrow, and soft tissue. Known neurotropic viruses could not be identified. Given the widespread inflammation in this macaque, particularly in the area surrounding the facial nerve, lymphocytic neuritis and facial paralysis likely were an indirect effect of SRV infection due to local extension of SRV-related inflammation in the surrounding tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Hampton
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Laboratory Animal Resources Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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18
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Snead E, Vargo C, Myers S. Glucocorticoid-dependent hypoadrenocorticism with thrombocytopenia and neutropenia mimicking sepsis in a Labrador retriever dog. Can Vet J 2011; 52:1129-1134. [PMID: 22467971 PMCID: PMC3174513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism (GDH) with immune-mediated-neutropenia (IMN) and -thrombocytopenia (IMT) were diagnosed in a 3-year-old Labrador retriever dog. Glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism is rare and diagnostically challenging as clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities are often nonspecific. Immune-mediated cytopenias and other autoimmune disorders, as part of an autoimmune polyglandular syndrome have been reported with hypoadrenocorticism in humans. This is the first reported case of hypoadrenocorticism and bicytopenia in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4.
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome (TNS) is a common autosomal recessive neutropenia in Border collie dogs. RESULTS We used a candidate gene approach and linkage analysis to show that the causative gene for TNS is VPS13B. We chose VPS13B as a candidate because of similarities in clinical signs between TNS and Cohen syndrome, in human, such as neutropenia and a typical facial dysmorphism. Linkage analysis using microsatellites close to VPS13B showed positive linkage of the region to TNS. We sequenced each of the 63 exons of VPS13B in affected and control dogs and found that the causative mutation in Border collies is a 4 bp deletion in exon 19 of the largest transcript that results in premature truncation of the protein. Cohen syndrome patients present with mental retardation in 99% of cases, but learning disabilities featured in less than half of TNS affected dogs. It has been implied that loss of the alternate transcript of VPS13B in the human brain utilising an alternate exon, 28, may cause mental retardation. Mice cannot be used to test this hypothesis as they do not express the alternate exon. We show that dogs do express alternate transcripts in the brain utilising an alternate exon homologous to human exon 28. CONCLUSION Dogs can be used as a model organism to explore the function of the alternately spliced transcript of VPS13B in the brain. TNS in Border collies is the first animal model for Cohen syndrome and can be used to study the disease aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Shearman
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Phahonyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Alan N Wilton
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Clive and Vera Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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20
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Abrams-Ogg ACG. The use of lithium carbonate to prevent lomustine-induced myelosuppression in dogs: a pilot study. Can J Vet Res 2011; 75:73-76. [PMID: 21461200 PMCID: PMC3003567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This was a preliminary investigation of the use of lithium to prevent lomustine-induced myelosuppression. Four 10 to 11 kg beagles received lomustine 20 to 30 mg, PO, q3wk, with cephalexin prophylaxis. Two dogs also received lithium, 150 to 300 mg, PO, q12h. Lithium blood concentrations fluctuated in and out of therapeutic interval. Lithium was discontinued in one dog in week 13, and in the other dog in week 38, due to toxicoses. All dogs developed grade 1 to 4 neutropenia after each lomustine treatment. In dogs receiving lomustine only, platelet concentrations decreased from 274 and 293 × 10(9)/L in week 1, to 178 and 218 × 10(9)/L in weeks 38 and 13, respectively. In dogs receiving lomustine and lithium, platelet concentrations decreased from 351 and 288 × 10(9)/L in week 1, to 214 and 212 × 10(9)/L, in weeks 36 and 13, respectively. Lithium did not prevent lomustine-induced myelosuppression and had important side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C G Abrams-Ogg
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Meng R, Bridgman R, Toivio-Kinnucan M, Niemeyer GP, Vernau W, Hock T, Lothrop CD. Neutrophil elastase-processing defect in cyclic hematopoietic dogs. Exp Hematol 2009; 38:104-15. [PMID: 19941936 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Canine cyclic hematopoiesis (CH), a model of human cyclic neutropenia and severe congenital neutropenia, is characterized by a periodic reduced neutrophil count and decreased neutrophil elastase (NE) enzymatic activity. Canine CH is caused by a mutation of AP3B1 encoding the beta3A subunit of adaptor protein complex-3 (AP-3). It has been proposed that trafficking of elastase is affected by AP-3. The aim of this study was to study intracellular sorting/trafficking of NE in CH dogs using antibodies specific to canine NE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were generated to immunogenic epitopes in the middle (aa85-98) and C-terminal (aa269-282) regions of NE. The antibodies to canine NE were characterized by Western immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Antibody ELA85 (antibody to canine NE aa 85-98) specifically recognized mature 28-kD NE. Immunocytochemical analysis using ELA85 and an antibody to myeloperoxidase demonstrated colocalizaton of NE and myeloperoxidase in primary granules of normal dogs. Antibody ELA269 (antibody to canine NE aa 269-282) reacted exclusively with the 33-kD NE presumptive precursor form. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that the NE precursor was not colocalized with myeloperoxidase in the primary granules of normal or CH dogs. Western immunoblotting using these antibodies demonstrated that CH dogs contained reduced mature NE, but accumulated a large amount of the NE precursor protein that was not enzymatically active. CONCLUSION Antibodies ELA85 and ELA269 were found to be useful reagents for studying the biosynthesis, processing, and trafficking of NE during normal myelopoiesis. Neutrophils from CH dogs accumulated large amounts of higher molecular weight elastase precursors compared to normal dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Meng
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Ala., USA
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22
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Sprague WS, TerWee JA, VandeWoude S. Temporal association of large granular lymphocytosis, neutropenia, proviral load, and FasL mRNA in cats with acute feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 134:115-21. [PMID: 19896217 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During acute feline immunodeficiency virus-C(PGammar) (FIV-C-PG) infection, we observed that cats develop large granular lymphocyte (LGL) lymphocytosis concurrent with a marked neutropenia that is temporally associated with the rise and fall of FIV-C-PG proviral loads. LGLs, generally considered to be analogous to natural killer (NK) cells, can also be highly cytolytic CD8/CD57 T cells. Neutropenia has been reported during acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection, but there is a paucity of information describing the pathogenesis of this condition. During HIV-1 infection, LGLs have been shown to be both CD16(+) NK cells and CD8(+)/CD57(+) T cells, but an association with neutropenia has not been described. However, neutropenia with concurrent LGL lymphocytosis has been demonstrated in both LGL leukemia and common variable immunodeficiency syndrome in people, and in both syndromes, an increase in soluble Fas ligand (FasL) has been associated with neutrophil apoptosis leading to neutropenia. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated increases in CD56 and CD8 peripheral blood cell surface expression during acute FIV-C-PG infection. Expression of FasL mRNA was increased at the same time points as these peripheral hematologic abnormalities, and also decreased as FIV-C-PG proviral load reached set point. We describe an interesting temporal association between innate immune responses and viral load during acute FIV-C-PG infection, which has similarities to HIV-1 infection and other immune dyscrasias of people, and which may contribute to the neutropenia and LGL lymphocytosis during FIV-C-PG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Sprague
- Colorado State University, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, 1600 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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23
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Newburger PE. Cyclic neutropenia in animals. Am J Hematol 2009; 84:258; author reply 258. [PMID: 19208418 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Cyclic neutropenia (CN) has been well documented in humans and the gray collie. A recent model of the architecture and dynamics of hematopoiesis has been used to provide insights into the mechanism of cycling of this disorder. It provides a link between the cycling period and the cells where the mutated ELA2 is expressed. Assuming that the biologic defect in CN is the same in dogs, and the observation that the structure of hematopoiesis is invariant across mammals, we use allometric scaling techniques to correctly predict the period of cycling in the gray collie and extend it to other mammals from mice to elephants. This work provides additional support for the relevance of animal models to understand disease but cautions that disease dynamics in model animals are different and this has to be taken into consideration when planning experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Pacheco
- ATP-Group, CFTC and Departamento de Física da Faculdade de Ciências, Lisboa Codex, Portugal
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25
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Vargo CL, Taylor SM, Haines DM. Immune mediated neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in 3 giant schnauzers. Can Vet J 2007; 48:1159-1163. [PMID: 18050797 PMCID: PMC2034425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and splenomegaly were recognized in 3 adult female giant schnauzers. Antineutrophil antibodies were demonstrated in 2 dogs. Following splenectomy, administration of prednisone and azathioprine resulted in normalization of neutrophil and platelet numbers in all dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Vargo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
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26
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Mobasheri A. Colony-stimulating factors in veterinary medicine: An unexplored potential. Vet J 2007; 174:8-9. [PMID: 17029880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Weiss DJ. Evaluation of antineutrophil IgG antibodies in persistently neutropenic dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21:440-4. [PMID: 17552448 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[440:eoaiai]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated neutropenia (IMN) is one of several causes of persistent neutropenia in dogs. A test to detect IMN in dogs is not available. HYPOTHESIS A flow cytometric immunofluorescence assay will provide a sensitive method for detection of antineutrophil antibodies in dogs. ANIMALS The study included 12 neutropenic dogs and 20 healthy dogs. METHODS An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding to dog neutrophils. Leukoagglutination was evaluated by light microscopy. Neutrophil distribution in scatter plots, neutrophil fluorescence intensity, and the percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity was evaluated by use of flow cytometry. RESULTS Antineutrophil antibodies were detected in the serum of 5 of 6 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of IMN. Leukoagglutination was present in 3 dogs. Four dogs had altered neutrophil distribution in forward-angle versus side-angle light scatter plots. Five of 6 dogs had increased neutrophil fluorescence intensity and 4 of 6 dogs had an increased percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The flow cytometric test for antineutrophil antibodies detects dogs with a clinical diagnosis of IMN. Testing for antineutrophil antibodies should include observation for leukoagglutination, observation of scatter plots for altered distribution of the neutrophil population, observation of the shape of the fluorescence histogram, determination of neutrophil fluorescence intensity, and determination of the percentage of neutrophils with increased fluorescence intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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28
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Colijn C, Foley C, Mackey MC. G-CSF treatment of canine cyclical neutropenia: A comprehensive mathematical model. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:898-907. [PMID: 17533044 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of different G-CSF temporal treatment schemes using a comprehensive mathematical model of the mammalian hematopoietic system that couples the pharmacokinetics of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to the hematopoietic stem cell, neutrophil, platelet, and erythrocyte dynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from cyclical neutropenic (CN) grey collies are used to build an extended model that reproduces the dynamics of circulating blood cells found in laboratory data from the dogs with and without daily G-CSF therapy. The effects of varying the treatment initiation time, and whether injections are given daily, every other day, or every three days, are examined. RESULTS The mathematical model is able to reproduce the large variation in data that occurs from one dog to another. Different drug delivery times, with no other changes in the model parameters, can have significant long-term effects on neutrophil numbers. The frequency of drug delivery also has long-term effects on the oscillations. CONCLUSION Using a realistic representation of the effects of G-CSF on the tissue-level hematopoietic system, the model matches a wide range of laboratory data. This implies that it would be possible to generate individualized predictions for specific dogs if data were available in real time. The proposed interventions are practical and may reduce the amount of G-CSF required while potentially maintaining or even improving the treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Colijn
- Department of Mathematics, Center for Nonlinear Dynamics in Physiology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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29
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a clinically applicable assay for detection of serum anti-neutrophil antibodies in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION Serum samples of 20 healthy dogs and 20 sick dogs. PROCEDURES An indirect immunofluorescence assay was developed in which canine serum was incubated with paraformaldehyde-fixed neutrophils and subsequently incubated with fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-dog IgG. Neutrophil median fluorescence intensity and the percentage of neutrophils with an increase in fluorescence intensity were determined by use of a flow cytometer. RESULTS Neutrophils incubated with serum from healthy and sick dogs had a normally distributed curve when displayed as a histogram. Alloantibodies or immune complexes that significantly affected test results were not detected. Hyperglobulinemia did not appear to affect test results. The neutrophil donor did not significantly affect test results. With 1 exception, results for the sick dogs did not differ appreciably from those for healthy dogs. Serum from a dog with steroid-responsive neutropenia had a greater neutrophil fluorescence value and percentage of neutrophils with an increase in fluorescence intensity, compared with either healthy or sick dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The indirect immunofluorescence test gave consistent results for healthy and sick dogs and detected anti-neutrophil antibodies in a dog with steroid-responsive neutropenia. Definitive evaluation of the test will be dependent on evaluation of persistently neutropenic dogs and correlation of test results with a response to immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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30
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Shearman JR, Wilton AN. Elimination of neutrophil elastase and the genes for [corrected] adaptor protein complex 3 subunits [corrected] as the cause of trapped neutrophil syndrome in Border collies. Anim Genet 2007; 38:188-9. [PMID: 17302793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Shearman
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Clive and Vera Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Abstract
Most cytotoxic chemotherapy protocols used in small animals are designed to have a low risk of adverse effects; however, adverse events can occasionally occur. Timely and appropriate management of adverse events greatly increases client satisfaction and the likelihood of a successful treatment outcome. This article presents guidelines for the management of chemotherapy-associated hematological and gastrointestinal disturbances, extravasation injury, and anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- The Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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32
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Kosarek CE, Hu X, Couto CG, Kisseberth WC, Green EM, Au JLS, Wientjes MG. Phase I evaluation of low-dose suramin as chemosensitizer of doxorubicin in dogs with naturally occurring cancers. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20:1172-7. [PMID: 17063712 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1172:pieols]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low and nontoxic concentrations (10-50 microM) of suramin, which is a nonspecific inhibitor of multiple growth factors, including fibroblast growth factors, enhances the activities of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin and paclitaxel, both in vitro and in vivo. Suramin has not been evaluated as a chemosensitizing agent in dogs with cancer. HYPOTHESIS Nontoxic suramin can be used safely as a chemosensitizer in dogs. ANIMALS Sixteen dogs of various breeds with measurable tumors were treated; 1 dog that had undergone amputation for osteosarcoma received adjuvant therapy. METHODS The dogs received 53 courses of treatment with suramin in combination with doxorubicin. The suramin dosage was 6.75 mg/kg IV 3 h before standard doxorubicin administration every 2 weeks. The pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy were determined. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of low-dose suramin followed a 2-compartment model with half-lives of 2 h and 6 days. The distribution volume was a 0.34 +/- 0.12 L/kg, and clearance was 1.86 +/- 0.76 mL/kg/h. During the time interval that doxorubicin was present at therapeutically active concentrations (ie, from the start of infusion to 24 hours), the plasma concentrations were maintained within 20% of the target range (8-60 microM) in 72% of the treatments. The toxicity of the suramin/doxorubicin combination was mild and comparable to the toxicity expected for doxorubicin monotherapy. Objective partial responses were observed in 2 out of 16 evaluable dogs (13%). All 5 dogs that previously received doxorubicin showed improved responses to the suramin/doxorubicin combination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A fixed, low-dose suramin regimen yields the desired target plasma concentrations in most dogs, and appears to enhance the activity of doxorubicin without enhancing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Kosarek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Alvarez FJ, Kisseberth WC, Gallant SL, Couto CG. Dexamethasone, melphalan, actinomycin D, cytosine arabinoside (DMAC) protocol for dogs with relapsed lymphoma. J Vet Intern Med 2006; 20:1178-83. [PMID: 17063713 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[1178:dmadca]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general, treatment of relapsed lymphoma is associated with a lower probability of response and shorter duration of remission. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the combination chemotherapy protocol DMAC (dexamethasone, melphalan, actinomycin D, and cytosine arabinoside) for reinduction of remission in dogs with relapsed lymphoma. HYPOTHESIS That DMAC would be an effective reinduction protocol for dogs with relapsed lymphoma. ANIMALS Fifty-four dogs. RESULTS Seventy-two percent of the dogs achieved remission (44% complete remission [CR] and 28% partial remission [PR]), 11% had stable disease (SD), and 17% had progressive disease (PD). The median remission duration was 61 days (range, 2-467+ days). The median remission durations for dogs with CR, PR, and SD were 112, 44, and 27 days, respectively. Factors that affected the response rate were previous treatment with doxorubicin and an inability to achieve remission with the previous protocol. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 56% of the dogs (grade 1 in 3 dogs, grade 2 in 6 dogs, grade 3 in 7 dogs, and grade 4 in 7 dogs) and neutropenia in 17% of the dogs (grade 2 in 1 dog, grade 3 in 2 dogs, and grade 4 in 4 dogs). Gastrointestinal toxicosis occurred in 22% of the dogs (grades 1 in 5 dogs, grade 2 in 3 dogs, and grade 3 in 1 dog). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The DMAC protocol is an effective rescue protocol for dogs with relapsed multicentric lymphoma. Although thrombocytopenia is a common manifestation of toxicity, in general, the protocol is well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
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Fernández-Varón E, Villamayor L. Granulocyte and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors as therapy in human and veterinary medicine. Vet J 2006; 174:33-41. [PMID: 17029990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSFs) are endogenous cytokines that regulate granulocyte colonies and play a major role in the stimulation of granulopoiesis (neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils) and in the regulation of microbicidal functions. There are numerous pathological conditions in which neutrophils are decreased, the most common being neutropenia associated with cancer chemotherapy, which increases the risk of serious microbial infections developing with the potential for high morbidity and mortality. New methods in molecular biology have led to the identification and cloning of CSF genes and biopharmaceutical production. Since then, CSFs have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of neutropenia associated with cancer chemotherapy, for mobilising haematopoietic cell precursors, and for other neutropenia-related pathologies. This review focuses on the use of CSFs within both human and veterinary medicine. Clinical applications, pharmacology, tolerability and the potential role of these factors in veterinary medicine are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Fernández-Varón
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30.071 Murcia, Spain.
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Shearman JR, Zhang QY, Wilton AN. Exclusion of CXCR4 as the cause of trapped neutrophil syndrome in Border Collies using five microsatellites on canine chromosome 19. Anim Genet 2006; 37:89. [PMID: 16441310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Shearman
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Yanay O, Brzezinski M, Christensen J, Liggitt D, Dale DC, Osborne WRA. An adult dog with cyclic neutropenia treated by lentivirus- mediated delivery of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:464-9. [PMID: 16610934 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic neutropenia occurs in humans and gray collie dogs, is characterized by recurrent neutropenia, and is treated by daily injections of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). After showing that canine recombinant G-CSF increased neutrophil counts in an affected dog, we administered intramuscularly 2 x 10(9) infectious units (IU) of a lentiviral vector encoding canine G-CSF cDNA. Elevated, therapeutic neutrophil production was obtained for nearly 18 months. Lentiviral vector treatment provided a mean neutrophil count of 29,230 +/- 12,930 cells/microl, which was significantly increased over both the pretreatment value (5,240 +/- 4,800 cells/microl; p < 0.0001) and the neutrophil count during G-CSF administration (17,820 +/- 11,100 cells/microl; p < 0.0001). By systemic infusion of recombinant G-CSF to normal dogs we estimated that 2 x 10(9) IU of lentivirus delivered 3.5 microg of G-CSF per kilogram per day. After lentiviral vector treatment the gray collie gained weight, showed no clinical signs of infection and fever, and no longer needed housing in a pathogen-free environment. Genomic DNA harvested from muscle at the injection sites was positive for provirus, whereas gonad, lung, spleen, heart, liver, kidney, and noninjected muscle samples were negative. These studies show that an adult animal is responsive long-term to lentivirus-mediated G-CSF delivery, suggesting this approach may be applied for treatment of adult patients with cyclic and other neutropenias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Yanay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Brown CD, Parnell NK, Schulman RL, Brown CG, Glickman NW, Glickman L. Evaluation of clinicopathologic features, response to treatment, and risk factors associated with idiopathic neutropenia in dogs: 11 cases (1990–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:87-91. [PMID: 16817719 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinicopathologic features, response to treatment, and risk factors associated with idiopathic neutropenia in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 11 dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records of dogs with idiopathic neutropenia were reviewed. Signalment, history, clinical signs, and response to treatment were recorded and compared with that in dogs with neutropenia attributable to known causes and to dogs without neutropenia (controls). RESULTS Compared with dogs with neutropenia attributable to known causes, dogs with idiopathic neutropenia had lower neutrophil counts and were younger. When compared with control dogs, age < 4 years was identified as a risk factor for developing idiopathic neutropenia. In all dogs with idiopathic neutropenia, remission of neutropenia occurred within 18 days after administration of prednisone (2 to 4 mg/kg [0.9 to 1.8 mg/lb], PO, daily) and no serious complications or infections developed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE An immune-mediated pathogenesis should be considered for dogs with idiopathic neutropenia in which the cause is not known. Severe neutropenia and young age were significantly associated with idiopathic neutropenia in dogs. Prognosis appeared to be excellent with prednisone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory D Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Phadke AP, de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Wolf AM, Andersen PR, Baladandayuthapani V, Collisson EW. Pathogenesis of a Texas feline immunodeficiency virus isolate: An emerging subtype of clade B. Vet Microbiol 2006; 115:64-76. [PMID: 16574348 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have recently provided evidence that Texas feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV-TX) isolates are an emerging subtype sharing a common ancestry with clade B isolates. Specific, pathogen-free cats were infected, intravenously, with 500, 2000 or 8000TCID(50) of the FIV-TX53 virus to study the acute stage of infection. Infection of cats resulted in lymphadenopathy at 10 days post-infection (p.i.). By 7 weeks p.i., gag specific antibody could be detected from sera of all infected cats. Virus could be detected by culturing PBMC and by nested capsid PCR. A reduction in the absolute numbers of lymphocytes and neutrophils was observed in infected cats although there was no trend identified between this reduction and the viral dose administered. By 11 weeks p.i., the CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell ratios from all infected cats had dropped from approximately 2 to below 1. While decrease in the ratio was dependent on the viral dose, the T cell ratios of cats receiving the highest dose had significantly dropped below 1 by 4-7 weeks p.i. This decrease in the ratio was accompanied by a sharp and temporal decline in the absolute CD4(+) T cells and a slight increase in the absolute CD8(+) T cell numbers with a dramatic expansion of cells with CD8beta(low) chain expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha P Phadke
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258, United States
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Keller SL, Jefferson BJ, Jacobs RM, Wood RD. Effects of noncytopathic type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus on the proliferation of bone marrow progenitor cells. Can J Vet Res 2006; 70:20-7. [PMID: 16548328 PMCID: PMC1325090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of isolates of noncytopathic type 2 Bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV-2) of high and low virulence on the proliferation of bone marrow progenitor cells. Holstein calves 6 to 7 mo old and BVDV-naïve were inoculated intranasally with a BVDV isolate of high virulence (HV24515), a BVDV isolate of low virulence (LV11Q), or uninfected cell culture medium. Serial bone marrow and peripheral blood samples were collected before and after inoculation. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) were isolated and cultured for 5 d, and the mean number of colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) colonies was determined. Tritiated (3H)-thymidine uptake by BMMCs was determined to indicate overall proliferative capacity. Virus isolation was done on concurrent samples of BMMCs and peripheral blood. Virus was isolated from BMMCs and peripheral blood buffy-coat cells as early as day 2 or 3 after inoculation. Neutropenia developed in both groups inoculated with a BVDV isolate. However, in the calves given LV11Q, neutrophil counts rebounded earlier in response to increased proliferation of BMMCs, whereas the response was delayed in calves given HV24515. Thymidine uptake was significantly increased (P = 0.0047) in BMMCs after inoculation compared with before inoculation in the calves given LV11Q but not in those given HV24515 or in the control calves. The median number of CFU-GM colonies was significantly decreased (P = 0.0164) after inoculation compared with before inoculation in the calves given HV24515, whereas there was no significant difference in the calves given LV11Q or in the control calves. The data support the hypothesis that the prolonged neutropenia observed in calves given HV24515 results at least in part from decreased proliferative capacity of bone marrow progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya L Keller
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2W1
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Colijn C, Mackey MC. A mathematical model of hematopoiesis: II. Cyclical neutropenia. J Theor Biol 2005; 237:133-46. [PMID: 15975606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclical neutropenia is a dynamical disease of the hematopoietic system marked by an oscillation in circulating leukocyte (e.g. neutrophil) numbers to near zero levels and then back to normal. This oscillation is also mirrored in the platelets and reticulocytes which oscillate with the same period. Cyclical neutropenia has an animal counterpart in the grey collie. Using the mathematical model of the hematopoietic system of Colijn and Mackey [A mathematical model of hematopoiesis: I. Periodic chronic myelogenous leukemia. Companion paper to the present paper.] we have determined what parameters are necessary to mimic laboratory and clinical data on untreated grey collies and humans, and also what changes in these parameters are necessary to fit data during treatment with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Compared to the normal steady-state values, we found that the major parameter changes that mimic untreated cyclical neutropenia correspond to a decreased amplification (increased apoptosis) within the proliferating neutrophil precursor compartment, and a decrease in the maximal rate of re-entry into the proliferative phase of the stem cell compartment. For the data obtained during G-CSF treatment, good fits were obtained only when parameters were altered that would imply that G-CSF led to higher amplification (lower rate of apoptosis) in the proliferating neutrophil precursors, and a elevated rate of differentiation into the neutrophil line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Colijn
- Department of Mathematics and Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Nollens HH, Hernandez JA, Jacobson ER, Haulena M, Gulland FMD. Risk factors associated with development of poxvirus lesions in hospitalized California sea lions. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:467-73. [PMID: 16121616 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors that may predispose California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to development of cutaneous poxvirus nodules during hospitalization in a rehabilitation center. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS 90 California sea lions admitted to a rehabilitation center. PROCEDURE Hospital records of 275 stranded California sea lions admitted to the rehabilitation center between January 1 and December 31, 2002, were reviewed. All California sea lions (n = 18) that developed > or = 1 cutaneous poxvirus nodule during hospitalization were classified as cases. Seventy-two California sea lions that did not develop poxvirus lesions during hospitalization were randomly selected (control group). The frequencies of various exposure factors prior to admission, at admission, and during hospitalization for cases and control sea lions were compared by use of logistic regression. RESULTS California sea lions that had previously been admitted to the rehabilitation center were 43 times as likely to develop poxvirus lesions as sea lions admitted for the first time; those with high band neutrophil counts (> 0.69 X 10(3) bands/microL) at admission were 20 times less likely to develop poxvirus lesions than sea lions with counts within reference limits. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that sea lions with a history of prior hospitalization or band neutrophil counts within reference limits at admission were more likely to develop poxvirus lesions during hospitalization. Sea lions with histories of hospitalization should be kept in quarantine and infection control measures implemented to help prevent disease transmission to attending personnel and other hospitalized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik H Nollens
- Marine Mammal Health Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
This report describes transient ulcerative dermatitis, severe thrombocytopenia, and mild neutropenia in 6 foals from 4 mares from geographically diverse regions of the United States. The foals presented at <4 days of age with oral and lingual ulcers, and crusting and erythema around the eyes, muzzle, and perineal, inguinal, axillary, trunk, and neck regions. There was a severe thrombocytopenia (0-30,000 platelets/microL), leukopenia (1900-3200 white blood cells/microL), and mild neutropenia (500-1800 neutrophils/microL). Four of the 6 foals had petechiae and ecchymotic hemorrhages and 3 had bleeding tendencies. Results of examination of a bone marrow biopsy from 1 foal were normal and results of a platelet surface immunoglobulin test in another were negative. Histopathology of the skin in all foals showed subepidermal clefting with subjacent vascular dilation, dermal hemorrhage, and superficial papillary necrosis. The foals were treated supportively with broad-spectrum antibiotics (5/6), corticosteroids (3/6), gastric ulcer prophylaxis (6/6), whole-blood transfusion (4/6), and platelet-rich plasma (1/6). The skin lesions and thrombocytopenia (>50,000 platelets/microL) improved in 2 weeks (4/6). Two foals had a decline in their platelet counts when the steroids were decreased and needed protracted treatment. All foals survived and were healthy as yearlings. Two mares that had 2 affected foals each, upon subsequent pregnancies to different stallions, had healthy foals when an alternate source of colostrum was given. The findings in the cases in this report suggest a possible relationship between colostral antibodies or some other factor in the colostrum and the thrombocytopenia and skin lesions, although further investigation is warranted to confirm or refute this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Aroch I, Klement E, Segev G. Clinical, biochemical, and hematological characteristics, disease prevalence, and prognosis of dogs presenting with neutrophil cytoplasmic toxicity. J Vet Intern Med 2005; 19:64-73. [PMID: 15715050 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2005)19<64:cbahcd>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil cytoplasmic toxicity is manifested as an abnormality in cell size or the cytoplasmic content upon examination of Romanowsky-stained blood smears, and is traditionally associated with infection and inflammation. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the association of such changes with clinical and clinicopathologic characteristics, diseases, and prognoses in dogs. Dogs with neutrophil toxicity (n = 248) were compared with negative controls (n = 248). Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, independent t-tests, nonparametric Mann-Whitney tests, the chi-square trend test, and survival analysis. Dogs with neutrophil toxicity had a significantly higher prevalence of pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, fever, abdominal organomegaly, icterus, melena, and hematuria. Most mean hematologic variables were significantly different between groups. Dogs with neutrophil toxicity had a significantly (P < .05) higher prevalence of leukocytosis, leukopenia, neutrophilia, neutropenia, anemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia. The prevalence of pyometra, parvovirus infection, acute renal failure, peritonitis, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pancreatitis, septicemia, and neoplastic disorders was significantly higher among these dogs. Case fatality, hospitalization length, and treatment cost were significantly (P < .001) higher in dogs with neutrophil toxicity. Neutrophil toxicity severity was significantly (P < .0035) and positively associated with neutropenia, and negatively associated with leukocytosis and neutrophilia. A significant trend (P = .05) toward increasing case fatality with an increase of neutrophil toxicity was observed. In the neutrophil toxicity group, dogs with leukopenia (<5.0 X 10(3)/mm3) had a significantly (P < .0001) higher case fatality compared to dogs with normal or high leukocyte counts. We conclude that evaluation of blood smears for neutrophil cytoplasmic toxicity provides useful clinical information and can serve as a good prognostic predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Aroch
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Rodriguez DB, Mackin A, Easley R, Boyle CR, Hou W, Langston C, Walsh AM, Province MA, McLeod HL. Relationship between red blood cell thiopurine methyltransferase activity and myelotoxicity in dogs receiving azathioprine. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18:339-45. [PMID: 15188821 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<339:rbrbct>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) produces inactive metabolites of azathioprine and, in humans, has a variable amount of activity. Humans with low TPMT activity commonly develop myelotoxicity when receiving azathioprine. Our study sought to characterize the distribution of TPMT activity in a population of dogs and to determine whether the pretreatment knowledge of red blood cell (RBC) TPMT activity could predict myelotoxicity in dogs receiving azathioprine. RBC TPMT activity was measured in 299 healthy dogs, and 9 dogs that represented a wide range of enzyme activity received azathioprine at a standard therapeutic dose for 30 days. TPMT activity in healthy dogs was log normally distributed and varied over an approximately 7-fold range. Geometric mean, minimum, and maximum RBC TPMT activities were 37.1, 16.3, and 115 nmol per gram of hemoglobin (gHb) per hour, respectively. TPMT deficiency was not identified. Two populations of TPMT activity in dogs were detected by statistical modeling (commingling analysis). Dogs with intermediate TPMT activity (14-38 nmol/gHb/h) receiving azathioprine had significantly lower neutrophil counts during week 4 than during weeks 0-3, whereas those with high activity (>39 nmol/gHb/h) did not have a significant change in neutrophil count. An analysis of TPMT activity in 6 dogs with a history of azathioprine-associated myelotoxicity in a clinical setting revealed either intermediate or high TPMT enzyme activity in all dogs, suggesting that TPMT activity, as measured in RBCs, is not the sole cause of severe azathioprine-associated myelosuppression in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon B Rodriguez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
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Ricci Lucas SR, Pereira Coelho BM, Marquezi ML, Franchini ML, Miyashiro SI, De Benedetto Pozzi DH. Carmustine, Vincristine, and Prednisone in the Treatment of Canine Lymphosarcoma. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004; 40:292-9. [PMID: 15238559 DOI: 10.5326/0400292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A chemotherapeutic protocol using carmustine in combination with vincristine and prednisone was tested in dogs with multicentric malignant lymphosarcoma. Of seven dogs treated, six (85.7%) achieved complete remission. A partial response occurred in one dog. Median survival time was 224 days (mean 386 days), and median duration of remission was 183 days (mean 323 days). Marked neutropenia was observed following carmustine administration. There were no significant alterations in platelets and red blood cell counts during treatment, and no abnormalities attributable to the chemotherapy were found in serum biochemical profiles. Results of this study showed that carmustine is an effective alternative option in the treatment of canine lymphosarcoma.
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Abstract
Four 5 mo old captive raised coyotes (Canis latrans) were experimentally inoculated with approximately 1 x 10(6) Babesia gibsoni organisms. Parasites were detected 1 wk post-inoculation in all coyotes with maximum parasitemia of 8-11% occurring at 34 wk. Parasitemias remained at or above 1% for at least 12 wk and were still detectable 20 wk post-inoculation. All experimentally infected coyotes developed pale mucous membranes, splenomegaly, and a positive heme reaction in urine while one coyote exhibited mild depression and inappetence. Infected coyotes also developed a regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The mild clinical signs coupled with the high level and long duration of parasitemia indicate that coyotes could serve as reservoirs for B. gibsoni. Entrance of this foreign parasite into the United States suggests the need for strict quarantines and thorough health and blood film examinations for imported animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly V Evers
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
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Poirier VJ, Hershey AE, Burgess KE, Phillips B, Turek MM, Forrest LJ, Beaver L, Vail DM. Efficacy and toxicity of paclitaxel (Taxol) for the treatment of canine malignant tumors. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18:219-22. [PMID: 15058774 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2004)18<219:eatopt>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (Taxol) was administered to 25 dogs with histologically confirmed malignant tumors at a dosage of 165 mg/m2 i.v. over 3-6 hours every 3 weeks. Dogs received premedication with antihistimines and corticosteroids to reduce hypersensitivity reactions. However, 64% of the dogs still experienced allergic reactions. Six dogs (24%) had grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, 6 dogs (24%) required hospitalization and 3 dogs (12%) died of sepsis. Five dogs (20%) had a partial response (osteosarcoma [2 dogs] mammary carcinoma [2 dogs] and malignant histiocytosis [1 dog]) for a median duration of 53 days. The overall toxicity was unacceptable at the 165 mg/m2 dose. Therefore, subsequent evaluations of paclitaxel in tumor-bearing dogs should a starting dose of 132 mg/m2 i.v. every 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Poirier
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
Five cases of suspected immune-mediated neutropenia in dogs are described. Clinical signs varied depending on whether the animals had a systemic infection or concurrent immune-mediated disease. Patients were diagnosed by excluding other causes of neutropenia, supportive bone marrow aspirate findings, an initial favourable response to corticosteroid administration in four of the cases, and concurrent immune-mediated disease. Four of the dogs were receiving medications at the time of diagnosis, and immune-mediated neutropenia secondary to drug therapy cannot be excluded. This study shows that appropriate immunosuppressive treatment can lead to a favourable outcome, however, care is required to avoid adverse effects associated with corticosteroid use. It is also imperative that medications are not withdrawn abruptly as a second remission may not always be achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Perkins
- University Veterinary Centre Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006.
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49
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Abstract
We present a dynamical model of the production and regulation of circulating blood neutrophil number. This model is derived from physiologically relevant features of the hematopoietic system, and is analysed using both analytic and numerical methods. Supercritical Hopf bifurcations and saddle-node bifurcations of limit cycles are shown to exist. We make the estimation of kinetic parameters for dogs and then apply the model to cyclical neutropenia (CN) in the grey collie, a rare disorder in which oscillations in all blood cell counts are found. We conclude that the major cause of the oscillations in CN is an increased rate of apoptosis of neutrophil precursors which leads to a destabilization of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bernard
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique and Centre de recherches mathématiques, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Qué., Canada H3C 3J7.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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