Polymorphism in IGFALS gene and its association with scrotal circumference in Hu lambs

Scrotal circumference is an important reproductive index of breeding rams, which has a high genetic correlation with ejaculation volume and semen quality. In this study, the scrotal circumference of 1353 male Hu sheep at different stages of development was measured and descriptive statistical analysis was performed. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of scrotal circumference at each stage was greater than 10%, and its heritability were moderately to high, ranging from 0.318 to 0.719. We used PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing to scan the polymorphisms of the IGFALS gene, and performed association analysis with the circumference of the scrotum at different stages. We identified a synonymous mutation g.918 G > C in exon 1 of the IGFALS gene, and this mutation was significantly associated with scrotal circumference at 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 days (p < 0.05). Therefore, IGFALS gene polymorphism can be used as a molecular marker affecting scrotal circumference of Hu sheep, which can provide a reference for future molecular marker-assisted selection of scrotal circumference in sheep.

Metabolites assay offers potential solution to improve the rooster semen cryopreservation

Semen cryopreservation represents a promising technology utilized for preserving high-quality chicken varieties in husbandry practices. However, the efficacy of this methodology is significantly impeded by the diminished quality of sperm. Metabolites, as the end products of metabolic reactions, serve as indicators of biological processes and offer insights into physiological conditions. In this study, we investigaged the sperm quality and alteration in metabolic profiles during the cryopreservation of Longyou Partridge Chicken semen. Following artificial semen collection, four groups of semen samples were established based on four points of the cryopreservation process (Ⅰ, fresh semen; Ⅱ, semen added extender and chilled at 4 °C for 30 min; Ⅲ, semen added cryoprotectants; Ⅳ, semen gradient freezed and stored in liquid nitrogen). Semen cryopreservation has a negative effect on the percentage of sperm in a straight-line trajectory (LIN), has no significant effect on total motile sperms (TM) or the proportion of sperm with typical morphology (NM). Metabolites were identified using LC-MS technique and analyses including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), Univariate statistical analysis, and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database were employed to identify metabolites. A total of 2471 metabolites had been identified, with the majority of the list being made up of amino acids and their metabolites as well as benzene and substituted derivatives. Group II exhibits 882 metabolites with significantly elevated abundance relative to Group I, alongside 37 metabolites displaying decreased abundance. In Group III, 836 metabolites demonstrate notably augmented abundance compared to Group II, while 87 metabolites exhibit reduced abundance. Furthermore, Group IV showcases 513 metabolites with markedly heightened abundance in comparison to Group III, and 396 metabolites with decreased abundance. Specific metabolites such as 5-Hydroxylysine, Phosphocholine, and alpha-d-glucose-6-phosphate exhibited a progressive decline during the cryopreservation process, correlating with either dilution and chilling, cryoprotectant addition, or freezing. In conclusion, our investigation systematically examined the changes of seminal metabolome and sperm quality throughout the cryopreservation process of rooster semen.

Fatty acid composition and biophysical characteristics of the cell membrane of feline spermatozoa

Sperm membrane composition and biophysical characteristics play a pivotal role in many physiological processes (i.e. sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction and fusion with the oocyte) as well as in semen processing (e.g. cryopreservation). The aim of this study was to characterize the fatty acid content and biophysical characteristics (anisotropy, generalized polarization) of the cell membrane of domestic cat spermatozoa. Semen was collected from 34 adult male cats by urethral catheterization. After a basic semen evaluation, the fatty acid content of some of the samples (n = 11) was evaluated by gas chromatography. Samples from other individuals (n = 23) were subjected to biophysical analysis: membrane anisotropy (which is inversely proportional to membrane fluidity) and generalized polarization (describing lipid order); both measured by fluorimetry at three temperature points: 38 °C, 25 °C and 5 °C. Spermatozoa from some samples (n = 10) were cryopreserved in TRIS egg yolk-glycerol extender and underwent the same biophysical analysis after thawing. Most fatty acids in feline spermatozoa were saturated (69.76 ± 24.45%), whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was relatively low (6.12 ± 5.80%). Lowering the temperature caused a significant decrease in membrane fluidity and an increase in generalized polarization in fresh spermatozoa, and these effects were even more pronounced following cryopreservation. Anisotropy at 38 °C in fresh samples showed strong positive correlations with viability and motility parameters after thawing. In summary, feline spermatozoa are characterized by a very low PUFA content and a low ratio of unsaturated:saturated fatty acids, which may contribute to low oxidative stress. Cryopreservation alters the structure of the sperm membrane, increasing the fluidity of the hydrophobic portion of the bilayer and the lipid order in the hydrophilic portion. Because lower membrane fluidity in fresh semen was linked with better viability and motility after cryopreservation, this parameter may be considered an important factor in determination of sperm cryoresistance.

Evaluation of the effect of the addition of an olive oil-derived antioxidant (Pectoliv-80A) in the extender for cryopreservation of rooster sperm through the use of a discriminant statistical tool

During the poultry sperm cryopreservation process, an excess of reactive oxygen species is generated resulting in oxidative stress which harms the quality of avian spermatozoa. To counteract this effect, the addition of exogenous antioxidants, such as Pectoliv-80A (a by-product of olive oil), to the cryopreservation diluent is interesting. For this purpose, 16 roosters belonging to the Utrerana avian breed were used. Six semen pools (from the 6 different replicates) were divided into 4 aliquots corresponding to different concentrations of Pectoliv-80A that were tested (0, 300, 400, and 500 μg/mL), and the cryopreservation process was carried out. To evaluate post-thawing semen quality, different parameters such as motility, membrane functionality, reactive oxygen species production, lipid peroxidation, and acrosome integrity were studied. A discriminant canonical analysis was used to determine both the differences between the Pectoliv-80A concentration groups and the discriminant power of the aforementioned parameter used for semen evaluation. Total motility and membrane functionality were reported to be the most discriminant variables for differentiating the different antioxidant enrichment groups and concluded that concentrations of 300 μg/mL showed the most desirable quality of post-thawing semen. The present study could lead to the optimization of both cryopreservation and quality evaluation techniques of the sperm of rooster species, that support the conservation program of endangered local breeds.

Effects of different extenders on epigenetic patterns and functional parameters of bull sperm during cryopreservation process

The cryopreservation process induces alterations in cellular parameters and epigenetic patterns in bull sperm, which can be prevented by adding cryoprotectants in the freezing extenders. The purpose of this study was to compare the protective effects of two extenders based on soybean lecithin (SLE) and egg yolk (EYE) on epigenetic patterns and quality parameters of sperm such as motility parameters, mitochondrial membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation, viability, and apoptotic-like changes of bull sperm after cryopreservation. Results demonstrated that cryopreservation significantly (p < .05) reduced the level of DNA global methylation, H3K9 histone acetylation, and H3K4 histone methylation in both frozen groups compared to the fresh sperm. Also, the level of H3K9 acetylation was lower in the frozen SLE group (21.2 ± 1.86) compared to EYE group (15.2 ± 1.86). In addition, the SLE frozen group had a higher percentage of viability, progressive motility, and linearity (LIN) in SLE frozen group compared to EYE frozen group. However, no difference was observed in mitochondrial membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation between SLE and EYE frozen groups. While soybean-lecithin-based extender showed some initial positive impacts of epigenetics and semen parameters, further investigations can provide useful information for better freezing.

The beneficial effects of quinoa seed extract supplementation on ram sperm quality following cryopreservation

Although cryopreservation is a reliable method used in assisted reproduction to preserve genetic materials, it can stimulate the occurrence of oxidative stress, which affects sperm structure and function. This research was conducted to explore the effects of quinoa seed extracts (QSE) on ram sperm quality, oxidative biomarkers, and the gene expression of frozen-thawed ram sperm. Semen samples were diluted in extenders supplemented with 0 (QSE0), 250 (QSE1), 500 (QSE2), 750 (QSE3), and 1000 (QSE4) µg of QSE /mL, and then frozen according to the typical procedure. The findings indicate that the QSE3 and QSE4 groups provided the optimal results in terms of sperm viability and progressive motility. Sperm kinematics were considerably enhanced in the QSE3 group compared to the other groups (P<0.01). QSE (500-1000 µg/mL) significantly decreased the apoptosis-like changes (higher viable and lower apoptotic sperm) in ram sperm (P<0.001). The percentage of live sperm with intact acrosomes was significantly increased, while the percentage of detached and intact acrosomes in live and dead sperm were significantly decreased respectively by the QSE addition (P<0.001). All QSE groups had higher TAC and lower MDA and H2O2 levels than the control group (P<0.001). The expressions of SOD1, CAT, GABPB1, and GPX1 genes in sperm samples were significantly increased, while the CASP3 gene was significantly decreased in all QSE-supplemented samples. Our data suggest that QSE has beneficial effects on sperm quality of cryopreserved ram semen, which are achieved by promoting sperm antioxidant-related genes and reducing apoptosis-related gene.

The use of sodium caseinate in the freezing of sheep semen

The aim of this study was to assess the addition of 2% sodium caseinate in a commercial egg yolk-based medium in frozen ovine semen. Eight Dorper males were used for the study. The ejaculate was divided into two portions and frozen without (G1) or with the addition of 2% sodium caseinate (G2). Kinetic parameters were evaluated using CASA (computer-assisted sperm analysis), and membrane and acrosome integrity as well as oxidative stress were assessed using flow cytometry. After thawing, a thermoresistance test was conducted at time points T0 and T90. For the fertility test, 100 ewes were inseminated with semen from two rams selected based on in vitro parameters, one with good post-thaw quality (+70% total motility) and the other with low post-thaw quality (-55% total motility). For the fertility test, the females were divided into 4 groups for insemination: low-quality ram without caseinate (GBS = 25) and with caseinate (GBC = 25), and high-quality ram without caseinate (GAS = 25) and with caseinate (GAC = 25). Regarding the results of sperm kinetics, there was a statistically significant difference in the parameters of average path velocity (VAP) and curvilinear velocity (VCL) between the group frozen with BotuBov and the group with added caseinate. At time point T90, straight-line velocity maintained a trend (p < .06), with BotuBov® (BB group) being superior to caseinate this time, and in the linearity parameter, caseinate was superior to BotuBov®. Flow cytometry analysis showed no difference between any of the evaluated tests. In the fertility test, there was no statistically significant difference in the pregnancy rate between the BotuBOV® group (23%, 11/48) and the sodium caseinate group (BC group) (33%, 17/52), and no differences were observed in the male versus diluent interaction (p = .70). In conclusion, sodium caseinate supplementation did not influence sperm kinetic parameters and the fertility of sheep.

Impact of bull age, sperm processing, and microclimatic conditions on the viability and DNA integrity of cryopreserved bovine sperm

Context Seasonal microclimatic fluctuations can cause changes in sperm quality even in dairy bulls bred under temperate climate. These changes can vary between sires of different age and affect sperm freezability. Aims We aimed to evaluate the modulating effect of bull age and equilibration time before freezing on the seasonal pattern of sperm viability and DNA integrity post-thaw. Methods In the frame of systematic sperm quality control, we assessed the integrity of sperm plasma membrane and acrosome (PMAI) in 15,496 cryopreserved bovine batches, and the percentage of sperm with high DNA fragmentation index (%DFI) after 0h and 3h incubation at 38°C post-thaw (3h) in 3422 batches. Semen was equilibrated for 24h before freezing if collected on Monday or Wednesday and 72h if produced on Friday. We investigated the effect of season, bull age, equilibration, and temperature-humidity index (THI) on the day of semen collection on sperm traits using mixed-effects linear models. Key results PMAI and %DFI (0h and 3h) deteriorated with increasing THI. The effect of THI on %DFI was detected with a 30-day time lag. Seasonal fluctuations of sperm quality were similar between young, mature, and older sires. Prolonged equilibration did not affect PMAI but was linked to elevated %DFI (3h) in summer. Conclusions Extending equilibration from 24 to 72h is compatible with commercial standards of bovine sperm quality post-thaw; however, it could interfere with the seasonal pattern of the latter. Implications Systematic monitoring of bovine sperm quality enables the prompt detection of stress factors related to microclimate and semen processing.

Genotyping of rams based on melatonin receptor 1A gene polymorphisms: a tool in sire selection?

Context Several polymorphisms in the melatonin receptor 1A gene (MTNR1A ) have been related to reproductive performance in ovine. Aims To investigate the effect of the Rsa I and Mnl I polymorphisms on ram seminal quality. Methods Eighteen Rasa Aragonesa rams were genotyped for the Rsa I (C/C, C/T, T/T) and Mnl I (G/G, G/A, A/A) allelic variants of the MTNR1A gene. Individual ejaculates were analysed once a month throughout the whole year. Sperm motility, morphology, membrane integrity, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphatidylserine (PS) inversion, DNA fragmentation and capacitation status were assessed. The effect of the season and polymorphisms on seminal quality was evaluated by mixed ANOVA. Key results Both polymorphisms had an effect on membrane integrity and viable spermatozoa with low levels of ROS and without PS translocation, and Rsa I also on motile and DNA-intact spermatozoa. An interaction between both polymorphisms was found, pointing to a negative effect on seminal quality of carrying the T or A allele in homozygosity. Differences were higher in the reproductive than in the non-reproductive season. Conclusions Mutations substituting C by T and G by A at Rsa I and Mnl I polymorphic sites, respectively, in the MTNR1A gene in rams could decrease the seminal quality. Implications Genotyping of rams based on melatonin receptor 1A could be a powerful tool in sire selection.

Estimation of genetic parameters for bull conception rate and its genetic correlations with semen production traits in Japanese Black bulls

The P of achieving pregnancy is an important trait of bull fertility in beef cattle and is defined as the bull conception rate (BCR). This study aimed to clarify and better understand the genetic architecture of the BCR calculated using artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis records from a progeny testing program in Japanese Black bulls. In this study, we estimated the genetic parameters of the BCR and their correlation with semen production traits. In addition, we assessed the correlated responses in BCR by considering the selection of semen production traits. Nine hundred and sixteen Japanese Black bulls were selected based on fertility, with 28 869 pregnancy diagnostic records from the progeny testing program. Our results showed that the heritability estimate was 0.04 in the BCR at the first service and 0.14 in BCR for the three services, and an increase in the inbreeding coefficient led to a significant decrease in BCR. The phenotypic trend of BCR remained almost constant over the years, whereas the genetic trend increased. In addition, the changes in the progeny testing year effect showed a similar tendency to the phenotypic trends, suggesting that the phenotypic trends could be mainly due to non-genetic effects, including progeny testing year effects. The estimated genetic correlation of BCR with sperm motility traits was favorably moderate to high (ranging from 0.49 to 0.97), and those with sperm quantity traits such as semen volume were favorably low to moderate (ranging from 0.23 to 0.51). In addition, the correlated responses in BCR at the first service by selection for sperm motility traits resulted in a higher genetic gain than direct selection. This study provides new insights into the genetic factors affecting BCR and the possibility of implementing genetic selection to improve BCR by selecting sperm motility traits in Japanese Black bulls.

Alpha-lipoic acid improves cryopreservation of rooster semen by reducing oxidative stress

Inhibiting oxidative stress is key for ensuring sperm motility during semen cryopreservation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as an extender in rooster semen cryopreservation. Different concentrations of ALA were added to the frozen diluent of rooster semen; subsequently, computer-aided semen analysis was used to determine membrane functional integrity, acrosome integrity, antioxidant capacity (based on T-AOC, GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, and MDA contents), and mitochondrial integrity. The frozen sperm ultrastructure was observed using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of different concentrations of ALA partially to greatly improved the quality of frozen sperm; in particular, 8 μg/mL ALA significantly improved multiple parameters of sperm quality, including sperm motility and antioxidant enzyme activity, after freeze-thaw. The results of this study provide empirical and theoretical support for effective rooster semen cryopreservation and can inform the development of new protective agents in the field of livestock reproduction.

High percentage of midpiece defects in Brangus bull sperm with no reduction in sperm kinematics

The study investigated midpiece defects in sperm from a 5-year-old Brangus bull with a high rate of semen batch rejection, due to morphologically abnormal sperm, with no reduction in sperm kinematics. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted over a 16-month period, involving 28 ejaculates. Notably, despite the high proportion of midpiece defects (average 37.73%, from 3% to 58%), the study revealed stable sperm production, with no discernible differences in the kinematic data before and after cryopreservation. Electron microscopy identified discontinuities in the mitochondrial sheath, characteristic of midpiece aplasia (MPA). The anomalies were attributed to be of genetic origin, as other predisposing factors were absent. Additionally, the electron microscopy unveiled plasma membrane defects, vacuoles and chromatin decondensation, consistent with previous findings linking acrosome abnormalities with midpiece defects. The findings underscored the necessity of conducting thorough laboratory evaluations before releasing cryopreserved semen for commercialization. Despite substantial morphological alterations, the initial semen evaluation data indicated acceptable levels of sperm kinematics, emphasizing the resilience of sperm production to severe morphological changes. This case report serves as a contribution to the understanding of midpiece defects in bull sperm, emphasizing the need for meticulous evaluation and quality control in semen processing and commercialization.

Clustering of spermatozoa examined through flow cytometry provides more information than the conventional assessment: a resilience to osmotic stress example

Context Conventional sperm quality tests may not be sufficient to predict the fertilising ability of a given ejaculate; thus, rapid, reliable and sensitive tests are necessary to measure sperm function. Aims This study sought to address whether a cluster analysis approach based on flow cytometry variables could provide more information about sperm function. Methods Spermatozoa were exposed to either isotonic (300mOsm/kg) or hypotonic (180mOsm/kg) media for 5 and 20min, and were then stained with SYBR14 and propidium iodide (PI). Based on flow cytometry dot plots, spermatozoa were classified as either viable (SYBR14+ /PI- ) or with different degrees of plasma membrane alteration (SYBR14+ /PI+ and SYBR14- /PI+ ). Moreover, individual values of electronic volume (EV), side scattering (SS), green (FL1) and red (FL3) fluorescence were recorded and used to classify sperm cells through cluster analysis. Two strategies of this approach were run. The first one was based on EV and the FL3/FL1 quotient, and the second was based on EV, SS and the FL3/FL1 quotient. Key results The two strategies led to the identification of more than three sperm populations. In the first strategy, EV did not differ between membrane-intact and membrane-damaged sperm, but it was significantly (P P P Conclusions Cluster analysis based on flow cytometry variables provides more information about sperm function than conventional assessment does. Implications Combining flow cytometry with cluster analysis is a more robust approach for sperm evaluation.

Principal component analysis of phenotypic and breeding value data for semen traits in Egyptian buffalo bulls

Buffalo bull semen traits are economically important traits that influence farm fertility and profitability. Genetic improvement of semen characteristics is an important detail of the genetic improvement. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between the breeding values as well as the phenotypic values for semen traits (VOL, MM, LS, AS and CONC) of the Egyptian buffalo bulls. A total of 7761 normal semen ejaculates were collected and characterized at ILMTC laboratory from 26 bulls from 2009 to 2019. For VOL, MM, LS, AS, and CONC, the actual means were 3.89 mL, 62.37%, 60.64%, 3.94%, and 0.67 × 109 sperm/mL, respectively. The prediction of breeding values for semen traits was estimated using a Bayesian procedure. The estimated standardized EBVs and phenotypic values were used in the principal component analysis (PCA). Of five PCs, one PC (PC1) had > 1 eigenvalues that was responsible for 87.19% of the total variation of SEBV, and two PCs had > 1 eigenvalues that were responsible for 59.61% and 21.35% of the total variation of the phenotypic values. Together, PC1 and PC2 accounted for 97.97% of the total variance of SEBV and 80.96% of the total variance of phenotypic values. A graphs of the first two components showed the traits separated into two different directions by group. This indicates each group was under similar genetic influence. Therefore, selection can be done separately for each group without influencing the other. Principal component analysis reduced variables to describe the key information in buffalo semen data.

The lack of the influence of various species of Mycoplasma spp. on canine semen quality

Mycoplasmas colonize fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, being commensals or causing diseases, sometimes severe in ruminants, swine, poultry, or wildlife animals. So far, 15 species of canine Mycoplasma spp. have been described. Conflicting results have been presented regarding the pathogenicity of Mycoplasma spp. Although many virulence factors of these bacteria have been described, they still require attention. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the presence of known canine Mycoplasmas in the male reproductive tract of clinically healthy dogs. The second aim was to check if Mycoplasma spp. cause any abnormalities in semen quality that could have further consequences and to propose the schemes for managing the carriers. 83.3% of examined dogs were Mycoplasma spp. -positive dogs, and most of them were the carriers of more than one species. Six dogs had azoospermic ejaculates. The total spermatozoa numbers were similar in Mycoplasma -positive and negative groups. Motility was slightly higher in Mycoplasma spp.-negative group, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in semen characteristics between the carriers and Mycoplasma spp.-negative dogs. Neither the individual species nor the number of species strains had a significant effect on sperm morphological parameters as well as viability. Semen quality parameters are not correlated with the species found on the prepuce. Over 70% Mycoplasma spp.- positive dogs have more than one species of this bacteria. Despite finding mycoplasmas in azoospermic dogs, we suggest that they were not the cause of infertility. Mycoplasma spp. could be a part of normal microbiota in canine prepuce in individuals without any clinical signs.

Exosomes from porcine serum as endogenous additive maintain function of boar sperm during liquid preservation at 17 °C in vitro

The supplementation of sperm culture media with serum is quite common, and improves both sperm survival and motility. However, the link between serum and sperm remains poorly understood. The present study is the first investigation of the effects on sperm quality and function of endogenous porcine serum exosomes in medium used for culturing boar sperm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that serum-derived exosomes from both castrated boars (cbsExos) and sows (ssExos) exhibited typical nanostructural morphology and expressed CD63, CD9, and Alix, as shown by Western blotting. At 17 °C, the progressive motility and membrane integrity of sperm were significantly increased after incubation of fresh boar semen for 7 days with cbsExos-4 (8 × 1010 particles/mL) or ssExos-16 (32 × 1010 particles/mL). Moreover, cbsExos-4 and ssExos-16 were found to be effective sperm additives, improving mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, total antioxidant activity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity while reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content following preservation at 17 °C after a 5-day incubation. Both fluorescence and SEM showed that the serum exosomes bound directly to the sperm membrane, suggesting an interaction that could influence sperm-zona pellucida binding. Overall, this study provides new insights into the potential benefits of adding cbsExos and ssExos to enhance the quality of boar sperm during ambient temperature preservation, which may lead to advancements in sperm preservation strategies.

Genetic parameters for bull effects on in vitro embryo production (IVP) and relationship between semen quality traits and IVP performance

In vitro production of embryos (IVP) is increasingly applied in dairy cattle breeding and promises widespread use of females of superior genetic merits. One of the current challenges with implementation of IVP is the variability in blastocyst rates. Several factors contribute to these variabilities, among which is known to be the bull used for oocytes fertilization. The extent of genetic control of bulls' effect on IVP performances is yet to be investigated. This study estimates genetic parameters for bull effects on IVP performance traits including blastocyst rate, hatching rate and an index trait combining Blastocyst rate, Kinetic Score, and Morphology score (BL_M_K). The IVP experiments were performed using oocytes aspirated from slaughterhouse ovaries from Holstein cows, fertilized with semen from 123 Holstein bulls. A total of 77 in vitro fertilization (IVF) experiments with 163 records (different IVF groups) were available for the analysis. The results indicate low to moderate heritability and moderate to high repeatability estimates for bull effects on IVP performance traits. Our study also showed that some semen quality traits had significant effects on IVP performance. This included strong genetic correlations between pre-cryopreservation sperm viability and blastocyst rate as well as BL_M_K score at days 7 and 8. Despite the generally weak bull effect correlations and the high standard errors of the estimates, our results provide initial evidence of a measurable genetic component in the bull's impact on IVP performance traits. However, the high standard errors underscore the need for further studies with a larger sample size.

Effects of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf extract on semen characteristics, fertility, and hatchability in aged broiler breeder roosters

Declining semen quality will have a negative impact on the fertility of aged roosters. Various factors influence this decrease in quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of Moringa plant extract on semen characteristics, fertility, and hatchability in aged broiler breeder roosters. A total of 24 roosters were fed 1 of 4 dietary supplements for 10 wk: Control, 100 μL/kg (Moringa oleifera leaf extract [MOLE]-100), 200 μL/kg (MOLE-200), or 400 μL/kg body weight (MOLE-400) of Moringa oleifera extract. Results showed supplementation with MOLE-200 significantly improved (P < 0.05) semen concentration, total motility, progressive motility, sperm membrane integrity compared to other treatments. However, semen volume and body weight were unaffected (P > 0.05). Sperm lipid peroxidation, as indicated by malondialdehyde concentration, was lowest in MOLE-200. There was a significant difference observed among the treatments in terms of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) results. The testosterone concentration in the MOLE-200 treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) hormones among the experimental treatments. Fertility and hatchability rates were measured at the end of the trial. Fertility, defined as the number of fertilized eggs, was greatest in the MOLE-200 treatment compared to the other treatments. Similarly, hatchability (hatched chicks/fertilized eggs %) was highest at 88.02% for MOLE-200. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with M. oleifera extract improved semen quality, fertility, and hatchability in aged broiler breeder roosters.

Application of sperm motion kinematics and motility-related proteins for prediction of male fertility

The selection of superior sires is paramount for enhancing the efficiency of animal production in the livestock industry. However, semen quality assessment still relies on conventional semen analysis techniques in both animals and humans. Despite extensive efforts to develop various biomarkers for more accurate and precise predictions of male fertility potential, more effective physiological indicators and advance potential biomarkers are needed. Herein, we aimed to develop new potential biomarkers related to sperm motion kinematics for male fertility prediction. We first evaluated sperm motion kinematic parameters and expression levels of sperm motility-related proteins of 30 Duroc boars. We then explored the correlation between litter size, sperm motion kinematics parameters, and sperm motility-related proteins. Progressive sperm motility (%), rapid sperm motility (%), slow sperm motility (%), straight-line velocity (μm/s), linearity (%), beat cross frequency (Hz), mean angular displacement (degree), wobble (%) were correlated with litter size. Furthermore, the expression of axonemal dynein light intermediate polypeptide 1 (DNALI1) and radial spoke head protein 9 homolog (RSPH9) correlated with litter size. The overall accuracy exceeded 60% for predicting litter size using these sperm motion parameters and proteins. Notably, our study observed an increase in litter size after predicting litter size using these parameters and proteins. Thus, sperm motion kinematic parameters and protein expression, particularly of DNALI1 and RSPH9, could serve as new biomarkers for male fertility. These results may contribute to improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying sperm motility.

Use of thermography in the long-term evaluation of scrotal surface temperature and its impact on seminal quality in stallions

Scrotal surface thermography is a non-invasive method for assessing testicular thermoregulation in stallions; however, few studies have explored the application of this technique concerning the thermal physiology of equine reproductive systems. This study aimed to evaluate the consistency of testicular thermoregulation in stallions over a year using thermography to measure the scrotal surface temperature (SST). Moreover, we assessed the best region for measuring the surface body temperature compared with the SST. Ten light-breed stallions were used in the experiment. Thermographic images of the scrotal and body surfaces (neck and abdomen) were captured. Fresh, cooled and frozen-thawed semen samples were evaluated to verify the impact of thermoregulation on semen quality. Testicular thermoregulation was maintained throughout the year in stallions amidst changes in the external temperature, as evidenced by the weak correlation between the SST and ambient temperature. A lower correlation was observed between the environmental temperature and body surface temperature (BTS) obtained from the abdomen (BTS-A; R = .4772; p < .0001) than with that obtained from the neck (BTS-N; R = .7259; p < .0001). Moreover, both BTS-A and SST were simultaneously captured in a single image. The consistent quality of the fresh, cooled and frozen semen suggests efficient thermoregulation in stallions throughout the year.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles preserve the quality and fertility potential of rooster sperm during the cryopreservation process

Sperm cryopreservation is one of the main methods for preserving rooster sperm for artificial insemination (AI) in commercial flocks. Yet, rooster sperm is extremely susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during the freezing process. Oxidative stress could be prevented by using nanoparticles containing antioxidants. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONP) in rooster semen freezing extender on quality parameters and fertility potential. For this aim, semen samples were collected and diluted in Lake extenders as follows: control: Lake without ZnONP, ZnO100: Lake with 100-μg zinc oxide (ZnO), ZnONP50: Lake with 50-μg ZnONP, ZnONP100: Lake with 100-μg ZnONP and ZnONP200: Lake with 200-μg ZnONP. After freezing and thawing, sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity, morphology, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity, DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation and ROS, as well as fertility and hatchability were assessed. According to the current results, higher rates of motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity and live cells were detected in the ZnO100, ZnONP50 and ZnONP100 groups compared to other groups (p ≤ .05). Yet, the percentage of dead cells, DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation and ROS levels were lower in the mentioned groups (p ≤ .05). Furthermore, a higher percentage of fertility was observed in the ZnO100 and ZnONP100 groups than in the control group (p ≤ .05). In conclusion, the use of 100-μg ZnO and 50- to 100-μg ZnONP represents a valuable and safe additive material that could be used to improve the quality and fertility potential of rooster sperm under cryopreservation conditions.

Genome sequencing of drake semen micobiome with correlation with their compositions, sources and potential mechanisms affecting semen quality

Artificial insemination (AI) technology has greatly promoted the development of the chicken industry. Recently, AI technology has also begun to be used in the duck industry, but there are some problems. Numerous researchers have shown that microbes colonizing in semen can degrade semen quality, and AI can increase the harmful microbial load in hen's reproductive tract. Different from the degraded external genitalia of roosters, drakes have well-developed external genitalia, which may cause drake semen to be more susceptible to microbial contamination. However, information on the compositions, sources, and effects of semen microbes on semen quality remains unknown in drakes. In the current study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to detect microbial communities in drake semen, environmental swabs, cloacal swabs, and the spermaduct after quantifying the semen quality of drakes to investigate the effects of microbes in the environment, cloaca, and spermaduct on semen microbiota and the relationships between semen microbes and semen quality. Taxonomic analysis showed that the microbes in the semen, environment, cloaca, and spermaduct samples were all classified into 4 phyla and 25 genera. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla. Phyllobacterium only existed in the environment, while Marinococcus did not exist in the cloaca. Of the 24 genera present in semen: Brachybacterium, Brochothrix, Chryseobacterium, Kocuria, Marinococcus, Micrococcus, Rothia, Salinicoccus, and Staphylococcus originated from the environment; Achromobacter, Aerococcus, Corynebacterium, Desemzia, Enterococcus, Jeotgalicoccus, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, and Turicibacter originated from the cloaca; and Agrobacterium, Carnobacterium, Chelativorans, Devosia, Halomonas, and Oceanicaulis originated from the spermaduct. In addition, K-means clustering analysis showed that semen samples could be divided into 2 clusters based on microbial compositions, and compared with cluster 1, the counts of Chelativorans (P < 0.05), Devosia (P < 0.01), Halomonas (P < 0.05), and Oceanicaulis (P < 0.05) were higher in cluster 2, while the sperm viability (P < 0.05), total sperm number (P < 0.01), and semen quality factor (SQF) (P < 0.01) were lower in cluster 2. Furthermore, functional prediction analysis of microbes showed that the activities of starch and sucrose metabolism, phosphotransferase system, ABC transporters, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, and quorum sensing pathways between cluster 1 and cluster 2 were significantly different (P < 0.05). Overall, environmental/cloacal microbes resulted in semen contamination, and microbes from the Chelativorans, Devosia, Halomonas, and Oceanicaulis genera may have negative effects on semen quality in drakes by affecting the activities of starch and sucrose metabolism, phosphotransferase system, ABC transporters, and quorum sensing pathways that are associated with carbohydrate metabolism. These data will provide a basis for developing strategies to prevent microbial contamination of drake semen.

Effect of exogenous melatonin implant on post-thaw semen quality of buffalo bulls

Melatonin is an intracellular antioxidant of sperm membrane that protects the cells from lipid peroxidation. Yet, its role as an antioxidant on semen quality of buffalo bulls is still obscure. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of exogenous melatonin implant (18 mg/50 kg bodyweight) on post-thaw sperm characteristics, oxidative stress, endocrinological profiles and fertility of buffalo bulls. Six apparently healthy breeding Murrah buffalo bulls were randomly selected at bull farm, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for the present study and divided into two groups viz. control (n = 3) and melatonin implanted group (n = 3). A total of 120 ejaculates were collected from bulls of both groups (n = 60 each) throughout the study period. Most beneficial effects of melatonin implants were observed during post-implantation period. The percentages of post-thaw sperm total and progressive motility, viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were higher (p < .05) in melatonin implanted buffalo bulls compared to controls during post-implantation period. Following melatonin implantation, MDA production in post-thaw semen was lower (p < .05) in melatonin implanted group than in control group. Plasma melatonin and testosterone concentrations were higher (p < .05) in buffalo bulls implanted with melatonin as compared to their control counterparts. No differences (p > .05) in plasma LH concentrations were observed in both groups. First service pregnancy rate was 43.3% using semen of melatonin implanted bulls and 30.0% with semen of controls (p > .05). Thus, melatonin was able to protect sperm membrane against oxidative damage and improve post-thaw semen quality, thereby resulting in higher fertilizing potential of spermatozoa.

Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in serum and seminal plasma in beef bulls

The objectives of this study were to compare the serum and seminal plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of florfenicol (FLO) and florfenicol amine (FLA) after the administration of FLO either by IM or SC routes in beef bulls. Four clinically healthy Hereford bulls underwent a comprehensive physical exam, including breeding soundness examination, CBC, and chemistry profile panel. Bulls were healthy and classified satisfactory potential breeders. In one group (n = 2), a single dose of FLO was administered SC in the middle of the neck at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. In the second group (n = 2), a single dose was administered IM in the muscles of the neck at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Concentrations of FLO and FLA in serum and seminal plasma were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Blood and semen samples were collected before the administration of FLO and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after injection. The blood was collected from the coccygeal vessels, and semen was collected by electroejaculation. All samples were immediately refrigerated, processed within the first hour after collection, and finally stored at -80 °C. The mean level of total FLO in serum was higher when administered by the SC route (1,415.5 ng/mL) than by the IM route (752.4 ng/mL; P = 0.001). Differences were observed between the percentage of FLA in serum (1.8%; ranging from 1.3 to 2.9) and in seminal plasma (27.5%; ranging from 15.9 to 34.2; P = 0.0001). The mean level (±SD) of FLA was higher in seminal plasma compared to serum (467 ± 466 ng/mL and 18 ± 16 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.001). The mean level of total FLO in seminal plasma was 1,454.8 ng/mL for the SC route and 1,872.9 ng/mL for the IM route without differences between the two routes (P = 0.51). Differences in the mean level of total FLO between serum and seminal plasma were detected (1,187 ± 2,069 ng/mL and 1,748 ± 1,906 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.04). From the present investigation, it was concluded that FLO is a suitable antibiotic based on its pharmacokinetic attributes and may be employed for the treatment of bull genital infections when its use is indicated. To study the pharmacokinetics of FLO in seminal plasma, the analysis of FLA should be incorporated.

Factors affecting the analysis and interpretation of sperm quality in frozen/thawed stallion semen

In the current study, we examined: 1) the agreement (bias) between fluorescence-based methods (NucleoCounter-SP100 [NC] vs. flow cytometry [FC]) for determining the viability (VIAB) of frozen/thawed stallion sperm; 2) the agreement between post-thaw sperm total motility (TMOT) and VIAB; 3) whether a difference between TMOT and VIAB [VIAB - TMOT] in frozen/thawed stallion sperm could be explained by the level of lipid peroxidation in viable sperm (VLPP); 4) the repeatability of post-thaw analysis of sperm quality; and 5) the effect of final post-thaw semen dilution (10, 30, or 50 x 106 sperm/mL) on sperm motion characteristics. Post-thaw VIAB was similar between NC and FC (P > 0.05), and the agreement between these two methods was high (bias: 1 to -3). The agreement between post-thaw TMOT and VIAB decreased as the pre-freeze percentages of morphologically normal sperm and DNA quality decreased: bias - 4 to - 25. The bias between [VIAB - TMOT] and VLPP ranged from - 5 to 7. Differences in post-thaw sperm quality (TMOT, PMOT, VIAB, and sperm concentration) were not observed when analyzing one or three straws per ejaculate (P > 0.05). There was no effect of post-thaw sperm concentration (i.e., 10 vs. 30 vs. 50 x 106 sperm/mL) on sperm motion characteristics (P > 0.05). This study reports factors other than post-thaw sperm motility that warrant further consideration when analyzing frozen/thawed stallion sperm.

Raw diets for dogs and cats: Potential health benefits and threats

Raw meat-based diets for pet nutrition are becoming increasingly popular. The percentage of meat content, composition of nutrients, and amount of additives started to play an important role in the recipe of a given food. However, the use of healthier and unprocessed food must also be balanced with the animal's specific needs based on its anatomy, physiology, and behavior. There are many potential advantages and disadvantages of a biologically appropriate raw food (BARF) diet, and all of them should be considered before switching to this approach. Raw meat is considered a diet closest to nature and least processed. However, raw diets threaten pet health because of the potential for nutrient imbalances. The choice of raw meat in pets' everyday diet should be supported by the veterinarian's medical decision and preferably also with nutritionist help. Growing animals require a specific Ca:P ratio in their diet, which may be improper in raw meat. For cats, taurine levels must be carefully checked. In addition, an imbalanced raw-meat diet can be the cause of poor semen quality in males. Females are prone to inhibition of the estrus cycle, especially due to hyperthyroidism. Exogenous thyroid hormone intake is a real concern when feeding a neck/head meat with thyroid glands. There is also a possibility of bacterial or parasitic presence in raw meat. The present paper aims to summarize the current state of knowledge about the benefits and threats of eating a raw meat diet for the health concerns of companion animals.

Abundance of selected genes implicated in testicular functions in Camelus dromedarius with high and low epididymal semen quality

Studying testicular genes' expression may give key insights into precise regulation of its functions that influence epididymal sperm quality. The current study aimed to investigate the abundance of candidate genes involved in the regulation of testicular functions specially those regulate sperm function (PLA2G4D, SPP1, and CLUAP1), testicular steroidogenic function (ESR1 and AR), materials transport (AQP12B and LCN15), and defense mechanisms (DEFB110, GPX5, SOCS3, and IL6). Therefore, blood samples and testes with epididymis were collected from mature middle-aged (5-10 years) dromedary camels (n = 45) directly prior and after their slaughtering, respectively, during breeding season. Sera were evaluated for testosterone level and testicular biometry was measured with caliper. The epididymal tail semen was evaluated manually. Samples were distinguished based on testosterone level, testicular biometry, as well as epididymal semen features into high and low fertile groups. Total RNA was isolated from testicular tissues and gene expression was done using Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Results revealed that testosterone levels were significantly (P < 0.005) higher in camels with good semen quality than those of low quality. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) increase in testicular weight, length, width, thickness, and volume in high fertile than low fertile camels. PLA2G4D, SPP1, CLUAP1, ESR1, AR, AQP12B, LCN15, DEFB110, GPX5, and SOCS3 genes were upregulated (P < 0.001), and IL6 gene was downregulated (P < 0.01) in the testes of high fertile camels compared to the low fertile one. Thus, it could be concluded that examined genes might be valuable monitors of testicular functional status and fertility in dromedary camels.

Liquid semen storage-induced alteration in the protein composition of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) spermatozoa

Liquid storage of turkey semen without the loss of fertilizing ability is of practical interest to the poultry industry. However, fertility rates from liquid-stored turkey semen decline within a few hours. A clear cause of the decline in spermatozoa quality remains unidentified. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to monitor the dynamics of proteomic changes in spermatozoa during 48 h of liquid storage by 2-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. A total of 57 protein spots were differentially expressed between fresh and stored spermatozoa; 42 spots were more and 15 were less abundant after 48 h of semen storage. Raw proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD043050. The selected differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were validated by western blotting and localized in specific spermatozoa structures by immunofluorescence, such as the head (acrosin and tubulin α), midpiece (acrosin, aconitate hydratase 2, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and tail (tubulin α). Most of the DEPs that changed in response to liquid storage were related to flagellum-dependent cell motility, energy derivation through oxidation of organic compounds and induction of fertilization, suggesting the complexity of the processes leading to the decrease in stored semen quality. The damaging effect of liquid storage on spermatozoa flagellum manifested as more microtubule proteins, such as tubulins and tektins, most likely formed by posttranslational modifications, tubulin α relocation from the tail to the sperm head, which appeared after 48 h of semen storage, and decreases in fibrous shelf proteins at the same time. Motility could be affected by dysregulation of Ca2+-binding proteins and disturbances in energy metabolism in spermatozoa flagellum. Regarding sperm mitochondria, DEPs involved in energy derivation through the oxidation of organic compounds indicated disturbances in fatty acid beta oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle as possible reasons for energy deficiency during liquid storage. Disturbances in acrosin and 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase zeta may be involved in rapid declines in the fertility potential of stored turkey spermatozoa. These results showed the complexity of the processes leading to a decrease in stored semen quality and broadened knowledge of the detrimental effects of liquid storage on turkey spermatozoa physiology.

The future of equine semen analysis

We are currently experiencing a period of rapid advancement in various areas of science and technology. The integration of high throughput 'omics' techniques with advanced biostatistics, and the help of artificial intelligence, is significantly impacting our understanding of sperm biology. These advances will have an appreciable impact on the practice of reproductive medicine in horses. This article provides a brief overview of recent advances in the field of spermatology and how they are changing assessment of sperm quality. This article is written from the authors' perspective, using the stallion as a model. We aim to portray a brief overview of the changes occurring in the assessment of sperm motility and kinematics, advances in flow cytometry, implementation of 'omics' technologies, and the use of artificial intelligence/self-learning in data analysis. We also briefly discuss how some of the advances can be readily available to the practitioner, through the implementation of 'on-farm' devices and telemedicine.

Enhancement potential of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on buffalo bull cryopreserved semen quality and fertilization capacity

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leave extract (MOLE) on buffalo bull cryopreserved semen quality and fertility. Sixty ejaculates were collected from ten fertile buffalo bulls on a weekly basis for 6 weeks (n = 10 bulls & n = 60) then semen samples were pooled and divided into five groups. The semen of the control group was without additives. The semen of other groups was supplemented with MOLE at doses of 200, 400, 600 and 800 µg/ mL, respectively. One hundred thirty multiparous buffaloes were artificially inseminated with semen supplemented without or with MOLE at dose of 600 µg/ mL. Inclusion of MOLE in semen extender at dose 600 µg/ mL significantly elevated the total motility, progressive motility, membrane integrity and fertilization capacity of the post-thawed spermatozoa, as well as the total antioxidant capacity. However, it significantly decreased acrosomal defects of spermatozoa, and the concentration of malondialdehyde. This study indicated that inclusion of MOLE to semen extender improved the quality and fertility of the post-thawed buffalo bulls' semen through enhancing the activities of the antioxidant enzyme system and decreasing cryodamage of the buffalo bull spermatozoa.

ProAKAP4 as a motility long-lasting marker in Catalan donkey spermatozoa

ProAKAP4 is identified within the flagellum of spermatozoa in various mammalian species, serving as a structural protein associated with motility parameters. This investigation focuses on the presence of proAKAP4 in donkey sperm, elucidating its localization, molecular characteristics, and its correlation with motility descriptors and mitochondrial membrane potential. Twelve ejaculates from Catalan donkeys were analyzed in this study. The initial steps involved proAKAP4 sequencing and detection through Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Post-thaw assessments were conducted at 0, 1, and 3 h, encompassing proAKAP4 levels, sperm motility analyzed via Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA), and mitochondrial membrane potential determined by flow cytometry using the JC-1 stain. The findings reveal that proAKAP4 in donkeys exhibits a characteristic localization at the principal piece of the flagellum, consistent with observations in other mammals. The molecular weight of proAKAP4 is determined to be 100 kDa. Significantly, a positive correlation (p ≤ 0.05) is established between proAKAP4 concentration and both total and progressive motility. The presence of cryoprotectant is associated with a lower proAKAP4 concentration. Notably, proAKAP4 experiences a substantial decrease (p ≤ 0.05) during the initial hour post-thawing. In conclusion, proAKAP4 is identified in donkey sperm, akin to its presence in other mammals. It exhibits a positive correlation with total and progressive motility, its concentration is notably affected by the presence of cryoprotectant with significant consumption observed during the initial hour following thawing. These findings contribute to our understanding of proAKAP4 dynamics in donkey sperm, providing insights that may have implications for semen preservation and reproductive technologies in equids.

Protective effects of l-cysteine and N-acetyl-l-cysteine on boar sperm quality during hypothermic liquid storage with bovine serum albumin as a protectant

Hypothermic liquid storage at 4-5 °C has emerged as a novel approach for preserving boar semen, offering innovative possibilities for semen preservation. However, this method also presents challenges, including cold shock and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, reducing oxidative damage induced by low temperatures becomes essential while supplementing appropriate protectants. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) compared to Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Skim Milk Powder (SMP) in maintaining boar sperm motility and progressive motility using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Among the tested concentrations, 4 g/L of BSA exhibited the best protective effect. Subsequently, we supplemented different concentrations of l-cysteine (LC) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) as additives in the presence of BSA as a protectant. Our results demonstrated that 1 mmol/L of LC and 0.5 mmol/L of NAC exhibited superior protection of sperm quality compared to other concentrations. Furthermore, the 1 mmol/L LC and 0.5 mmol/L NAC groups showed significantly improved plasma membrane integrity and acrosome integrity compared to the control group. These groups also exhibited enhanced antioxidant capacity, evidenced by increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP production, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and GPX-4 levels. Additionally, they demonstrated decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as reduced oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and glutathione reductase (GR) levels. Furthermore, LC and NAC treatment enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. However, inhibiting AMPK using compound C did not inhibit the protective effects of LC and NAC on low-temperature preserved boar sperm. These findings suggest that 4 g/L BSA can serve as an effective protectant for hypothermic liquid storage of boar semen. Additionally, LC and NAC supplementation reduces oxidative damage by enhancing antioxidant capacity rather than through AMPK-mediated ATP supplementation. These results contribute to advancing the application of LC and NAC in hypothermic liquid storage of boar semen.

MitoQ preserves the quality and fertility of liquid-preserved ram sperm

Supplementing the semen extender with some antioxidants may preserve sperm quality following liquid preservation. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of the use of MitoQ in the semen extender on quality parameters and fertility of liquid-preserved ram semen. In this study, diluted semen samples were divided into five parts and supplemented with 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 nM MitoQ. The prepared samples were stored at 3-5 °C for up to 50 h. Motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, membrane integrity, and malondialdehyde concentration of the chilled sperm were assessed at 0, 25, and 50 h. To evaluate reproductive performance, artificial insemination was performed with semen liquid-preserved for 25 h. In results, at 0 h, no difference between the groups was observed. The use of 10 and 100 nM MitoQ resulted in higher (P ≤ 0.05) total motility, progressive motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, viability, and lower malondialdehyde concentration than the other groups after 25- and 50-h storage. Pregnancy, parturition and lambing rates were higher (P ≤ 0.05) when ewes were inseminated with 25-h chilled semen samples containing 10 and 100 nM MitoQ compared to the control. Therefore, supplementing the semen extender with MitoQ (10 and 100 nM) could be an efficient method to improve the quality and fertility rate of liquid-preserved ram semen.

Effects of hyaluronic acid on sperm parameters, mitochondrial function and apoptosis of spermatozoa in Simmental bulls with good and poor freezing ability

Bulls with varying freezability exhibit substantial variation in semen characteristics after cryopreservation. Sperm freezability is positively correlated with membrane cholesterol content, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and antioxidant content. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of hyaluronic acid (HA) in bull sperm with different cryotolerances. Simmental bulls (n = 10) semen samples were taken and categorized based on their progressive motility (PM) after freeze-thawing: Group I, consisting of bulls (n = 5) with progressive sperm motility ≥45%, was considered good freezability ejaculates (GF), and Group II, including bulls (n = 5) with progressive sperm motility ≤30%, was considered poor freezability ejaculates (PF) bulls. Semen samples were diluted with a Tris-egg-yolk-glycerol (TEYG) extender containing various concentrations of HA: without HA (control), 1 mM HA, 2 mM HA and 4 mM HA. After the freeze-thaw process, sperm kinematics, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity and apoptotic status were evaluated. The addition of 1 mM HA to the diluent of bulls with GF increased PM and linearity (LIN) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Normal morphology was improved after thawing in the samples treated with 1 and 2 mM HA in the GF and PF bulls respectively. The membrane and acrosome integrity of GF bulls treated with 1 mM HA was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that of the control groups. Adding 1 mM HA to the extender of bulls with GF and PF improved the proportion of viable cells compared with the highest concentration (4 mM) of HA. The mitochondrial activity of PF bulls treated with 1 and 2 mM HA was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that of the controls and 4 mM HA. Finally, it can be concluded that adding low doses of HA (1 mM) to the TEYG extender of GF and PF bulls ameliorated the post-thaw semen quality.

Evaluation of a commercial proAKAP4 kit for the assessment of fresh and frozen-thawed feline spermatozoa

ProAKAP4 is gaining increasing attention as a potential marker of semen quality in many species, but while there is a commercial kit for assessing proAKAP4 in the domestic cat, there are no publications about its use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the commercial proAKAP4 kit - Cat 4MID® Kit (SPQI - 4BioDx, Lille, France) for the assessment of feline semen. Semen was collected from 54 male cats by urethral catheterization. After a basic semen evaluation (subjective motility, CASA, viability, morphology), proAKAP4 levels in each sample were assessed using the Cat 4MID® Kit according to the manufacturer's protocol or with some modifications related to incubation time, sample storage conditions and number of spermatozoa used. Finally, the Spearman correlation of proAKAP4 concentration and sperm motility parameters was calculated. The most reliable results (acceptable intraassay coefficient of variation) were obtained with an optimized protocol of overnight incubation and isolation of proAKAP4 protein from 1 × 106 spermatozoa stored at -80°C. For fresh semen, there were no significant correlations between proAKAP4 concentration and sperm motility parameters, despite a strong correlation between motility parameters and sperm viability and morphology. A predominant effect of other sperm parameters and highly variable performance of lysis buffer question the usefulness of Cat 4MID® Kit for the assessment of feline semen. For frozen-thawed semen, there was a moderate, negative correlation between proAKAP4 concentration and two CASA parameters, VAP and VSL. As there were no correlations between proAKAP4 concentration in fresh semen and motility parameters in cryopreserved samples, proAKAP4 cannot be used as freezability marker in cats. More studies are needed to establish potential correlation with long-lasting motility.

Effects of different extenders, storage temperatures, and antioxidant supplementation on chilled semen quality: a review

The successful preservation of ram semen is essential to promote genetic variability, ensure semen transportation, and inseminate multiple ewes. Currently, either animal or plant-based lipoprotein-based extenders are used for semen preservation. Animal product-based extenders include milk and egg yolk, while soybean lecithin is a plant-based extender. Although extenders containing products of animal origin better preserve the quality of chilled semen, the in vivo efficacy after 24 h of storage is still of great concern. Storage temperature is another important and effective factor in preserving sperm quality, whereby different storage temperatures are adopted to enhance the storage life of sperm. Low temperatures (4-5 °C) better preserve sperm quality for a longer duration than high temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C). Moreover, antioxidant supplementation has a positive impact on sperm quality during liquid storage. The current review summarizes the outcomes of various extenders, different storage temperatures, and antioxidant supplementation on the liquid storage of ram sperm.

Camellia oil with its rich in fatty acids enhances post-thawed boar sperm quality

BACKGROUND

Boar sperm are highly susceptible to specific conditions during cryopreservation, leading to a significant decrease in their fertilizing potential due to damage to their membranes. Camellia oil, known for its fatty acids with antioxidant and biological properties, has not been previously explored for the cryopreservation of boar semen. This study aimed to examine the effects of camellia oil on post-thawed boar sperm quality. Boar semen ejaculates (n = 9) were collected and divided into six equal aliquots based on camellia oil concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5% v/v) in the freezing extender. Semen samples were processed and cryopreserved using the liquid nitrogen vapor method. Thereafter, frozen semen samples were thawed at 50 °C for 12 s and evaluated for sperm morphology by scanning electron microscope, sperm motility using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer, sperm viability, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial function, MDA level and total antioxidant capacity.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that the supplementation of 1.5% (v/v) camellia oil showed superior post-thaw sperm qualities such as improved sperm morphology, motility, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial function by 14.3%, 14.3% and 11.7%, respectively, when compared to the control group. Camellia oil at a concentration of 1.5% (v/v) showed the lowest level of MDA (18.3 ± 2.1 µmol/L) compared to the other groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, adding 1.5% (v/v) camellia oil in the freezing extender reduced the oxidative damage associated with cryopreservation and resulted in a higher post-thawed sperm quality.

Efficiency of C-type natriuretic peptide on improvement of Iraqi local ram's epididymal sperms

Background

Fertility plays a great role in animal reproduction since high-quality semen improves sheep industry reproduction. The current worldwide data revealed the close relation of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) to the reproductive function of rams.

Aims

Evaluation of the effect of CNP on cooled sperms using traditional and molecular assays.

Methods

Totally, of 20 testicular samples were collected, processed to obtain the semen samples, and divided into two parts; one was treated with a suitable dose of CNP, and the other served as a control. Sperm samples of both groups were cooled for 3 days and tested at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours.

Results

The findings revealed that the suitable dose of CNP-treated sperms was 0.01 × 10-13. Values of individual motility, live sperms, and sperm concentration were reduced significantly in CNP-24h, CNP-48h, and CNP-72h when compared to control; however, abnormal sperms were increased in both control and CNP groups at 24, 48, and 72 hours when compared to values of 0 hour. Concerning turbidmetric analysis, a significant reduction in values of lag time was observed in CNP when compared to control at all times of cooling intervals. In both CNP and control groups, motility index was decreased at 24, 48, and 72 hours when compared to 0 hour. For velocity, significant increases were shown in CNP compared with control at all cooling intervals. However, values of both groups were increased significantly at 24, 48, and 72 hours times when compared to 0 hour. Fraction of rapidly moving sperm of CNP was elevated at 0 hour and decreased at 24, 48, and 72 hours when compared to control. Expression of the hNPR-B gene was reduced gradually in sperms of CNP and control groups at times of cooling intervals.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this first Iraqi study targets the effect of CNP on epididymal sperms of rams. However, changes that occur after excessive CNP exposure remain unclear, and the toxicological profile of CNP requires furthermore supplements.

Effect of feeding corn silage on semen quality and spermatogenesis of bulls

Bovine reproduction, including male fertility traits like semen quality, are influenced by a variety of different factors like breed, nutrition, environment, and feeding management. Diet in a crucial determinant, and in this regard although corn silage is generally considered to be a favorable roughage for fattening meat type breeds, it tends to have a negative impact on semen quality. In the current study, alfalfa hay was substituted by corn silage as a roughage source in the diet of bulls to investigate its effects on the fertility of breeding bulls. A feeding trail spanning 140 days was conducted, with semen collection occurring twice a week commencing 60 days after the start of trial. Semen quality parameters, serum antioxidant indexes, sex hormone content in semen, rumen microflora, and sperm transcriptome were characterized. Feeding corn silage enhanced host antioxidant capacity, significantly decreased spermatozoal motility and increased sperm deformity rate in bulls. Furthermore, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) content in semen were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the inhibin B (INHB) content was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Feeding corn silage led to significant changes in the diversity of rumen microbiota of cattle at the phylum and genus levels, some of which were significantly correlated with semen quality. Subsequent RNA sequencing indicated that DHH and PITHD1, two genes related to sperm and reproductive development, were differentially expressed, and enrichment analysis also identified several pathways and biological functions relevant to sperm development and reproduction. These results indicate that feeding corn silage modulates semen quality via different pathways. Firstly, corn silage metabolites likely affect the secretion of INHB through the testicular capillaries, which affects semen quality by regulating genes involved in spermatogenesis. Secondly, low lignin content in silage corn appears to reduce abundance of rumen flora that are positively correlated with semen quality. Overall, results indicate that feeding bulls corn silage as the primary source of forage could negatively impact semen quality and may not be appropriate as the primary roughage of forage for breeding bulls.

Effects of vibrations during boar semen transport: Low-temperature transport as a new management tool

Transport-related vibrations (TV) compromise the quality of conventionally stored (17 °C) boar semen, but knowledge about TV effects after 5 °C transport is insufficient. This study evaluates the effects of TV after novel 5 °C transport compared to a 17 °C control. Ejaculates of 18 fertile Piétrain boars, diluted in a split sample procedure using Androstar Premium® (AP, 5 °C storage) or Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS, 17 °C storage), were subjected to transport simulation using a laboratory shaker IKA MTS 4. The timing was set according to the respective processing protocols: for 17 °C BTS samples, TV simulation was performed the day of collection, 5 °C AP samples were subjected to TV the day after collection following completion of the established cooling curve to 5 °C. Six samples per ejaculate were exposed to different TV durations (0 h, 3 h, or 6 h) to evaluate the effect on sperm quality (progressive motility (PM), thermo-resistance test (30 and 300 min incubation at 38 °C (TRT30/TRT300)), mitochondrial activity (MITO), plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI)). Generalized linear mixed models revealed TV (P = 0.021) and storage time (P < 0.001) dependent declines in PM. Direct, pairwise comparisons revealed that 5 °C samples are not affected by TV (P(3 h vs. 6 h transport) = 1.0; P(0 h vs. 6 h transport) = 1.0). They therefore showed superior quality maintenance after TV compared to 17 °C samples (P(3 h vs. 6 h transport) = 0.025; P(0 h vs. 6 h transport) < 0.001). Concluding, low-temperature transport is possible without significant semen quality loss and with better quality maintenance than standard transport.

Proteomic analysis of boar sperm with differential ability of liquid preservation at 17 °C

Understanding the liquid preservation ability of boar sperm is pivotal for efficient management and breeding of livestock. Although sperm proteins play an important role in semen quality and freezability, how the levels of protein change in boar sperm with different liquid preservation abilities at 17 °C remains unclear. In this study, two groups of boar sperm with extreme difference in liquid preservation ability, namely the good preservation ability (GPA) and the poor preservation ability (PPA) groups, were selected by evaluating sperm motility parameters on the 7th day of liquid preservation at 17 °C. Quantitative proteomics based on tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling was used, sperm proteomic characteristics from two groups were analyzed, and potentially key proteins related to the fluid preservation ability of sperm were identified. A total of 187 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified among 2791 quantified proteins, including 85 upregulated, and 102 downregulated proteins. Further, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of the DEPs revealed that they were enriched in GO terms associated with response to oxidative stress, enzyme activity related to oxidative stress or redox reactions, and several metabolic activities. The significant KEGG pathways included peroxisome, metabolic pathways, selenocompound metabolism, and collection duct acid secretion. In addition, analysis of protein-protein interactions further identified 8 proteins that could be used as biomarker candidates, including GPX5, GLRX, ENO4, QPCT, BBS7, OXSR1, DHRS4 and AP2S1, which may play an essential role in indicating the liquid preservation ability of boar sperm. These findings in this study provide new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the liquid preservation ability of boar sperm. Moreover, the selected candidate proteins can serve as a reference for evaluating sperm quality or preservation ability in boars and their application in related biotechnologies.

Effect of C-phycocyanin purified from Spirulina platensis on cooled ram semen quality and in vivo fertility

This research sought to purify C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from Spirulina platensis and investigate its potential in enhancing the quality parameters and in vivo fertility of ram semen subjected to cooled storage at 5 °C, when using a skim milk (SM) based semen extender. The purification process of C-PC involved cold maceration, pre-purification using chitosan and activated charcoal, followed by purification through aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) and ion-exchange chromatography. Afterward, fifty ejaculates were collected from 4 fertile Boujaâd rams and extended using the SM extender at 37 °C, enriched with 0 μg/mL (control), 1.2 μg/mL, 2.4 μg/mL, 3.6 μg/mL, or 4.8 μg/mL of C-PC. The diluted semen was subsequently cooled to 5 °C using a controlled cooling process, with a gradual cooling rate of approximately 0.5 °C per minute, and its quality parameters were evaluated after 0, 4, 8, and 24 h of cooling storage. Then, its fertilization ability after 4 h of cooling storage was evaluated using artificial insemination. The adopted purification process yielded a grade analytical purity of 4.06. Additionally, semen extended in SM with a 2.4 μg/mL C-PC supplement displayed significant (P < 0.0001) enhancement in total motility, progressive motility, curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, average path velocity, viability and lipid peroxidation of ram semen at 0, 4, 8, and 24 h of cooling storage. These improvements were observed in direct comparison to both the control group and the other C-PC concentrations. Regarding fertility rates, semen extended in SM with a 2.4 μg/mL C-PC recorded a 76 % rate, a notable increment from the 63 % observed in ewes inseminated by semen extended in SM alone, although the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). These findings underscore the promising potential of C-PC as a natural supplement for enhancing semen quality, warranting further investigations.

The effect of Thai ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) extract orally administration on sperm production, semen preservation, and fertility in Thai native chickens under heat stress

Thai indigenous roosters are exposed to unsuitable temperatures and humidity, resulting in a lower reproductive potential. Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract containing methoxyflavones was fed to roosters to improve their reproductive performance. Thirty-two Thai native roosters were orally administered KP extract at 300, 450, and 600 mg, calculated according to their average body weight, for at least 14 d before semen collection and continued supplementation until the end of the experiment. The nonsupplemented group served as the control. Fresh semen in terms of semen volume, sperm concentration, mass movement score, and sperm viability were evaluated. Semen preservation at 5°C and fertility test were examined for total motility (MOT), progressive motility (PMOT), sperm viability, and lipid peroxidation up to 48 h of storage. Testosterone concentrations and testicular function were also determined. The results showed that the highest sperm concentration and sperm motility of fresh semen were observed in KP extract at 600 mg (P < 0.001). KP extract at 600 mg resulted in higher sperm viability than the control and KP extract at 300 mg (P < 0.05), but was not different from KP at 450 mg (P > 0.05). The highest MOT, PMOT, and viability were found in the roosters that received 600 mg oral KP extract (P < 0.05), while those of the roosters that received oral KP extract 300 mg and the control were the lowest (P < 0.05) at all storage times. Lipid peroxidation was significantly lower in the KP extract up to 24 h (P < 0.05). The fertility and hatchability of the KP extract at 600 mg at T48 showed a minor decrease compared to the control at T0. These results might be inferred as a result of good spermatogenesis, as revealed by the results of histological examination and testosterone activity. In summary, oral administration of 600 mg KP extract improved sperm production and successfully preserved rooster semen for a long duration of up to 48 h of storage.

Preservation of rooster post-thawed sperm epigenetic modifications, fertility potential and other quality parameters in different extenders using reduced glutathione

Although rooster semen cryopreservation is an efficient procedure to spread qualified semen samples for reproductive goals, some post-thawed qualified semen samples resulted in poor fertility rate that could be related to epigenetic modifications during the cryopreservation process. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) in different cryopreservation extenders (Lake and Beltsville) on preservation of epigenetic modifications, fertility potential and other quality parameters of rooster sperm after thawing. Semen samples were collected and diluted in Lake and Beltsville extenders as follows: L-0: Lake without GSH, L-G: Lake with GSH, B-0: Beltsville without GSH, and B-G: Beltsville with GSH. After freeze-thawing process, sperm motility, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity, viability, apoptosis status, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, ROS concentration, epigenetic modifications and fertility potential were evaluated. In results, the type of extender had no effect (P > 0.05) of post-thawed sperm quality. The treatments containing GSH presented higher (P ≤ 0.05) total motility, progressive motility, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, acrosome integrity, viability, DNA methylation, fertility as well as lower (P ≤ 0.05) lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and ROS concentration than other treatments. Extender supplementation with GSH had no effect (P > 0.05) on histone methylation, histone acetylation and hatching rate. In conclusion, supplementation of rooster sperm cryopreservation extender with GSH could be an effective strategy to preserve post-thawed sperm DNA methylation, fertility and other quality parameters during reproductive programs.

Dietary supplementation with barley sprouts and d-aspartic acid improves reproductive hormone concentrations, testicular histology, antioxidant status, and mRNA expressions of apoptosis-related genes in aged broiler breeder roosters

The objective was to determine effects of dietary supplementation of barley sprouts (BS) and/or d-aspartic acid (DA) on the reproductive potential of aged broiler roosters. Birds (n = 32, 50 wk old) were randomly allocated to receive dietary supplements of BS powder (2 % of basal diet), and DA (200 mg/kg BW), both, or neither, for 12 wk. Roosters were housed individually, with 14-h light/10-h dark, ad libitum feed and water, and euthanized after 12 wk. Mean (±SEM) total phenolic compounds and IC50 in methanol extract of sprouted barley were 302.8 ± 10.9 mg GAE/g and 600.8 ± 50.5 mg TE per 100 g, respectively. In weekly semen collections, sperm total and progressive motility, plasma membrane integrity, sperm concentration, and sperm production were higher (P < 0.05) in both the DA + BS and BS groups compared to the Control, but sperm abnormalities were unaffected. Feeding DA increased right, left, and combined testicular weights (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, and P < 0.01, respectively) and, the testicular index (P = 0.01). Feeding BS increased seminiferous tubule diameter (P < 0.01), whereas BS + DA increased seminiferous epithelium thickness (P < 0.01). There were more spermatogonia (P < 0.01) and Leydig cells (P < 0.05) in BS-fed roosters but Sertoli cells were highest in BS + DA (P < 0.01). Serum MDA concentrations were lowest in BS (P < 0.01), whereas serum testosterone and LH were highest in DA (P < 0.05) and BS + DA (P < 0.01), respectively. Feeding BS reduced serum total cholesterol (P < 0.05) and increased serum HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.01), with decreases in serum LDL (P < 0.01) and the LDL/HDL ratio (P < 0.01) for BS + DA compared to Control. Relative expression of glutathione peroxidase mRNA was increased by BS (P < 0.01) or DA (P < 0.05), whereas relative mRNA expression of SOD was highest in BA (P < 0.01). Control roosters were highest for both BAX (P < 0.01) and the relative expression of the BAX/BCL-2 ratio (P < 0.01), whereas BS + DA increased BCL-2 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding BS, and/or DA significantly improved reproductive potential in aged broiler roosters.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles improve the post-thaw quality and in-vivo fertility of Beetal buck spermatozoa

The motility, health quality, and membrane disorders of spermatozoa are adversely affected during the process of semen cryopreservation due to the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) possess properties to scavenge ROS either by mimicking specific antioxidants or by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the effects of adding the CeO2NPs in the TRIS-citrate-yolk extender on in-vitro antioxidant enzyme activities, spermatozoa quality attributes, and in-vivo fertility of post-thaw Beetal buck spermatozoa. The CeO2NPs were prepared and characterized (UV-spectrophotometry, FTIR, and XRD). Semen samples, collected from bucks (n = 5), were distributed into five aliquots and diluted in an extender containing increasing concentrations of nanoparticles (0 μg/ml, called the control group, 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 75 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL). At post-thaw, spermatozoa were evaluated for the above-mentioned attributes and the pregnancy rate by inseminating Beetal does (n = 252). Results demonstrated that CeO2NPs mitigated the detrimental effects of cryopreservation as ROS production and lipid peroxidation were lower (P < 0.001) in the 25, 50, and 75 μg/mL CeO2NPs-added groups compared to the control and 100 μg/ml CeO2NPs-added group. The addition of 25 μg/mL CeO2NPs improved (P < 0.001) the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase and the concentration of reduced glutathione (P < 0.001) compared to the other groups. In terms of sperm kinematics and velocity parameters, the groups added with the 25 and 50 μg/mL CeO2NPs exhibited higher total motility (P < 0.001), sperm progressive motility (P = 0.003), and rapid velocity (P < 0.001). The group added with the 50 μg/mL CeO2NPs had the highest (P = 0.04) average path velocity. The groups added with the 25 and 50 μg/mL CeO2NPs also exhibited higher plasma membrane integrity (P = 0.003), acrosomal integrity, and viability (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. The DNA integrity was also higher (P < 0.001) in all the CeO2NPs-added groups. The pregnancy rate was higher (P = 0.003) in the 25 (51.92 %) and 50 μg/mL CeO2NPs (58.33 %) groups compared to the other groups. Conclusively, our findings suggest that the inclusion of cerium oxide nanoparticles in the TRIS-citrate-yolk freezing extender can reduce the occurrence of cryopreservation-induced damages to Beetal's buck spermatozoa and ultimately enhance the pregnancy rate in does.

Endocrine and dog factors associated with semen quality

Knowledge of factors associated with semen quality may help in investigations of the aetiology and pathophysiology. We investigated the correlation between biomarkers for testicular cell function (anti-müllerian hormone, AMH, Inhibin B, testosterone, free androgen-index (testosterone/sex-hormone binding globulin), insulin like peptide 3, INSL-3), alkaline phosphate (ALP), canine prostate-specific esterase (CPSE), and heterophilic antibodies with dog variables, semen quality, and fertility. Blood and semen were collected from 65 Bernese Mountain Dogs. We evaluated total sperm count, motility and morphological parameters. The semen quality ranged from poor to excellent, with an average total sperm count of 1.1 × 109 and 50% morphologically normal spermatozoa (MNS). Age and abnormal testicular consistency correlated with decreased motility and MNS. Higher ALP correlated with higher total sperm count. AMH could not be detected in seminal plasma. AMH in blood correlated with head defects and high AMH concentration correlated with a severe decline in several semen parameters. Testosterone was negatively and CPSE positively correlated with age. No correlations were found for INSL-3, inhibin B, or heterophilic antibodies. Our findings contribute to the understanding of factors associated with semen quality in dogs, particularly related to Sertoli cell function.

Addition of low concentration of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) has a positive effect on cryopreserved canine spermatozoa evaluated by andrological and biophysical methods

BACKGROUND

This study was conducted to find the best concentration of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) which has a positive impact on canine post thaw semen quality. Three different concentrations of CLC (0.83 mg/ml; 1.66 mg/ml; 3.32 mg/ml) and 2-hydroxylpropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HBCD) (1.66 mg/ml) were used in addition to cryopreservation extender and compared with the control after thawing. Samples were assessed using computer-assisted semen analyzer (CASA), flow cytometry, fluorimeter by measuring the fluorescence anisotropy (ANISO) and determining the generalized membrane polarization (GP).

RESULTS

An addition of 0.83 mg/ml CLC significantly increased the percentage of progressive motile (PROG) and rapid spermatozoa (RAP) (P < 0.05). 1.66 mg/ml HBCD decreased progressive motility of spermatozoa and population with rapid movement relative to the control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the groups with an addition of 1.66 mg/ml and 3.32 mg/ml of CLC, as well as the group with only cyclodextrin, increased percentage of dead spermatozoa without lipid peroxidation and decreased percentage of viable spermatozoa without LPO which was lower in these groups than in the control (P < 0.05). Other sperm parameters assessed on flow cytometer were not significantly different. The addition of CLC at 0.83 mg/ml and 3.32 mg/ml concentrations and 1.66 mg/ml of HBCD caused an increase in ANISO measured at 23 ºC (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the results suggest that increasing cholesterol in the plasma membrane of canine spermatozoa can improve their freezability. However, only low concentrations of CLC may improve semen quality after thawing without adversely affecting other parameters.

Genetic parameters for yearling male reproduction traits in tropical composite cattle population

Fertility is economically important but is hard to quantify and measure in breeding programs which has led extensive breeding programs to ignore fertility in their selection criteria. While female fertility traits have been extensively researched, male fertility traits have been largely ignored. It is estimated that 20% to 40% of bulls have sub-fertility, reducing the number of calves born and profits, highlighting the importance of investigating bull fertility. The most practical measure of male fertility is a bull breeding soundness evaluation (BBSE) which assesses structure as well as semen quality and quantity. Generally, traits recorded in a BBSE are neither genetically evaluated nor used for selection in breeding programs. All traits recorded during a BBSE were analyzed through a series of univariate and bivariate linear mixed models using a genomic relationship matrix to estimate genetic parameters. All genotype and phenotype data were obtained from a tropical composite commercial cattle population and imputed to 27,638 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a total of 2,613 genotyped animals with BBSE records ranging from 616 to 826 animals depending on the trait. The heritabilities of the 27 traits recorded during a BBSE ranged from 0.02 to 0.49. Seven of the male fertility traits were recommended to be included in a breeding program based on their heritability and their phenotypic and genetic correlations. These traits are scrotal circumference, percent normal sperm, proximal droplets, distal midpiece reflex, knobbed acrosomes, vacuoles/teratoids, and sheath score. Using these seven traits in a breeding program would result in higher calving rates, increasing production and profitability.

Camel filariasis (Dipetalonema evansi) and its association with clinical balanoposthitis with reference to prominent changes in clinical findings, serum testosterone, semen analysis, and testicular histopathology

BACKGROUND

Camel filariasis induced variable clinical syndromes characterized by fever, lethargy, localized dermal lesions, loss of condition, and testicular and scrotal swelling. The objective of the present work focused on clarifying the diagnostic importance of clinical findings, serum testosterone, and semen analysis as well as blood smear and testicular histopathology as a differential tool between only balanoposthitis without filariasis male camels group (OnlyBpgr) and balanoposthitis-filariasis infected male camels group (BpFlgr). The study also monitored the associations between the severity of ticks' infestations in investigated male camels and the occurrence of balanoposthitis only or balanoposthitis with filariasis.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The study reported significant correlation between serum testosterone, serum cortisol, and sperm vitality and abnormalities percentages. The study included male camels (n = 250) classified into three groups: healthy control group (Contgr; n = 30), OnlyBpgr (n = 210), and BpFlgr (n = 10). These male camels were clinically and laboratory examined, and skin scraping tests and testicular histopathology were conducted. The study confirmed the association of the changes in clinical findings, whole blood picture, serum testosterone, serum cortisol, and semen analysis, with OnlyBpgr and BpFlgr. These changes were more prominent in BpFlgr than in OnlyBpgr. Skin scraping test results revealed a higher severity of live ticks' infestation in BpFlgr than in OnlyBpgr because, unlike OnlyBpgr, all camels in BpFlgr (n = 10) were suffering from live ticks' infestation. It also concluded the higher efficacy of histopathology of testicular tissues in male camels as a diagnostic tool for adult filaria in balanoposthitis-affected male camels than blood smear because all cases of camel filariasis in the current work were negative for microfilaria on microscopic examination of diurnal blood smear as well as testicular histopathology revealed detection of adult filaria in all camel filariasis associated with balanoposthitis. Strong correlation relationships were demonstrated between serum testosterone, serum cortisol, and semen analysis results. Positive correlations were reported between serum testosterone levels and sperm vitality percentages. However, negative correlations were stated between serum testosterone and each of serum cortisol and sperm abnormalities either in Contgr, OnlyBpgr, or BpFlgr.