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Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Simanavicius M, Dapkunas J, Pleckaityte M, Zvirbliene A. Mapping of Recognition Sites of Monoclonal Antibodies Responsible for the Inhibition of Pneumolysin Functional Activity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071009. [PMID: 32650398 PMCID: PMC7408604 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of many bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, depends on pore-forming toxins (PFTs) that cause host cell lysis by forming large pores in cholesterol-containing cell membranes. Therefore, PFTs-neutralising antibodies may provide useful tools for reducing S. pneumoniae pathogenic effects. This study aimed at the development and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with neutralising activity to S. pneumoniae PFT pneumolysin (PLY). Five out of 10 produced MAbs were able to neutralise the cytolytic activity of PLY on a lung epithelial cell line. Epitope mapping with a series of recombinant overlapping PLY fragments revealed that neutralising MAbs are directed against PLY loops L1 and L3 within domain 4. The epitopes of MAbs 3A9, 6E5 and 12F11 located at L1 loop (aa 454–471) were crucial for PLY binding to the immobilised cholesterol. In contrast, the MAb 12D10 recognising L3 (aa 403–423) and the MAb 3F3 against the conformational epitope did not interfere with PLY-cholesterol interaction. Due to conformation-dependent binding, the approach to use overlapping peptides for fine epitope mapping of the neutralising MAbs was unsuccessful. Therefore, the epitopes recognised by the MAbs were analysed using computational methods. This study provides new data on PLY sites involved in functional activity.
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Herrera AL, Van Hove C, Hanson M, Dale JB, Tweten RK, Huber VC, Diel D, Chaussee MS. Immunotherapy targeting the Streptococcus pyogenes M protein or streptolysin O to treat or prevent influenza A superinfection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235139. [PMID: 32574205 PMCID: PMC7310742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections complicated by a bacterial infection are typically referred to as coinfections or superinfections. Streptococcus pyogenes, the group A streptococcus (GAS), is not the most common bacteria associated with influenza A virus (IAV) superinfections but did cause significant mortality during the 2009 influenza pandemic even though all isolates are susceptible to penicillin. One approach to improve the outcome of these infections is to use passive immunization targeting GAS. To test this idea, we assessed the efficacy of passive immunotherapy using antisera against either the streptococcal M protein or streptolysin O (SLO) in a murine model of IAV-GAS superinfection. Prophylactic treatment of mice with antiserum to either SLO or the M protein decreased morbidity compared to mice treated with non-immune sera; however, neither significantly decreased mortality. Therapeutic use of antisera to SLO decreased morbidity compared to mice treated with non-immune sera but neither antisera significantly reduced mortality. Overall, the results suggest that further development of antibodies targeting the M protein or SLO may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of invasive GAS diseases, including IAV-GAS superinfections, which may be particularly important during influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Herrera
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Christopher Van Hove
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Mary Hanson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - James B. Dale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Rodney K. Tweten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Diego Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
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Lamb CL, Price E, Field KP, Dayton C, McIndoo ER, Katahira EJ, Stevens DL, Hobdey SE. Enrichment of Antigen-Specific Class-Switched B Cells from Individuals Naturally Immunized by Infection with Group A Streptococcus. mSphere 2019; 4:e00598-19. [PMID: 31694896 PMCID: PMC6835209 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00598-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The low frequency of circulating antigen-specific memory B cells is a considerable obstacle in the discovery and development of human monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic application. Here, we evaluate two solid-phase isolation methods to enrich the number of antigen-specific B cells from individuals naturally immunized against streptolysin O (SLO), a key virulence factor and known immunogen of group A streptococcus (GAS). Class-switched B cells obtained from individuals with a history of GAS infection were separated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by immunomagnetic methods. SLO-specific B cells were further enriched directly by binding to SLO monomers and captured by streptavidin-coated magnetic microbeads or indirectly by binding a fluorescently labeled SLO-streptavidin tetramer and captured by anti-fluorophore immunomagnetic microbeads. SLO-bound B cells were quantitated by flow cytometry and/or expanded in batch culture to determine IgG specificity. From individuals who have suffered a GAS infection ≥2 years prior, only the direct method enriched SLO-specific B cells, as determined by flow cytometry. Likewise, in batch culture, B cells isolated by the direct method resulted in an average of 375-fold enrichment in anti-SLO IgG, while no enrichment was observed for B cells isolated by the indirect method. The direct method established here provides a simple approach to increase low-frequency antigen-specific B cell populations supporting many downstream applications, such as immortalization of B cells, cloning of immunoglobulin genes, or purification of antibodies from supernatant for future study. Overall, this process is efficient, is inexpensive, and can be applied to many naturally immunogenic antigens.IMPORTANCE Bacteria called group A streptococci can cause a variety of skin and soft tissue infections ranging from mild pharyngitis ("strep throat") to deadly necrotizing fasciitis (sometimes called "flesh-eating" disease). In each case, the development of disease and the degree of tissue damage are mediated by toxins released from the bacteria during infection. Consequently, novel therapies aimed at clearing bacterial toxins are greatly needed. One promising new treatment is the utilization of monoclonal antibodies delivered as an immunotherapeutic for toxin neutralization. However, current methods of antibody development are laborious and costly. Here, we report a method to enrich and increase the detection of highly desirable antigen-specific memory B cells from individuals previously exposed to GAS using a cost-effective and less-time-intensive strategy. We envision that this method will be incorporated into many applications supporting the development of immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri L Lamb
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Emily Price
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Kevin P Field
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Christopher Dayton
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Eric R McIndoo
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Eva J Katahira
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Dennis L Stevens
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobdey
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
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Liu C, Hu X, Cao Z, Sun Y, Chen X, Zhang Z. Construction and characterization of a DNA vaccine encoding the SagH against Streptococcus iniae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 89:71-75. [PMID: 30917926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is an important aquaculture pathogen that is associated with disease outbreaks in wild and cultured fish species. Streptolysin S has been identified as an important virulence factor of S. iniae. With an aim to develop effective vaccines against S. iniae for Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), in this study, we constructed a DNA vaccine based on the sagH gene, which belongs to the streptolysin S-associated gene cluster. In fish vaccinated with pSagH, the transcription of sagH was detected in tissues and SagH protein was also detected in the muscles of pSagH-vaccinated fish by immunohistochemistry. The immunoprotective effect of SagH showed that fish vaccinated with pSagH at one and two months exhibited a high relative percent survival (RPS) of 92.62% and 90.58% against S. iniae serotype I, respectively. In addition, SagH conferred strong cross protection against S. iniae serotype II and resulted in an RPS of 83.01% and 80.65% at one and two months, respectively. Compared to the control group, fish vaccinated with pSagH were able to induce much stronger respiratory burst activity, and higher titer of specific antibodies. The results of quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that pSagH upregulated the expression of several immune genes that are possibly involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. These results indicate that pSagH is a candidate DNA vaccine candidate against S. iniae serotype I and II infection in Japanese flounder in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Xiucong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University, PR China.
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Zhengshi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
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Abstract
B-lymphocytes have the ability to repair their plasma membranes following injury, such as by bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. The repair process includes the removal of the pore from the inflicted region of the plasma membrane via lipid raft-mediated internalization. Lipid rafts are critical for B cell receptor (BCR) activation. Cholesterol-dependent pore forming bacterial toxins provide a useful tool for examining the role of lipid rafts in B cell activation and the underlying cellular mechanisms. This method serves as a great alternative of known cholesterol disruption reagents such as filipin, nystatin, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Here, we describe a method of damaging primary murine B cell plasma membranes with the Streptococcus pyogenes cytolysin, Streptolysin O (SLO), and monitoring levels of damage, repair and BCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Miller
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 1133 Microbiology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Entwisle C, Hill S, Pang Y, Joachim M, McIlgorm A, Colaco C, Goldblatt D, De Gorguette D'Argoeuves P, Bailey C. Safety and immunogenicity of a novel multiple antigen pneumococcal vaccine in adults: A Phase 1 randomised clinical trial. Vaccine 2017; 35:7181-7186. [PMID: 29132988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal vaccines, combining multiple protein antigens, provide an alternative approach to currently marketed vaccines and may provide broader protection against pneumococcal disease. This trial evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a novel vaccine candidate PnuBioVax in healthy young adults. METHODS In a Phase 1 double-blind study, 36 subjects (18-40 years) were randomised to receive 3 doses of PnuBioVax, 28 days apart, at one of three dose levels (50, 200, 500 µg) or placebo. Safety assessments included rates of emergent adverse events (AEs), injection site and systemic reactions. Immunogenicity endpoints included antibody titre against PnuBioVax and selected pneumococcal antigens. RESULTS In the placebo (n=9) and PnuBioVax (n=27) vaccinated subjects, there were 15 and 72, reported TEAEs, respectively. The majority of TEAEs were classified as common vaccine related AEs. There were no serious AEs. Common vaccine-related AEs occurred in 13 PnuBioVax (48%) and 2 placebo (22%) subjects and were all headaches (mild and moderate). Injection site reactions, mostly pain and tenderness (graded mild or moderate) were reported, in particular in the 200 µg and 500 µg PnuBioVax groups. There were no clinically significant changes in vital signs, ECG or blood chemistries. Subjects receiving the higher dose (200 and 500 μg) demonstrated a greater fold increase in IgG titre compared with the starting dose (50 μg) or the placebo group. The fold-increase was statistically significantly higher for 200 and 500µg PnuBioVax vs 50µg PnuBioVax and placebo at each timepoint post-immunisation. Most subjects receiving 200 and 500 µg PnuBioVax demonstrated a ≥2-fold increase in antibody against pneumolysin (Ply), Pneumococcal surface antigen (PsaA), PiaA (Pneumococcal iron acquisition), PspA (Pneumococcal surface protein A) and pilus proteins (RrgB and RrgA). CONCLUSIONS All dose levels were considered safe and well tolerated. There was a statistically significant increase in anti-PnuBioVax IgG titres at the 200 and 500 µg dose levels compared to 50 µg and placebo. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02572635https://www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue Hill
- ImmunoBiology Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yin Pang
- ImmunoBiology Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ann McIlgorm
- ImmunoBiology Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camilo Colaco
- ImmunoBiology Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Immunobiology Section, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Bailey
- ImmunoBiology Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
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Ullah I, Ritchie ND, Evans TJ. The interrelationship between phagocytosis, autophagy and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps following infection of human neutrophils by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Innate Immun 2017; 23:413-423. [PMID: 28399692 PMCID: PMC5505230 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917704299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play an important role in the innate immune response to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the pneumococcus. Pneumococci are phagocytosed by neutrophils and undergo killing after ingestion. Other cellular processes may also be induced, including autophagy and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which may play a role in bacterial eradication. We set out to determine how these different processes interacted following pneumococcal infection of neutrophils, and the role of the major pneumococcal toxin pneumolysin in these various pathways. We found that pneumococci induced autophagy in neutrophils in a type III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase dependent fashion that also required the autophagy gene Atg5. Pneumolysin did not affect this process. Phagocytosis was inhibited by pneumolysin but enhanced by autophagy, while killing was accelerated by pneumolysin but inhibited by autophagy. Pneumococci induced extensive NET formation in neutrophils that was not influenced by pneumolysin but was critically dependent on autophagy. While pneumolysin did not affect NET formation, it had a potent inhibitory effect on bacterial trapping within NETs. These findings show a complex interaction between phagocytosis, killing, autophagy and NET formation in neutrophils following pneumococcal infection that contribute to host defence against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil D Ritchie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tom J Evans
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical research Centre, Glasgow, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Poropat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Pastore
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Gesuete
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Egidio Barbi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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Mochan-Keef E, Swigon D, Ermentrout GB, Clermont G. A Three-Tiered Study of Differences in Murine Intrahost Immune Response to Multiple Pneumococcal Strains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134012. [PMID: 26244863 PMCID: PMC4526468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply a previously developed 4-variable ordinary differential equation model of in-host immune response to pneumococcal pneumonia to study the variability of the immune response of MF1 mice and to explore bacteria-driven differences in disease progression and outcome. In particular, we study the immune response to D39 strain of bacteria missing portions of the pneumolysin protein controlling either the hemolytic activity or complement-activating activity, the response to D39 bacteria deficient in either neuraminidase A or B, and the differences in the response to D39 (serotype 2), 0100993 (serotype 3), and TIGR4 (serotype 4) bacteria. The model accurately reproduces infection kinetics in all cases and provides information about which mechanisms in the immune response have the greatest effect in each case. Results suggest that differences in the ability of bacteria to defeat immune response are primarily due to the ability of the bacteria to elude nonspecific clearance in the lung tissue as well as the ability to create damage to the lung epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Mochan-Keef
- Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh PhD Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David Swigon
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - G. Bard Ermentrout
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Gilles Clermont
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Nguyen CT, Kim EH, Luong TT, Pyo S, Rhee DK. TLR4 mediates pneumolysin-induced ATF3 expression through the JNK/p38 pathway in Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected RAW 264.7 cells. Mol Cells 2015; 38:58-64. [PMID: 25518930 PMCID: PMC4314132 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) acts as a negative regulator of cytokine production during Gram-negative bacterial infection. A recent study reported that ATF3 provides protection from Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by activating cytokines. However, the mechanism by which S. pneumoniae induces ATF3 after infection is still unknown. In this study, we show that ATF3 was upregulated via Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways in response to S. pneumoniae infection in vitro. Induction was mediated by TLR4 and TLR2, which are in the TLR family. The expression of ATF3 was induced by pneumolysin (PLY), a potent pneumococcal virulence factor, via the TLR4 pathway. Furthermore, ATF3 induction is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Thus, this study reveals a potential role of PLY in modulating ATF3 expression, which is required for the regulation of immune responses against pneumococcal infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Truc Thanh Luong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
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11
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Harvey RM, Hughes CE, Paton AW, Trappetti C, Tweten RK, Paton JC. The impact of pneumolysin on the macrophage response to Streptococcus pneumoniae is strain-dependent. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103625. [PMID: 25105894 PMCID: PMC4126675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the world's leading cause of pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis and otitis media. A major pneumococcal virulence factor is the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, which has the defining property of forming pores in cholesterol-containing membranes. In recent times a clinically significant and internationally successful serotype 1 ST306 clone has been found to express a non-cytolytic variant of Ply (Ply306). However, while the pneumococcus is a naturally transformable organism, strains of the ST306 clonal group have to date been virtually impossible to transform, severely restricting efforts to understand the role of non-cytolytic Ply in the success of this clone. In this study isogenic Ply mutants were constructed in the D39 background and for the first time in the ST306 background (A0229467) to enable direct comparisons between Ply variants for their impact on the immune response in a macrophage-like cell line. Strains that expressed cytolytic Ply were found to induce a significant increase in IL-1β release from macrophage-like cells compared to the non-cytolytic and Ply-deficient strains in a background-independent manner, confirming the requirement for pore formation in the Ply-dependent activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, cytolytic activity in the D39 background was found to induce increased expression of the genes encoding GM-CSF (CSF2), p19 subunit of IL-23 (IL23A) and IFNβ (IFNB1) compared to non-cytolytic and Ply-deficient D39 mutants, but had no effect in the A0229467 background. The impact of Ply on the immune response to the pneumococcus is highly dependent on the strain background, thus emphasising the importance of the interaction between specific virulence factors and other components of the genetic background of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Harvey
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Catherine E. Hughes
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adrienne W. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claudia Trappetti
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rodney K. Tweten
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - James C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Kostiukova NN, Bekhalo VA. [Pneumococcus pathogenicity factors and their protective properties]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2014:67-77. [PMID: 25286514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Owing to rapid development of molecular-biological and genetic methods of research in infectology as well as use of adequate models (tissue colonization of human respiratory epithelium, mice models of colonization, sepsis and meningitis), a significant progress in the field of pneumococcus pathogenicity factors has been made in the last decades. Aside from the well-known pathogenicity factor--capsule polysaccharide, to date several dozens of surface proteins providing adhesion, colonization and invasion have been detected in pneumococcus. Pneumolysin is a toxic factor and at the same time brain invasion factor. Many of the known pathogenicity factors play a role in formation of biofilm that facilitates prolonged colonization of nasopharynx. Protective activity has been proved for some of the surface proteins and pneumolysin that forms the base for development of novel rational pneumococcal vaccines as an alternative to polysaccharide.
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13
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Pauksens K, Nilsson AC, Caubet M, Pascal TG, Van Belle P, Poolman JT, Vandepapelière PG, Verlant V, Vink PE. Randomized controlled study of the safety and immunogenicity of pneumococcal vaccine formulations containing PhtD and detoxified pneumolysin with alum or adjuvant system AS02V in elderly adults. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014; 21:651-60. [PMID: 24599529 PMCID: PMC4018883 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00807-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Six vaccine formulations containing AS02V or alum (aluminum phosphate [AlPO4]) adjuvant with pneumococcal proteins, pneumococcal histidine triad D (PhtD), and/or detoxified pneumolysin (dPly), either as a polysaccharide carrier in an 8-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (8PCV) or as free (unconjugated) proteins, were evaluated in adults -65 to 85 years of age. In this phase I observer-blind study, 167 healthy subjects were randomized to receive two doses (days 0 and 60) of 10 or 30 μg PhtD-dPly plus AS02V or alum, 8PCV plus AS02V or alum, or one dose (day 0) of 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (23PPV) as a control (placebo on day 60). The safety, reactogenicity, and antibody-specific responses to these vaccines were evaluated. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. The incidences of solicited local and specific general (fatigue and myalgia) symptoms tended to be higher in the AS02V groups than in other groups. Anti-PhtD and anti-Ply antibody responses were observed in all groups except the control group. One month post-dose 2, the anti-PhtD and anti-Ply antibody geometric mean concentrations tended to be higher with AS02V than with alum, higher with a dose of 30 μg than with 10 μg for PhtD-dPly and higher with 30-μg PhtD-dPly formulations than with conjugated PhtD and dPly (8PCV) formulations. Functional antibody responses, measured by an opsonophagocytic activity assay, tended to be higher with 8PCV than with 23PPV. In conclusion, vaccine formulations containing free or conjugated PhtD and dPly had acceptable reactogenicity and safety profiles in elderly adults. Immune responses were enhanced with an AS02V-adjuvanted formulation containing free 30-μg PhtD-dPly compared to those with alum adjuvant and conjugated proteins. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00756067.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlis Pauksens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University Hospital, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna C. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Infectious Disease Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter E. Vink
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gera K, Le T, Jamin R, Eichenbaum Z, McIver KS. The phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system in group A Streptococcus acts to reduce streptolysin S activity and lesion severity during soft tissue infection. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1192-204. [PMID: 24379283 PMCID: PMC3957985 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01271-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, is an important process for bacterial pathogens to successfully colonize host tissues. The phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) is the primary mechanism by which bacteria transport sugars and sense the carbon state of the cell. The group A streptococcus (GAS) is a fastidious microorganism that has adapted to a variety of niches in the human body to elicit a wide array of diseases. A ΔptsI mutant (enzyme I [EI] deficient) generated in three different strains of M1T1 GAS was unable to grow on multiple carbon sources (PTS and non-PTS). Complementation with ptsI expressed under its native promoter in single copy was able to rescue the growth defect of the mutant. In a mouse model of GAS soft tissue infection, all ΔptsI mutants exhibited a significantly larger and more severe ulcerative lesion than mice infected with the wild type. Increased transcript levels of sagA and streptolysin S (SLS) activity during exponential-phase growth was observed. We hypothesized that early onset of SLS activity would correlate with the severity of the lesions induced by the ΔptsI mutant. In fact, infection of mice with a ΔptsI sagB double mutant resulted in a lesion comparable to that of either the wild type or a sagB mutant alone. Therefore, a functional PTS is not required for subcutaneous skin infection in mice; however, it does play a role in coordinating virulence factor expression and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Gera
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Tuquynh Le
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Jamin
- Biology Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Kevin S. McIver
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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15
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Ali YM, Kenawy HI, Muhammad A, Sim RB, Andrew PW, Schwaeble WJ. Human L-ficolin, a recognition molecule of the lectin activation pathway of complement, activates complement by binding to pneumolysin, the major toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82583. [PMID: 24349316 PMCID: PMC3861440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential component of the immune response, providing a critical line of defense against different pathogens including S. pneumoniae. Complement is activated via three distinct pathways: the classical (CP), the alternative (AP) and the lectin pathway (LP). The role of Pneumolysin (PLY), a bacterial toxin released by S. pneumoniae, in triggering complement activation has been studied in vitro. Our results demonstrate that in both human and mouse sera complement was activated via the CP, initiated by direct binding of even non-specific IgM and IgG3 to PLY. Absence of CP activity in C1q(-/-) mouse serum completely abolished any C3 deposition. However, C1q depleted human serum strongly opsonized PLY through abundant deposition of C3 activation products, indicating that the LP may have a vital role in activating the human complement system on PLY. We identified that human L-ficolin is the critical LP recognition molecule that drives LP activation on PLY, while all of the murine LP recognition components fail to bind and activate complement on PLY. This work elucidates the detailed interactions between PLY and complement and shows for the first time a specific role of the LP in PLY-mediated complement activation in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssif M. Ali
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hany I. Kenawy
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Adnan Muhammad
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B. Sim
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Andrew
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm J. Schwaeble
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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16
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González-Menéndez P, García-Ocaña M, de los Toyos JR. A deeper analysis of the epitope/paratope of PLY-5, a mouse monoclonal antibody which recognises the conserved undecapeptide tryptophan-rich loop (ECTGLAWEWWR) of bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:14-19. [PMID: 23159621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A previous study showed that the minimal epitope recognised by the PLY-5 mAb in the conserved undecapeptide Trp-rich loop of bacterial CDCs should consist of WEWWRT (Jacobs et al., 1999) [5]. Now, through immunoscreening of amino acid substitution analogues, it is concluded that the second Trp and the Arg residues are essential in the PLY-5 epitope. The E residue is an auxiliary epitope contributor. Antibody modelling and docking simulations provided support for these findings. For recognition by the antibody, the Trp-rich loop flipped out, mimicking the mechanism of membrane insertion. The displaced second Trp was seen to establish aromatic stacking interactions with aromatic residues of the antibody paratope and the notably extruded guanidium tip of the arginine residue mediated electrostatic interactions with well-exposed carboxylic groups of glutamic residues on the surface of the paratope. Thus, the epitope/paratope interaction is mainly mediated by aromatic and by ionic interactions.
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17
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Neill DR, Smeaton S, Bangert M, Kadioglu A. Nasopharyngeal carriage with Streptococcus pneumoniae augments the immunizing effect of pneumolysin toxoid B. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 131:1433-5.e1. [PMID: 23260752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Sun Y, Hu YH, Liu CS, Sun L. Construction and comparative study of monovalent and multivalent DNA vaccines against Streptococcus iniae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 33:1303-10. [PMID: 23063784 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is an important fish pathogen with a broad host range that includes both marine and freshwater fish species. With an aim to develop effective vaccines against S. iniae, we in this study constructed three monovalent DNA vaccines, i.e., pSagF, pSagG, and pSagI, based on sagF, G, and I, which are components of the streptolysin S cluster. The immunoprotective potentials of these vaccines were examined in a model of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The results showed that following intramuscular administration, the vaccine plasmids were transported to spleen, kidney, and liver, where the vaccine-encoding transgenes were expressed. Immunocolloidal gold electron microscopy detected production of the vaccine protein in fish vaccinated with each of the vaccine plasmids. Following lethal-dose S. iniae challenge, pSagF-, pSagG-, and pSagI-vaccinated fish exhibited relative percent of survival (RPS) rates of 78%, 65%, and 76% respectively. To examine whether multivalent vaccines composed of different combinations of monovalent vaccines would produce better protections, flounder were vaccinated with FG (pSagF plus pSagG), FI (pSagF plus pSagG), or FGI (pSagF plus pSagG and pSagI). Subsequent challenging study showed that the RPS rates of the fish vaccinated with the divalent and trivalent vaccines were 4%-17% and 13%-26% respectively higher than those of the fish vaccinated with the component monovalent vaccines. Furthermore, FGI exhibited a strong cross protection against both serotype I and serotype II S. iniae, apparently due to, as revealed by sequence analysis, the existence of highly conserved SagF, SagG, and SagI homologs in these serotypes. Immunological analysis showed that all vaccines induced (i) specific serum antibody production, (ii) enhanced complement-mediated bactericidal activity, and (iii) significant induction of a wide range of immune genes. However, the levels of gene expression and serum bactericidal activity induced by FGI were in general more potent than those induced by monovalent vaccines. Taken together, these results indicate that the DNA vaccines based on sagF, G, and I, especially when they are formulated as multivalent vaccines, are highly efficacious against S. iniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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19
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Kleĭmenov DA, Glushkova EV, Dmitrieva NF, Eshchina AS, Timofeev IM, Malyshev NA, Briko NI. [Humoral immune response in patients with angina and soft tissue infections of group a streptococci etiology]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:76-80. [PMID: 23297637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Evaluate informativity of simultaneous determination of antibodies (AB) against extracellular (AB against streptolysin-O-ASL-O) and cellular (IgM against A-polysaccharide - A-PSC) antigens in patients with angina and soft tissue infections caused by serogroup A streptococci (SGA) and identify features of humoral immune response to SGA infection according to infectious process localization. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 2 groups of patients with bacteriologically confirmed SGA infection (50 cases of angina - group 1 and 51 case of soft tissue infection - group 2) were examined for the presence of ASL-O by using Architect ci8200 analyzer (Abbott, USA) and IgM against SGA A-PSC by EIA. RESULTS. In group 1, 23 (46%) individuals were recognized as positive by ASL-O level, and in group 2 - 20 (39%; p>0.05); conditionally significant exceeding of normal values (more than 1.5 times) was detected in 25% of patients of each group. Increased level of antibodies against SGA A-PSC was detected in 43 (86%) patients of group 1, and in 30 (59%) of patients of group 2 (p<0.05). In group 1 exceeding of normal values of anti-A-PSC IgM was noted mostly by 1.5 +/- 0.5 times (74%). In group 2 in 43% of patients the level of anti-A-PSC IgM was above normal more than 2 times and in most cases in uncomplicated variants of disease course. In 45% of patients with severe form of soft tissue infection this parameter did not exceed normal values (p<0.05). CONCLUSION. In acute period of disease with simultaneous determination of ASL-O and IgM against A-PSC sensitivity of serologic diagnostics of SGA etiology angina and SGA infection of soft tissues was established to reach 92% and 72%, respectively, and humoral immune response to cellular AG in each form of SGA has its features.
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20
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Arinuma Y, Kikuchi H, Aramaki K, Takayama M, Asako K, Hirohata S. [Case of rheumatic fever complicating carditis detected by a newly-developed systolic murmur in an adult woman]. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 2012; 35:194-198. [PMID: 22790580 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.35.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A 62-year-old woman presented to a primary care doctor on January 2006 due to a sore throat and high fever, and had received medication for a common cold. She was referred to our hospital in February 2006 because of additional manifestations such as painful rashes on the lower limb similar to erythema nodosum and polyarthralgia on her feet, shoulder and finger joints. She was initially treated with an anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for polyarthritis but the symptoms did not improved. In addition, the serum level of anti-streptolysin O antibody (ASO) was elevated at the second visit more than that at the first visit. She was diagnosed to have rheumatic fever (RF) based on the polyarthritis, inflammatory data and an increase of the ASO level. She was treated with 10 mg a day of prednisolone (PSL) and sultamicillin tosilate. However, a systolic murmur that had been never noticed by previous auscultation appeared after the third hospital day and the mitral regurgitation was also detected on echocardiogram. She was then treated with 40 mg a day of PSL because of an appearance of the carditis due to RF. The increased PSL dose promptly improved the systolic murmur as well as the arthritis. This report presented an RF case with carditis detected by an development of the systolic murmur in an adult female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Arinuma
- Department of Internal medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine
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21
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Abstract
We studied the level of ASO (anti streptolysin O) titer and throat culture for GABHS (group A beta hemolytic streptococci) in 200 normal healthy school children between 5 to 15 years of age. We noted the upper limit of normal titer of 242 IU in the healthy school children around Mysore city. Throat culture was positive for GABHS in 9% of healthy school children indicating the carrier state.
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Vorob'ev DS, Semenova IB, Kurbatova EA. [Proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae: perspectives for development of pneumococcal vaccine]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2010:98-104. [PMID: 21384595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae cell wall and cytoplasmic proteins contribute directly to pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection. Protective effect of pneumococcal proteins such as pneumolysin (Ply), muramylamidase (LytA) and pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). There is discussion in the literature about development of conjugared pneumococcal vaccines, which should include polysaccharides of invasive serotypes of pneumococci as well as protein antigens of this pathogen, for prevention of infections caused by S. pneumoniae. Researches suggest that such hybrid vaccines will be effective, first of all, for children < 2 years of age and elderly > 65 years old because immune response to polysaccharide vaccines either do not form at all or insufficient for prevention of pneumococcal infection.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) are the 2 main types of bacteria causing soft-tissue infections. Historically, BHS were believed to be the primary cause of diffuse, nonculturable cellulitis. However, with the recent epidemic of community-associated methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) causing culturable soft-tissue infections, it is currently unclear what role either of these bacteria has in cases where the cellulitis is diffuse and nonculturable. This uncertainty has led to broad-spectrum and haphazard use of antibiotics for this infection type, which has led to increased risk of adverse drug reactions, health care costs, and emergence of resistance in bacteria. To investigate this issue, we conducted a prospective investigation between December 2004 and June 2007, enrolling all adult patients admitted to the inpatient service at the Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, a county hospital of Los Angeles, with diffuse, nonculturable cellulitis. Acute and convalescent serologies for anti-streptolysin-O and anti-DNase-B antibodies were obtained. Patient data were analyzed for response to beta-lactam antibiotics. The primary outcome was the proportion of these cases caused by BHS, as diagnosed by serologies and/or blood cultures, and the secondary outcome was the response rate of patients to beta-lactam antibiotics. Of 248 patients enrolled, 69 were dropped from analysis because of loss to follow-up or exclusion criteria. Of the 179 remaining patients, 73% of nonculturable cellulitis cases were caused by BHS. Analysis of outcomes to beta-lactam antibiotic treatment revealed that patients diagnosed with BHS had a 97% (71/73) response, while those who did not have BHS had a 91% (21/23) response, with an overall response rate of 95.8% (116/121). Results of this large, prospective study show that diffuse, nonculturable cellulitis is still mainly caused by BHS, despite the MRSA epidemic, and that for this infection type, treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics is still effective. A cost-effective, evidence-based algorithm can be useful for the empiric management of uncomplicated soft-tissue infections based on the presence or absence of a culturable source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Jeng
- From Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, California
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24
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Nakayama T. [Serological diagnosis of streptococcal infection (ASO, ASK, ADN-B, ASP)]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:135-137. [PMID: 20942021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Virus Infection, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences
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25
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Lin A, Loughman JA, Zinselmeyer BH, Miller MJ, Caparon MG. Streptolysin S inhibits neutrophil recruitment during the early stages of Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Infect Immun 2009; 77:5190-201. [PMID: 19687200 PMCID: PMC2772533 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00420-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to infection of superficial tissues, Streptococcus pyogenes infection of deeper tissue can be associated with a significantly diminished inflammatory response, suggesting that this bacterium has the ability to both promote and suppress inflammation. To examine this, we analyzed the behavior of an S. pyogenes mutant deficient in expression of the cytolytic toxin streptolysin S (SLS-) and evaluated events that occur during the first few hours of infection by using several models including injection of zebrafish (adults, larvae, and embryos), a transepithelial polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration assay, and two-photon microscopy of mice in vivo. In contrast to wild-type S. pyogenes, the SLS- mutant was associated with the robust recruitment of neutrophils and significantly reduced lethal myositis in adult zebrafish. Similarly, the mutant was attenuated in embryos in its ability to cause lethality. Infection of larva muscle allowed an analysis of inflammation in real time, which revealed that the mutant had recruited PMNs to the infection site. Analysis of transepithelial migration in vitro suggested that SLS inhibited the host cells' production of signals chemotactic for neutrophils, which contrasted with the proinflammatory effect of an unrelated cytolytic toxin, streptolysin O. Using two-photon microscopy of mice in vivo, we showed that the extravasation of neutrophils during infection with SLS- mutant bacteria was significantly accelerated compared to infection with wild-type S. pyogenes. Taken together, these data support a role for SLS in the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment during the early stages of S. pyogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
| | - Jennifer A. Loughman
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
| | - Bernd H. Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
| | - Michael G. Caparon
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1093
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a causative agent for community acquired pneumonia, bacteremia, acute otitis media, and meningitis. Recent emergence of multi-drug resistant clinical isolates prompts the need of effective vaccine for the prevention of disease. The licensed polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccines only elicit protective antibodies against the infection of serotypes that are included in the vaccine. To broaden the protection, the use of pneumococcal proteins will be a feasible and preferable alternative. This communication provides a review on the biochemical properties of these protein candidates, their immunization results in animal studies, and perspectives on the development of protein-based pneumococcal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Tai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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27
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Iijima K, Koike H, Ota H, Nakagawa M, Nishikawa KI, Kotani K. [Structural homology between streptolysin O (SLO) produced by streptococcus pyogenes and SLO-like protein produced by non-pathogenic streptococci and cross-reactivity of antibody against SLO-like protein to SLO]. Rinsho Byori 2008; 56:678-683. [PMID: 18800623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nine clones of non-pathogenic streptococci were isolated from the pharynges of seven healthy subjects, and grown on sheep blood agar plates with a hemolysis or gamma hemolysis, then cultured in LB broth for 16 hrs. Purified streptolysin O (SLO) purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (Sigma-SLO), SLO antigen as a latex agglutination reagent from A company (A-SLO) and supernatants from four culture media were electrophoresed on 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred to PVDF membranes. Immunological analyses of antibodies against SLO in healthy sera and proteins in culture medium demonstrated that healthy sera contained an antibody recognizing Sigma-SLO, A-SLO and a protein of the same size as SLO (SLO-like protein) in culture medium. These findings suggest that healthy subjects develop an antibody directed against SLO-like protein produced by non-pathogenic streptococci, and that this antibody cross-reacts with Sigma-SLO and A-SLO. Using DNA from Streptococcus pyogenes and non-pathogenic streptococci, the SLO gene and SLO-like protein gene were analyzed by direct sequencing with oligonucleotide primers designed to cover no. 74 to approximately 1900 of the SLO gene. There were three different bases resulting in amino acid substitution between the SLO gene and SLO-like protein gene, namely 101Lys (AAA) of SLO to Asn (AAT), 175Met (ATG) to Arg (AGG) and 185Asp (GAT) to Asn (AAT). Remaining 560 residues of 563 amino acids constituting SLO-like protein were homologous to SLO. Non-pathogenic streptococci on the pharynges of healthy subjects produce an SLO-like protein composed of amino acids similar to those of SLO, which induces an antibody against this SLO-like protein in serum. It is likely that an antibody against SLO-like protein in healthy sera cross-reacts with SLO and causes a pseudo-positive reaction on ASO measurement by the latex agglutination method using SLO antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Iijima
- Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University Yonago 683-8503
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28
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Ogunniyi AD, Paton JC, Kirby AC, McCullers JA, Cook J, Hyodo M, Hayakawa Y, Karaolis DKR. c-di-GMP is an effective immunomodulator and vaccine adjuvant against pneumococcal infection. Vaccine 2008; 26:4676-85. [PMID: 18640167 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a unique bacterial intracellular signaling molecule capable of stimulating enhanced protective innate immunity against various bacterial infections. The effects of intranasal pretreatment with c-di-GMP, or intraperitoneal coadministration of c-di-GMP with the pneumolysin toxoid (PdB) or pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) before pneumococcal challenge, were investigated in mice. We found that c-di-GMP had no significant direct short-term effect on the growth rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae either in vitro or in vivo. However, intranasal pretreatment of mice with c-di-GMP resulted in a significant decrease in bacterial load in lungs and blood after serotypes 2 and 3 challenge, and a significant decrease in lung titers after serotype 4 challenge. Potential cellular mediators of these enhanced protective responses were identified in lungs and draining lymph nodes. Intraperitoneal coadministration of c-di-GMP with PdB or PspA before challenge resulted in significantly higher antigen-specific antibody titers and increased survival of mice, compared to that obtained with alum adjuvant. These findings demonstrate that local or systemic c-di-GMP administration stimulates innate and adaptive immunity against invasive pneumococcal disease. We propose that c-di-GMP can be used as an effective broad spectrum immunomodulator and vaccine adjuvant to prevent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun D Ogunniyi
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Zaiko VV, Martinkina LP, Steriopolo NA, Kutvitsky VA, Tugolukov AE, Egorov EE, Voloshchuk SG, Starovoitova TA, Toguzov RT, Vengerov YY. Microarray method for multiplex and serial latex agglutination tests with digital image registration. Clin Lab 2008; 54:273-279. [PMID: 18942495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A microarray analytical system for performing tests of latex agglutination reaction in microformat with digital image registration was developed. The system allows the application of latex microdrops to the surface of the carrier in the form of a regular microarray and mixing of the latex droplets with the individual samples in each droplet of the microarray. The reaction is performed in a total mixture volume of about 1 microl for each of 30 samples simultaneously with video registration and interpretation of the results using a scanning device and specially developed software. The results of the semi-quantitative determination of C-Reactive Protein, Rheumatoid Factor and Anti-Streptolysin O concentrations by traditional macro- and proposed micro-arrayagglutination method were compared with the immunoturbidimetric measurements used as reference method. It was concluded that the suggested method for performing latex agglutination reactions on the basis of a microarray approach with digital image evaluation of results can provide a high throughput and reliable results and also offers significant advantages to the traditional latex agglutination tests with visual interpretation. Comprehensive documentation and objectification of readouts show a siginificant improvement to the present methodology.
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Feldman C, Anderson R. A pivotal role for pneumolysin in the immunopathogenesis, treatment and prevention of pneumococcal disease. S Afr Med J 2007; 97:1141-1145. [PMID: 18250925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pneumococcus remains an extremely important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the microorganism has a number of significant virulence mechanisms, many recent studies have focused on pneumolysin, which is recognised to be one of the most important virulence factors of the organism. The purpose of this manuscript is to review recent developments with respect to the role of pneumolysin in pneumococcal disease. It describes how the cytotoxic and other pro-inflammatory activities of this toxin contribute to disease pathogenesis and pathology, as well as various immunological and pharmacological strategies that may target these deleterious effects of the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Johannesburg Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Vallina-García R, del Mar García-Suárez M, Fernández-Abedul MT, Méndez FJ, Costa-García A. Oriented immobilisation of anti-pneumolysin Fab through a histidine tag for electrochemical immunosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:210-7. [PMID: 17521902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Orientation of reagents is a key step in the construction of immunosensors. When the immunoreagent is a recombinant protein, this can be achieved by employing hexahistidine tags. The orientation of recombinant histidine-tagged Fab fragments of monoclonal anti-pneumolysin antibodies on gold films is evaluated. Using histidine as a chelator of Ni or employing an anti-polyhistidine antibody for capturing the His6 residue is considered. Measurements are based in the signal of indigo, which comes from the hydrolysis of 3-indoxylphosphate by alkaline phosphatase (AP). The attachment of the enzyme occurs through the interaction of biotin with AP-labelled streptavidin or employing AP-conjugated immunoreagents. In the case of the interaction Ni-histidine, for the study of the self-assembling process a His-tagged and biotinylated protein (His6-GST-B) was employed. General conditions were studied and non-specific adsorption was avoided with the use of 1-hexanethiol. Improvements of the signal compared with the direct adsorption were only achieved by the use of histidine capturing antibodies. With an optimised ratio anti-polyhis:His6-Fab the signal increases approximately a 100%. Precision is adequate and the response is linear with the concentration of pneumolysin between 0.1 and 10 ng/mL.
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize conserved molecular patterns expressed by pathogens. Pneumolysin, an intracellular toxin found in all Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates, is an important virulence factor of the pneumococcus that is recognized by TLR4. Although TLR2 is considered the most important receptor for Gram-positive bacteria, our laboratory previously could not demonstrate a decisive role for TLR2 in host defence against pneumonia caused by a serotype 3 S. pneumoniae. Here we tested the hypothesis that in the absence of TLR2, S. pneumoniae can still be sensed by the immune system through an interaction between pneumolysin and TLR4. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and TLR2 knockout (KO) mice were intranasally infected with either WT S. pneumoniae D39 (serotype 2) or the isogenic pneumolysin-deficient S. pneumoniae strain D39 PLN. TLR2 did not contribute to antibacterial defence against WT S. pneumoniae D39. In contrast, pneumolysin-deficient S. pneumoniae only grew in lungs of TLR2 KO mice. TLR2 KO mice displayed a strongly reduced early inflammatory response in their lungs during pneumonia caused by both pneumolysin-producing and pneumolysin-deficient pneumococci. These data suggest that pneumolysin-induced TLR4 signalling can compensate for TLR2 deficiency during respiratory tract infection with S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Dessing
- Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chang ST, Ku CH, Cherng SC. Evidence-based correlation between anti-streptolysin O serum titer and sacroiliac joint disorder. J Rheumatol 2007; 34:1746-52. [PMID: 17611979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis (PSReA) is a nonsuppurative sequela of antecedent streptococcal infection, and can be investigated when detecting the anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titer. The relationship between ASO titer and involvement of the peripheral synovial joints has been examined in PSRA, but data are sparse for the sacroiliac (SI) joint. Quantitative SI joint scintigraphy has been used clinically to detect active SI joint disorders, but not for PSReA. METHODS A total of 84 subjects were recruited; mean age at enrollment was 23 years (range 18.0-36.4 yrs). All subjects were examined for ASO titer levels (range 25-520 IU/ml) and SI joint imaging, determined by sacroiliac to sacrum (SI/S) ratio derived from SI scintigraphy. RESULTS Most of the subjects with high ASO titer had unclassified or undifferentiated arthritis. Good correlation between the ASO titer and the SI/S ratio was determined statistically using Pearson correlation coefficients. The relationships between ASO titer and SI/S ratio at various locations (laterality: left, right; location of part: upper, middle, lower) were found to be significantly correlated using generalized estimating equations. After adjustment for potential confounders, a highly significant association was determined between ASO titer and SI/S ratio (p < 0.0001), with an increase of 1 IU/ml of titer resulting in a significant increase in SI/S ratio by 0.0008 units. Age was significantly associated with SI/S ratio (p = 0.0022), with each extra year increasing the ratio by 0.0074. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a high correlation between SI joint involvement and high ASO titers. Subjects with SI joint involvement should be advised to have an ASO titer examination and quantitative SI joint scintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Tsu Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, Medical School, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Shiobara N, Suzuki Y, Aoki H, Gotoh A, Fujii Y, Hamada Y, Suzuki S, Fukui N, Kurane I, Itoh T, Suzuki R. Bacterial superantigens and T cell receptor beta-chain-bearing T cells in the immunopathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:13-21. [PMID: 17614973 PMCID: PMC2219284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects the colon and the rectum producing debilitating symptoms, which impair ability to function and quality of life. The aetiology of IBD is incompletely understood, but within the lymphocyte population, specific T cell subsets are known to be major factors in the development of intestinal immune pathology while different subsets are essential regulators, controlling IBD. Hence, IBD is thought to reflect dysregulated T cell behaviour. This study was to investigate if the normal molecular configuration of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is compromised in patients with UC. The percentage of T cell-bearing beta-chain 4 (TCRBV4) was high in patients with UC, and T cells showed polyclonal expansion in the presence of bacterial superantigens (SA) such as streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z-2 (SMEZ-2), indicating that bacterial SA promote specific TCRBV family expansion. Further, in patients with UC, the duration of UC was significantly longer in patients with skewed TCRBV4 compared with patients without TCRBV4 skewing, suggesting that long-term exposure to bacterial SA such as SMEZ-2 might promote systemic immune disorders like the remission-relapsing cycles seen in patients with UC. In conclusion, our observations in this study support the perception that the systemic activation of T cells by enteric bacterial SA might lead to a dysregulated, but exuberant immune activity causing the remission and flare-up cycle of mucosal inflammation in patients with UC. Future studies should strengthen our findings and increase understanding on the aetiology of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shiobara
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Sagamihara Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Zhang Q, Bagrade L, Bernatoniene J, Clarke E, Paton JC, Mitchell TJ, Nunez DA, Finn A. Low CD4 T Cell Immunity to Pneumolysin Is Associated with Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Pneumococci in Children. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:1194-202. [PMID: 17357058 DOI: 10.1086/512617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in mice have suggested that T cell immunity may be protective against pneumococcal infection. METHODS CD4 T cell proliferative responses to the pneumococcal proteins pneumolysin (Ply), Ply toxoid (F433), and choline-binding protein A were investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and adenoidal mononuclear cells (MNCs) obtained from children undergoing adenoidectomy. RESULTS Ply and F433 induce significant proliferation of CD4 T cells in both PBMCs and adenoidal MNCs, and both memory and naive phenotypes of CD4 T cells proliferated after stimulation. In PBMCs, CD4 T cell proliferation induced by Ply and F433, which was associated with increased production of interferon (IFN)- gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha , was significantly lower in children who were culture positive for pneumococcus than in those who were culture negative for pneumococcus (P<.05). Between groups, no such difference was observed in adenoidal MNC CD4 T cell proliferation, which was associated with production of IFN- gamma and interleukin (IL)-10. The CD4 T cell proliferation induced by Ply and F433 was inhibited by antibodies to Toll-like receptor 4. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Ply induces CD4 T cell proliferative responses with production of IFN- gamma and TNF- alpha in PBMCs or of IFN- gamma and IL-10 in adenoidal MNCs, which may be important in modulating pneumococcal carriage in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibo Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
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Hounie AG, Pauls DL, do Rosario-Campos MC, Mercadante MT, Diniz JB, De Mathis MA, De Mathis ME, Chacon P, Shavitt RG, Curi M, Guilherme L, Miguel EC. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders and rheumatic fever: a family study. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:266-72. [PMID: 16616727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs) are more frequent in patients with active or prior rheumatic fever (RF), suggesting that OCSD and RF may share underlying etiologic mechanisms. Our objective was to estimate the frequency of OCSD in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of RF patients and controls to determine whether there is a familial relationship between OCSD and RF. METHODS This is a case-control family study. Of the 98 probands included in this study, 31 had RF without Sydenham's chorea (SC) and had 131 relatives, 28 had RF with SC and had 120 relatives, and 39 were controls without RF. All probands, 87.9% of the RF FDRs and 93.7% of the control FDRs were assessed directly with structured psychiatric interviews and best-estimate diagnoses were assigned. Odds ratios of morbid risks were estimated using logistic regression by the generalized estimating equations (GEE) method and compared between groups. RESULTS The rate of OCSDs was significantly higher among FDRs of RF probands than among FDRs of controls (n=37; 14.7% vs. n=10; 7.3%, i=.0279). A diagnosis of OCSDs in an RF proband was associated with a higher rate of OCSDs among FDRs when compared to control FDRs (p-GEE=.02). There was a trend for a higher rate of OCSDs among FDRs of RF probands presenting no OCSD, although the difference was not significant (p-GEE=.09). CONCLUSION The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a familial relationship exists between OCSD and RF, since an OCSD in the RF proband was found to increase the risk of OCSDs among FDRs. Additional neuroimmunological and genetic studies involving larger samples are needed to further elucidate this apparent familial relationship between RF and OCSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabriela Hounie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
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García-Suárez MDM, Flórez N, Astudillo A, Vázquez F, Villaverde R, Fabrizio K, Pirofski LA, Méndez FJ. The role of pneumolysin in mediating lung damage in a lethal pneumococcal pneumonia murine model. Respir Res 2007; 8:3. [PMID: 17257395 PMCID: PMC1790890 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intranasal inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 serotype 2 causes fatal pneumonia in mice. The cytotoxic and inflammatory properties of pneumolysin (PLY) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Methods To examine the role of PLY in this experimental model we performed ELISA assays for PLY quantification. The distribution patterns of PLY and apoptosis were established by immunohistochemical detection of PLY, caspase-9 activity and TUNEL assay on tissue sections from mice lungs at various times, and the results were quantified with image analysis. Inflammatory and apoptotic cells were also quantified on lung tissue sections from antibody treated mice. Results In bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL), total PLY was found at sublytic concentrations which were located in alveolar macrophages and leukocytes. The bronchoalveolar epithelium was PLY-positive, while the vascular endothelium was not PLY reactive. The pattern and extension of cellular apoptosis was similar. Anti-PLY antibody treatment decreased the lung damage and the number of apoptotic and inflammatory cells in lung tissues. Conclusion The data strongly suggest that in vivo lung injury could be due to the pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory activity of PLY, rather than its cytotoxic activity. PLY at sublytic concentrations induces lethal inflammation in lung tissues and is involved in host cell apoptosis, whose effects are important to pathogen survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar García-Suárez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Noelia Flórez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Fernando Vázquez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Roberto Villaverde
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Kevin Fabrizio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Francisco J Méndez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo; 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Huynen P, Melin P, Hayette MP, De Mol P. [Infectious serology: interpretation of the results and traps to avoid]. Rev Med Liege 2006; 61:827-33. [PMID: 17313119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In Medical Microbiology, in addition to the direct methods of indentification of infectious agentss, the serologic indirect techniques by quantification of antibodies have extremely useful in infectiology, for the diagnosis and the therapeutic or vaccination follow-up as well as for epidemiologic enquiries, serodiagnosis methods have significantly improved. Meanwhile, results may reveal hard to interpret, especially when are tries to specify the time of the beginning of an infection. The results require in the majority of the cases to be compared on two subsequent serum samples, to observe a possible increase in antibodies level. In addition, the infectious serology results may not be considered as the only element of final diagnosis. In all cases, they have to be interpreted and challenged against the clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Huynen
- Microbiologie Médicale, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège.
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Srivastava A, Casey H, Johnson N, Levy O, Malley R. Recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein rBPI21 protects against pneumococcal disease. Infect Immun 2006; 75:342-9. [PMID: 17101667 PMCID: PMC1828387 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01089-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI) protein has been shown to play an important role in innate immunity to gram-negative bacteria, by direct microbicidal as well as endotoxin-neutralizing action. Here we examined potential interactions between a recombinant 21-kDa bioactive fragment of BPI, rBPI21, and the gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. rBPI21 bound to pneumococci and pneumolysin (Ply) in a direct and specific fashion. We observed an enhanced inflammatory response in mouse macrophages when rBPI21 was combined with killed pneumococci or supernatant from overnight growth of pneumococci. In addition, rBPI21 augmented the proapoptotic activity of Ply+ (but not Ply-) pneumococci in TLR4-defective murine macrophages (known to be defective also in their apoptotic response to pneumolysin) in a tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent manner. rBPI21 also enhanced the association of pneumococci with murine macrophages. In a model of invasive pneumococcal disease in TLR4-defective mice, the intranasal administration of rBPI21 following intranasal inoculation of Ply+ pneumococci both enhanced upper respiratory tract cell apoptosis and prolonged survival. We have thus discovered a novel interaction between pneumococcus and rBPI21, a potent antimicrobial peptide previously considered to target only gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Srivastava
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Pavone P, Fogliani F, Robertson MM. Increased antistreptococcal antibody titers and anti-basal ganglia antibodies in patients with Tourette syndrome: controlled cross-sectional study. J Child Neurol 2006; 21:747-53. [PMID: 16970879 DOI: 10.1177/08830738060210091001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The association between Tourette syndrome, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder following streptococcal infections has been documented, but with conflicting reports. We thus felt it was important to investigate this association in a group of Italian patients not previously documented. We took blood on 69 patients with Tourette syndrome and 72 age- and sex-matched tic-free controls. Laboratory staff were blind to the diagnostic status of the subjects. Evidence of recent streptococcal infection was defined using antistreptolysin titers. Anti-basal ganglia antibodies were determined using human basal ganglia sections. Statistical analysis was conducted using analysis of variance and chi-square tests. Raised antistreptolysin titers were found in 41 of 69 (59%) patients with Tourette syndrome and 14 of 72 (19%) controls (P = .000). Positive anti-basal ganglia antibodies were found in 22 of 69 (32%) subjects with Tourette syndrome compared with 7 of 72 (10%) controls, which was also significant (P = .002). Raised antistreptolysin titers were detected in 18 of 22 (82%) patients with Tourette syndrome with positive anti-basal ganglia antibodies and 22 of 47 (47%) patients with negative anti-basal ganglia antibodies (P = .01). These results support the reported association between streptococcal infection and anti-basal ganglia antibodies and some patients with Tourette syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Rizzo
- Section of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Catrania University, Via S. Sofia 78, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Zhang Q, Bernatoniene J, Bagrade L, Paton JC, Mitchell TJ, Hammerschmidt S, Nunez DA, Finn A. Regulation of production of mucosal antibody to pneumococcal protein antigens by T-cell-derived gamma interferon and interleukin-10 in children. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4735-43. [PMID: 16861661 PMCID: PMC1539627 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00165-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are part of human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, which may play an important role in local defense against pneumococci. Recent studies with animals have suggested that several pneumococcal proteins, including CbpA and pneumolysin (Ply), may be vaccine candidates. Our recent data obtained with children suggest that antibodies to these proteins may protect against carriage. This study was performed to investigate the regulation of the T-cell-dependent antibody responses to CbpA and pneumolysin by cytokines in adenoidal immune cells from children. Adenoidal mononuclear cells (MNC) were cultured with pneumococcal concentrated culture supernatants (CCS) or recombinant proteins. Cytokine expression profiles in adenoidal MNC after antigen stimulation were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR, protein array analysis, and an immunoassay, along with an antibody production analysis. The roles, interactions, and cellular sources of the main cytokines identified were evaluated further. Pneumococcal CCS induced production of CbpA- and Ply-specific antibodies in association with several chemokines and cytokines, including gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in MNC. The antibody production correlated well with the concentrations of these two cytokines. Addition of recombinant IFN-gamma or IL-10 enhanced antibody production, and monoclonal antibodies to these two cytokines and T-cell depletion significantly reduced antibody production. Intracellular cytokine staining showed that T cells are a major source of IFN-gamma and IL-10. Recombinant Ply and, to a lesser extent, recombinant CbpA induced significant production of IFN-gamma and IL-10 in MNC. T-cell-derived IFN-gamma and IL-10 may be key regulators of production of mucosal antibody to pneumococcal protein antigens in the nasopharynx and may play an important role in local protection against pneumococcal infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Blyth CC, Robertson PW. Anti-streptococcal antibodies in the diagnosis of acute and post-streptococcal disease: streptokinase versus streptolysin O and deoxyribonuclease B. Pathology 2006; 38:152-6. [PMID: 16581656 DOI: 10.1080/00313020600557060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish population normal values and compare the diagnostic value of antibodies against streptokinase (ASK), streptolysin O (ASO) and deoxyribonuclease B (ADNaseB) singularly and in combinations in acute and post-streptococcal disease. METHODS A retrospective analysis of serological results was performed to define population norms. Subjects with acute culture-confirmed infection and post-streptococcal disease were assessed using population norms, as were matched controls. The sensitivity and specificity of each antibody assay and of combinations of the different assays were calculated. RESULTS Age specific population normal values were derived from 2,321 specimens. None of the three antibodies alone or in combination was a reliable marker of acute streptococcal infection. The sensitivity and specificity of a single antibody titre in post-streptococcal disease ranged from 70.5 to 72.7% and 86.4 to 93.2%, respectively. The combination of ASO and ADNaseB was the most sensitive and specific combination for identifying post-streptococcal disease (sensitivity 95.5%, specificity 88.6%). CONCLUSIONS In the diagnosis of acute and post-streptococcal disease, the addition of ASK does not increase the sensitivity or specificity of serological testing. A combination of ASO and ADNaseB is required in post-streptococcal disease to achieve maximum sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Blyth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia.
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Kirkham LAS, Jefferies JMC, Kerr AR, Jing Y, Clarke SC, Smith A, Mitchell TJ. Identification of invasive serotype 1 pneumococcal isolates that express nonhemolytic pneumolysin. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:151-9. [PMID: 16390963 PMCID: PMC1351962 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.1.151-159.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae throughout Europe. Serotype 1 IPD is associated with bacteremia and pneumonia in Europe and North America, especially in neonates, and is ranked among the top five most prevalent pneumococcal serotypes in at least 10 countries. The currently licensed pediatric pneumococcal vaccine does not afford protection to this serotype. Upon screening of 252 clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae, we discovered mutations in the pneumolysin gene of two out of the four serotype 1 strains present in the study group. Analysis of an additional 28 serotype 1 isolates from patients with IPD from various Scottish Health Boards, revealed that >50% had mutations in their pneumolysin genes. This resulted in the expression of nonhemolytic forms of pneumolysin. All of the strains producing nonhemolytic pneumolysin were sequence type 306 (ST306), whereas those producing "wild-type" pneumolysin were ST227. The mutations were in a region of pneumolysin involved in pore formation. These mutations can be made in vitro to give the nonhemolytic phenotype. Pneumolysin is generally conserved throughout all serotypes of S. pneumoniae and is essential for full invasive disease; however, it appears that serotype 1 ST306 does not require hemolytically active pneumolysin to cause IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland
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Ferreira DM, Arêas APM, Darrieux M, Leite LCC, Miyaji EN. DNA vaccines based on genetically detoxified derivatives of pneumolysin fail to protect mice against challenge withStreptococcus pneumoniae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 46:291-7. [PMID: 16487311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The 7-valent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine currently administered against Streptococcus pneumoniae has been shown to be highly effective in high risk-groups, but its use in developing countries will probably not be possible due to high costs. The use of conserved protein antigens using the genetic vaccination strategy is an interesting alternative for the development of a cost-effective vaccine. We have analyzed the potential of DNA vaccines expressing genetically detoxified derivatives of pneumolysin (pneumolysoids) against pneumococcal infections, and compared this with immunization using recombinant protein. The purified recombinant pneumolysoid with the highest residual cytolytic activity was able to confer partial protection against a lethal intraperitoneal challenge, with the induction of high antibody levels. Immunization with DNA vaccines expressing pneumolysoids, on the other hand, induced a significantly lower antibody response and no protection was observed.
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Kimoto H, Fujii Y, Hirano S, Yokota Y, Taketo A. Expression of Recombinant Streptolysin O and Specific Antibody Production. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 10:64-8. [PMID: 16491027 DOI: 10.1159/000090349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptolysin O (SLO), an oxygen-labile cytolysin, is the cholesterol-binding exotoxin of hemolytic streptococci. Besides microbiological and pathological interests, this cytolysin has been used as a tool for permeabilization of biomembranes. SLO serves as a diagnostic reagent for determination of anti-SLO antibody titer in streptococcal infection. Availability of highly purified SLO, however, has been limited by low yield in streptococcal culture and purification process. Present subcloning of mature-type full-length SLO gene into an expression vector having strictly controllable araBAD promoter enabled efficient production of the cytolysin. Further, anti-SLO antibody with high specificity was obtained by immunizing with purified SLO protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kimoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Fukui University, Matsuoka, Japan.
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Kirkham LAS, Kerr AR, Douce GR, Paterson GK, Dilts DA, Liu DF, Mitchell TJ. Construction and immunological characterization of a novel nontoxic protective pneumolysin mutant for use in future pneumococcal vaccines. Infect Immun 2006; 74:586-93. [PMID: 16369015 PMCID: PMC1346677 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.586-593.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin, the pore-forming toxin produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae, may have an application as an immunogenic carrier protein in future pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Most of the 90 S. pneumoniae serotypes identified produce pneumolysin; therefore, this protein may confer non-serotype-specific protection against pneumococcal infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. However, as pneumolysin is highly toxic, a nontoxic form of pneumolysin would be a more desirable starting point in terms of vaccine production. Previous pneumolysin mutants have reduced activity but retain residual toxicity. We have found a single amino acid deletion that blocks pore formation, resulting in a form of pneumolysin that is unable to form large oligomeric ring structures. This mutant is nontoxic at concentrations greater than 1,000 times that of the native toxin. We have demonstrated that this mutant is as immunogenic as native pneumolysin without the associated effects such as production of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant KC, damage to lung integrity, and hypothermia in mice. Vaccination with this mutant protects mice from challenge with S. pneumoniae. Incorporation of this mutant pneumolysin into current pneumococcal vaccines may increase their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
This chapter provides protocols to measure the reversible permeabilization of mast cells by streptolysin O (SLO) and to follow SLO-induced activation of mast cells by monitoring degranulation, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. A method that uses SLO to deliver molecules into the cytosol of living cells also is described. Furthermore, we outline a procedure to measure the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB by lipopolysaccharide and ionomycin using transfection of mast cells with reporter genes by electroporation. These protocols should be widely applicable in mast cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stassen
- Institute of Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
This study is designed to evaluate the immune status of schoolchildren with respect to Streptococcus pyogenes, and to ascertain the usefulness of antideoxyribonuclease B (ADNase B). Antistreptolysin O (ASO) and ADNase B concentrations were measured quantitatively in 266 serum samples from healthy elementary school children in Seoul. Simultaneously, throat cultures were taken in order to isolate S. pyogenes and other beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS). The upper limits of the normal (ULN) concentration of ASO and ADNase B were 326 IU/mL, and 362 IU/mL, respectively. The correlation between ADNase B (y) and ASO (x) was y = 0.4x+173 (r = 0.46). Mean ADNase B level (392 IU/mL) was significantly higher in children with S. pyogenes than in those with non-group A BHS (236 IU/mL) or no BHS (234 IU/ mL). Some schoolchildren were proven, via ASO and ADNase B tests, to be harboring asymptomatic S. pyogenes infections. The high ULN of ASO and ADNase B in schoolchildren should be carefully considered, in order to interpret the data collected from the patients. We could add the ADNase B test to our set of diagnostic tools, which would allow us to more accurately detect and diagnose streptococcal infections, as ADNase B was more specifically related to the results of throat cultures, and there was little correlation between ASO and ADNase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Nam Yong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Izumi T, Hyodo T, Kikuchi Y, Imakiire T, Ikenoue T, Suzuki S, Yoshizawa N, Miura S. An adult with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis complicated by hemolytic uremic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 46:e59-63. [PMID: 16183409 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 47-year-old man with the simultaneous occurrence of clinical and laboratory features consistent with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and nephrotic syndrome. Acute nephritic syndrome occurred 3 weeks after having pharyngeal pain and diarrhea. He presented with edema and hypertension on admission. Laboratory evaluation showed hemolytic anemia with fragmentation, thrombocytopenia, elevated lactic dehydrogenase level, low haptoglobin level, low complement C3 level, and elevated antistreptolysin-O titer. Serum creatinine level was 1.22 mg/dL (108 micromol/L), and urinalysis showed marked proteinuria, with protein of 8.7 g/d, and hematuria. The renal biopsy specimen was characteristic of APSGN, but not HUS. Moderate expansion of the mesangial matrix, moderate proliferation of epithelial and endothelial cells, and marked infiltration of neutrophils was seen by means of light microscopy, and many subepithelial humps were seen by means of electron microscopy. Neither fibrin deposition nor evidence of thrombotic microangiopathy was found. Complement C3 deposition along the capillary wall and tubules was seen in an immunofluorescence study. The patient was administered plasma infusion at 320 mL/d and antihypertensive drugs. Serum complement C3 and haptoglobin levels returned to normal within 3 weeks. This is a rare case of the simultaneous occurrence of APSGN, HUS, and nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Izumi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Holmlund E, Quiambao B, Ollgren J, Nohynek H, Käyhty H. Development of natural antibodies to pneumococcal surface protein A, pneumococcal surface adhesin A and pneumolysin in Filipino pregnant women and their infants in relation to pneumococcal carriage. Vaccine 2005; 24:57-65. [PMID: 16115703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For vaccine development it is important to know how antibodies develop after natural pneumococcal contacts. This work was done to receive information about the development of natural antibodies to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) and pneumolysin (Ply), in early infancy and to receive information on how nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants affects the antibody concentrations. The antibody concentrations to PspA, PsaA and Ply were measured by EIA in serum samples of 51 pregnant women, in six consecutive serum samples of 173 infants (samples from 7 to 48 weeks of age), as well as in 39 cord bloods. Nasopharyngeal swabs were also collected from the infants and cultured for pneumococci. The geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-PspA and -Ply decreased until 18 weeks of age and started to increase thereafter, but was still at 48 weeks lower than in the mothers. The GMC of anti-PsaA in the infants increased significantly by age and reached the GMC of the mothers already at 14 weeks of age. The increase in antibody concentration in the infants was associated with pneumococcal carriage, but followed the different kinetics depending on the antigen. High maternal anti-Ply antibodies were negatively associated with the risk of pneumococcal carriage (OR 0.78, 0.61-0.99). This indicates that high maternal anti-Ply could be associated with lower pneumococcal carriage acquisition in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Holmlund
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
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