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Reynolds SR, Zhang Z, Salas LA, Christensen BC. Tumor microenvironment deconvolution identifies cell-type-independent aberrant DNA methylation and gene expression in prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:5. [PMID: 38173042 PMCID: PMC10765773 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among men, prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Etiologic factors associated with both prostate carcinogenesis and somatic alterations in tumors are incompletely understood. While genetic variants associated with PCa have been identified, epigenetic alterations in PCa are relatively understudied. To date, DNA methylation (DNAm) and gene expression (GE) in PCa have been investigated; however, these studies did not correct for cell-type proportions of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which could confound results. METHODS The data (GSE183040) consisted of DNAm and GE data from both tumor and adjacent non-tumor prostate tissue of 56 patients who underwent radical prostatectomies prior to any treatment. This study builds upon previous studies that examined methylation patterns and GE in PCa patients by using a novel tumor deconvolution approach to identify and correct for cell-type proportions of the TME in its epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) and differential expression analysis (DEA). RESULTS The inclusion of cell-type proportions in EWASs and DEAs reduced the scope of significant alterations associated with PCa. We identified 2,093 significantly differentially methylated CpGs (DMC), and 51 genes associated with PCa, including PCA3, SPINK1, and AMACR. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates the importance of correcting for cell types of the TME when performing EWASs and DEAs on PCa samples, and establishes a more confounding-adverse methodology. We identified a more tumor-cell-specific set of altered genes and epigenetic marks that can be further investigated as potential biomarkers of disease or potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Lucas A Salas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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2
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Man KF, Zhou L, Yu H, Lam KH, Cheng W, Yu J, Lee TK, Yun JP, Guan XY, Liu M, Ma S. SPINK1-induced tumor plasticity provides a therapeutic window for chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7863. [PMID: 38030644 PMCID: PMC10687140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor lineage plasticity, considered a hallmark of cancer, denotes the phenomenon in which tumor cells co-opt developmental pathways to attain cellular plasticity, enabling them to evade targeted therapeutic interventions. However, the underlying molecular events remain largely elusive. Our recent study identified CD133/Prom1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors to mark proliferative tumor-propagating cells with cancer stem cell-like properties, that follow a dedifferentiation trajectory towards a more embryonic state. Here we show SPINK1 to strongly associate with CD133 + HCC, and tumor dedifferentiation. Enhanced transcriptional activity of SPINK1 is mediated by promoter binding of ELF3, which like CD133, is found to increase following 5-FU and cisplatin treatment; while targeted depletion of CD133 will reduce both ELF3 and SPINK1. Functionally, SPINK1 overexpression promotes tumor initiation, self-renewal, and chemoresistance by driving a deregulated EGFR-ERK-CDK4/6-E2F2 signaling axis to induce dedifferentiation of HCC cells into their ancestral lineages. Depleting SPINK1 function by neutralizing antibody treatment or in vivo lentivirus-mediated Spink1 knockdown dampens HCC cancer growth and their ability to resist chemotherapy. Targeting oncofetal SPINK1 may represent a promising therapeutic option for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Fong Man
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huajian Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Hei Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence K Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Jia J, Ga L, Liu Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Guo X, Ma R, Liu R, Li T, Tang Z, Wang J. Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal Type 1, A Potential Biomarker for the Early Detection, Targeting, and Prediction of Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923031. [PMID: 35924241 PMCID: PMC9341429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to characterize serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) as a gene signature for the early diagnosis, molecular targeting, and prediction of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) treatment response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The transcriptomics, proteomics, and phenotypic analyses were performed separately or in combination. Results We obtained the following findings on SPINK1. Firstly, in the transcriptomic training dataset, which included 279 stage I and II tumor samples (out of 1,884 stage I–IV HCC specimens) and 259 normal samples, significantly higher area under curve (AUC) values and increased integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were demonstrated for HCC discrimination in SPINK1-associated models compared with those of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The calibration of both SPINK1-related curves fitted significantly better than that of AFP. In the two independent transcriptomic validation datasets, which included 201, 103 stage I-II tumor and 192, 169 paired non-tumor specimens, respectively, the obtained results were consistent with the above-described findings. In the proteomic training dataset, which included 98 stage I and II tumor and 165 normal tissue samples, the analyses also revealed better AUCs and increased IDI and NRI in the aforementioned SPINK1-associated settings. A moderate calibration was shown for both SPINK1-associated models relative to the poor results of AFP. Secondly, in the in vitro and/or in vivo murine models, the wet-lab experiments demonstrated that SPINK1 promoted the proliferation, clonal formation, migration, chemoresistance, anti-apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis of HCC cells, while the anti-SPINK1 antibody inhibited the growth of the cells, suggesting that SPINK1 has “tumor marker” and “targetable” characteristics in the management of HCC. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that SPINK1 was engaged in immunity-related pathways, including T-cell activation. Thirdly, in the transcriptomic analyses of the 368 HCC specimens from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort, the high abundance of SPINK1 was positively correlated with the high levels of activated tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and dendritic and natural killer cells, while there were also positive correlations between SPINK1 and immune checkpoints, including PD-1, LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, HAVCR2, and CTLA-4. The ESTIMATE algorithm calculated positive correlations between SPINK1 and the immune and ESTIMATE scores, suggesting a close correlation between SPINK1 and the immunogenic microenvironment within HCC tissues, which may possibly help in predicting the response of patients to ICB therapy. Conclusions SPINK1 could be a potential biomarker for the early detection, targeted therapy, and prediction of ICB treatment response in the management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Latai Ga
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuanze Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruichen Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruonan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tianyou Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zeyao Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zeyao Tang, ; Jun Wang,
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zeyao Tang, ; Jun Wang,
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4
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Nigam S, Ranjan R, Sinha N, Ateeq B. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals dysregulation of monounsaturated fatty acid metabolism upon SPINK1 attenuation in colorectal cancer. NMR Biomed 2022; 35:e4705. [PMID: 35102613 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming, a key hallmark of cancer, plays a pivotal role in fulfilling the accelerated biological demands of tumor cells. Such metabolic changes trigger the production of several proinflammatory factors, thereby inciting cancer development and its progression. Serine protease inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1), well known for its oncogenic role and its upregulation via acute-phase reactions, is highly expressed in multiple cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we show accumulation of lipid droplets in CRC cells stained with Oil Red O upon SPINK1 silencing. Furthermore, NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed an accretion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and phosphatidylcholine in these CRC cells, while the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids remained unaltered. This alteration indicates the presence of MUFAs with the triglycerides in the lipid droplets as observed in SPINK1-silenced CRC cells. Considering the role of MUFAs in the anti-inflammatory response, our data hint that suppression of SPINK1 in CRC leads to activation of an anti-inflammatory signaling milieu. Conclusively, our study uncovers a connection between lipid metabolism and SPINK1-mediated CRC progression, hence paving the way for further exploration and better prognosis of SPINK1-positive CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivansh Nigam
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Renuka Ranjan
- Department of Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging, Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Neeraj Sinha
- Department of Advanced Spectroscopy and Imaging, Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
- The Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
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5
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Rayner RE, Makena P, Liu G, Prasad GL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Differential gene expression of 3D primary human airway cultures exposed to cigarette smoke and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) preparations. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:76. [PMID: 35369880 PMCID: PMC8978419 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exposure to cigarette smoke alters gene expression in several biological pathways such as apoptosis, immune response, tumorigenesis and stress response, among others. However, the effects of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) on early changes in gene expression is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the early toxicogenomic changes using a fully-differentiated primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) culture model after an acute exposure to cigarette and ENDS preparations. RESULTS RNA sequencing and pathway enrichment analysis identified time and dose dependent changes in gene expression and several canonical pathways when exposed to cigarette preparations compared to vehicle control, including oxidative stress, xenobiotic metabolism, SPINK1 general cancer pathways and mucociliary clearance. No changes were observed with ENDS preparations containing up to 28 µg/mL nicotine. Full model hierarchical clustering revealed that ENDS preparations were similar to vehicle control. CONCLUSION This study revealed that while an acute exposure to cigarette preparations significantly and differentially regulated many genes and canonical pathways, ENDS preparations containing the same concentration of nicotine had very little effect on gene expression in fully-differentiated primary NHBE cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Gang Liu
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - G L Prasad
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Prasad Scientific Consulting LLC, Lewisville, NC, USA
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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6
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Suwa T, Kobayashi M, Shirai Y, Nam JM, Tabuchi Y, Takeda N, Akamatsu S, Ogawa O, Mizowaki T, Hammond EM, Harada H. SPINK1 as a plasma marker for tumor hypoxia and a therapeutic target for radiosensitization. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e148135. [PMID: 34747365 PMCID: PMC8663551 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is associated with tumor radioresistance; therefore, a predictive marker for tumor hypoxia and a rational target to overcome it have been sought to realize personalized radiotherapy. Here, we show that serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) meets these 2 criteria. SPINK1 expression was induced upon hypoxia (O2 < 0.1%) at the transcription initiation level in a HIF-dependent manner, causing an increase in secreted SPINK1 levels. SPINK1 proteins were detected both within and around hypoxic regions of xenografted and clinical tumor tissues, and their plasma levels increased in response to decreased oxygen supply to xenografts. Secreted SPINK1 proteins enhanced radioresistance of cancer cells even under normoxic conditions in EGFR-dependent and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-dependent (Nrf2-dependent) manners and accelerated tumor growth after radiotherapy. An anti-SPINK1 neutralizing antibody exhibited a radiosensitizing effect. These results suggest that SPINK1 secreted from hypoxic cells protects the surrounding and relatively oxygenated cancer cells from radiation in a paracrine manner, justifying the use of SPINK1 as a target for radiosensitization and a plasma marker for predicting tumor hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Suwa
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukari Shirai
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jin-Min Nam
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Division of Cardiology and Metabolism, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shusuke Akamatsu
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizowaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ester M. Hammond
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) is a secreted protein known as a protease inhibitor of trypsin in the pancreas. However, emerging evidence shows its function in promoting cancer progression in various types of cancer. SPINK1 modulated tumor malignancies and induced the activation of the downstream signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancer cells, due to the structural similarity with epidermal growth factor (EGF). The discoverable SPINK1 somatic mutations, expressional signatures, and prognostic significances in various types of cancer have attracted attention as a cancer biomarker in clinical applications. Emerging findings further clarify the direct and indirect biological effects of SPINK1 in regulating cancer proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, transdifferentiation, and cancer stemness, warranting the exploration of the SPINK1-mediated molecular mechanism to identify a therapeutic strategy. In this review article, we first integrate the transcriptomic data of different types of cancer with clinical information and recent findings of SPINK1-mediated malignant phenotypes. In addition, a comprehensive summary of SPINK1 expression in a pan-cancer panel and individual cell types of specific organs at the single-cell level is presented to indicate the potential sites of tumorigenesis, which has not yet been reported. This review aims to shed light on the roles of SPINK1 in cancer and provide guidance and potential directions for scientists in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chieh Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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8
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Tiwari R, Manzar N, Bhatia V, Yadav A, Nengroo MA, Datta D, Carskadon S, Gupta N, Sigouros M, Khani F, Poutanen M, Zoubeidi A, Beltran H, Palanisamy N, Ateeq B. Androgen deprivation upregulates SPINK1 expression and potentiates cellular plasticity in prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:384. [PMID: 31959826 PMCID: PMC6971084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of an aggressive androgen receptor (AR)-independent neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) after androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is well-known. Nevertheless, the majority of advanced-stage prostate cancer patients, including those with SPINK1-positive subtype, are treated with AR-antagonists. Here, we show AR and its corepressor, REST, function as transcriptional-repressors of SPINK1, and AR-antagonists alleviate this repression leading to SPINK1 upregulation. Increased SOX2 expression during NE-transdifferentiation transactivates SPINK1, a critical-player for maintenance of NE-phenotype. SPINK1 elicits epithelial-mesenchymal-transition, stemness and cellular-plasticity. Conversely, pharmacological Casein Kinase-1 inhibition stabilizes REST, which in cooperation with AR causes SPINK1 transcriptional-repression and impedes SPINK1-mediated oncogenesis. Elevated levels of SPINK1 and NEPC markers are observed in the tumors of AR-antagonists treated mice, and in a subset of NEPC patients, implicating a plausible role of SPINK1 in treatment-related NEPC. Collectively, our findings provide an explanation for the paradoxical clinical-outcomes after ADT, possibly due to SPINK1 upregulation, and offers a strategy for adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Tiwari
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Nishat Manzar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Vipul Bhatia
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Anjali Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Mushtaq A Nengroo
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Shannon Carskadon
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Nilesh Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Michael Sigouros
- Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India.
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9
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Chen F, Long Q, Fu D, Zhu D, Ji Y, Han L, Zhang B, Xu Q, Liu B, Li Y, Wu S, Yang C, Qian M, Xu J, Liu S, Cao L, Chin YE, Lam EWF, Coppé JP, Sun Y. Targeting SPINK1 in the damaged tumour microenvironment alleviates therapeutic resistance. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4315. [PMID: 30333494 PMCID: PMC6193001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiation not only trigger cancer cell apoptosis but also damage stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment (TME), inducing a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) characterized by chronic secretion of diverse soluble factors. Here we report serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1), a SASP factor produced in human stromal cells after genotoxic treatment. DNA damage causes SPINK1 expression by engaging NF-κB and C/EBP, while paracrine SPINK1 promotes cancer cell aggressiveness particularly chemoresistance. Strikingly, SPINK1 reprograms the expression profile of cancer cells, causing prominent epithelial-endothelial transition (EET), a phenotypic switch mediated by EGFR signaling but hitherto rarely reported for a SASP factor. In vivo, SPINK1 is expressed in the stroma of solid tumours and is routinely detectable in peripheral blood of cancer patients after chemotherapy. Our study substantiates SPINK1 as both a targetable SASP factor and a novel noninvasive biomarker of therapeutically damaged TME for disease control and clinical surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qilai Long
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Da Fu
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Dexiang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liu Han
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Boyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qixia Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Cancer Institutes, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Min Qian
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Suling Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Cancer Institutes, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University Medical College, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jean-Philippe Coppé
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumour, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Department of Medicine, VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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10
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Nissi R, Talvensaari-Mattila A, Kuvaja P, Pääkkö P, Soini Y, Santala M. Claudin-5 is associated with elevated TATI and CA125 levels in mucinous ovarian borderline tumors. Anticancer Res 2015; 35:973-976. [PMID: 25667483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Claudin proteins represent a large family of integral membrane proteins crucial for tight junction (TJ) formation and function and are abnormally regulated in several human cancers. The aim of the present study was to study the expression levels of claudin-5 in pre-malignant disease as borderline mucinous ovarian tumors. Previous reports have suggested that claudin-5 over-expression correlates with aggressive behaviour in serous ovarian adenocarcinoma, breast cancer and in pancreatic andenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated the expression of claudin-5 in mucinous ovarian borderline tumors and its correlation with clinico-pathological parameters and the expression of serum markers cancer antigen (CA) 125 and tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI). RESULTS A total of 29 mucinous borderline tumor tissue samples were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining for claudin-5. An association between strong claudin-5 expression and higher serum levels of TATI (p=0.04) and CA125 (p=0.008) were found. There was also an association between claudin-5 expression and the presence of ascites (p=0.02). CONCLUSION Changes in claudin-5 expression may play a role in malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Nissi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Paula Kuvaja
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Department of Pathology, Institute of Diagnostics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paavo Pääkkö
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Diagnostics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ylermi Soini
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Santala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Shenoy RT, Thangamani S, Velazquez-Campoy A, Ho B, Ding JL, Sivaraman J. Structural basis for dual-inhibition mechanism of a non-classical Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor from horseshoe crab in complex with subtilisin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18838. [PMID: 21541315 PMCID: PMC3082530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases play a crucial role in host-pathogen interactions. In the innate immune system of invertebrates, multi-domain protease inhibitors are important for the regulation of host-pathogen interactions and antimicrobial activities. Serine protease inhibitors, 9.3-kDa CrSPI isoforms 1 and 2, have been identified from the hepatopancreas of the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. The CrSPIs were biochemically active, especially CrSPI-1, which potently inhibited subtilisin (Ki = 1.43 nM). CrSPI has been grouped with the non-classical Kazal-type inhibitors due to its unusual cysteine distribution. Here we report the crystal structure of CrSPI-1 in complex with subtilisin at 2.6 Å resolution and the results of biophysical interaction studies. The CrSPI-1 molecule has two domains arranged in an extended conformation. These two domains act as heads that independently interact with two separate subtilisin molecules, resulting in the inhibition of subtilisin activity at a ratio of 1:2 (inhibitor to protease). Each subtilisin molecule interacts with the reactive site loop from each domain of CrSPI-1 through a standard canonical binding mode and forms a single ternary complex. In addition, we propose the substrate preferences of each domain of CrSPI-1. Domain 2 is specific towards the bacterial protease subtilisin, while domain 1 is likely to interact with the host protease, Furin. Elucidation of the structure of the CrSPI-1: subtilisin (1∶2) ternary complex increases our understanding of host-pathogen interactions in the innate immune system at the molecular level and provides new strategies for immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh T. Shenoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saravanan Thangamani
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adrian Velazquez-Campoy
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundacion ARAID, Diputacion General de Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Bow Ho
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (JS); (JLD)
| | - J. Sivaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (JS); (JLD)
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12
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Lee YC, Pan HW, Peng SY, Lai PL, Kuo WS, Ou YH, Hsu HC. Overexpression of tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) enhances tumour growth and is associated with portal vein invasion, early recurrence and a stage-independent prognostic factor of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:736-44. [PMID: 17267202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) overexpresses in various tumours, but its clinicopathological significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. Differential display analysis revealed expression of TATI in HCC. By RT-PCR in the linear range, TATI was found to be overexpressed in 176 of 258 unifocal primary HCCs (68%). TATI overexpression correlated with high-stage HCC (stage IIIB to IV) with portal vein (PV) invasion (p=0.00014), early tumour recurrence (ETR; p=0.00002), and a lower 5-year survival (p=0.000001), in both low- and high-stage HCC (p=0.033 and p=0.00036, respectively). Ectopic expression of TATI led to enhanced anchorage-independent tumour cell growth in vitro. To determine its potential as a part of a group of combined diagnostic markers, we analysed 235 HCCs for three genes encoding secretory proteins known to be overexpressed in HCC; these were TATI, AFP and osteopontin; 202 of the tumours (86%) overexpressed one or more of these genes. Further, HCC with a greater number of gene overexpressions produced bigger tumours (p=0.0024), had a higher rate of PV invasion (p= 1x10(-8)), had a higher ETR (p=1x10(-8)), and showed a lower 5-year survival (p=0.000001). We conclude that TATI overexpression contributes to cell growth advantage, enhances the metastatic potential of tumours and leads to advanced HCC with PV invasion. Thus, it is a stage-independent prognostic factor for HCC and a useful predictor for ETR. Moreover, it should be possible to use TATI, AFP and osteopontin as combined markers for molecular staging, the detection of HCC and for the prediction of ETR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Lee
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Qasim MA, Van Etten RL, Yeh T, Saunders C, Ganz PJ, Qasim S, Wang L, Laskowski M. Despite having a common P1 Leu, eglin C inhibits alpha-lytic proteinase a million-fold more strongly than does turkey ovomucoid third domain. Biochemistry 2006; 45:11342-8. [PMID: 16981694 DOI: 10.1021/bi060445l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Results of the inhibition of alpha-lytic proteinase by two standard mechanism serine proteinase inhibitors, turkey ovomucoid third domain (OMTKY3) and eglin C, and many of their variants are presented. Despite similarities, including an identical P1 residue (Leu) in their primary contact regions, OMTKY3 and eglin C have vastly different association equilibrium constants toward alpha-lytic proteinase, with Ka values of 1.8 x 10(3) and 1.2 x 10(9) M(-1), respectively. Although 12 of the 13 serine proteinases tested in our laboratory for inhibition by OMTKY3 and eglin C are more strongly inhibited by the latter, the million-fold difference observed here with alpha-lytic proteinase is the largest we have seen. The million-fold stronger inhibition by eglin C is retained when the Ka values of the P1 Gly, Ala, Ser, and Ile variants of OMTKY3 and eglin C are compared. Despite the small size of the S1 pocket in alpha-lytic proteinase, interscaffolding additivity for OMTKY3 and eglin C holds well for the four P1 residues tested here. To better understand this difference, we measured Ka values for other OMTKY3 variants, including some that had residues elsewhere in their contact region that corresponded to those of eglin C. Assuming intrascaffolding additivity and using the Ka values obtained for OMTKY3 variants, we designed an OMTKY3-based inhibitor of alpha-lytic proteinase that was predicted to inhibit 10,000-fold more strongly than wild-type OMTKY3. This variant (K13A/P14E/L18A/R21T/N36D OMTKY3) was prepared, and its Ka value was measured against alpha-lytic proteinase. The measured Ka value was in excellent agreement with the predicted one (1.1 x 10(7) and 2.0 x 10(7) M(-1), respectively). Computational protein docking results are consistent with the view that the backbone conformation of eglin C is not significantly altered in the complex with alpha-lytic proteinase. They also show that the strong binding for eglin C correlates well with more favorable atomic contact energy and desolvation energy contributions as compared to OMTKY3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Qasim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA.
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15
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Wittel UA, Singh AP, Henley BJ, Andrianifahanana M, Akhter MP, Cullen DM, Batra SK. Cigarette smoke-induced differential expression of the genes involved in exocrine function of the rat pancreas. Pancreas 2006; 33:364-70. [PMID: 17079941 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000240601.80570.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the molecular and biological aspects of the epidemiological association between smoking and pancreatic pathology, such as chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Recently, we reported that tobacco smoke exposure induced morphological alterations in the rat pancreas. Here, we have investigated the alterations in the expression of genes associated with exocrine pancreatic function and cellular differentiation upon exposure to cigarette smoke. METHODS Female rats were exposed to environmental smoke inhalation for 2 d/wk (70 min/d) for 12 weeks. The expression profiles of trypsinogen, pancreas-specific trypsin inhibitor, cholecystokinin A receptor, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), carbonic anhydrase, and Muc1 and Muc4 mucins transcripts were analyzed by RNA slot blot analysis. Muc4 expression was also examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our data revealed that the ratio of trypsinogen to that of the protective pancreas-specific trypsin inhibitor was elevated upon cigarette smoke exposure. The expression of carbonic anhydrase and CFTR remained unaltered when inflammatory signs were not detected in histological examinations. On the other hand, when pancreatic inflammation was present, the levels of CFTR and carbonic anhydrase were increased, indicating ductal and/or centroacinar cell involvement. No changes in the expression of Muc1 and Muc4 mucins were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that cigarette smoke exposure leads to an increased vulnerability to pancreatic self-digestion. Moreover, the concomitant involvement of pancreatic ducts occurs only when focal pancreatic inflammation is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe A Wittel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-5870, USA
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16
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Abstract
Trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 are expressed, usually together, at high levels by the pancreas but also by many other normal and malignant tissues. The present review describes studies on the expression and putative functions of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in the human body. The clinical aspects are discussed, including the correlations between expression of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in tissues, serum, and urine of patients with pancreatitis or cancer and clinicopathological characteristics, i.e., the roles of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in spontaneous and hereditary pancreatitis, tumor progression, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Paju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy (FCPP) is a secondary form of diabetes mellitus (DM) with obscure etiology. Recently various gene mutations have been reported in patients with FCPP from the Indian subcontinent. Initially termed tropical pancreatic diabetes, FCPP is uncommon and is characterized by pancreatic calcifications. The diagnosis is made in the third decade of life in most patients with the onset of abdominal pain and DM. We report a female child with DM diagnosed at the age of 3 years who had been managed with insulin but was ketosis resistant. The diagnosis of FCPP was made 3 years later. There were no mutations at N34S and P55S in the SPINK1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Iftikhar Bashir
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Kashmir
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Tonouchi A, Ohtsuka M, Ito H, Kimura F, Shimizu H, Kato M, Nimura Y, Iwase K, Hiwasa T, Seki N, Takiguchi M, Miyazaki M. Relationship between pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor and early recurrence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma following surgical resection. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:1601-10. [PMID: 16863567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The extremely unfavorable prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), even after surgical resection, is mainly attributed to a high rate of recurrence. The aim of this study was to identify the molecules associated with early recurrence of ICC following resection. METHODS Between December 1984 and July 2003, 46 patients with ICC underwent surgical resection. The clinical outcome of these patients was evaluated in view of the time of recurrence. Consequently, we categorized ICC patients into subgroups, based on the clinical results, and screened differentially expressed genes by DNA microarray analysis. Furthermore, the obtained results were validated in an independent sample set by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the expressed genes at the protein level. RESULTS The survival of patients with early recurrence, occurring within a year after surgical resection, was significantly poor after surgery and even after recurrence, as compared to that of patients whose recurrence occurred beyond a year after surgery. By the DNA microarray analysis, 13 differentially expressed genes were picked up, and quantitative RT-PCR reaction identified the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) as a candidate gene associated with early recurrence of ICC after resection. This observation was confirmed through examination of an independent set of samples, in which the patients with higher levels of PSTI mRNA expression had significantly shorter recurrence-free survival. Immunohistochemically, PSTI was expressed in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS PSTI might be a potential marker for identifying ICC patients with an increased risk of early recurrence after surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tonouchi
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
More than twenty years ago Rinderknecht et al. identified a minor trypsin isoform resistant to natural trypsin inhibitors in the human pancreatic juice. At the same time, Estell and Laskowski found that an inhibitor-resistant trypsin from the pyloric caeca of the starfish, Dermasterias imbricata rapidly hydrolyzed the reactive-site peptide bonds of trypsin inhibitors. A connection between these two seminal discoveries was made recently, when human mesotrypsin was shown to cleave the reactive-site peptide bond of the Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitor, and degrade the Kazal-type pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. These observations indicate that proteases specialized for the degradation of protease inhibitors are ubiquitous in metazoa, and prompt new investigations into their biological significance. Here we review the history and properties of human mesotrypsin, and discuss its function in the digestive degradation of dietary trypsin inhibitors and possible pathophysiological role in pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine 715 Albany Street, Evans-4; Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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20
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Ohmuraya M, Hirota M, Araki M, Mizushima N, Matsui M, Mizumoto T, Haruna K, Kume S, Takeya M, Ogawa M, Araki K, Yamamura KI. Autophagic cell death of pancreatic acinar cells in serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 3-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:696-705. [PMID: 16083722 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastro.2005.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1), which is structurally similar to epidermal growth factor, is thought to inhibit trypsin activity and to prevent pancreatitis. Point mutations in the SPINK1 gene seem to predispose humans to pancreatitis; however, the clinical significance of SPINK1 mutations remains controversial. This study aimed to elucidate the role of SPINK1. METHODS We generated Spink3-deficient (Spink3(-/-)) mice by gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells. Embryonic and neonatal pancreases were analyzed morphologically and molecularly. Specific probes were used to show the typical autophagy that occurs during acinar cell death. RESULTS In Spink3(-/-) mice, the pancreas developed normally up to 15.5 days after coitus. However, autophagic degeneration of acinar cells, but not ductal or islet cells, started from day 16.5 after coitus. Rapid onset of cell death occurred in the pancreas and duodenum within a few days after birth and resulted in death by 14.5 days after birth. There was limited inflammatory cell infiltration and no sign of apoptosis. At 7.5 days after birth, residual ductlike cells in the tubular complexes strongly expressed pancreatic duodenal homeodomain-containing protein 1, a marker of pancreatic stem cells, without any sign of acinar cell regeneration. CONCLUSIONS The progressive disappearance of acinar cells in Spink3(-/-) mice was due to autophagic cell death and impaired regeneration. Thus, Spink3 has essential roles in the maintenance of integrity and regeneration of acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ohmuraya
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Japan
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Li ZF, Wu XH, Engvall E. Identification and characterization of CPAMD8, a novel member of the complement 3/alpha2-macroglobulin family with a C-terminal Kazal domain. Genomics 2005; 83:1083-93. [PMID: 15177561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have identified and characterized a novel member of the complement 3/alpha(2)-macroglobulin (C3/alpha(2)M) family named CPAMD8 (complement 3 and pregnancy zone protein-like, alpha2-macroglobulin domain-containing 8). The gene maps to chromosome 19p13.2-p13.3 and spans approximately 130 kb. The gene partially overlaps with the protease-activated receptor-4 (PAR4) gene in the reverse orientation. The cDNA consists of 40 exons ( approximately 6 kb) and encodes a protein of 1885 amino acids. Similar to other proteins in this family, CPAMD8 contains a signal sequence, an RXXR processing site, and a thioester motif. In addition, CPAMD8 has a Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor/follistatin-like domain at the C-terminus. The intact CPAMD8 protein generated by in vitro transcription and translation resolved as a single band of about 200 kDa on SDS-PAGE. RT-PCR and immunoblot assays showed that CPAMD8 is expressed in a number of human tissues, most abundantly in the kidney, brain, and testis and at lower levels in heart, liver, and small intestine. CPAMD8 is also expressed in several types of cells in culture, in which it is proteolytically processed into two chains of about 70 and 130 kDa. The Kazal domain of CPAMD8 binds to heparin, and subcellular fractionation shows that CPAMD8 is membrane associated via ionic interaction. In response to immune stimulants, CPAMD8 expression is markedly up-regulated in cells in culture. Thus, CPAMD8 may, like other members of the C3/alpha(2)M family, function in innate immunity but in a localized manner.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Complement C3/chemistry
- Complement C3/classification
- Complement C3/genetics
- Complement C3/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Exons/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Sorting Signals/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic/chemistry
- Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic/genetics
- Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- alpha-Macroglobulins/chemistry
- alpha-Macroglobulins/classification
- alpha-Macroglobulins/genetics
- alpha-Macroglobulins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fang Li
- The Burnham Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
In summary, SPINK1 is thought to play an important role in protecting the pancreas against excessive trypsinogen activation. SPINK1 mutations are associated with the development of acute and chronic pancreatitis and have been detected in all forms of chronic pancreatitis. The strong association of mutations in the PRSS1 gene and in the SPINK1 gene with chronic pancreatitis supports the concept of intracellular trypsin activation as an initiating and extremely important step in the development of pancreatitis. The N34S mutation represents the most frequently observed pancreatitis-associated SPINK1 variant. Because the SPINK1 N34S mutation is very common in the general population, it is unlikely that this mutation alone can initiate the development of chronic pancreatitis. Thus, it rather appears that in most patients with SPINK1-associated chronic pancreatitis, this genetic variant acts as disease modifier or within a polygenic model with other yet unidentified genes or environmental cofactors. The possible interaction of mutations in the SPINK1 gene with other pancreatitis-associated susceptibility genes has to be investigated in future research efforts. The most promising candidate gene for such an interaction is the CFTR gene, because genetic alterations within the CFTR gene are also common in the general population and already have been associated with chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schneider
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), University Hospital of Heidelberg at Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 D-68135, Mannheim, Germany.
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Abstract
This article summarized several observations on the role of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in the pancreas. Although it long has been suspected that endogenous pancreatic trypsin inhibitors protect against inadvertent activation of trypsinogen, this hypothesis has gained strength from recent biochemical investigations and genetic studies of populations suffering from chronic pancreatitis. There is now considerable evidence from clinical disease associations and burgeoning experimental models that some forms of pancreatitis may be the result of an imbalance between active pancreatic proteases and their inhibitors within the pancreas. Future studies should clarify the precise molecular interactions between enzymes and inhibitors and how these may be manipulated to prevent or treat pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger A Liddle
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Schneider A, Barmada MM, Slivka A, Martin JA, Whitcomb DC. Clinical characterization of patients with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis and SPINK1 Mutations. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39:903-4. [PMID: 15513391 DOI: 10.1080/00365520410006710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Schneider
- Department of Medicine, VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15101, USA
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Tramonti G, Ferdeghini M, Annichiarico C, Donadio C, Norpoth M, Mantuano E, Bianchi C. Assessment of tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) as a marker of renal function. J Nephrol 2003; 16:663-72. [PMID: 14733412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low molecular weight (LMW) proteins have been proposed for renal function assessment. This study aimed to ascertain the usefulness of tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), a LMW protein (6.200 d), as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) marker. The results were compared with those of beta2-microglobulin and of creatinine (Cr). METHODS Renal handling of TATI labelled with 125I was first studied in rats. Then, in 198 patients, serum TATI levels and GFR (99mTc-DTPA clearance, bladder cumulative method) were determined. To evaluate urine excretion, the fractional TATI clearance was determined in 63 patients. RESULTS In rats, total body scan showed a large amount of radioactivity in the kidneys, but not in other organs. The duration of radioactivity demonstrated a peak-time of 11 min. In human beings, the relationship between TATI and GFR was similar to that of beta2-microglobulin and Cr. The increase in TATI with declining renal function was statistically significant, vs. patients with GFR > 100 mL/min, already in the group with GFR 80-100 mL/min (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-Dunn test). The beta2-microglobulin increase was significant in the group with GFR 60-80 mL/min and of Cr in the group with GFR 40-60 mL/min. In patients with renal failure (GFR < 20 mL/min) TATI increased, vs. patients with GFR > 100 mL/min, 13x, beta2-microglobulin 8x and Cr 5x. Urinary excretion of TATI, expressed as fractional clearance, was very low increasing when GFR fell < 40 mL/min. CONCLUSIONS The kidney plays an important role in the handling of TATI. When GFR fell, the increase in blood levels of TATI was sooner and higher than that of beta2-microglobulin and CR. Consequently, TATI can be added to the group of renal function markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Tramonti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Cederqvist K, Haglund C, Heikkilä P, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, Stenman UH, Andersson S. Pulmonary trypsin-2 in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2003; 112:570-7. [PMID: 12949286 DOI: 10.1542/peds.112.3.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the preterm infant, lung injury can lead to irreversible tissue destruction and abnormal lung development. We examined whether pulmonary trypsin, a potent matrix-degrading serine proteinase and proteinase-cascade activator, is associated with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. METHODS Samples of tracheal aspirate fluid were collected from 32 intubated preterm infants during their first 2 postnatal weeks. The presence and molecular forms of trypsin in tracheal aspirate fluid samples were analyzed by zymography and Western blotting. The concentrations of trypsinogen-1 and -2 and tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor were measured by immunofluorometry. For examining the expression of trypsin-2 in lung tissue, immunohistochemistry was performed on autopsy specimens of fetuses, of preterm infants who died from respiratory distress syndrome or BPD, and of term infants without lung injury. RESULTS In infants who subsequently developed BPD (n = 18), we detected significantly higher concentrations of trypsinogen-2 during postnatal days 5 to 10 compared with those who survived without it. There was no difference in trypsinogen-1 concentrations. Tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor concentrations were significantly lower in infants who needed mechanical ventilation for >1 week. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that trypsin-2 was predominantly expressed in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. In 2 preterm infants who died from prolonged respiratory distress syndrome, trypsin-2 was also expressed in vascular endothelium. CONCLUSIONS The levels of trypsinogen-2 are higher during postnatal days 5 to 10 in infants who subsequently develop BPD. The results suggest that high levels of pulmonary trypsin-2 may be associated with the development of BPD. This raises the possibility that therapy with exogenous proteinase inhibitors might prevent the development of BPD in preterm infants with respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Cederqvist
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Tsuzuki S, Kokado Y, Satomi S, Yamasaki Y, Hirayasu H, Iwanaga T, Fushiki T. Purification and identification of a binding protein for pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor: a novel role of the inhibitor as an anti-granzyme A. Biochem J 2003; 372:227-33. [PMID: 12590650 PMCID: PMC1223377 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2002] [Revised: 02/10/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) is a potent trypsin inhibitor that is mainly found in pancreatic juice. PSTI has been shown to bind specifically to a protein, distinct from trypsin, on the surface of dispersed cells obtained from tissues such as small intestine. In the present study, we affinity-purified the binding protein from the 2% (w/v) Triton X-100-soluble fraction of dispersed rat small-intestinal cells using recombinant rat PSTI. Partial N-terminal sequencing of the purified protein gave a sequence that was identical with the sequence of mouse granzyme A (GzmA), a tryptase produced in cytotoxic lymphocytes. We confirmed the formation of an affinity-cross-linked complex between (125)I-labelled PSTI and recombinant rat GzmA (rGzmA). In situ hybridization and immunostaining revealed the existence of GzmA-expressing intraepithelial lymphocytes in the rat small intestine. We concluded that the PSTI-binding protein isolated from the dispersed cells is GzmA that is produced in the lymphocytes of the tissue. The rGzmA hydrolysed the N -alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzyl ester (BLT), and the BLT hydrolysis was inhibited by PSTI. Sulphated glycosaminoglycans, such as fucoidan or heparin, showed almost no effect on the inhibition of rGzmA by PSTI, whereas they decreased the inhibition by antithrombin III. In the present paper, we propose a novel role of PSTI as a GzmA inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Weiss FU, Simon P, Witt H, Mayerle J, Hlouschek V, Zimmer KP, Schnekenburger J, Domschke W, Neoptolemos JP, Lerch MM. SPINK1 mutations and phenotypic expression in patients with pancreatitis associated with trypsinogen mutations. J Med Genet 2003; 40:e40. [PMID: 12676913 PMCID: PMC1735429 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.4.e40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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29
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Hassan Z, Mohan V, Ali L, Allotey R, Barakat K, Faruque MO, Deepa R, McDermott MF, Jackson AE, Cassell P, Curtis D, Gelding SV, Vijayaravaghan S, Gyr N, Whitcomb DC, Khan AKA, Hitman GA. SPINK1 is a susceptibility gene for fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes in subjects from the Indian subcontinent. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:964-8. [PMID: 12187509 PMCID: PMC378551 DOI: 10.1086/342731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Accepted: 06/27/2002] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) is a secondary cause of diabetes due to chronic pancreatitis. Since the N34S variant of the SPINK1 trypsin inhibitor gene has been found to partially account for genetic susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis, we used a family-based and case-control approach in two separate ethnic groups from the Indian subcontinent, to determine whether N34S was associated with susceptibility to FCPD. Clear excess transmission of SPINK1 N34S to the probands with FCPD in 69 Bangladeshi families was observed (P<.0001; 20 transmissions and 2 nontransmissions). In the total study group (Bangladeshi and southern Indian) the N34S variant was present in 33% of 180 subjects with FCPD, 4.4% of 861 nondiabetic subjects (odds ratio 10.8; P<.0001 compared with FCPD), 3.7% of 219 subjects with type 2 diabetes, and 10.6% of 354 subjects with early-onset diabetes (aged <30 years) (P=.02 compared with the ethnically matched control group). These results suggest that the N34S variant of SPINK1 is a susceptibility gene for FCPD in the Indian subcontinent, although, by itself, it is not sufficient to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Barts and the London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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Del Carpio-Muñoz CA, Ichiishi E, Yoshimori A, Yoshikawa T. MIAX: a new paradigm for modeling biomacromolecular interactions and complex formation in condensed phases. Proteins 2002; 48:696-732. [PMID: 12211037 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new paradigm is proposed for modeling biomacromolecular interactions and complex formation in solution (protein-protein interactions so far in this report) that constitutes the scaffold of the automatic system MIAX (acronym for Macromolecular Interaction Assessment X). It combines in a rational way a series of computational methodologies, the goal being the prediction of the most native-like protein complex that may be formed when two isolated (unbound) protein monomers interact in a liquid environment. The overall strategy consists of first inferring putative precomplex structures by identification of binding sites or epitopes on the proteins surfaces and a simultaneous rigid-body docking process using geometric instances alone. Precomplex configurations are defined here as all those decoys the interfaces of which comply substantially with the inferred binding sites and whose free energy values are lower. Retaining all those precomplex configurations with low energies leads to a reasonable number of decoys for which a flexible treatment is amenable. A novel algorithm is introduced here for automatically inferring binding sites in proteins given their 3-D structure. The procedure combines an unsupervised learning algorithm based on the self-organizing map or Kohonen network with a 2-D Fourier spectral analysis. To model interaction, the potential function proposed here plays a central role in the system and is constituted by empirical terms expressing well-characterized factors influencing biomacromolecular interaction processes, essentially electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrophobic. Each of these procedures is validated by comparing results with observed instances. Finally, the more demanding process of flexible docking is performed in MIAX embedding the potential function in a simulated annealing optimization procedure. Whereas search of the entire configuration hyperspace is a major factor precluding hitherto systems from efficiently modeling macromolecular interaction modes and complex structures, the paradigm presented here may constitute a step forward in the field because it is shown that a rational treatment of the information available from the 3-D structure of the interacting monomers combined with conveniently selected computational techniques can assist to elude search of regions of low probability in configuration space and indeed lead to a highly efficient system oriented to solve this intriguing and fundamental biologic problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Adriel Del Carpio-Muñoz
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Japan.
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31
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Graf R, Schiesser M, Bimmler D. Increased secretion of the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI-I, monitor peptide) during development of chronic pancreatitis in the WBN/Kob rat. Pancreatology 2002; 2:108-15. [PMID: 12123090 DOI: 10.1159/000055900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genetic investigations into cationic trypsinogen and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) led to the conclusion that mutations in either gene can contribute to the development of (hereditary) chronic pancreatitis. Since genetic animal models are not available yet, we have studied the Wistar-Bonn/Kobori (WBN/Kob) rat, a model for chronic pancreatitis (CP). To explore the possibility that PSTI may be secreted at lower levels or contain a mutation in the WBN/Kob rat, we investigated the masses of PSTI-I and -II and asked whether the ratio of PSTI/trypsinogen is decreased in animals with CP. METHODS We collected pancreatic juice from WBN/Kob and Wistar rats aged 6-36 weeks and measured PSTI-I (ELISA) and trypsin. RESULTS PSTI-I and -II were identified in Wistar and WBN/Kob rats by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. Using a newly developed PSTI-I ELISA, we can show that the PSTI-I/trypsinogen ratio is not decreased but rather increased in WBN/Kob rats compared to healthy Wistar rats. No evidence for a PSTI mutation was found. CONCLUSION Our data does not support the hypothesis that a dysbalance of PSTI/trypsinogen ratio is a causative factor for CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Graf
- Pancreatitis Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
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32
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Wilimowska-Pelc A, Olichwier Z, Mazurkiewicz A, Kowalska J, Wilusz T. Kazal-type chymotrypsin inhibitor from duck pancreas. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 131:499-507. [PMID: 11959032 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A chymotrypsin inhibitor of the Kazal-type has been isolated from duck pancreas, by affinity chromatography on immobilized chymotrypsin, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-10 and reverse phase (RP)-HPLC. It inhibits bovine chymotrypsin Aalpha with an association constant (K(a)) of 2.06x10(7) M(-1). The complete amino acid sequence was determined after digestion of pyridylethylated inhibitor with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and chemical cleavage with CNBr. Duck pancreatic chymotrypsin inhibitor (DPCI) was found to be a single polypeptide chain composed of 65 amino acid residues, corresponding to a molecular mass of 7191 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilimowska-Pelc
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Audrézet MP, Chen JM, Le Maréchal C, Ruszniewski P, Robaszkiewicz M, Raguénès O, Quéré I, Scotet V, Férec C. Determination of the relative contribution of three genes-the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, the cationic trypsinogen gene, and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor gene-to the etiology of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10:100-6. [PMID: 11938439 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2001] [Revised: 01/08/2002] [Accepted: 01/16/2002] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 5 years, mutations in three genes, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, the cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) gene, and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) gene, have been found to be associated with chronic pancreatitis (CP). In this study, using established mutation screening methods, we systematically analysed the entire coding sequences and all exon/intron junctions of the three genes in 39 patients with idiopathic CP (ICP), with a view to evaluating the relative contribution of each gene to the aetiology of the disease. Our results demonstrate that, firstly, 'gain-of-function' mutations in the PRSS1 gene may occasionally be found in an obvious ICP subject. Secondly, presumably 'loss-of-function' mutations in the PSTI gene appear to be frequent, with a detection rate of at least 10% in ICP and, finally, abnormal CFTR alleles are common: at least 20% of patients carried one of the most common CFTR mutations, and about 10% of patients were compound heterozygotes, having at least one 'mild' allele. Thus, in total, about 30% of ICP patients carried at least one abnormal allele in one of the three genes, and this is the most conservative estimate. Moreover, a trans-heterozygous state with sequence variations in the PSTI/CFTR genes was found in three patients. However, an association between the 5T allele in intron 8 of the CFTR gene and ICP remains unproven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Audrézet
- INSERM-EMI 01 15, Génétique Moléculaire et Génétique Epidémiologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Brest, France
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Abstract
Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor is a potent protease inhibitor which was originally identified in the pancreas. It has subsequently been shown to be present in mucus-secreting cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract and also in the kidney, lung and breast. Its major roles are likely to be to prevent premature activation of pancreatic proteases and to decrease the rate of mucus digestion by luminal proteases within the stomach and colon. In addition, PSTI increases the proliferation of a variety of cell lines and stimulates cell migration, possibly acting via the EGF receptor. These findings suggest that PSTI may also be involved in both the early and late phases of the healing response following injury. Further studies including the production of transgenic overexpression and knockout models should help elucidate the physiological function of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Marchbank
- University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital NHS Trust, UK
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35
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Fujinaga M, Cherney MM, Tarasova NI, Bartlett PA, Hanson JE, James MN. Structural study of the complex between human pepsin and a phosphorus-containing peptidic -transition-state analog. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2000; 56:272-9. [PMID: 10713513 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444999016376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The refined crystal structure of the complex between human pepsin and a synthetic phosphonate inhibitor, Iva-Val-Val-Leu(P)-(O)Phe-Ala-Ala-OMe [Iva = isovaleryl, Leu(P) = the phosphinic acid analog of L-leucine, (O)Phe = L-3-phenyllactic acid, OMe = methyl ester], is presented. The structure was refined using diffraction data between 30 and 1.96 A resolution to a final R factor ( summation operator| |F(o)| - |F(c)| | / summation operator|F(o)|, where |F(o)| and |F(c)| are the observed and calculated structure-factor amplitudes, respectively) of 20.0%. The interactions of the inhibitor with the enzyme show the locations of the binding sites on the enzyme from S4 to S3'. Modeling of the inhibitor binding to porcine pepsin shows very similar binding sites, except at S4. Comparison of the complex structure with the structures of related inhibitors bound to penicillopepsin helps to rationalize the observed differences in the binding constants. The convergence of reaction mechanisms and geometries in different families of proteinases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujinaga
- Medical Research Council of Canada Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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Koukiekolo R, Le Berre-Anton V, Desseaux V, Moreau Y, Rougé P, Marchis-Mouren G, Santimone M. Mechanism of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibition of amylose and maltopentaose hydrolysis by kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) inhibitor and comparison with that by acarbose. Eur J Biochem 1999; 265:20-6. [PMID: 10491154 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Phaseolus vulgaris inhibitor (alpha-AI) on the amylose and maltopentaose hydrolysis catalysed by porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA) were investigated. Based on a statistical analysis of the kinetic data and using the general velocity equation, which is valid at equilibrium for all types of inhibition in a single-substrate reaction, it was concluded that the inhibitory mode is of the mixed noncompetitive type involving two molecules of inhibitor. In line with this conclusion, the Lineweaver-Burk primary plots intersect in the second quadrant and the secondary plots of the slopes and the intercepts versus the inhibitor concentrations are parabolic curves, whether the substrate used was amylose or maltopentaose. A specific inhibition model of the mixed noncompetitive type applies here. This model differs from those previously proposed for acarbose [Al Kazaz, M., Desseaux, V., Marchis-Mouren, G., Payan, F., Forest, E. & Santimone, M. (1996) Eur. J. Biochem. 241, 787-796 and Al Kazaz, M., Desseaux, V., Marchis-Mouren, G., Prodanov, E. & Santimone, M. (1998) Eur. J. Biochem. 252, 100-107]. In particular, with alpha-AI, the inhibition takes place only when PPA and alpha-AI are preincubated together before the substrate is added. This shows that the inhibitory PPA-alphaAI complex is formed during the preincubation period. Secondly, other inhibitory complexes are formed, in which two molecules of inhibitor are bound to either the free enzyme or the enzyme-substrate complex. The catalytic efficiency was determined both with and without inhibitor. Using the same molar concentration of inhibitor, alpha-AI was found to be a much stronger inhibitor than acarbose. However, when the inhibitor amount is expressed on a weight basis (mg x L-1), the opposite conclusion is drawn. In addition, limited proteolysis was performed on PPA alone and on the alpha-AI-PPA complex. The results show that, in the complex, PPA is more sensitive to subtilisin attack, and shorter fragments are obtained. These data reflect the conformational changes undergone by PPA as the result of the protein inhibitor binding, which differ from those previously observed with acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Koukiekolo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie de la Nutrition CNRS ESA 6033, Faculté des Sciences et techniques de St Jérôme, Université d'Aix-Marseille, France
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Qasim MA, Lu SM, Ding J, Bateman KS, James MN, Anderson S, Song J, Markley JL, Ganz PJ, Saunders CW, Laskowski M. Thermodynamic criterion for the conformation of P1 residues of substrates and of inhibitors in complexes with serine proteinases. Biochemistry 1999; 38:7142-50. [PMID: 10353824 DOI: 10.1021/bi990265u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Eglin c, turkey ovomucoid third domain, and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) are all standard mechanism, canonical protein inhibitors of serine proteinases. Each of the three belongs to a different inhibitor family. Therefore, all three have the same canonical conformation in their combining loops but differ in their scaffoldings. Eglin c (Leu45 at P1) binds to chymotrypsin much better than its Ala45 variant (the difference in standard free energy changes on binding is -5.00 kcal/mol). Similarly, turkey ovomucoid third domain (Leu18 at P1) binds to chymotrypsin much better than its Ala18 variant (the difference in standard free energy changes on binding is -4.70 kcal/mol). As these two differences are within the +/-400 cal/mol bandwidth (expected from the experimental error), one can conclude that the system is additive. On the basis that isoenergetic is isostructural, we expect that within both the P1 Ala pair and the P1 Leu pair, the conformation of the inhibitor's P1 side chain and of the enzyme's specificity pocket will be identical. This is confirmed, within the experimental error, by the available X-ray structures of complexes of bovine chymotrypsin Aalpha with eglin c () and with turkey ovomucoid third domain (). A comparison can also be made between the structures of P1 (Lys+)15 of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) ( and ) and of the P1 (Lys+)18 variant of turkey ovomucoid third domain (), both interacting with chymotrypsin. In this case, the conformation of the side chains is strikingly different. Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor with (Lys+)15 at P1 binds to chymotrypsin more strongly than its Ala15 variant (the difference in standard free energy changes on binding is -1.90 kcal/mol). In contrast, turkey ovomucoid third domain variant with (Lys+)18 at P1 binds to chymotrypsin less strongly than its Ala18 variant (the difference in standard free energies of association is 0.95 kcal/mol). In this case, P1 Lys+ is neither isostructural nor isoenergetic. Thus, a thermodynamic criterion for whether the conformation of a P1 side chain in the complex matches that of an already determined one is at hand. Such a criterion may be useful in reducing the number of required X-ray crystallographic structure determinations. More importantly, the criterion can be applied to situations where direct determination of the structure is extremely difficult. Here, we apply it to determine the conformation of the Lys+ side chain in the transition state complex of a substrate with chymotrypsin. On the basis of kcat/KM measurements, the difference in free energies of activation for Suc-AAPX-pna when X is Lys+ and X is Ala is 1.29 kcal/mol. This is in good agreement with the corresponding difference for turkey ovomucoid third domain variants but in sharp contrast to the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) data. Therefore, we expect that in the transition state complex of this substrate with chymotrypsin, the P1 Lys+ side chain is deeply inserted into the enzyme's specificity pocket as it is in the (Lys+)18 turkey ovomucoid third domain complex with chymotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Qasim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Abstract
125I-monitor peptide binding was performed using frozen sections of the rat liver and gut and visualized using autoradiography. Saturable binding was observed in unidentified single cells in the liver and in the mucosa of the small intestine. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and GTPgammaS did not inhibit 125I-monitor peptide binding indicating that the binding sites are not EGF receptors or G protein-coupled receptors. The liver binding site exhibited an affinity 3.7-4.4-fold higher than those in the small intestine. It has been established that intraluminal monitor peptide releases cholecystokinin from the small intestine. The present results indicate that monitor peptide may also have liver associated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C McVey
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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39
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Fujinaga M, Huang K, Bateman KS, James MN. Computational analysis of the binding of P1 variants of domain 3 of turkey ovomucoid inhibitor to Streptomyces griseus protease B. J Mol Biol 1998; 284:1683-94. [PMID: 9878379 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Binding constants for complexes of variants of the ovomucoid inhibitor domain 3 from turkey (OMTKY3) and Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB) have been computed. On the basis of the crystallographically determined structures of the complexes, continuum electrostatic calculations have been carried out to evaluate the electrostatic contribution to the binding energy. The hydrophobic component was computed based on the change in the solvent accessible surface area on complex formation. These two terms were combined linearly and the parameters for the protein dielectric, atomic solvation parameter and a constant term were derived using a multivariate fit to the observed binding energies. The resulting fit shows a high correlation with a multiple coefficient of determination of 0.79. This indicates that 79% of the variation in the observed binding energies is explained by the electrostatic and hydrophobic terms. The analysis results in a protein dielectric of 8.2 and an atomic solvation parameter of 30 cal/mol A2. As a test, these parameters were used to calculate the binding energies of complexes of chymotrypsin and of leukocyte elastase OMTKY3, as well as three other variants of OMTKY3 bound to SGPB. As these structures were not used for the multivariate fit, they serve as an independent check on the derived parameters. The calculated energies for the three new variants of OMTKY3 are in good agreement with the observed values. However, the binding energies of the other complexes are poorly predicted. This implies that the parameters that were obtained are not transferable. The possible causes for this lack of transferability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujinaga
- Group in Protein Structure and Function, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada.
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40
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to prove the production and secretion of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) in human small intestine. To achieve this we analyzed the content of immunoreactive PSTI (irPSTI) in rinsing fluid from isolated small intestine, using the urea method to estimate the volume of epithelial lining fluid recovered. IrPSTI, measured by an enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was present in both free and complexed form. The free PSTI showed intact biologic activity, binding trypsin in stable complexes. The complexed PSTI was dissociated on acidification. With the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blot hybridization, PSTI mRNA was demonstrated in the mucosa of the ileum. These findings indicate that PSTI is produced and secreted in the small intestinal epithelium and may be part of defence system in intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bohe
- Department of Surgery, University of Lund, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
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41
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Abstract
The bifunctional inhibitor from Ragi (Eleusine coracana Gaertneri) (RBI) is the only member of the alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family that inhibits both trypsin and alpha-amylase. Here, we show that both enzymes simultaneously and independently bind to RBI. The recently solved three-dimensional NMR structure of RBI has revealed that the inhibitor possesses a hitherto unknown fold for serine proteinase and alpha-amylase inhibitors. Despite its different fold, RBI obeys the standard mechanism observed for most protein inhibitors of serine proteinases and is a strong, competitive inhibitor of bovine trypsin (Ki = 1.2 +/- 0.2 nM). RBI is also a competitive inhibitor of porcine alpha-amylase (Ki = 11 +/- 2 nM) when a disaccharide is used as a substrate of alpha-amylase. However, the inhibition mode becomes complex when larger (> or = 7 saccharide units) alpha-amylase substrates are used. A second saccharide binding site on porcine alpha-amylase may enable larger oligosaccharides to displace RBI from its binding site in an intramolecular reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maskos
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biophysik, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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42
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Abstract
Ostrich pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor was isolated and purified using acid extraction, salt fractionation. SP-Sephadex C-50 and QAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography and RP-HPLC. The amino acid sequence of ostrich PSTI showed it is a single peptide chain containing 69 amino acid residues with the highest homology between ostrich and chicken PSTI. The molecular weight, as determined by electronspray mass spectrometry and from amino acid sequence data, is 7650 Da. The isoelectric point of ostrich PSTI was found to be 5.7. Ostrich PSTI specifically inhibited ostrich and commercial bovine trypsin with Ki values of 8.0 x 10(-9) and 2.4 x 10(-7) M, respectively, while no inhibitory effects were observed with other serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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43
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Katoh T, Kikuchi N, Nagata K, Yoshida N. A mutant trypsin-like enzyme from Streptomyces fradiae, created by site-directed mutagenesis, improves affinity chromatography for protein trypsin inhibitors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1996; 46:15-21. [PMID: 8987530 DOI: 10.1007/s002530050777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Ser-170 residue of a trypsin-like enzyme from Streptomyces fradiae (SFT), which is considered to be the active-site serine, was replaced with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis to improve the affinity chromatography step for a Kazal-type trypsin inhibitor pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI). The resulting mutant SFT, designated as [S170A]SFT, was expressed in Streptomyces lividans and purified to homogeneity. [S170A]SFT was catalytically inactive, but still had the ability to bind tightly to PSTI and to soybean trypsin inhibitor with dissociation constants of 3.1 x 10(-7) M and 1.9 x 10(-8) M respectively. We further demonstrated that recombinant human PSTI secreted into Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture broth could be purified to homogeneity with a one-step [S170A]SFT-affinity column. The purified PSTI contained no molecules intramolecularly cleaved by active trypsin, which are found when trypsin-affinity chromatography is used for the purification. This eliminated the need for further separation of intact PSTI from intramolecularly cleaved PSTI by high-performance liquid chromatography, thus simplifying and improving its purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Katoh
- Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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44
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Abstract
In this study we tested the hypothesis that peptone in the intestine stimulates the secretion of the CCK-releasing peptide (CCK-RP) which mediates CCK secretion, and examined the enteric neural circuitry responsible for CCK-RP secretion. We used a "donor-recipient" rat intestinal perfusion model to quantify the CCK-RP secreted in response to nutrient stimulation. Infusion of concentrated intestinal perfusate collected from donor rat perfused with 5% peptone caused a 62 +/- 10% increase in protein secretion and an elevation of plasma CCK levels to 6.9 +/- 1.8 pM in the recipient rat. The stimulatory effect of the intestinal washings was abolished when the donor rats were pretreated with atropine or hexamethonium but not with guanethidine or vagotomy. Mucosal application of lidocaine but not serosal application of benzalkonium chloride which ablates the myenteric neurons in the donor rats also abolished the stimulatory action of the intestinal washings. Furthermore, treatment of the donor rats with a 5HT3 antagonist and a substance P antagonist also prevented the secretion of CCK-RP. These observations suggest that peptone in the duodenum stimulates serotonin release which activates the sensory substance P neurons in the submucous plexus. Signals are then transmitted to cholinergic interneurons and to epithelial CCK-RP containing cells via cholinergic secretomotor neurons. This enteric neural circuitry which is responsible for the secretion of CCK-RP may in turn play an important role in the postprandial release of CCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- The University of Michigan Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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45
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Marchbank T, Chinery R, Hanby AM, Poulsom R, Elia G, Playford RJ. Distribution and expression of pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor and its possible role in epithelial restitution. Am J Pathol 1996; 148:715-22. [PMID: 8774127 PMCID: PMC1861739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) is a potent serine protease inhibitor that prevents excessive digestion of the gastrointestinal mucus but may also directly affect epithelial function. We therefore examined the distribution of PSTI in the human adult and fetus using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization and examined its effects on cell proliferation and migration in vitro. PSTI peptide and mRNA were found in the exocrine pancreas, mucus-producing cells of the normal gastrointestinal tract, acinar component of the normal breast, and surface epithelial cells at the edge of benign gastric ulcers. Peptide, but not message, was identified in the renal proximal tubule, probably reflecting reabsorption of filtered peptide. Purified human PSTI did not affect proliferation of the human colonic cell line HT-29 but caused a threefold increase in the rate of migration in an in vitro wounding model of restitution. This effect was inhibited by co-administering a PSTI-neutralizing antibody, a transforming growth factor-beta-neutralizing antibody, or an epidermal growth factor receptor-blocking antibody. As PSTI is widely distributed in several human organ systems and stimulates cell migration in vitro, we conclude that PSTI is likely to have additional roles to that of preserving the gastrointestinal mucous layer from excessive digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Marchbank
- Department of Medicine, University of Leicester, Royal College of Surgeons, London, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
A huge variety of peptides and cytokines are involved in the maintenance of mucosal integrity and in the inflammatory response at sites of ulceration. Most studies have focused on the effects of an individual factor in this complex process. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that, to fully understand their importance in vivo, we should consider their function as part of a highly integrated system. It is also becoming clear that a relatively small number of common pathways are brought into play by the host in response to a wide variety of intestinal insults.
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47
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Chesshyre JA, Kraunsoe JA, Lowe G. Production of bovine-pancreatic-trypsin-inhibitor homologues in Escherichia coli and their characterization. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1995; 22:269-80. [PMID: 8573289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) was produced in Escherichia coli using an OmpA leader-peptide fusion-protein system, and BPTI homologues were generated by cassette mutagenesis. Amino acids in the reactive loop of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) were incorporated into the reactive loop of BPTI in a stepwise approach such that the contribution of individual amino acids could be assessed. The introduction of mutations into BPTI diminished the yield of heterologous protein relative to wild-type BPTI. However, for three BPTI homologues sufficient material was isolated to allow characterization of the proteins by electrospray MS and N-terminal peptide sequencing.
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48
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Abstract
Ingested nutrients stimulate secretion of gastrointestinal hormones that are necessary for the coordinated processes of digestion and absorption of food. One of the most important hormonal regulators of the digestive process is cholecystokinin (CCK). This hormone is concentrated in the proximal small intestine and is secreted into the blood on the ingestion of proteins and fats. The physiological actions of CCK include stimulation of pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction, regulation of gastric emptying, and induction of satiety. Therefore, in a highly coordinated manner CCK regulates the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. The manner by which foods affect enteric hormone secretion is largely unknown. However, it has recently become apparent that two CCK-releasing factors are present in the lumen of the proximal small intestine. One of these factors, known as monitor peptide, has been chemically characterized. Monitor peptide is produced by pancreatic acinar cells and is secreted by way of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. On reaching the small intestine, monitor peptide interacts with CCK cells to induce hormone secretion. A CCK-releasing factor of intestinal origin has been partially characterized and is responsible for stimulation of CCK secretion after 1) ingestion of protein or fats, 2) instillation of protease inhibitors into the duodenum, or 3) diversion of bile-pancreatic juice from the upper small intestine. Together, these releasing factors provide positive and negative feedback mechanisms for regulation of CCK secretion. This review discusses the physiological observations that have led to the chemical characterization of the CCK-releasing factors and the potential implications of this work to other hormones of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Liddle
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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49
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The mechanism regulating cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion during prolonged diversion of bile pancreatic juice (BPJ) is unknown. We examined the hypothesis that the decrease of plasma CCK levels after prolonged diversion of BPJ is mediated by an increase in plasma somatostatin levels evoked by hypercholecystokinemia and somatostatin in turn inhibits CCK-releasing peptide (CCK-RP) bioactivity and decreases plasma CCK levels. METHODS Pancreatic secretion, plasma CCK levels, and somatostatin levels were monitored for 7 hours after diversion of BPJ in anesthetized rats. Secretion of CCK-RP bioactivity during diversion of BPJ was examined in the presence or absence of somatostatin. RESULTS Diversion of BPJ for 2 hours caused a 13- and 2.5-fold increase in plasma CCK and somatostatin levels. The increase in somatostatin levels was blocked by the CCK antagonist L364,718. At 5 hours after diversion of BPJ, plasma CCK and somatostatin levels and luminal CCK-RP bioactivity decreased to basal levels. The decrease in plasma CCK levels was prevented by the administration of a specific somatostatin antagonist. We also showed that the stimulatory effect of the CCK-RP bioactivity was eliminated when the donor rat was pretreated with somatostatin. CONCLUSIONS Autoregulation of CCK secretion occurs during the diversion of BPJ and this is mediated by somatostatin, which inhibits the secretion of CCK-RP bioactivity and decreases plasma CCK levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, USA
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50
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Abstract
Brunner's glands (duodenal glands) in humans are located mainly in the two proximal thirds of the duodenum. They are known to produce and secrete mucin. In recent years, human Brunner's glands have also been shown to express immunoreactivity toward epidermal growth factor-urogastrone (EGF-uro) and lysozyme. These proteins are considered to have a protective function within the gastrointestinal canal. Human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) was recently identified in Brunner's glands. This present study was done by an immunohistochemical method, using monospecific polyclonal antibodies against human PSTI and human lysozyme, respectively. McManus/Alcian blue mucin staining was used to clarify the distribution of mucin. We found immunoreactive PSTI (irPSTI) in seven out of ten specimens. Lysozyme and mucin were present in all ten. While virtually all cells were stained for lysozyme and mucin, irPSTI was restricted to separate lobules and to cells in the ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bohe
- Department of Surgery, University of Lund, Malmö General Hospital, Sweden
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