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Shao B, Chen Z, Su H, Peng S, Song M. The Latest Advances in Ink-Based Nanogenerators: From Materials to Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6152. [PMID: 38892343 PMCID: PMC11172637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanogenerators possess the capability to harvest faint energy from the environment. Among them, thermoelectric (TE), triboelectric, piezoelectric (PE), and moisture-enabled nanogenerators represent promising approaches to micro-nano energy collection. These nanogenerators have seen considerable progress in material optimization and structural design. Printing technology has facilitated the large-scale manufacturing of nanogenerators. Although inks can be compatible with most traditional functional materials, this inevitably leads to a decrease in the electrical performance of the materials, necessitating control over the rheological properties of the inks. Furthermore, printing technology offers increased structural design flexibility. This review provides a comprehensive framework for ink-based nanogenerators, encompassing ink material optimization and device structural design, including improvements in ink performance, control of rheological properties, and efficient energy harvesting structures. Additionally, it highlights ink-based nanogenerators that incorporate textile technology and hybrid energy technologies, reviewing their latest advancements in energy collection and self-powered sensing. The discussion also addresses the main challenges faced and future directions for development.
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Uchida DT, Bruschi ML. Pharmaceutical applications and requirements of resins for printing by digital light processing (DLP). Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:445-456. [PMID: 38641968 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2345144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The digital light processing (DLP) printer has proven to be effective in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, as its printing method does not induce shear and a strong temperature on the resin. In addition, the DLP printer has good resolution and print quality, which makes it possible to print complex structures with a customized shape, being used for various purposes ranging from jewelry application to biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. The big disadvantage of DLP is the lack of a biocompatible and non-toxic resin on the market. To overcome this limitation, an ideal resin for biomedical and pharmaceutical use is needed. The resin must have appropriate properties, so that the desired format is printed when with a determined wavelength is applied. Thus, the aim of this work is to bring the basic characteristics of the resins used by this printing method and the minimum requirements to start printing by DLP for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The DLP method has proven to be effective in obtaining pharmaceutical devices such as drug delivery systems. Furthermore, this technology allows the printing of devices of ideal size, shape and dosage, providing the patient with personalized treatment.
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Romanholo PVV, de Andrade LM, Silva-Neto HA, Coltro WKT, Sgobbi LF. Digitally Controlled Printing of Bioink Barriers for Paper-Based Analytical Devices: An Environmentally Friendly One-Step Approach. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5349-5356. [PMID: 38554084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The patterning of hydrophilic paper with hydrophobic materials has emerged as an interesting method for the fabrication of paper-based devices (PADs). Herein, we demonstrate a digitally automated, easy, low-cost, eco-friendly, and readily available method to create highly hydrophobic barriers on paper that can be promptly employed with PADs by simply using a bioink made with rosin, a commercially available natural resin obtained from conifer trees. The bioink can be easily delivered with the use of a ballpoint pen to produce water- and organic solvent-resistant barriers, showing superior properties when compared to other methods such as wax-printing or permanent markers. The approach enables the pen to be attached to a commercially available cutting printer to perform the semiautomated fabrication of hydrophobic barriers for PADs. With the aid of digitally controlled optimization, together with features of machine learning and design of experiments, we show a thorough investigation on the barrier strength that can be further adjusted to the desired application's needs. Then, we explored the barrier sturdiness across various uses, such as wide range aqueous pH sensing and the harsh acidic/organic conditions needed for the colorimetric detection of cholecalciferol.
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Nguyen T, Ho L, Moinuddin SM, Sarkar T, Saha D, Ahsan F. Multicellular Cell Seeding on a Chip: New Design and Optimization towards Commercialization. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080587. [PMID: 36004984 PMCID: PMC9405756 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper shows both experimental and in-depth theoretical studies (including simulations and analytical solutions) on a microfluidic platform to optimize its design and use for 3D multicellular co-culture applications, e.g., creating a tissue-on-chip model for investigating diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). A tissue microfluidic chip usually has more than two channels to seed cells and supply media. These channels are often separated by barriers made of micro-posts. The optimization for the structures of these micro-posts and their spacing distances is not considered previously, especially for the aspects of rapid and cost-efficient fabrication toward scaling up and commercialization. Our experimental and theoretical (COMSOL simulations and analytical solutions) results showed the followings: (i) The cell seeding was performed successfully for this platform when the pressure drops across the two posts were significantly larger than those across the channel width. The circular posts can be used in the position of hexagonal or other shapes. (ii) In this work, circular posts are fabricated and used for the first time. They offer an excellent barrier effect, i.e., prevent the liquid and gel from migrating from one channel to another. (iii) As for rapid and cost-efficient production, our computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) simulation confirms that circular-post fabrication is much easier and more rapid than hexagonal posts when utilizing micro-machining techniques, e.g., micro-milling for creating the master mold, i.e., the shim for polymer injection molding. The findings open up a possibility for rapid, cost-efficient, large-scale fabrication of the tissue chips using micro-milling instead of expensive clean-room (soft) lithography techniques, hence enhancing the production of biochips via thermoplastic polymer injection molding and realizing commercialization.
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Kabusure KM, Piskunen P, Yang J, Kataja M, Chacha M, Ojasalo S, Shen B, Hakala TK, Linko V. Optical characterization of DNA origami-shaped silver nanoparticles created through biotemplated lithography. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9648-9654. [PMID: 35718875 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06256e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we study optically resonant substrates fabricated using the previously reported BLIN (biotemplated lithography of inorganic nanostructures) technique with single triangle and bowtie DNA origami as templates. We present the first optical characterization of BLIN-fabricated origami-shaped silver nanoparticle patterns on glass surfaces, comprising optical transmission measurements and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The formed nanoparticle patterns are examined by optical transmission measurements and used for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules. Polarization-resolved simulations reveal that the higher SERS enhancement observed for the bowties is primarily due to spectral overlap of the optical resonances with the Raman transitions of R6G. The results manifest the applicability of the BLIN method and substantiate its potential in parallel and high-throughput substrate manufacturing with engineered optical properties. While the results demonstrate the crucial role of the formed nanogaps for SERS, the DNA origami may enable even more complex nanopatterns for various optical applications.
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Zhang X, Ding S, Magoline J, Ivankin A, Mirkin CA. Photopolymerized Features via Beam Pen Lithography as a Novel Tool for the Generation of Large Area Protein Micropatterns. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105998. [PMID: 35119205 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A cantilever-free scanning probe lithography (CF-SPL)-based method for the rapid polymerization of nanoscale features on a surface via crosslinking and thiol-acrylate photoreactions is described, wherein the nanoscale position, height, and diameter of each feature can be finely and independently tuned. With precise spatiotemporal control over the illumination pattern, beam pen lithography (BPL) allows for the photo-crosslinking of polymers into ultrahigh resolution features over centimeter-scale areas using massively parallel >160 000 pen arrays of individually addressable pens that guide and focus light onto the surface with sub-diffraction resolution. The photoinduced crosslinking reaction of the ink material, which is composed of photoinitiator, diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and thiol-modified functional binding molecules (i.e., thiol-PEG-biotin or 16-mercaptohexanoic acid), proceeds to ≈80% conversion with UV exposure (72 mW cm-2 ) for short time periods (0.5 s). Such polymer patterns are further reacted with proteins (streptavidin and fibronectin) to yield protein arrays with feature arrangements at high resolution and densities controlled by local UV exposure. This platform, which combines polymer photochemistry and massive arrays of scanning probes, constitutes a new approach to making biomolecular microarrays in a high-throughput and high-yielding manner, opening new routes for biochip synthesis, bioscreening, and cell biology research.
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Rincón-Iglesias M, Delgado A, Peřinka N, Lizundia E, Lanceros-Méndez S. Water-based 2D printing of magnetically active cellulose derivative nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115855. [PMID: 32059906 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of magnetic materials typically involves expensive, non-scalable, time-consuming or toxic processes. Here we report a scalable, quick and environmentally-benign fabrication of magnetically active materials through screen printing using mechanically flexible paper having micron-sized pores as substrates. In comparison with traditional multicomponent inks, simple aqueous dispersions comprising solely water-soluble cellulose derivatives and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are used. Depending on the cellulosic matrix used, inks with viscosities in the 500-2.500 mPa s range were obtained for shear rates of 20-100 s-1. Patterns with line widths from 183 to 642 μm with a maximum deviation of 9 % were fabricated. The largest magnetization saturation obtained of 0.024 emu (or 0.021 emu cm-2) for the hydroxypropyl cellulose-based ink demonstrates enough magnetization for applications in areas such as actuators and sensors. This work provides novel insights towards the processing of renewable, magnetically active and mechanically flexible materials with tailored geometries which use water as the sole solvent.
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Szalkowski M, Sulowska K, Jönsson-Niedziółka M, Wiwatowski K, Niedziółka-Jönsson J, Maćkowski S, Piątkowski D. Photochemical Printing of Plasmonically Active Silver Nanostructures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2006. [PMID: 32187983 PMCID: PMC7139935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate plasmonic substrates prepared on demand, using a straightforward technique, based on laser-induced photochemical reduction of silver compounds on a glass substrate. Importantly, the presented technique does not impose any restrictions regarding the shape and length of the metallic pattern. Plasmonic interactions have been probed using both Stokes and anti-Stokes types of emitters that served as photoluminescence probes. For both cases, we observed a pronounced increase of the photoluminescence intensity for emitters deposited on silver patterns. By studying the absorption and emission dynamics, we identified the mechanisms responsible for emission enhancement and the position of the plasmonic resonance.
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Lölsberg J, Cinar A, Felder D, Linz G, Djeljadini S, Wessling M. Two-Photon Vertical-Flow Lithography for Microtube Synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901356. [PMID: 31168917 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon vertical-flow lithography is demonstrated for synthesis of complex-shaped polymeric microtubes with a high aspect ratio (>100:1). This unique microfluidic approach provides rigorous control over the morphology and surface topology to generate thin-walled (<1 µm) microtubes with a tunable diameter (1-400 µm) and pore size (1-20 µm). The interplay between fluid-flow control and two-photon lithography presents a generic high-resolution method that will substantially contribute toward the future development of biocompatible scaffolds, stents, needles, nerve guides, membranes, and beyond.
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Lamont AC, Restaino MA, Kim MJ, Sochol RD. A facile multi-material direct laser writing strategy. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2340-2345. [PMID: 31209452 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00398c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing (DLW) is a three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing technology that offers vast architectural control at submicron scales, yet remains limited in cases that demand microstructures comprising more than one material. Here we present an accessible microfluidic multi-material DLW (μFMM-DLW) strategy that enables 3D nanostructured components to be printed with average material registration accuracies of 100 ± 70 nm (ΔX) and 190 ± 170 nm (ΔY) - a significant improvement versus conventional multi-material DLW methods. Results for printing 3D microstructures with up to five materials suggest that μFMM-DLW can be utilized in applications that demand geometrically complex, multi-material microsystems, such as for photonics, meta-materials, and 3D cell biology.
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Nandan A, Siddiqui NA, Kumar P. Assessment of environmental and ergonomic hazard associated to printing and photocopying: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1187-1211. [PMID: 30350125 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
"Knowledge is power" and distribution of knowledge is fueled by printing and photocopying industry. Even as printing and photocopying industry have revolutionized the availability of documents and perceptible image quickly at extremely inexpensive and affordable cost, the boon of its revolution has turned into a bane by irresponsible, uncontrolled and extensive use, causing irreversible degradation to not only ecosystem by continuous release of ozone and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) but also the health of workers occupationally exposed to it. Indoor ozone level due to emission from different photocopying equipment's increases drastically and the condition of other air quality parameters are not different. This situation is particularly sedate in extremely sensitive educational and research industry where sharing of knowledge is extremely important to meet the demands. This work is an attempt to catalogue all the environmental as well as health impacts of printing or photocopying. It has been observed that printing/photocopying operation is a significant factor contributing to indoor air quality degradation, which includes increase in concentration of ozone, VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and heavy metals such as cadmium, selenium, arsenic, zinc, nickel, and other pollutants from photocopy machines. The outcome of this study will empower the manufactures with information regarding ozone and other significant emission, so that their impact can be reduced.
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Machairioti F, Petrou P, Oh HT, Lee JK, Kakabakos S, Argitis P, Chatzichristidi M. Bio-orthogonal fluorinated resist for biomolecules patterning applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 178:208-213. [PMID: 30856590 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The patterning of organic materials on solid substrate surfaces has been demonstrated by several methods, such as photolithography, soft lithography, imprint lithography and ink-jet printing. Fluorinated polymers and solvents provide attractive material systems to develop new patterning approaches, as they are chemically orthogonal to non-fluorinated organic molecules, allowing their efficient incorporation in different devices and systems. Moreover, fluorinated polymers are soluble in hydrofluoroether solvents, benign to biomolecules, and can be properly engineered to enable efficient photolithographic patterning. In this work, we report the development of a new photolithographic process for patterning biomolecules on any kind of surfaces either by physical adsorption or covalent bonding. The photoresist is based on a fluorinated material and hydrofluoroether solvents that have minimum interactions with biomolecules and thus they can be characterized as orthogonal to the biomolecules (bio-orthogonal). In both cases, the creation of patterns with dimensions down to 2 μm was achieved. The implementation of the developed photolithographic procedure for the creation of a multi-protein microarray is demonstrated.
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Mo L, Guo Z, Yang L, Zhang Q, Fang Y, Xin Z, Chen Z, Hu K, Han L, Li L. Silver Nanoparticles Based Ink with Moderate Sintering in Flexible and Printed Electronics. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2124. [PMID: 31036787 PMCID: PMC6539082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Printed electronics on flexible substrates has attracted tremendous research interest research thanks its low cost, large area production capability and environmentally friendly advantages. Optimal characteristics of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) based inks are crucial for ink rheology, printing, post-print treatment, and performance of the printed electronics devices. In this review, the methods and mechanisms for obtaining Ag NPs based inks that are highly conductive under moderate sintering conditions are summarized. These characteristics are particularly important when printed on temperature sensitive substrates that cannot withstand sintering of high temperature. Strategies to tailor the protective agents capping on the surface of Ag NPs, in order to optimize the sizes and shapes of Ag NPs as well as to modify the substrate surface, are presented. Different (emerging) sintering technologies are also discussed, including photonic sintering, electrical sintering, plasma sintering, microwave sintering, etc. Finally, applications of the Ag NPs based ink in transparent conductive film (TCF), thin film transistor (TFT), biosensor, radio frequency identification (RFID) antenna, stretchable electronics and their perspectives on flexible and printed electronics are presented.
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Hu Y, Liu H, Zhou X, Pan H, Wu X, Abidi N, Zhu Y, Wang J. Surface engineering of spongy bacterial cellulose via constructing crossed groove/column micropattern by low-energy CO 2 laser photolithography toward scar-free wound healing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:333-343. [PMID: 30889707 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a bio-derived polymer, and it has been considered as an excellent candidate material for tissue engineering. In this study, a crossed groove/column micropattern was constructed on spongy, porous BC using low-energy CO2 laser photolithography. Applying the targeted immobilization of a tetrapeptide consisting of Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid-Serine (H-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-OH, RGDS) as a fibronectin onto the column platform surface, the resulting micropatterned BC (RGDS-MPBC) exhibited dual affinities to fibroblasts and collagen. Material characterization of RGDS-MPBC revealed that the micropattern was built by the column part with size of ~100 × 100 μm wide and ~100 μm deep, and the groove part with size of ~150 μm wide. Hydrating the MPBC did not result in the collapse of the integrity of the micropattern, suggesting its potential application in a highly hydrated wound environment. Cell culture assays revealed that the RGDS-MPBC exhibited an improved cytotoxicity to mouse fibroblasts L929, as compared to the pristine BC. Meanwhile, it was observed that the RGDS-MPBC was able to guide the ordered aggregation of human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells on the column platform surface, and no HSF cells were found in the groove channels. Over time, it was found that a dense network of collagen was gradually established across the groove channels. Furthermore, the in-vivo animal study preliminarily demonstrated the scar-free healing potential of the micropatterned BC materials. Therefore, this RGDS-MPBC material exhibited its advantages in guiding cell migration and collagen distribution, which could present a prospect in the establishment of "basket-woven" organization of collagen in normal skin tissue against the formation of dense, parallel aggregation of collagen fibers in scar tissue toward scar-free wound healing outcome.
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Zhang Y, Gregory DA, Zhang Y, Smith PJ, Ebbens SJ, Zhao X. Reactive Inkjet Printing of Functional Silk Stirrers for Enhanced Mixing and Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804213. [PMID: 30515976 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stirring small volumes of solution can reduce immunoassay readout time, homogenize cell cultures, and increase enzyme reactivity in bioreactors. However, at present many small scale stirring methods require external actuation, which can be cumbersome. To address this, here, reactive inkjet printing is shown to be able to produce autonomously rotating biocompatible silk-based microstirrers that can enhance fluid mixing. Rotary motion is generated either by release of a surface active agent (small molecular polyethylene glycol) resulting in Marangoni effect, or by catalytically powered bubble propulsion. The Marangoni driven devices do not require any chemicals to be added to the fluid as the "fuel," while the catalytically powered devices are powered by decomposing substrate molecules in solution. A comparison of Marangoni effect and enzyme powered stirrers is made. Marangoni effect driven stirrers rotate up to 600 rpm, 75-100-fold faster than enzyme driven microstirrers, however enzyme powered stirrers show increased longevity. Further to stirring applications, the sensitivity of the motion generation mechanisms to fluid properties allows the rotating devices to also be exploited for sensing applications, for example, acting as motion sensors for water pollution.
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Liu Z, Zhou Z, Zhang S, Sun L, Shi Z, Mao Y, Liu K, Tao TH. "Print-to-pattern": Silk-Based Water Lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802953. [PMID: 30277661 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The requirement of nontoxic and versatile manufacturing frameworks for biologically relevant applications has imposed significant constraints on the choice of functional materials and the complementary fabrication tools. In this context, silk is actively studied, thanks to its mechanical robustness, biocompatibility, wide availability, aqueous processing conditions, and ease of functionalization. The inherent matching between the water solubility of silk and the aqueous inks of the inkjet printing (IJP) process has derived a biofriendly and versatile "print-to-pattern" scheme-termed silk-based water lithography-toward scalable functional biomanufacturing. The deposition mode of IJP and the etching effect of silk film by water features a dual tone fabrication where functional molecules are dispensed additively, while the silk film is patterned in a "subtractive" fashion. Such versatility and scalability pave the way to a wide range of opportunities in the biomedical field.
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Wu C, Zhu X, Man T, Chung PS, Teitell MA, Chiou PY. Lift-off cell lithography for cell patterning with clean background. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3074-3078. [PMID: 30183051 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00726h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a highly efficient method for patterning cells by a novel and simple technique called lift-off cell lithography (LCL). Our approach borrows the key concept of lift-off lithography from microfabrication and utilizes a fully biocompatible process to achieve high-throughput, high-efficiency cell patterning with nearly zero background defects across a large surface area. Using LCL, we reproducibly achieved >70% patterning efficiency for both adherent and non-adherent cells with <1% defects in undesired areas.
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18
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Pal RK, Yadavalli VK. Silk protein nanowires patterned using electron beam lithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:335301. [PMID: 29808832 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication approaches to pattern proteins at the nanoscale are useful in applications ranging from organic bioelectronics to cellular engineering. Specifically, functional materials based on natural polymers offer sustainable and environment-friendly substitutes to synthetic polymers. Silk proteins (fibroin and sericin) have emerged as an important class of biomaterials for next generation applications owing to excellent optical and mechanical properties, inherent biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, the ability to precisely control their spatial positioning at the nanoscale via high throughput tools continues to remain a challenge. In this study electron beam lithography (EBL) is used to provide nanoscale patterning using methacrylate conjugated silk proteins that are photoreactive 'photoresists' materials. Very low energy electron beam radiation can be used to pattern silk proteins at the nanoscale and over large areas, whereby such nanostructure fabrication can be performed without specialized EBL tools. Significantly, using conducting polymers in conjunction with these silk proteins, the formation of protein nanowires down to 100 nm is shown. These wires can be easily degraded using enzymatic degradation. Thus, proteins can be precisely and scalably patterned and doped with conducting polymers and enzymes to form degradable, organic bioelectronic devices.
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Cho JH, Ha SH, Kim JM. Transparent and stretchable strain sensors based on metal nanowire microgrids for human motion monitoring. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:155501. [PMID: 29384503 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaabfe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical transparency is increasingly considered as one of the most important characteristics required in advanced stretchable strain sensors for application in body-attachable systems. In this paper, we present an entirely solution-processed fabrication route to highly transparent and stretchable resistive strain sensors based on silver nanowire microgrids (AgNW-MGs). The AgNW-MG strain sensors are readily prepared by patterning the AgNWs on a stretchable substrate into a MG geometry via a mesh-template-assisted contact-transfer printing. The MG has a unique architecture comprising the AgNWs and can be stretched to ε = 35%, with high gauge factors of ∼6.9 for ε = 0%-30% and ∼41.1 for ε = 30%-35%. The sensor also shows a high optical transmittance of 77.1% ± 1.5% (at 550 nm) and stably maintains the remarkable optical performance even at high strains. In addition, the sensor responses are found to be highly reversible with negligible hysteresis and are reliable even under repetitive stretching-releasing cycles (1000 cycles at ε = 10%). The practicality of the AgNW-MG strain sensor is confirmed by successfully monitoring a wide range of human motions in real time after firmly laminating the device onto various body parts.
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Shen B, Linko V, Tapio K, Pikker S, Lemma T, Gopinath A, Gothelf KV, Kostiainen MA, Toppari JJ. Plasmonic nanostructures through DNA-assisted lithography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap8978. [PMID: 29423446 PMCID: PMC5804581 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Programmable self-assembly of nucleic acids enables the fabrication of custom, precise objects with nanoscale dimensions. These structures can be further harnessed as templates to build novel materials such as metallic nanostructures, which are widely used and explored because of their unique optical properties and their potency to serve as components of novel metamaterials. However, approaches to transfer the spatial information of DNA constructions to metal nanostructures remain a challenge. We report a DNA-assisted lithography (DALI) method that combines the structural versatility of DNA origami with conventional lithography techniques to create discrete, well-defined, and entirely metallic nanostructures with designed plasmonic properties. DALI is a parallel, high-throughput fabrication method compatible with transparent substrates, thus providing an additional advantage for optical measurements, and yields structures with a feature size of ~10 nm. We demonstrate its feasibility by producing metal nanostructures with a chiral plasmonic response and bowtie-shaped nanoantennas for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We envisage that DALI can be generalized to large substrates, which would subsequently enable scale-up production of diverse metallic nanostructures with tailored plasmonic features.
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Kollamaram G, Hopkins SC, Glowacki BA, Croker DM, Walker GM. Inkjet printing of paracetamol and indomethacin using electromagnetic technology: Rheological compatibility and polymorphic selectivity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 115:248-257. [PMID: 29366961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Drop-on-demand inkjet printing is a potential enabling technology both for continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and for personalized medicine, but its use is often restricted to low-viscosity solutions and nano-suspensions. In the present study, a robust electromagnetic (valvejet) inkjet technology has been successfully applied to deposit prototype dosage forms from solutions with a wide range of viscosities, and from suspensions with particle sizes exceeding 2 μm. A detailed solid-state study of paracetamol, printed from a solution ink on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), revealed that the morphology of the substrate and its chemical interactions can have a considerable influence on polymorphic selectivity. Paracetamol ink crystallized exclusively into form II when printed on a smooth polyethylene terephthalate substrate, and exclusively into form I when in sufficient proximity to the rough surface of the HPMC substrate to be influenced by confinement in pores and chemical interactions. The relative standard deviation in the strength of the dosage forms was <4% in all cases, for doses as low as 0.8 mg, demonstrating the accuracy and reproducibility associated with electromagnetic inkjet technology. Good adhesion of indomethacin on HPMC was achieved using a suspension ink with hydroxypropyl cellulose, but not on an alternative polyethylene terephthalate substrate, emphasising the need to tailor the binder to the substrate. Future work will focus on lower-dose drugs, for which dosing flexibility and fixed dose combinations are of particular interest.
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Khan NI, Maddaus AG, Song E. A Low-Cost Inkjet-Printed Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for the Selective Detection of Lysozyme. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E7. [PMID: 29342960 PMCID: PMC5872055 DOI: 10.3390/bios8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, inkjet-printing has gained increased popularity in applications such as flexible electronics and disposable sensors, as well as in wearable sensors because of its multifarious advantages. This work presents a novel, low-cost immobilization technique using inkjet-printing for the development of an aptamer-based biosensor for the detection of lysozyme, an important biomarker in various disease diagnosis. The strong affinity between the carbon nanotube (CNT) and the single-stranded DNA is exploited to immobilize the aptamers onto the working electrode by printing the ink containing the dispersion of CNT-aptamer complex. The inkjet-printing method enables aptamer density control, as well as high resolution patternability. Our developed sensor shows a detection limit of 90 ng/mL with high target selectivity against other proteins. The sensor also demonstrates a shelf-life for a reasonable period. This technology has potential for applications in developing low-cost point-of-care diagnostic testing kits for home healthcare.
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Abstract
Sustainable and personally tailored materials production is an emerging challenge to society. Living organisms can produce and pattern an extraordinarily wide range of different molecules in a sustainable way. These natural systems offer an abundant source of inspiration for the development of new environmentally friendly materials production techniques. In this paper, we describe the first steps toward the 3-dimensional printing of bacterial cultures for materials production and patterning. This methodology combines the capability of bacteria to form new materials with the reproducibility and tailored approach of 3D printing systems. For this purpose, a commercial 3D printer was modified for bacterial systems, and new alginate-based bioink chemistry was developed. Printing temperature, printhead speed, and bioink extrusion rate were all adapted and customized to maximize bacterial health and spatial resolution of printed structures. Our combination of 3D printing technology with biological systems enables a sustainable approach for the production of numerous new materials.
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Wery JJ, Diliberto JA. The effect of a specialized dyslexia font, OpenDyslexic, on reading rate and accuracy. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2017; 67:114-127. [PMID: 26993270 PMCID: PMC5629233 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-016-0127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A single-subject alternating treatment design was used to investigate the extent to which a specialized dyslexia font, OpenDyslexic, impacted reading rate or accuracy compared to two commonly used fonts when used with elementary students identified as having dyslexia. OpenDyslexic was compared to Arial and Times New Roman in three reading tasks: (a) letter naming, (b) word reading, and (c) nonsense word reading. Data were analyzed through visual analysis and improvement rate difference, a nonparametric measure of nonoverlap for comparing treatments. Results from this alternating treatment experiment show no improvement in reading rate or accuracy for individual students with dyslexia, as well as the group as a whole. While some students commented that the font was "new" or "different", none of the participants reported preferring to read material presented in that font. These results indicate there may be no benefit for translating print materials to this font.
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Markl D, Zeitler JA, Rasch C, Michaelsen MH, Müllertz A, Rantanen J, Rades T, Bøtker J. Analysis of 3D Prints by X-ray Computed Microtomography and Terahertz Pulsed Imaging. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1037-1052. [PMID: 28004318 PMCID: PMC5382186 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A 3D printer was used to realise compartmental dosage forms containing multiple active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) formulations. This work demonstrates the microstructural characterisation of 3D printed solid dosage forms using X-ray computed microtomography (XμCT) and terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI). METHODS Printing was performed with either polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polylactic acid (PLA). The structures were examined by XμCT and TPI. Liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) formulations containing saquinavir and halofantrine were incorporated into the 3D printed compartmentalised structures and in vitro drug release determined. RESULTS A clear difference in terms of pore structure between PVA and PLA prints was observed by extracting the porosity (5.5% for PVA and 0.2% for PLA prints), pore length and pore volume from the XμCT data. The print resolution and accuracy was characterised by XμCT and TPI on the basis of the computer-aided design (CAD) models of the dosage form (compartmentalised PVA structures were 7.5 ± 0.75% larger than designed; n = 3). CONCLUSIONS The 3D printer can reproduce specific structures very accurately, whereas the 3D prints can deviate from the designed model. The microstructural information extracted by XμCT and TPI will assist to gain a better understanding about the performance of 3D printed dosage forms.
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