Regional assignment of human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene to 4pter----4q21

The hybrid clone FD1 constructed by fusion of Chinese hamster cell line Wg3-h with human lymphocyte was irradiated with X-ray. Fourteen survival clones were isolated and 3 of them, F5B, F52B, F61A were analyzed in detail by cytogenetic and biochemical methods. The results of chromosome G-banding followed by Giemsa-11 differential staining show that there exists a deleted human chromosome 4 in all of the three hybrids. This deletion of human chromosome 4 in F61A is 4pter----4q21. The results of isozyme analysis of phosphoglucomutase-2 (PGM2) which is located on 4p14----4q21 confirm our cytogenetic conclusion. We used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in human lymphocyte, Wg3-h and hybrid clones. Their electrophoretic pattern showed that human ADH isozyme did express, in the peripheral blood lymphocyte, hybrids F5B, F52B, F61A and FD1. According to these results, we suggest that one of the Class I ADH structural genes is located on the human chromosome 4pter----4q21. Recently, McKusick reported that Class I ADH gene cluster had been assigned to chromosome 4q21----4qter. Considering this fact, we suggest that Class I ADH gene might be assigned to chromosome 4q21 or on its vicinity.

Establishment of a human/Chinese hamster hybrid clone panel

Combined with the chromosome G-banding, followed by Giemsa-11 techniques and chromosomal marker isozyme analysis, 6 out of 200 subclones have been analyzed in detail. A primary hybrid clone panel has been established, which can be used to map genes on chromosomes 4, 5, 8, 12, 20 and 22. Since the panel contains deleted chromosomes 4, 5, 8 and 12, genes on these chromosomes can be mapped regionally.

Alkaloids of Lycoris guangxiensis1

A new alkaloid, N-allylnorgalanthamine ( 1), was isolated from the bulbs of LYCORIS GUANGXIENSIS Y. Hsu et Q. J. Fan (Amaryllidaceae). Additionally, seven known alkaloids, lycorine, narwedine, galanthamine, lycoramine, crinine, norgalanthamine, and pseudolycorine were also obtained. The structure of 1 was established through the interpretation of spectral data.

Stabilized ubisemiquinone in reconstituted succinate ubiquinone reductase

QP-S, a ubiquinone (Q) protein, accepts electrons from succinate through succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). A new method has produced a preparation of QP-S which has a different amino acid composition and SDS gel electrophoretic pattern from that of the old preparation (Biochemistry 19, 3579-3585 (1980)). The new preparation contains less than 1 nmol heme/mg protein; the activity of the preparation was not proportional to its heme content. A thenoyltrifluoroacetone sensitive free radical signal was detected by EPR spectroscopy in succinate-Q reductase reconstituted from this QP-S and SDH; the characteristics of this species identify it as ubisemiquinone. At pH 7.4, the Em of the two electron step was about 70 mV with E1 = 5 mV and E2 = 125 mV. The properties of the radical differed slightly from those of "Qs" radical in more intact preparations (e.g. submitochondrial particles). The present is the simplest system in which such a succinate reducible ubisemiquinone free radical has been demonstrated.

Injection of copper powder into epididymides via vas deferens on male fertility

In adult SD rats, a single injection of silicon rubber containing 10mg metallic copper particles via vas deferens into each cauda epididymis could induce male infertility. Although the copper contact in the cauda epididymides of treated rats was significantly higher than that in the controls, the serum copper concentration did not rise significantly, while the histology of important organs and blood testosterone levels did not change. Treated animals gained weight as fast as the controls, suggesting a low systemic toxicity of this procedure. In 5 of the 8 treated rats, fertility was restored 16 weeks after treatment with normal testicular copper concentration and testicular histology. In 3, fertility was not restored within 16 weeks and the testicular copper concentration was significantly higher than in the controls. Only in these 3 rats were different degrees of damage noted in the seminiferous epithelium and it is anticipated that the fertility will be restored after a certain period of time since sperm production was unaffected. The delayed recovery of fertility in these rats is attributed to the diffusion of copper ions into the testis. It would appear that the injection of silicon rubber containing copper particles via the vas deferens to the cauda epididymides is a potential approach for male contraception.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in adults

A clinicopathological examination was carried out on eight adult patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin (ATT) deficiency. Phenotyping confirmed five patients with PiMZ, two patients with PiZ-, and one patient with PiZZ. Cirrhosis was found in six of the patients, four of whom had a history of excessive ethanol consumption. Hepatitis B surface antigen was positive in two patients with cirrhosis. Dysplastic change was present in four patients, although no neoplasia in the liver was found in all patients. All patients had periodic acid-Schiff positive and diastase resistant inclusions of hepatocytes, which were identified as ATT by indirect immunoperoxidase stain. The possibility of the combined effects of ATT inclusions and such harmful stimuli such as alcohol or viral hepatitis infection may render the hepatocytes more susceptible to damage, and may contribute to development of cirrhosis.

Effect of Tripterigium wilfordii Hook. f. on the fertility of rats

Studies were undertaken to assess the effect of the total glycosides extracted from Tripterigium wilfordii Hook. f. (GTW), a ready-made Chinese herb medicine, on the fertility of both male and female rats. In male rats, GTW was given by gastric gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day, 6 days a week for 8 weeks. All the treated animals became infertile. The body weight growth was normal and the mating behavior was present. There was a drastic decrease in the viability of the epididymal spermatozoa, while the decrease in the sperm density, though significant, was far less marked. Seminiferous tubular damage was minimal and no perceptible change was observed in the Leydig and the Sertoli cells. All other parameters examined, including the serum testosterone level and the histology of various organs, were normal. In female rats, GTW given orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg per day on days 1-4 or 7-9 of pregnancy did not significantly affect the fertility. It is thus concluded that non-toxic dose of GTW can cause infertility in male rats, the mechanism of which may involve and interference in the function of the epididymal and/or testicular spermatozoa; in female rats, the dose regimens employed do not have significant anti-implantation or early-pregnancy termination effect.

Effect of intra-epididymal injection of copper particles on fertility, spermatogenesis, and tissue copper levels in rats

In male rats, a single injection of 10 mg metallic copper particles in oil into each caput epididymidis induced infertility, whilst leaving mating behaviour and blood testosterone levels unchanged. Fertility tended to recover 5.5 months after the copper treatment. Although the copper content of the caput epididymidis reached a level of around 100 times higher than control values, the serum copper concentration did not rise significantly. This finding and the observation that treated animals gained weight as fast as the controls suggest a low systemic toxicity of this method. The testicular copper concentration was significantly higher than that in controls and different degrees of damage, including vacuolation, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, and cytolysis, were seen mainly in pachytene spermatocytes and early spermatids. Clumps of foreign particles, apparently metallic copper, were found in the interstices of the caput epididymidis together with degenerative changes in the epithelial cells of the caput, suggesting a possible effect of copper on the epididymal epithelium. The viability of epididymal sperm decreased more markedly than the decrease in sperm density. It is therefore most likely that the major cause of infertility after copper injection into the caput epididymidis is a direct inhibitory effect of copper on the sperm, whilst damage to the seminiferous and epididymal epithelial may contribute.

Histochemical demonstration of guanase in human liver with guanine in bicine buffer as substrate

Histochemical studies of human guanase (guanine deaminase) have seldom been undertaken, in part because of technical difficulties which result in heavy background staining. In this report, we describe a modified procedure in which the methodological inadequacies have been overcome. The modified technique has been applied to determine the intracellular and lobular distribution of guanase in normal human liver and in cases of primary biliary cirrhosis and alcoholic cirrhosis. Guanase was present within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes throughout the entire lobule. Enzyme activity was stronger on the sinusoidal side of the hepatocytes and in the periportal area. The reaction was weaker in perivenular hepatocytes. Portal components (bile ducts and veins), fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells were non-reactive, and the enzyme was absent from hepatocyte nuclei and membranes. Sections of skeletal muscle contained no guanase. The specificity of the reaction was confirmed by control tests on liver tissue and by the use of a specific inhibitor of guanase. It is concluded that the modified procedure overcomes the disadvantages inherent in the original method for guanase demonstration, allows the examination of fine cellular detail and should become a valuable histochemical tool with which to study diseases of the liver.

Holographic interferometry used to demonstrate a theory of pattern formation in animal coats

Time-average holographic interferometry has been used to observe modal patterns of acoustically excited thin plates and shells having shapes which are schematically related to shapes occurring in the coats of animals. These modal patterns are related by a reaction-diffusion model to animal coat markings found in nature.