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Shan G, Wang Z, Zhou L, Du P, Luo X, Wu Q, Zhu L. Impacts of daily intakes on the isomeric profiles of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum. Environ Int 2016; 89-90:62-70. [PMID: 26826363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been well studied in human daily intake for assessment of potential health risks. However, little is known about the isomeric compositions of PFASs in daily intake and their impacts on isomeric profiles in humans. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of PFASs with isomeric analysis in various human exposure matrices including foodstuffs, tap water and indoor dust. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and/or perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were predominant in these exposure matrices collected in Tianjin, China. In fish and meat, linear (n-) PFOA was enriched with a percentage of 92.2% and 99.6%, respectively. Although n-PFOS was higher in fish (84.8%) than in technical PFOS (ca. 70%), it was much lower in meat (63.1%) and vegetables (58.5%). Dietary intake contributed >99% of the estimated daily intake (EDI) for the general population. The isomeric profiles of PFOA and PFOS in human serum were predicted based on the EDI and a one-compartment, first-order pharmacokinetic model. The isomeric percentage of n-PFOA in the EDI (98.6%) was similar to that in human serum (predicted: 98.2%, previously measured: 99.7%) of Tianjin residents. The results suggest direct PFOA intake plays an important role in its isomeric compositions in humans. For PFOS, the predicted n-PFOS (69.3%) was much higher than the previously measured values (59.2%) in human serum. This implies that other factors, such as indirect exposure to PFOS precursors and multiple excretion pathways, may contribute to the lower percentage of n-PFOS in humans than of technical PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lianqiu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Pin Du
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Qiannian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Safdar M, Junejo Y. The development of a hexaplex-conventional PCR for identification of six animal and plant species in foodstuffs. Food Chem 2016; 192:745-9. [PMID: 26304406 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A hexaplex-conventional PCR assay was developed for identification of five meat and one plant species origins in foodstuffs simultaneously. The method merges the use of horse (Equus caballus), soybean (Glycine max), sheep (Ovis aries), poultry (Meleagris meleagris), pork (Sus scrofa), and cow (Bos taurus) specific primers that amplify fragments (horse; 85 bp, soybean; 100 bp, sheep; 119 bp, poultry; 183 bp, pork; 212 bp and cow; 271 bp) of the mitochondrial cyt b, lectin, 12S rRNA, 12S rRNA, ATPase subunit 6 genes and ATPase subunit 8 genes respectively, and a universal 18S rRNA primers that amplifies a 141 bp. Multiplex analysis of the reference food samples showed that detection limit of the hexaplex assay was 0.01% for each species. Taken together, all data indicated that this hexaplex PCR assay was a simple, fast, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective detection method for horse, soybean, sheep, poultry, pork and cow species in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Yasmeen Junejo
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey; National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
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Ma Q, Bai H, Li W, Wang C, Li X, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z. Direct identification of prohibited substances in cosmetics and foodstuffs using ambient ionization on a miniature mass spectrometry system. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 912:65-73. [PMID: 26920774 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significantly simplified work flows were developed for rapid analysis of various types of cosmetic and foodstuff samples by employing a miniature mass spectrometry system and ambient ionization methods. A desktop Mini 12 ion trap mass spectrometer was coupled with paper spray ionization, extraction spray ionization and slug-flow microextraction for direct analysis of Sudan Reds, parabens, antibiotics, steroids, bisphenol and plasticizer from raw samples with complex matrices. Limits of detection as low as 5 μg/kg were obtained for target analytes. On-line derivatization was also implemented for analysis of steroid in cosmetics. The developed methods provide potential analytical possibility for outside-the-lab screening of cosmetics and foodstuff products for the presence of illegal substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Wentao Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xinshi Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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54
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Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Raknuzzaman M. The concentration, source and potential human health risk of heavy metals in the commonly consumed foods in Bangladesh. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 122:462-9. [PMID: 26406870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seven food items, namely, meat, egg, fish, milk, vegetables, cereals and fruits were collected from Bogra district, Bangladesh to evaluate the levels of heavy metal and associated health risk to the adults and children. The samples were analyzed for the quantification of selected heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb) on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer followed by acid digestion. In general, the highest concentrations of the studied metals were detected in vegetables, cereals, and fruits. The range of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in the foods were 0.058-10, 0.036-25, 0.045-40, 0.005-7.1, 0.001-5.5 and 0.005-13 mg/kg fw, respectively. Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three major groups of the studied metals and showed significant anthropogenic contributions of the Ni, Cu, and As in foods. Health risk assessment was evaluated in terms of target hazard quotient and target carcinogenic risk (TR) which showed that the intake of some metals through foods were higher than the recommended values, consequently consumption of the foods may be associated with non-carcinogenic health risks. Nonetheless, elevated levels of As and Pb were also found to be associated with lifetime carcinogenic risk to the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh; Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Raknuzzaman
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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55
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Shin ES, Nguyen KH, Kim J, Kim CI, Chang YS. Progressive risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls through a Total Diet Study in the Korean population. Environ Pollut 2015; 207:403-412. [PMID: 26470055 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from foods was investigated through a Total Diet Study (TDS) for the first time in Korea. A representative food list was developed from food intake data. Non-selected foods were also included in the TDS through the mapping process to anticipate practical risk assessment. For better representativeness, data (2008-2011) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were combined with the TDS data set. And also, we estimated the dietary exposure to PCBs from various food items using a 'best-fit' mapping process and assessed the differences in PCB exposures by sex and age. In this study, we examined total PCBs (62 congeners) including dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs) and indicator PCBs, which are congeners that are mainly detected in various environmental matrices. The average dietary exposure (3.94 ng/kg body weight/day) that was estimated through food intake was 19.7% of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-su Shin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Khanh-Hoang Nguyen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchul Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-il Kim
- Department of Anti-Aging, Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), Chueongju, 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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56
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Jiang Y, Zeng X, Fan X, Chao S, Zhu M, Cao H. Levels of arsenic pollution in daily foodstuffs and soils and its associated human health risk in a town in Jiangsu Province, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 122:198-204. [PMID: 26256055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of industries in rural areas can aggravate the arsenic (As) contamination of the local environment, which may pose unacceptable health risks to the local residents. This paper estimated the health risk posed by inorganic As (iAs) to residents via ingestion of soil, skin contact with soil and consumption of foodstuffs in a typical rural- industrial developed town in southern Jiangsu, China. The average concentrations of total As in soil, rice, fish, shrimp and crab, pork and eggs, vegetables and fruits were detected to be 10.367, 0.104 mg/kg dw (dry weight), 0.050, 0.415, 0.011, 0.013 and 0.017 mg/kg fw (fresh weight), respectively. All of these values are below the maximum allowable concentration in food and soil in China. The deterministic estimation results showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) and excess lifetime cancer risk (R) were 1.28 (0.78-2.31) and 2.38 × 10(-4) (2.71 × 10(-5)-5.09 × 10(-4)) for all age groups, respectively. Males in the age range of 2-29 years and females in the age range of 2-13 years and 18-29 years exhibited non-carcinogenic risk (HQ>1). Carcinogenic risk exceeded the acceptable level of 1 × 10(-)(5) for both genders at all ages. Furthermore, this risk rose with age. The probabilistic estimation results showed that about 28% of residents had non-carcinogenic risk due to over ingestion of iAs. The R value of 90% of residents was greater than 10(-)(5). The sensitivity analysis indicated that the cancer slope factor (SF), the ingestion rates of rice and the iAs concentration in rice were the most relevant variables affecting the assessment outcome. Based on these results, it is recommended that residents reduce their consumption of rice, though it should be noted that the assessment outcome has uncertainty due to estimating iAs from foodstuffs and not considering the bioaccessibility of iAs in foodstuffs. Nevertheless, measures like reducing industrial As emissions, forbidding the use of pesticides, fertilizers and sludge which contain As and optimizing water management in rice paddy fields should be taken to mitigate the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxue Jiang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiancai Zeng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Fan
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihong Chao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Meilin Zhu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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57
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Pimentel LL, Fontes AL, Gomes AM, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Considerations about the in situ derivatization and fractionation of EFA and NEFA in biological and food samples. MethodsX 2015; 2:475-84. [PMID: 27408824 PMCID: PMC4928718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their important role in tissues, fluids and foods, the analysis of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) as methyl esters (NEFAME) is performed using expensive, cumbersome and time-consuming procedures that needs of isolation, fractionation and derivatization steps. However, Yi et al. [1] proposed a promising in situ, single-step procedure to analyze esterified fatty acids (EFA) and NEFA from a same sample on the basis that acylglycerols and free fatty acids can be derivatized using specific reactions. However, according to the data presented in this research work, some modifications need to be performed to increase the reliability of the method:•Increment of the transesterification performance by adding hexane to the reaction mixture, decreasing the time for the derivatization of acylglycerols from 10 min to 3-4 min and stopping the reaction with sulfuric acid.•Avoid cross-contamination of the NEFAME extract by adding 500 μL of water after collection of EFA methyl esters (EFAME).•Samples are spiked with three internal standards: a triacylglycerol (to calculate the concentration of EFA), a free fatty acid (to calculate NEFA) and a FAME (to control isolation of FAME and cross-contamination).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia L Pimentel
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L Fontes
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gomes
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis M Rodríguez-Alcalá
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal
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58
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Domingo JL, Nadal M. Human dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review of the scientific literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:144-53. [PMID: 26456806 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 200 different organic compounds that are mainly formed as the result of pyrolytic processes. For the general population, a number of studies have shown that, as for other environmental organic contaminants, the major route of exposure to PAHs is through food consumption. In this paper, the scientific literature concerning the concentrations of PAHs in food and the human dietary intake of these compounds, is reviewed. Unexpectedly, we have detected a considerable lack of scientific papers for countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, or Japan, among many others, which seems rather unusual given the important scientific and social interest on the knowledge of the health risks of human exposure to environmental pollutants. The data from countries for which the human dietary intake of PAHs is available, show important differences among them, which would be explained by a number of factors, being probably the most important, the different methodologies used in the respective surveys. Regarding the influence of cooking on the levels of PAHs in foodstuffs, and the consequent intake, we conclude that it depends, not only on the particular cooking process, but even more on the specific characteristics of the respective food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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59
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García-Bermejo Á, Ábalos M, Sauló J, Abad E, González MJ, Gómara B. Triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: A real alternative to high resolution magnetic sector instrument for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 889:156-65. [PMID: 26343438 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the optimisation, characterisation, validation and applicability of gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in its tandem operation mode (GC-QqQ(MS/MS) for the quantification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs, dioxins) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in environmental and food matrices. MS/MS parameters were selected to achieve the high sensitivity and selectivity required for the analysis of this type of compounds and samples. Good repeatability for areas (RSD = 1-10%, for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs) and for ion transition ratios (RSD = 0.3-10%, for PCDD/Fs, and 0.2-15%, for DL-PCBs) and low instrumental limits of detection, 0.07-0.75 pg μL(-1) (for dioxins) and 0.05-0.63 pg μL(-1) (for DL-PCBs), were obtained. A comparative study of the congener specific determination using both GC-QqQ(MS/MS) and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) was also performed by analysing several fortified samples and certified reference materials (CRMs) with low (feed and foodstuffs), median (sewage sludge) and high (fly ash) toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentration levels, i.e. 0.60, 1.83, 72.9 and 3609 pg WHO-TEQ(PCDD/Fs) g(-1). The agreement between the results obtained for the total TEQs (dioxins) on GC-QqQ(MS/MS) and GC-HRMS in all the investigated samples were within the range of ±4%, and that of DL-PCBs at concentration levels of 0.84 pg WHO-TEQs (DL-PCBs) g(-1), in the case of feedstuffs, was 0.11%. Both instrumental methods have similar and comparable linearity, precision and accuracy. The GC-QqQ(MS/MS) sensitivity, lower than that of GC-HRMS, is good enough (iLODs in the down to low pg levels) to detect the normal concentrations of these compounds in food and environmental samples. These results make GC-QqQ(MS/MS) suitable for the quantitative analysis of dioxins and DL-PCBs and a real alternative tool to the reference sector HRMS instruments.
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Rohani Moghadam M, Poorakbarian Jahromi SM, Darehkordi A. Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of copper, cobalt, nickel and iron in foodstuffs and vegetables with a new bis thiosemicarbazone ligand using chemometric approaches. Food Chem 2015; 192:424-31. [PMID: 26304369 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A newly synthesized bis thiosemicarbazone ligand, (2Z,2'Z)-2,2'-((4S,5R)-4,5,6-trihydroxyhexane-1,2-diylidene)bis(N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide), was used to make a complex with Cu(2+), Ni(2+), Co(2+) and Fe(3+) for their simultaneous spectrophotometric determination using chemometric methods. By Job's method, the ratio of metal to ligand in Ni(2+) was found to be 1:2, whereas it was 1:4 for the others. The effect of pH on the sensitivity and selectivity of the formed complexes was studied according to the net analyte signal (NAS). Under optimum conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the ranges of 0.10-3.83, 0.20-3.83, 0.23-5.23 and 0.32-8.12 mg L(-1) with the detection limits of 2, 3, 4 and 10 μg L(-1) for Cu(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+) and Fe(3+) respectively. The OSC-PLS1 for Cu(2+) and Ni(2+), the PLS1 for Co(2+) and the PC-FFANN for Fe(3+) were selected as the best models. The selected models were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of elements in some foodstuffs and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Rohani Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University, 77188-97111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | | | - Ali Darehkordi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University, 77188-97111 Rafsanjan, Iran
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61
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He M, Yang C, Geng R, Zhao X, Hong L, Piao X, Chen T, Quinto M, Li D. Monitoring of phthalates in foodstuffs using gas purge microsyringe extraction coupled with GC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 879:63-8. [PMID: 26002478 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly used as nonreactive plasticisers in vinyl plastics to increase the flexibility of plastic polymers. Numerous studies have indicated that the PAEs as a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. In addition, the studies have also shown that a major source of human exposure to phthalates is the diet. To date, the largest problem in PAEs analysis is the high blank value because PAEs are widely used in various applications and products. To overcome this shortcoming, gas purge microsyringe extraction (GP-MSE) was applied, which established a new and low-blank-value analytical method for PAE analysis to analyse PAEs in foodstuffs. In this study, GP-MSE was used as a clean-up method, and the overall recoveries ranged from 85.7 to 102.6%, and the RSD was less than 10%. More importantly, this method can overcome the problem of the high blank value in PAE analysis. This method was applied for measuring PAEs in 78 foodstuffs. The results showed that a wide variety of PAE concentrations were found in the different groups, and the content of PAEs (varies from 658 to 1610 ng g(-1) fresh weight) is greatest in seafood. The concentrations were in the following order: DEHP>DBP>DEP≈DMP>BBP≈DNOP. Finally, the daily intake of PAEs was estimated for adults based on the levels of PAEs in foodstuffs. The total EDIdiet values of 3.2 and 12.9 μg kg(-1) bw d(-1) were calculated for DEHP based on the mean and highest concentrations in foodstuffs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Renjie Geng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Xiangai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Lian Hong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Xiangfan Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Maurizio Quinto
- SAFE - Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, I-71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China.
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Spínola V, Llorent-Martínez EJ, Castilho PC. Determination of vitamin C in foods: current state of method validation. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1369:2-17. [PMID: 25441066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is one of the most important vitamins, so reliable information about its content in foodstuffs is a concern to both consumers and quality control agencies. However, the heterogeneity of food matrixes and the potential degradation of this vitamin during its analysis create enormous challenges. This review addresses the development and validation of high-performance liquid chromatography methods for vitamin C analysis in food commodities, during the period 2000-2014. The main characteristics of vitamin C are mentioned, along with the strategies adopted by most authors during sample preparation (freezing and acidification) to avoid vitamin oxidation. After that, the advantages and handicaps of different analytical methods are discussed. Finally, the main aspects concerning method validation for vitamin C analysis are critically discussed. Parameters such as selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification, and accuracy were studied by most authors. Recovery experiments during accuracy evaluation were in general satisfactory, with usual values between 81 and 109%. However, few methods considered vitamin C stability during the analytical process, and the study of the precision was not always clear or complete. Potential future improvements regarding proper method validation are indicated to conclude this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Spínola
- Centro de Química da Madeira (CQM), Centro de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Eulogio J Llorent-Martínez
- Centro de Química da Madeira (CQM), Centro de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal; Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas S/N, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Paula C Castilho
- Centro de Química da Madeira (CQM), Centro de Ciências Exactas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal.
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Khan K, Khan H, Lu Y, Ihsanullah I, Nawab J, Khan S, Shah NS, Shamshad I, Maryam A. Evaluation of toxicological risk of foodstuffs contaminated with heavy metals in Swat, Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 108:224-232. [PMID: 25086826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the available foodstuffs (crops, milk and water), their bioaccumulation in human body and potential human health risks in Swat valley, northern Pakistan. Heavy metal concentrations in foodstuffs and human blood (adults (18-above) and children (1-12 years)) were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometer. The results revealed high level of Mn in foodstuffs followed by Cr>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cd>Pb, which significantly increased the levels of heavy metals in the adult׳s blood as compared to that of children in the order of Cr>Zn>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cd. Principal component analysis showed that selected foodstuffs were the possible sources of metal contamination in human blood, while correlation analysis revealed that the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in foodstuffs significantly correlated with that in human blood. Moreover, risk assessments for individual metals via foodstuffs were found within safe limits, except for Cd (HQ>1); Whereas, for aggregate multiple metals the risk was calculated as 3.97E+00 (HI>1), in which water and milk were perceived as the greater contributors (81 percent) to HI; while fruits, grains and vegetables contributed 5 percent each, and pulses 4 percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Hizbullah Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Ihsan Ihsanullah
- Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Noor S Shah
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Swat, Swat 19130, Pakistan
| | - Isha Shamshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Maryam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
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64
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Kim J, Son MH, Kim J, Suh J, Kang Y, Chang YS. Assessment of Dechlorane compounds in foodstuffs obtained from retail markets and estimates of dietary intake in Korean population. J Hazard Mater 2014; 275:19-25. [PMID: 24835686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 175 samples, composed of 35 different foodstuffs, were obtained from retail markets in Korea and analyzed to investigate the contamination status and dietary intake of Dechlorane compounds. The concentrations of Dechlorane Plus (DP), mirex, Dechlorane (Dec) 602 and 603 ranged from ND to 169.85 pg/g wet weight (ww), 107.30 pg/g ww, 20.81 pg/g ww, 0.41 pg/g ww, respectively, while Dechlorane (Dec) 604 was not detected in any samples. Strong correlations between anti- and syn-DP and between mirex and Dec 602 were observed. The average anti-isomer fractional abundance (fanti) was 0.78±0.11 which was larger than the technical DP value (fanti=0.75). The estimated dietary daily intake of DP, 11.2×10(3) pg/day, was one to three orders of magnitude higher than other Dechloranes. Grain was the most contributed food group to dietary daily intake of DP for Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongchul Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hui Son
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Juntae Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyuck Suh
- Food Contaminants Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoon Kang
- Food Contaminants Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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Karaseva NA, Ermolaeva TN. Piezoelectric immunosensors for the detection of individual antibiotics and the total content of penicillin antibiotics in foodstuffs. Talanta 2013; 120:312-7. [PMID: 24468375 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Piezoelectric immunosensors on the basis of homologous and group-specificantibodies have been developed for detecting penicillin G, ampicillin, and the total content of penicillin antibiotics. The receptor coating of the sensor was obtained by the immobilization of penicillin G or ampicillin hapten-protein conjugates on the polypyrrole film obtained by electropolymerization and activated by glutaraldehyde. The affinity constants and the cross reactivity coefficients have been calculated. This made it possible to estimate the affinity and specificity of the polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies used. The calibration curves are linear in the range of concentrations 2.5-250.0 ng ml(-1) (penicillin G), 2.5-500.0 ng ml(-1) (ampicillin), and 1-500 ng ml(-1) (group of penicillin). The limits of detection are 0.8 ng ml(-1), 3.9 ng ml(-1), which are lower than MRL, established for penicillin antibiotics. The sensors were tested in detecting penicillins in milk, pork, beef, liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Karaseva
- Lipetsk State Technical University, 30 Moskovskaya St., Lipetsk 398600, Russia.
| | - T N Ermolaeva
- Lipetsk State Technical University, 30 Moskovskaya St., Lipetsk 398600, Russia
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Phan K, Sthiannopkao S, Heng S, Phan S, Huoy L, Wong MH, Kim KW. Arsenic contamination in the food chain and its risk assessment of populations residing in the Mekong River basin of Cambodia. J Hazard Mater 2013; 262:1064-71. [PMID: 22818591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the potential arsenic exposure of Cambodian residents from their daily food consumption. Environmental and ecological samples such as paddy soils, paddy rice (unhusked), staple rice (uncooked and cooked), fish and vegetables were collected from Kandal, Kratie and Kampong Cham provinces in the Mekong River basin of Cambodia. After acid-digestion, digestates were chemically analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results revealed that the means of total arsenic concentration ([As]tot) in paddy soils and paddy rice from Kandal were significantly higher than those from Kampong Cham province (t-test, p<0.05). Moreover, a significant positive correlation between the [As]tot in paddy soils and paddy rice was found (r(14) = 0.826, p<0.01). Calculations of arsenic intake from food consumption indicated that the upper end of the range of the daily dose of inorganic arsenic for Kandal residents (0.089-8.386 μg d(-1) kg(-1) body wt.) was greater than the lower limits on the benchmark dose for a 0.5% increased incidence of lung cancer (BMDL0.5 is equal to 3.0 μg d(-1) kg(-1) body wt.). The present study suggests that the residents in Kandal are at risk of arsenic intake from their daily food consumption. However, the residents in Kratie and Kampong Cham provinces are less likely to be exposed to arsenic through their daily dietary intake. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report estimating the daily intake and daily dose of inorganic arsenic from food consumption in the Mekong River basin of Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongkea Phan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Resource Development International-Cambodia, Kean Svay, Kandal, P.O. Box 494 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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