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Yaghobi M, Heidari P. Genome-Wide Analysis of Aquaporin Gene Family in Triticum turgidum and Its Expression Profile in Response to Salt Stress. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14010202. [PMID: 36672943 PMCID: PMC9859376 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the response of plants to water stresses, aquaporin (AQP) plays a prominent role in membrane water transport based on the received upstream signals. Due to the importance of the AQP gene family, studies have been conducted that investigate the function and regulatory system of these genes. However, many of their molecular aspects are still unknown. This study aims to carry out a genome-wide investigation of the AQP gene family in Triticum turgidum using bioinformatics tools and to investigate the expression patterns of some members in response to salt stress. Our results show that there are 80 TtAQP genes in T. turgidum, which are classified into four main groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Several duplications were observed between the members of the TtAQP gene family, and high diversity in response to post-translational modifications was observed between TtAQP family members. The expression pattern of TtAQP genes disclosed that these genes are primarily upregulated in response to salt stress. Additionally, the qPCR data revealed that TtAQPs are more induced in delayed responses to salinity stress. Overall, our findings illustrate that TtAQP members are diverse in terms of their structure, regulatory systems, and expression levels.
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Gómez-Méndez MF, Amezcua-Romero JC, Rosas-Santiago P, Hernández-Domínguez EE, de Luna-Valdez LA, Ruiz-Salas JL, Vera-Estrella R, Pantoja O. Ice plant root plasma membrane aquaporins are regulated by clathrin-coated vesicles in response to salt stress. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:199-218. [PMID: 36383186 PMCID: PMC9806614 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of root Plasma membrane (PM) Intrinsic Protein (PIP)-type aquaporins (AQPs) is potentially important for salinity tolerance. However, the molecular and cellular details underlying this process in halophytes remain unclear. Using free-flow electrophoresis and label-free proteomics, we report that the increased abundance of PIPs at the PM of the halophyte ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) roots under salinity conditions is regulated by clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV). To understand this regulation, we analyzed several components of the M. crystallinum CCV complexes: clathrin light chain (McCLC) and subunits μ1 and μ2 of the adaptor protein (AP) complex (McAP1μ and McAP2μ). Co-localization analyses revealed the association between McPIP1;4 and McAP2μ and between McPIP2;1 and McAP1μ, observations corroborated by mbSUS assays, suggesting that AQP abundance at the PM is under the control of CCV. The ability of McPIP1;4 and McPIP2;1 to form homo- and hetero-oligomers was tested and confirmed, as well as their activity as water channels. Also, we found increased phosphorylation of McPIP2;1 only at the PM in response to salt stress. Our results indicate root PIPs from halophytes might be regulated through CCV trafficking and phosphorylation, impacting their localization, transport activity, and abundance under salinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio César Amezcua-Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, México
| | - Paul Rosas-Santiago
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | | | - Luis Alberto de Luna-Valdez
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Jorge Luis Ruiz-Salas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Rosario Vera-Estrella
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Omar Pantoja
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
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53
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Geng X, Shao G, Jiang T, Yang B. Transport Characteristics of Aquaporins. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:53-64. [PMID: 36717486 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQP) are a class of the integral membrane proteins. The main physiological function of AQPs is to facilitate the water transport across plasma membrane of cells. However, the transport of various kinds of small molecules by AQPs is an interesting topic. Studies using in vitro cell models have found that AQPs mediated transport of small molecules, including glycerol, urea, carbamides, polyols, purines, pyrimidines and monocarboxylates, and gases such as CO2, NO, NH3, H2O2 and O2, although the high intrinsic membrane permeabilities for these gases make aquaporin-facilitated transport not dominant in physiological mechanism. AQPs are also considered to transport silicon, antimonite, arsenite and some ions; however, most data about transport characteristics of AQPs are derived from in vitro experiments. The physiological significance of AQPs that are permeable to various small molecules is necessary to be determined by in vivo experiments. This chapter will provide information about the transport characteristics of AQPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangying Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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54
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Qiu Z, Jiang T, Li Y, Wang W, Yang B. Aquaporins in Urinary System. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:155-177. [PMID: 36717493 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There are at least eight aquaporins (AQPs) expressed in the kidney. Including AQP1 expressed in proximal tubules, thin descending limb of Henle and vasa recta; AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, and AQP6 expressed in collecting ducts; AQP7 expressed in proximal tubules; AQP8 expressed in proximal tubules and collecting ducts; and AQP11 expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of proximal tubular epithelial cells. Over years, researchers have constructed different AQP knockout mice and explored the effect of AQP knockout on kidney function. Thus, the roles of AQPs in renal physiology are revealed, providing very useful information for addressing fundamental questions about transepithelial water transport and the mechanism of near isoosmolar fluid reabsorption. This chapter introduces the localization and function of AQPs in the kidney and their roles in different kidney diseases to reveal the prospects of AQPs in further basic and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- College of Basic Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiling Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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55
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Zhao X, Liang B, Li C, Wang W. Expression Regulation and Trafficking of Aquaporins. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:39-51. [PMID: 36717485 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) mediate the bidirectional water flow driven by an osmotic gradient. Either gating or trafficking allows for rapid and specific AQP regulation in a tissue-dependent manner. The regulatory mechanisms of AQP2 are discussed mainly in this chapter, as the mechanisms controlling the regulation and trafficking of AQP2 have been very well studied. The targeting of AQP2 to the apical plasma membrane of collecting duct principal cells is mainly regulated by the action of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the type 2 AVP receptor (V2R), which cause increased intracellular cAMP or elevated intracellular calcium levels. Activation of these intracellular signaling pathways results in vesicles bearing AQP2 transport, docking and fusion with the apical membrane, which increase density of AQP2 on the membrane. The removal of AQP2 from the membrane requires dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling. AQP2 is degraded through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and lysosomal proteolysis pathway. Finally, we review updated findings in transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of AQP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoduo Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baien Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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56
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Wang L, Wang J, Zhu X, Bai C, Song Y. Aquaporins in Respiratory System. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:137-144. [PMID: 36717491 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins facilitating fluid transport in alveolar space, airway humidification, pleural fluid absorption, and submucosal gland secretion. In this chapter, we mainly focus on the expression of four AQPs in the lungs, which include AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, and AQP5 in normal and disease status, and the experience of AQPs function from various model and transgenic mice were summarized in detail to improve our understanding of the role of AQPs in fluid balance of respiratory system. It has been suggested that AQPs play important roles in various physiology and pathophysiology conditions of different lung diseases. There still remains unclear the exact role of AQPs in lung diseases, and thus continuous efforts on elucidating the roles of AQPs in lung physiological and pathophysiological processes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lung Inflammation and Injury, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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57
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Fan L, Wu P, Li X, Tie L. Aquaporins in Cardiovascular System. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:125-135. [PMID: 36717490 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that aquaporins (AQPs) are involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function and the development of related diseases, especially in cerebral ischemia, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and angiogenesis. Therefore, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism accounting for the association between AQPs and vascular function-related diseases, which may lead to novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of those diseases. Here we will discuss the expression and physiological roles of AQPs in vascular tissues and summarize recent progress in the research on AQPs related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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58
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Abulizi A, Dawuti A, Yang B. Aquaporins in Tumor. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:303-315. [PMID: 36717503 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent researches have demonstrated that aquaporins (AQPs), including water-selective channels, aquaglyceroporins and superaquaporins, are generally expressed in various tumors, such as lung, colorectal, liver, brain, breast tumors, etc. Therefore, it is imperative to study the accurate relationship between AQPs and tumor, which may provide innovative approaches to treat and prevent tumor development. In this chapter, we mainly reviewed the expression and pathophysiological function of AQPs in tumor, and summarize recent work on AQPs in tumor. Although, the underlying mechanism of AQP in tumor is not very clear, growing evidences suggest that cell migration, adhesion, angiogenesis, and division contribute to tumor development, in which AQPs might be involved. Therefore, it is still necessary to conduct further studies to determine the specific roles of AQPs in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abudumijiti Abulizi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Awaguli Dawuti
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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59
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Martínez N, Damiano AE. Aquaporins in Fetal Development. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:251-266. [PMID: 36717499 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Water homeostasis is essential for fetal growth, and it depends on the successful development of the placenta. Many aquaporins (AQPs) were identified from blastocyst stages to term placenta. In the last years, cytokines, hormones, second messengers, intracellular pH, and membrane proteins were found to regulate their expression and function in the human placenta and fetal membranes. Accumulated data suggest that these proteins may be involved not only in the maintenance of the amniotic fluid volume homeostasis but also in the development of the placenta and fetal organs. In this sense, dysregulation of placental AQPs is associated with gestational disorders. Thus, current evidence shows that AQPs may collaborate in cellular events including trophoblast migration and apoptosis. In addition, aquaglyceroporins are involved in energy metabolism as well as urea elimination across the placenta. In the last year, the presence of AQP9 in trophoblast mitochondria opened new hypotheses about its role in pregnancy. However, much further work is needed to understand the importance of these proteins in human pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)-CONICET-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia E Damiano
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)-CONICET-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Cátedra de Biología Celulary Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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60
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Xu L, Guo X, Wang W, Li C. Classification and Gene Structure of Aquaporins. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:1-13. [PMID: 36717483 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane water channels that basically function as regulators of intracellular and intercellular water flow. To date, 13 AQPs, distributed widely in specific cell types in various organs and tissues, have been characterized in humans. A pair of NPA boxes forming a pore is highly conserved among all aquaporins and is also key residues for the classification of AQP superfamily into four groups according to primary sequences. AQPs may also be classified based on their transport properties. So far, chromosome localization and gene structure of 13 human AQPs have been identified, which is definitely helpful for studying phenotypes and potential targets in naturally occurring and synthetic mutations in human or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Guo
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunling Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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61
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Lu HAJ, He J. Aquaporins in Diabetes Insipidus. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:267-279. [PMID: 36717500 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of water and electrolyte balance is frequently encountered in clinical medicine. Regulating water metabolism is critically important. Diabetes insipidus (DI) presented with excessive water loss from the kidney is a major disorder of water metabolism. To understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms and pathophysiology of DI and rationales of clinical management of DI is important for both research and clinical practice. This chapter will first review various forms of DI focusing on central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). This is followed by a discussion of regulatory mechanisms underlying CDI and NDI, with a focus on the regulatory axis of vasopressin, vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R) and the water channel molecule, aquaporin 2 (AQP2). The clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and management of various forms of DI will also be discussed with highlights of some of the latest therapeutic strategies that are developed from in vitro experiments and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Jenny Lu
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jinzhao He
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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62
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North GB, Brinton EK, Kho TL, Fukui K, Maharaj FDR, Fung A, Ranganath M, Shiina JH. Acid waters in tank bromeliads: Causes and potential consequences. Am J Bot 2023; 110:e16104. [PMID: 36571428 PMCID: PMC10107723 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The consequences of acidity for plant performance are profound, yet the prevalence and causes of low pH in bromeliad tank water are unknown despite its functional relevance to key members of many neotropical plant communities. METHODS We investigated tank water pH for eight bromeliad species in the field and for the widely occurring Guzmania monostachia in varying light. We compared pH changes over time between plant and artificial tanks containing a solution combined from several plants. Aquaporin transcripts were measured for field plants at two levels of pH. We investigated relationships between pH, leaf hydraulic conductance, and CO2 concentration in greenhouse plants and tested proton pump activity using a stimulator and inhibitor. RESULTS Mean tank water pH for the eight species was 4.7 ± 0.06 and was lower for G. monostachia in higher light. The pH of the solution in artificial tanks, unlike in plants, did not decrease over time. Aquaporin transcription was higher for plants with lower pH, but leaf hydraulic conductance did not differ, suggesting that the pH did not influence water uptake. Tank pH and CO2 concentration were inversely related. Fusicoccin enhanced a decrease in tank pH, whereas orthovanadate did not. CONCLUSIONS Guzmania monostachia acidified its tank water via leaf proton pumps, which appeared responsive to light. Low pH increased aquaporin transcripts but did not influence leaf hydraulic conductance, hence may be more relevant to nutrient uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin K. Brinton
- Department of BiologyOccidental CollegeLos AngelesCA90041USA
| | - Tiffany L. Kho
- Department of BiologyOccidental CollegeLos AngelesCA90041USA
| | - Kyle Fukui
- Department of BiochemistryOccidental CollegeLos AngelesCA90041USA
| | | | - Adriana Fung
- Department of BiologyOccidental CollegeLos AngelesCA90041USA
| | - Mira Ranganath
- Department of BiologyOccidental CollegeLos AngelesCA90041USA
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63
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Xiong M, Li C, Wang W, Yang B. Protein Structure and Modification of Aquaporins. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:15-38. [PMID: 36717484 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) allow water molecules and other small, neutral solutes to quickly pass through membrane. The protein structures of AQPs solved by crystallographic methods or cryo-electron microscopy technology show that AQP monomer consists of six membrane-spanning alpha-helices that form the central water-transporting pore. AQP monomers assemble to form tetramers, forming the functional units in the membrane, to transport water or other small molecules. The biological functions of AQPs are regulated by posttranslational modifications, e.g., phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, subcellular distribution, degradation and protein interactions. Modifications of AQP combined with structural properties contribute to a better functional mechanism of AQPs. Insight into the molecular mechanisms responsible for AQP modifications as well as gating and transport properties proved to be fundamental to the development of new therapeutic targets or reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Hypertension and Kidney Research, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension and Kidney Research, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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64
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Ishibashi K, Tanaka Y, Morishita Y. Evolutionary Overview of Aquaporin Superfamily. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:81-98. [PMID: 36717488 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are present not only in three domains of life, bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea, but also in viruses. With the accumulating arrays of AQP superfamily, the evolutional relationship has attracted much attention with multiple publications on "the genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis" of AQP superfamily. A pair of NPA boxes forming a pore is highly conserved throughout the evolution and renders key residues for the classification of AQP superfamily into four groups: AQP1-like, AQP3-like, AQP8-like, and AQP11-like. The complexity of AQP family has mostly been achieved in nematodes and subsequent evolution has been directed toward increasing the number of AQPs through whole-genome duplications (WGDs) to extend the tissue specific expression and regulation. The discovery of the intracellular AQP (iAQP: AQP8-like and AQP11-like) and substrate transports by the plasma membrane AQP (pAQP: AQP1-like and AQP3-like) have accelerated the AQP research much more toward the transport of substrates with complex profiles. This evolutionary overview based on a simple classification of AQPs into four subfamilies will provide putative structural, functional, and localization information and insights into the role of AQP as well as clues to understand the complex diversity of AQP superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Ishibashi
- Division of Pathophysiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasuko Tanaka
- Division of Pathophysiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Morishita
- Division of Nephrology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Ohmiya, Saitama-City, Saitama, Japan
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65
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Li N, Ying Y, Yang B. Aquaporins in Edema. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:281-287. [PMID: 36717501 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the most prevalent indications of water-electrolyte imbalance is edema. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a protein family that can function as water channels. Osmoregulation and body water homeostasis are dependent on the regulation of AQPs. Human kidneys contain nine AQPs, five of which have been demonstrated to have a role in body water balance: AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, and AQP7. Water imbalance is connected with AQP dysfunction. Hyponatremia with elevated AQP levels can accompany edema, which can be caused by disorders with low effective circulating blood volume and systemic vasodilation, such as congestive heart failure (CHF), hepatic cirrhosis, or the syndrome of incorrect antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). In CHF, upregulation of AQP2 expression and targeting is critical for water retention. AQP2 is also involved in aberrant water retention and the formation of ascites in cirrhosis of the liver. Furthermore, water retention and hyponatremia in SIADH are caused by increased expression of AQP2 in the collecting duct. Fluid restriction, demeclocycline, and vasopressin type-2 receptor antagonists are widely utilized to treat edema. The relationship between AQPs and edema is discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ying
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Huang B, Wang H, Yang B. Non-Aquaporin Water Channels. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:331-342. [PMID: 36717505 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Water transport through membrane is so intricate that there are still some debates. AQPs are entirely accepted to allow water transmembrane movement depending on osmotic gradient. Cotransporters and uniporters, however, are also concerned in water homeostasis. UT-B has a single-channel water permeability that is similar to AQP1. CFTR was initially thought as a water channel but now not believed to transport water directly. By cotransporters, such as KCC4, NKCC1, SGLT1, GAT1, EAAT1, and MCT1, water is transported by water osmosis coupling with substrates, which explains how water is transported across the isolated small intestine. This chapter provides information about water transport mediated by other membrane proteins except AQPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Huang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Tissue Engineering, Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Chicago, IL, USA
- Laboratory of Regenerative Rehabilitation and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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67
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Quan Y, Kan B, Yang B. Aquaporins in Immune System. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:195-202. [PMID: 36717495 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that at least six aquaporins (AQPs), including AQP1, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP7, and AQP9, are expressed in immune system. These AQPs distribute in lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, and mediate water and glycerol transportation in these cells, which play important roles in innate and adaptive immune functions. Immune system plays important roles in body physiological functions and health. Therefore, understanding the association between AQPs and immune system may provide approaches to prevent and treat related diseases. Here we will discuss the expression and physiological functions of AQPs in immune system and summarize recent researches on AQPs in immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhu Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Kan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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68
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da Silva IV, Soveral G. Aquaporins in Obesity. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:289-302. [PMID: 36717502 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most important metabolic disorders of this century and is associated with a cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as insulin resistance and diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, collectively named Metabolic Syndrome. The role of aquaporins (AQP) in glycerol metabolism facilitating glycerol release from the adipose tissue and distribution to various tissues and organs unveils these membrane channels as important players in lipid balance and energy homeostasis and points to their involvement in a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms including insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. This review summarizes the physiologic role of aquaglyceroporins in glycerol metabolism and lipid homeostasis, describing their specific tissue distribution, involvement in glycerol balance, and implication in obesity and fat-related metabolic complications. The development of specify pharmacologic modulators able to regulate aquaglyceroporins expression and function, in particular AQP7 in adipose tissue, might constitute a novel approach for controlling obesity and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês V da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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69
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Li X, Yang B. Non-Transport Functions of Aquaporins. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:65-80. [PMID: 36717487 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been more than 20 years since the first aquaporin was discovered, the specific functions of many aquaporins are still under investigation, because various mice lacking aquaporins have no significant phenotypes. And in many studies, the function of aquaporin is not directly related to its transport function. Therefore, this chapter will focus on some unexpected functions of aquaporins, such the decreased tumor angiogenesis in AQP1 knockout mice, and AQP1 promotes cell migration, possibly by accelerating the water transport in lamellipodia of migrating cells. AQP transports glycerol, and water regulates glycerol content in epidermis and fat, thereby regulating skin hydration/biosynthesis and fat metabolism. AQPs may also be involved in neural signal transduction, cell volume regulation, and organelle physiology. AQP1, AQP3, and AQP5 are also involved in cell proliferation. In addition, AQPs have also been reported to play roles in inflammation in various tissues and organs. The functions of these AQPs may not depend on the permeability of small molecules such as water and glycerol, suggesting AQPs may play more roles in different biological processes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the nine AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2, and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, AQP4 has been demonstrated as a functional regulator of recently discovered glymphatic system that is a main contributor to clearance of toxic macromolecule from the brain. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyu Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Ye Y, Ran J, Yang B, Mei Z. Aquaporins in Digestive System. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1398:145-154. [PMID: 36717492 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we mainly discuss the expression and function of aquaporins (AQPs) expressed in digestive system. AQPs are highly conserved transmembrane protein responsible for water transport across cell membranes. AQPs in gastrointestinal tract include four members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, and AQP8, and three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP10. In the digestive glands, especially the liver, we discuss four members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, and AQP8, three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP7, AQP9, and AQP12. In digestive system, the abnormal expression of AQPs is closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. AQP1 is involved in saliva secretion and fat digestion and is closely related to gastric cancer and chronic liver disease; AQP3 is involved in the diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease; AQP4 regulates gastric acid secretion and is associated with the development of gastric cancer; AQP5 is relevant to gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and migration; AQP7 is the major aquaglyceroporin in pancreatic β cells; AQP8 plays a role in pancreatic juice secretion and may be a potential target for the treatment of diarrhea; AQP9 plays considerable role in glycerol metabolism and hepatocellular carcinoma; Studies on the function of AQP10 and AQP12 are still limited. Further studies are necessary for specific locations and functions of AQPs in digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Ran
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhechuan Mei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of our body and plays a protective role against the external environment. The skin functions as a mechanical and water permeability barrier, assisting with thermoregulation and defending our body against a variety of stresses such as ultraviolet radiation, microbial infection, physical injuries, and chemical hazards. The structure of the skin consists of three main layers: the hypodermis, the dermis, and the epidermis. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of integral membrane proteins whose function is to regulate intracellular fluid hemostasis by facilitating the transportation of water, and in some cases small molecules, across the cell membranes. Up to six different AQPs (AQP1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 10) are expressed in a variety of cell types in the skin. The AQP family plays an important role in these various locations, contributing to many key functions of the skin including hydration, wound healing, and immune responses. The involvement of different aquaporin family members in skin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuming Yin
- Department of Breast Oncoplastic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
- Sino-Russian Joint Research Center for Oncoplastic Breast Surgery, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiwen Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Tayade R, Rana V, Shafiqul M, Nabi RBS, Raturi G, Dhar H, Thakral V, Kim Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Aquaporin Genes in Adzuki Bean ( Vigna angularis) and Expression Analysis under Drought Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416189. [PMID: 36555833 PMCID: PMC9782098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adzuki bean Vigna angularis (Wild.) is an important leguminous crop cultivated mainly for food purposes in Asian countries; it represents a source of carbohydrates, digestible proteins, minerals, and vitamins. Aquaporins (AQPs) are crucial membrane proteins involved in the transmembrane diffusion of water and small solutes in all living organisms, including plants. In this study, we used the whole genome sequence of the adzuki bean for in silico analysis to comprehensively identify 40 Vigna angularis aquaporin (VaAQP) genes and reveal how these plants react to drought stress. VaAQPs were compared with AQPs from other closely-related leguminous plants, and the results showed that mustard (Brassica rapa) (59), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) (46), soybean (Glycine max) (66), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (41) had more AQP genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that forty VaAQPs belong to five subfamilies, with the VaPIPs (fifteen) subfamily the largest, followed by the VaNIPs (ten), VaTIPs (ten), VaSIPs (three), and VaXIPs (two) subfamilies. Furthermore, all AQP subcellular locations were found at the plasma membrane, and intron-exon analysis revealed a relationship between the intron number and gene expression, duplication, evolution, and diversity. Among the six motifs identified, motifs one, two, five, and six were prevalent in VaTIP, VaNIP, VaPIP, and VaXIP, while motifs one, three, and four were not observed in VaPIP1-3 and VaPIP1-4. Under drought stress, two of the VaAQPs (VaPIP2-1 and VaPIP2-5) showed significantly higher expression in the root tissue while the other two genes (VaPIP1-1 and VaPIP1-7) displayed variable expression in leaf tissue. This finding revealed that the selected VaAQPs might have unique molecular functions linked with the uptake of water under drought stress or in the exertion of osmoregulation to transport particular substrates rather than water to protect plants from drought. This study presents the first thorough investigation of VaAQPs in adzuki beans, and it reveals the transport mechanisms and related physiological processes that may be utilized for the development of drought-tolerant adzuki bean cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Tayade
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Varnika Rana
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
| | - Mohammad Shafiqul
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Rizwana Begum Syed Nabi
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
| | - Hena Dhar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
| | - Vandana Thakral
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali 140306, India
| | - Yoonha Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +82-53-950-5710
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Yang X, Li J, Ji C, Wei Z, Zhao T, Pang Q. Overexpression of an aquaporin gene EsPIP1;4 enhances abiotic stress tolerance and promotes flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 193:25-35. [PMID: 36323195 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins are water channel proteins that play an essential role in plant growth and development. Despite extensive functional characterization of aquaporins in model plants such as Arabidopsis, their contributions to abiotic stress tolerance in non-model plants are still poorly understood. As a close relative of Arabidopsis thaliana, Eutrema salsugineum is an excellent model for studying salt tolerance. Here, we identified and functionally characterized EsPIP1;4, a gene encoding a plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) aquaporin in E. salsugineum. Overexpression of EsPIP1;4 in Arabidopsis improved seed germination and root growth of transgenic plants under abiotic stress, which was accompanied by an increase in proline accumulation, reduction in MDA, and decrease in the rate of ion leakage. Under abiotic stress, transgenic plants overexpressing EsPIP1;4 also showed increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and enhanced K+/Na+ ratio compared to control plants. Furthermore, overexpression of EsPIP1;4 promoted flowering by regulating genes in multiple flowering pathways. Together, our results demonstrated that an aquaporin from E. salsugineum improves abiotic stress tolerance and promotes flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chengcheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Qiuying Pang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Israel D, Lee SH, Robson TM, Zwiazek JJ. Plasma membrane aquaporins of the PIP1 and PIP2 subfamilies facilitate hydrogen peroxide diffusion into plant roots. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:566. [PMID: 36471241 PMCID: PMC9721007 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The permeability of plasma membrane aquaporins (PIPs) to small solutes other than water greatly diversifies their potential functions in plant development and metabolic processes. One such process is stress signalling in which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a major role. Based on transport assays carried out in yeast, there are differences in the degree to which PIPs of Arabidopsis thaliana, are permeable to H2O2 and thus they may differentially facilitate transmembrane diffusion. Here, we test whether specific PIPs aid in the transmembrane diffusion of H2O2 to such an extent that knocking-out PIPs affects plant phenotype. We examined changes in growth and morphology, including biomass accumulation, root system architecture and relative water content, as well as gas exchange, across two H2O2 treatments in knockout mutants of A. thaliana. RESULTS We could infer that PIP-type aquaporins are permeable to H2O2 in planta and that this permeability is physiologically relevant in a plant's response to oxidative stress. In particular, the lack of functional PIP2;3 confers resistance to exogenously applied H2O2 indicating that it facilitates H2O2 entry into root cells. Additionally, PIP1;1 and PIP2;6 were found to facilitate H2O2 diffusion, while PIP2;2 is required for proper root growth under controlled conditions. MAIN FINDINGS We conclude that PIPs are physiologically relevant conduits for H2O2 diffusion in the A. thaliana roots and participate in the regulation of stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Israel
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 438 Earth Sciences Building, 11223 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Seong Hee Lee
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 438 Earth Sciences Building, 11223 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- The National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Rydal Road, Ambleside, LA22 9BB UK
| | - Janusz Jerzy Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 438 Earth Sciences Building, 11223 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
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Nicolas-Espinosa J, Carvajal M. Genome-wide identification and biological relevance of broccoli aquaporins. Plant Genome 2022; 15:e20262. [PMID: 36263901 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is an important crop worldwide, and its regular consumption is associated with health benefits due to the presence of various bioactive compounds. An optimal water balance and homeostasis are needed for plant growth; in this sense, aquaporins play a crucial role. As a result of a genome-wide search, a total of 65 aquaporin genes were identified in broccoli. The aquaporins were classified according to their phylogenetic relationships with other Brassicas species and Arabidopsis thaliana, and evolutionary events of gene duplication were also assessed, highlighting the tendency of NIPs (Nodulin-26-like Intrinsic Proteins) to duplicate. Also, the chromosomal localization, gene duplication, the study of the conserved motifs, and the tertiary structure were determined in broccoli. Functional predictive analyses were also carried out, which, together with the expression analyses in different broccoli plant tissues, allowed the prediction of the biological role of each aquaporin isoform. BoiPIP1-2a and BoiPIP1-2b showed higher expression in all the plant tissues when compared with other aquaporins. BoiTIP1-2b also showed high expression levels and was associated with nitrogen compounds transport such as urea. However, NIPs, through their differential expression and the tandem duplications of the isoforms, were revealed as the putative main actors in the response of broccoli plants to abiotic stress responses. The results of this work pointed to the physiological significance of each aquaporin isoform of broccoli, opening a new field of knowledge and constituting the first step of further in vivo analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Nicolas-Espinosa
- Aquaporins Group, Plant Nutrition Dep., Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Univ. de Espinardo, Edificio 25, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Aquaporins Group, Plant Nutrition Dep., Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Univ. de Espinardo, Edificio 25, Murcia, 30100, Spain
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Chutia P, Saha N, Das M, Goswami LM. Differential expression of aquaporin genes and the influence of environmental hypertonicity on their expression in juveniles of air-breathing stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 274:111314. [PMID: 36096299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a superfamily of transmembrane channel proteins that are responsible for the transport of water and some other molecules to and from the cell, mainly for osmoregulation under anisotonicity. We investigated here the expression patterns of different AQP isoforms and also during exposure to hypertonicity (300 mOsmol/L) for 48 h in juvenile stages of air-breathing stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). A total of 8 mRNA transcripts for different isoforms of AQPs and their translated proteins could be detected in the anterior and posterior regions of S1, S2, and S3 stages of juveniles of stinging catfish at variable levels. In general, more expression of mRNAs for different aqp genes was seen in the S2 and S3 juveniles than in the S1 juveniles. Most interestingly, exposure to hypertonicity of S2 juveniles for a period of 48 h led to increased expression of most of the aqp genes both at transcriptional and translational levels, except for aqp3 in the anterior and posterior regions and aqp1 in the anterior region, showing maximum expression at later stages of hypertonic exposure. Thus, it is evident that AQPs play crucial roles in maintaining the water and ionic balances under anisotonic conditions even at the early developmental stages of stinging catfish as a biochemical adaptational strategy to survive and grow in anisotonic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyambada Chutia
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India; Department of Zoology, S.B. Deorah College, Ulubari, Guwahati 781007, India
| | - Nirmalendu Saha
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
| | - Manas Das
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India.
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Richards L, Lord CL, Benton ML, Capra JA, Nordman JT. Nucleoporins facilitate ORC loading onto chromatin. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111590. [PMID: 36351393 PMCID: PMC10040217 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin recognition complex (ORC) binds throughout the genome to initiate DNA replication. In metazoans, it is still unclear how ORC is targeted to specific loci to facilitate helicase loading and replication initiation. Here, we perform immunoprecipitations coupled with mass spectrometry for ORC2 in Drosophila embryos. Surprisingly, we find that ORC2 associates with multiple subunits of the Nup107-160 subcomplex of the nuclear pore. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that, relative to all modENCODE factors, nucleoporins are among the most enriched factors at ORC2 binding sites. Critically, depletion of the nucleoporin Elys, a member of the Nup107-160 complex, decreases ORC2 loading onto chromatin. Depleting Elys also sensitizes cells to replication fork stalling, which could reflect a defect in establishing dormant replication origins. Our work reveals a connection between ORC, replication initiation, and nucleoporins, suggesting a function for nucleoporins in metazoan replication initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christopher L Lord
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - John A Capra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jared T Nordman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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79
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Lu K, Chen X, Yao X, An Y, Wang X, Qin L, Li X, Wang Z, Liu S, Sun Z, Zhang L, Chen L, Li B, Liu B, Wang W, Ding X, Yang Y, Zhang M, Zou S, Dong H. Phosphorylation of a wheat aquaporin at two sites enhances both plant growth and defense. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1772-1789. [PMID: 36207815 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic aquaporins share the characteristic of functional multiplicity in transporting distinct substrates and regulating various processes, but the underlying molecular basis for this is largely unknown. Here, we report that the wheat (Triticum aestivum) aquaporin TaPIP2;10 undergoes phosphorylation to promote photosynthesis and productivity and to confer innate immunity against pathogens and a generalist aphid pest. In response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, TaPIP2;10 is phosphorylated at the serine residue S280 and thereafter transports CO2 into wheat cells, resulting in enhanced photosynthesis and increased grain yield. In response to apoplastic H2O2 induced by pathogen or insect attacks, TaPIP2;10 is phosphorylated at S121 and this phosphorylated form transports H2O2 into the cytoplasm, where H2O2 intensifies host defenses, restricting further attacks. Wheat resistance and grain yield could be simultaneously increased by TaPIP2;10 overexpression or by expressing a TaPIP2;10 phosphomimic with aspartic acid substitutions at S121 and S280, thereby improving both crop productivity and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaohui Yao
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yuyan An
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710019, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lina Qin
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zuodong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zhimao Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710019, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Baoyan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection & Resource and Environment, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265599, China
| | - Baoyou Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection & Resource and Environment, Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265599, China
| | - Weiyang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710019, China.
| | - Shenshen Zou
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Hansong Dong
- College of Plant Protection, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Qilu College, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
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80
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Zhang LD, Song LY, Dai MJ, Guo ZJ, Wei MY, Li J, Xu CQ, Zhu XY, Zheng HL. Cadmium promotes the absorption of ammonium in hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. mediated by ammonium transporters and aquaporins. Chemosphere 2022; 307:136031. [PMID: 35981624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal affecting the normal growth of plants. Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are the primary forms of inorganic nitrogen (N) absorbed by plants. However, the mechanism of N absorption and regulation under Cd stress remains unclear. This study found that: (1) Cd treatment affected the biomass, root length, and Cd2+ flux in Solanum nigrum seedling roots. Specifically, 50 μM Cd significantly inhibited NO3- influx while increased NH4+ influx compared with 0 and 5 μM Cd treatments measured by non-invasive micro-test technology. (2) qRT-PCR analysis showed that 50 μM Cd inhibited the expressions of nitrate transporter genes, SnNRT2;4 and SnNRT2;4-like, increased the expressions of ammonium transporter genes, SnAMT1;2 and SnAMT1;3, in the roots. (3) Under NH4+ supply, 50 μM Cd significantly induced the expressions of the aquaporin genes, SnPIP1;5, SnPIP2;7, and SnTIP2;1. Our results showed that 50 μM Cd stress promoted NH4+ absorption by up-regulating the gene expressions of NH4+ transporter and aquaporins, suggesting that high Cd stress can affect the preference of N nutrition in S. nigrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Ling-Yu Song
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Ming-Jin Dai
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Ze-Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Ming-Yue Wei
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Chao-Qun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Xue-Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, PR China.
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81
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Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane water channels that facilitate the passive transport of water across the plasma membrane of cells in response to osmotic gradients created by the active transport of solutes. Water-selective AQPs are involved in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and growth. However, the polytype expression patterns and prognostic values of eleven AQPs in clear cell Renal Cell Cancer (ccRCC) have yet to be filled. We preliminarily investigated the transcriptional expression, survival data and immune infiltration of AQPs in patients with renal cell cancer via the Oncomine database, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, UALCAN cancer database, and cBioPortal databases. The ethical approval was waived by the local ethics committee of Peking University People's Hospital for the natural feature of mine into databases. The mRNA expression of AQP1/2/3/4/5/6/7/11 was significantly decreased in ccRCC patients. Meanwhile, MIP and AQP1/2/4/6/7/8/9/11 are notably related to the clinical stage or pathological grade of ccRCC. Lower levels of AQP1/3/4/5/7/10 expression were related to worse overall survival (OS) in patients diagnosed with ccRCC. The AQP mutation rate was 25% in ccRCC patients, but genetic alterations in AQPs were unlikely to be associated with OS and disease free survival in ccRCC patients. In addition, the expression of AQP1, AQP3, AQP4 and AQP10 was positively correlated with immune cells, and the expression of AQP6, AQP7 and AQP11 was negatively correlated with immune cells. AQP9 had a strong and significantly positive correlation with multiple immune cells. Abnormal expression of AQPs in ccRCC indicated the prognosis and immunomodulatory state of ccRCC. Further study needs to be performed to explore AQPs as new biomarkers for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanrui Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Applied Lithotripsy Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Ding
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kexin Xu, Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China (e-mail: )
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82
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Chen J, Huang Y, Li J, Li Y, Zeng X, Zhao D. Overexpression of the Eucommolia ulmoides Aquaporin, EuPIP1;1, Promotes Leaf Growth, Flowering and Bolting, and Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911794. [PMID: 36233096 PMCID: PMC9570377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) is one of the largest subfamilies of Aquaporins (AQPs) and plays an important role in plant growth and development, and resistance to abiotic stress. In this study, the full length of the EuPIP1;1 cDNA was cloned from Eucommia ulmoides using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The EuPIP1;1 gene was induced by drought treatment and expressed in all tested tissues, with the highest expression level in fruit. The subcellular localization showed that EuPIP1;1 was located in the plasma membrane. Constitutive overexpression of EuPIP1;1 in Arabidopsisthaliana could promote leaf growth and development, and accelerate bolting and flowering. Six genes related to growth and flowering (AtPIF4, AtTCP14, AtCRY1, AtCRY2, AtFCA and AtFT) were significantly up-regulated in transgenic lines. Further, EuPIP1;1 gene improved resistance to drought and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. Under drought and salt stress treatment, the transgenic lines had a higher germination rate and accumulation of osmotic substances, lower membrane damage, and could maintain ion homeostasis. Our results suggest that EuPIP1;1 plays an essential role in plant growth and development and in the response to drought and salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yanhui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jianrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaofang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (D.Z.)
| | - Degang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (D.Z.)
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83
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Wang J, Xi L, Wu XN, König S, Rohr L, Neumann T, Weber J, Harter K, Schulze WX. PEP7 acts as a peptide ligand for the receptor kinase SIRK1 to regulate aquaporin-mediated water influx and lateral root growth. Mol Plant 2022; 15:1615-1631. [PMID: 36131543 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptors constitute a large protein family that regulates various aspects of development and responses to external cues. Functional characterization of this protein family and the identification of their ligands remain major challenges in plant biology. Previously, we identified plasma membrane-intrinsic sucrose-induced receptor kinase 1 (SIRK1) and Qian Shou kinase 1 (QSK1) as receptor/co-receptor pair involved in the regulation of aquaporins in response to osmotic conditions induced by sucrose. In this study, we identified a member of the elicitor peptide (PEP) family, namely PEP7, as the specific ligand of th receptor kinase SIRK1. PEP7 binds to the extracellular domain of SIRK1 with a binding constant of 1.44 ± 0.79 μM and is secreted to the apoplasm specifically in response to sucrose treatment. Stabilization of a signaling complex involving SIRK1, QSK1, and aquaporins as substrates is mediated by alterations in the external sucrose concentration or by PEP7 application. Moreover, the presence of PEP7 induces the phosphorylation of aquaporins in vivo and enhances water influx into protoplasts. Disturbed water influx, in turn, led to delayed lateral root development in the pep7 mutant. The loss-of-function mutant of SIRK1 is not responsive to external PEP7 treatment regarding kinase activity, aquaporin phosphorylation, water influx activity, and lateral root development. Taken together, our data indicate that the PEP7/SIRK1/QSK1 complex represents a crucial perception and response module that mediates sucrose-controlled water flux in plants and lateral root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lin Xi
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xu Na Wu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; School of Life Science, Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefanie König
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leander Rohr
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresia Neumann
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Weber
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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84
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary edema is the most common pathophysiological change in pulmonary disease. Aquaporins (AQPs) and Na+/K+-ATPase play pivotal roles in alveolar fluid clearance. This study aimed to explore the influence of increased alveolar fluid on the absorption of lung fluid. STUDY DESIGN Eighty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 10 in each group), and models of different alveolar fluid contents were established by the infusion of different volumes of normal saline (NS) via the endotracheal tube. Five animals in each group were sacrificed immediately after infusion to determine the wet/dry ratio, while the remaining animals in each group were killed 4 hours later to determine the wet/dry ratio at 4 hours. Additionally, lung specimens were collected from each group, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of AQPs and Na+/K+-ATPase were performed. RESULTS The qRT-PCR analysis and western blot studies showed markedly decreased mRNA and protein levels of AQP1 and Na+/K+-ATPase when the alveolar fluid volume was ≥6 mL/kg, and the mRNA level of AQP5 was significantly reduced when the alveolar fluid volume was ≥4 mL/kg. In addition, IHC analysis showed the same results. At 4 hours, the lung wet/dry ratio was significantly increased when the alveolar fluid volume was ≥6 mL/kg; however, compared with 0 hours after NS infusion, there was still a significant absorption of alveolar fluid for a period of 4 hours. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that increased alveolar fluid may induce the downregulation of the mRNA and protein expression of AQPs and Na+/K+-ATPase, which appear to affect alveolar fluid clearance in rabbit lungs. Early intervention is required to avoid excessive alveolar fluid accumulation. KEY POINTS · The expression levels of AQPs and Na+/K+--ATPase were significantly decreased as alveolar fluid increased.. · At 4 hours, wet/dry ratio was significantly increased when infusion volume was ≥ 6 mL/kg.. · Early intervention is required to avoid excessive alveolar fluid accumulation..
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zong
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Southern Medical University, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neonatology and NICU, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Guo
- Department of Neonatology and NICU, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Neonatology, The Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neonatology and NICU, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Zhong Yang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Southern Medical University, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin-Lin Bao
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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85
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Boursiac Y, Pradal C, Bauget F, Lucas M, Delivorias S, Godin C, Maurel C. Phenotyping and modeling of root hydraulic architecture reveal critical determinants of axial water transport. Plant Physiol 2022; 190:1289-1306. [PMID: 35708646 PMCID: PMC9516777 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake by roots is a key adaptation of plants to aerial life. Water uptake depends on root system architecture (RSA) and tissue hydraulic properties that, together, shape the root hydraulic architecture. This work investigates how the interplay between conductivities along radial (e.g. aquaporins) and axial (e.g. xylem vessels) pathways determines the water transport properties of highly branched RSAs as found in adult Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. A hydraulic model named HydroRoot was developed, based on multi-scale tree graph representations of RSAs. Root water flow was measured by the pressure chamber technique after successive cuts of a same root system from the tip toward the base. HydroRoot model inversion in corresponding RSAs allowed us to concomitantly determine radial and axial conductivities, providing evidence that the latter is often overestimated by classical evaluation based on the Hagen-Poiseuille law. Organizing principles of Arabidopsis primary and lateral root growth and branching were determined and used to apply the HydroRoot model to an extended set of simulated RSAs. Sensitivity analyses revealed that water transport can be co-limited by radial and axial conductances throughout the whole RSA. The number of roots that can be sectioned (intercepted) at a given distance from the base was defined as an accessible and informative indicator of RSA. The overall set of experimental and theoretical procedures was applied to plants mutated in ESKIMO1 and previously shown to have xylem collapse. This approach will be instrumental to dissect the root water transport phenotype of plants with intricate alterations in root growth or transport functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stathis Delivorias
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
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86
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Sun X, Chen J, Fan W, Liu S, Kamruzzaman M. Production of Reactive Oxygen Species via Nanobubble Water Improves Radish Seed Water Absorption and the Expression of Aquaporin Genes. Langmuir 2022; 38:11724-11731. [PMID: 36103666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanobubbles (NBs) stimulate seed germination; however, the mechanism of the promotion effect of NBs remains unclear. The impact of NBs on seed water absorption was investigated; we subsequently studied the genes associated with the response of radish seeds to NB water and used RNA sequencing to generate their expression profiles, especially those of aquaporin genes. NB water significantly promoted germination. The times at which 50% of the germinating seeds achieved germination (T50) for the submerged radish seeds in NB and control water were 11.6 and 17.4 h, respectively. NB water-germinated radish seeds showed a water uptake rate coefficient that was 15% higher than that of those germinated in control water. Through GO enrichment and cluster analyses, it was evident that NB water significantly increased the level of expression of the genes associated with the following activities: oxidoreductase, peroxidase, and antioxidant. Our results demonstrated that NB water increases the water uptake rate of radish seeds via two mechanisms. The NB water-produced exogenous hydroxyl radical (•OH) increases the seed coat's water permeability and enhances cell wall loosening, and NB water increases the aquaporin gene expression level of radish seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jingrao Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mohammed Kamruzzaman
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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87
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Chen S, Xu K, Kong D, Wu L, Chen Q, Ma X, Ma S, Li T, Xie Q, Liu H, Luo L. Ubiquitin ligase OsRINGzf1 regulates drought resistance by controlling the turnover of OsPIP2;1. Plant Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1743-1755. [PMID: 35587579 PMCID: PMC9398399 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Water is crucial for plant growth and survival. The transcellular water movement is facilitated by aquaporins (AQPs) that rapidly and reversibly modify water permeability. The abundance of AQPs is regulated by its synthesis, redistribution and degradation. However, the molecular mechanism of proteasomal degradation of AQPs remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a novel E3 ligase, OsRINGzf1, mediated the degradation of AQPs in rice. OsRINGzf1 is the candidate gene from a drought-related quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the long arm of chromosome 4 in rice (Oryza sativa) and encodes a Really Interesting New Gene (RING) zinc finger protein 1. OsRINGzf1 possesses the E3 ligase activity, ubiquitinates and mediates OsPIP2;1 degradation, thus reducing its protein abundance. The content of OsPIP2;1 protein was decreased in OsRINGzf1 overexpression (OE) plants. The degradation of OsPIP2;1 was inhibited by MG132. The OsRINGzf1 OE plants, with higher leaf-related water content (LRWC) and lower leaf water loss rate (LWLR), exhibited enhanced drought resistance, whereas the RNAi and knockout plants of OsRINGzf1 were more sensitive to drought. Together, our data demonstrate that OsRINGzf1 positively regulates drought resistance through promoting the degradation of OsPIP2;1 to enhance water retention capacity in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Chen
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Kai Xu
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Deyan Kong
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Lunying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaosong Ma
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Siqi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Tianfei Li
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Lijun Luo
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
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88
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Yang ZH, Yin XJ, Fu GY. The correlation between CT findings of diffuse axonal injury and the expression of neuronal aquaporin in patients with craniocerebral injury. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26:6871-6878. [PMID: 36196739 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202209_29790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The paper aimed at exploring the correlation between CT findings of diffuse axonal injury and the expression of neuronal aquaporin in patients with craniocerebral injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS 150 patients with diffuse axonal injury diagnosed by CT and 50 healthy physical examinators were selected as the study objects. According to the craniocerebral CT and GCS scale scores, the patients were divided into DAI light group, medium group, and heavy group. The general conditions of patients were observed and recorded, and the brain pathological morphology, craniocerebral edema and CT imaging results of the patients in each group were compared. Changes in serum and brain AQP-4 levels were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, and the correlation between CT manifestations of DAI and the expression of neuronal aquaporin was investigated. RESULTS The results of DAI's pathological morphology, cerebral edema and CT imaging showed that the brain tissue of each group of DAI had a certain degree of injury. With the increase of the injury degree, the degree of edema and the number of axonal injuries sharply increased, and the difference was significant (p-value < 0.05). Therefore, CT could be used as an effective basis for the rapid and efficient diagnosis of DAI. RT-PCR, Western blot and Spearman correlation analysis showed that the levels of AQP-4 in the serum and brain tissue of DAI patients were significantly increased. With the increase of the degree of diffuse axonal injury, the expression level of AQP-4 was further increased, and the difference was significant (p-value < 0. 05). The CT manifestations of patients in each group were positively correlated with the expression level of AQP-4 protein. CONCLUSIONS AQP-4 can be used as an important molecular index to judge the condition and prognosis of DAI, providing a new non-invasive detection method for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of DAI, which has high clinical application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-H Yang
- Interventional Department, Department of Obstetrics, Hengshui People's Hospital, Hengshui, China.
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89
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Breves JP, Puterbaugh KM, Bradley SE, Hageman AE, Verspyck AJ, Shaw LH, Danielson EC, Hou Y. Molecular targets of prolactin in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus): Ion transporters/channels, aquaporins, and claudins. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 325:114051. [PMID: 35533740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (Prl) was identified over 60 years ago in mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) as a "freshwater (FW)-adapting hormone", yet the cellular and molecular targets of Prl in this model teleost have remained unknown. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of two mummichog Prl receptors (Prlrs), designated Prlra and Prlrb, prior to describing the tissue- and salinity-dependent expression of their associated mRNAs. We then administered ovine Prl (oPrl) to mummichogs held in brackish water and characterized the expression of genes associated with FW- and seawater (SW)-type ionocytes. Within FW-type ionocytes, oPrl stimulated the expression of Na+/Cl- cotransporter 2 (ncc2) and aquaporin 3 (aqp3). Alternatively, branchial Na+/H+ exchanger 2 and -3 (nhe2 and -3) expression did not respond to oPrl. Gene transcripts associated with SW-type ionocytes, including Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter 1 (nkcc1), cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator 1 (cftr1), and claudin 10f (cldn10f) were reduced by oPrl. Isolated gill filaments incubated with oPrl in vitro exhibited elevated ncc2 and prlra expression. Given the role of Aqps in supporting gastrointestinal fluid absorption, we assessed whether several intestinal aqp transcripts were responsive to oPrl and found that aqp1a and -8 levels were reduced by oPrl. Our collective data indicate that Prl promotes FW-acclimation in mummichogs by orchestrating the expression of solute transporters/channels, water channels, and tight-junction proteins across multiple osmoregulatory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Breves
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Katie M Puterbaugh
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Serena E Bradley
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Annie E Hageman
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Adrian J Verspyck
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Lydia H Shaw
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Danielson
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Yubo Hou
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, 815 N. Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
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90
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Cheng Q, Zhang J, Fang J, Ding H, Xu Y, Lu X, Zhang W. Untargeted metabolomics reveals the role of AQP9 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a mice model. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:864-875. [PMID: 35961555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that AQP9 plays an important role in energy metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, metabolomic analyses were used to determine the slight changes in metabolic profiles and helped to understand the disease progression, therapeutic intervention of NAFLD. A mouse model of NAFLD was established with a high-fat diet (HFD), and Aqp9 knockout mice were constructed. Untargeted metabolomics techniques were used to evaluate the potential mechanism of the effect of AQP9 in NAFLD. The results indicated that AQP9 plays a regulatory role in the occurrence of NAFLD. Moreover, a total of 220 candidate biomarkers were screened and identified. Cluster analysis and enrichment analysis of differential metabolites indicated that fatty acid biosynthesis was mainly disturbed when compared against the control group, which was mitigated by knockout of Aqp9. These results show that untargeted metabolomics help to understand the effects of AQP9 in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quancheng Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jinyu Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huiru Ding
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiyao Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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91
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Lee SY, Nam YK, Kim YK. Characterization of aquaporin-1ab (Aqp1ab) mRNA in mud loach (Misgurnus mizolepis) exposed to heavy metal and immunostimulant stimuli. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 270:111226. [PMID: 35489610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are key proteins that regulate fluid homeostasis in cells via modulating osmotic water transport. In the present study, we identified three variants of Aqp1ab transcript (mmAQP1ab x1, mmAQP1ab x2, and mmAQP1ab x3) in mud loaches (Misgurnus mizolepis), and their expression patterns were examined in response to heavy metal and immunostimulant exposure. Mud loach Aqp1ab gene has a somewhat different organizational structure (i.e. five exons interrupted by four introns) compared to most other teleostean Aqp1ab orthologues, which have four exons. The 5'-flanking regulatory region of Aqp gene showed diverse transcription factor binding motifs, particularly those associated with stress/immune responses. Developmental expression patterns indicated that Aqp1ab mRNA was maternally inherited, presumably important for fine-tuning gene expression during embryonic and early larval developments. Expression of mud loach Aqp1ab mRNA was significantly and differentially modulated in several tissues (intestine, kidneys, spleen, and liver) in response to various heavy metal treatments. In addition, Aqp1ab gene expression was highly induced in response to immune challenge (LPS and polyI:C injections). Collectively, our results suggested that AQPs are multifunctional effectors playing diverse roles in cellular pathways relevant to immune and/or stress adaptation responses, in addition to their involvement in osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yoon Lee
- Cellqua, Inc., Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13595, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kwon Nam
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials and Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Kyung Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea.
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92
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Gössweiner-Mohr N, Siligan C, Pluhackova K, Umlandt L, Koefler S, Trajkovska N, Horner A. The Hidden Intricacies of Aquaporins: Remarkable Details in a Common Structural Scaffold. Small 2022; 18:e2202056. [PMID: 35802902 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Evolution turned aquaporins (AQPs) into the most efficient facilitators of passive water flow through cell membranes at no expense of solute discrimination. In spite of a plethora of solved AQP structures, many structural details remain hidden. Here, by combining extensive sequence- and structural-based analysis of a unique set of 20 non-redundant high-resolution structures and molecular dynamics simulations of four representatives, key aspects of AQP stability, gating, selectivity, pore geometry, and oligomerization, with a potential impact on channel functionality, are identified. The general view of AQPs possessing a continuous open water pore is challenged and it is depicted that AQPs' selectivity is not exclusively shaped by pore-lining residues but also by the relative arrangement of transmembrane helices. Moreover, this analysis reveals that hydrophobic interactions constitute the main determinant of protein thermal stability. Finally, a numbering scheme of the conserved AQP scaffold is established, facilitating direct comparison of, for example, disease-causing mutations and prediction of potential structural consequences. Additionally, the results pave the way for the design of optimized AQP water channels to be utilized in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Siligan
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstr. 40, Linz, 4020, Austria
| | - Kristyna Pluhackova
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, University of Stuttgart, Cluster of Excellence EXC 2075, Universitätsstr. 32, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Linnea Umlandt
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstr. 40, Linz, 4020, Austria
| | - Sabina Koefler
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstr. 40, Linz, 4020, Austria
| | - Natasha Trajkovska
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstr. 40, Linz, 4020, Austria
| | - Andreas Horner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstr. 40, Linz, 4020, Austria
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93
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Liu S, Qiu Y, Gu F, Xu X, Wu S, Jin Z, Wang L, Gao K, Zhu C, Yang X, Jiang Z. Niacin Improves Intestinal Health through Up-Regulation of AQPs Expression Induced by GPR109A. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158332. [PMID: 35955466 PMCID: PMC9368703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Changes in the expression of aquaporins (AQPs) in the intestine are proved to be associated with the attenuation of diarrhea. Diarrhea is a severe problem for postweaning piglets. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether niacin could alleviate diarrhea in weaned piglets by regulating AQPs expression and the underlying mechanisms; (2) Methods: 72 weaned piglets (Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 21 d old, 6.60 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly allotted into 3 groups for a 14-day feeding trial. Each treatment group included 6 replicate pens and each pen included 4 barrows (n = 24/treatment). Piglets were fed a basal diet (CON), a basal diet supplemented with 20.4 mg niacin/kg diet (NA) or the basal diet administered an antagonist for the GPR109A receptor (MPN). Additionally, an established porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) was used to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanism of niacin on AQPs expression after Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC K88) treatment; (3) Results: Piglets fed niacin-supplemented diet had significantly decreased diarrhea rate, and increased mRNA and protein level of ZO-1, AQP 1 and AQP 3 in the colon compared with those administered a fed diet supplemented with an antagonist (p < 0.05). In addition, ETEC K88 treatment significantly reduced the cell viability, cell migration, and mRNA and protein expression of AQP1, AQP3, AQP7, AQP9, AQP11, and GPR109A in IPEC-J2 cells (p < 0.05). However, supplementation with niacin significantly prevented the ETEC K88-induced decline in the cell viability, cell migration, and the expression level of AQPs mRNA and protein in IPEC-J2 cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, siRNA GPR109A knockdown significantly abrogated the protective effect of niacin on ETEC K88-induced cell damage (p < 0.05); (4) Conclusions: Niacin supplementation increased AQPs and ZO-1 expression to reduce diarrhea and intestinal damage through GPR109A pathway in weaned piglets.
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94
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Nash MT, Quijada-Rodriguez AR, Allen GJP, Wilson JM, Weihrauch D. Characterization of 3 different types of aquaporins in Carcinus maenas and their potential role in osmoregulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 272:111281. [PMID: 35902004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intertidal crustaceans like Carcinus maenas shift between an osmoconforming and osmoregulating state when inhabiting full-strength seawater and dilute environments, respectively. While the bodily fluids and environment of marine osmoconformers are approximately isosmotic, osmoregulating crabs inhabiting dilute environments maintain their bodily fluid osmolality above that of their environment by actively absorbing and retaining osmolytes (e.g., Na+, Cl-, urea) while eliminating excess water. Few studies have investigated the role of aquaporins (AQPs) in the osmoregulatory organs of crustaceans, especially within brachyuran species. In the current study, three different aquaporins were identified within a transcriptome of C. maenas, including a classical AQP (CmAQP1), an aquaglyceroporin (CmGLP1), and a big-brain protein (CmBIB1), all of which are expressed in the gills and the antennal glands. Functional expression of these aquaporins confirmed water transport capabilities for CmAQP1, CmGLP1, but not for CmBIB1, while CmGLP1 also transported urea. Higher relative CmAQP1 mRNA expression within tissues of osmoconforming crabs suggests the apical/sub-apically localized channel attenuates osmotic gradients created by non-osmoregulatory processes while its downregulation in dilute media reduces the water permeability of tissues to facilitate osmoregulation. Although hemolymph urea concentrations rose upon exposure to brackish water, urea was not detected in the final urine. Due to its urea-transport capabilities, CmGLP1 is hypothesized to be involved in a urea retention mechanism believed to be involved in the production of diluted urine. Overall, these results suggest that AQPs are involved in osmoregulation and provide a basis for future mechanistic studies investigating the role of AQPs in volume regulation in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Nash
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - G J P Allen
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - J M Wilson
- Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - D Weihrauch
- Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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95
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Herrera-Ubaldo H. Masters of flower-bending: Aquaporins regulate flower re-opening. Plant Cell 2022; 34:2578-2579. [PMID: 35485190 PMCID: PMC9252470 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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96
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Nemoto K, Niinae T, Goto F, Sugiyama N, Watanabe A, Shimizu M, Shiratake K, Nishihara M. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 16 phosphorylates and activates the aquaporin PIP2;2 to regulate reversible flower opening in Gentiana scabra. Plant Cell 2022; 34:2652-2670. [PMID: 35441691 PMCID: PMC9252468 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flower opening is important for successful pollination in many plant species, and some species repeatedly open and close their flowers. This is thought to be due to turgor pressure changes caused by water influx/efflux, which depends on osmotic oscillations in the cells. In some ornamental plants, water-transporting aquaporins, also known as plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), may play an important role in flower opening. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in corolla movement are largely unknown. Gentian (Gentiana spp.) flowers undergo reversible movement in response to temperature and light stimuli; using gentian as a model, we showed that the Gentiana scabra aquaporins GsPIP2;2 and GsPIP2;7 regulate repeated flower opening. In particular, phosphorylation of a C-terminal serine residue of GsPIP2;2 is important for its transport activity and relates closely to the flower re-opening rate. Furthermore, GsPIP2;2 is phosphorylated and activated by the calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinase GsCPK16, which is activated by elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels in response to temperature and light stimuli. We propose that GsCPK16-dependent phosphorylation and activation of GsPIP2;2 regulate gentian flower re-opening, with stimulus-induced Ca2+ signals acting as triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoya Niinae
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Fumina Goto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Motoki Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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97
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da Silva IV, Garra S, Calamita G, Soveral G. The Multifaceted Role of Aquaporin-9 in Health and Its Potential as a Clinical Biomarker. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070897. [PMID: 35883453 PMCID: PMC9313442 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channels essential for water, energy, and redox homeostasis, with proven involvement in a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as edema, glaucoma, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, oxidative stress, sepsis, cancer, and metabolic dysfunctions. The 13 AQPs present in humans are widely distributed in all body districts, drawing cell lineage-specific expression patterns closely related to cell native functions. Compelling evidence indicates that AQPs are proteins with great potential as biomarkers and targets for therapeutic intervention. Aquaporin-9 (AQP9) is the most expressed in the liver, with implications in general metabolic and redox balance due to its aquaglyceroporin and peroxiporin activities, facilitating glycerol and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) diffusion across membranes. AQP9 is also expressed in other tissues, and their altered expression is described in several human diseases, such as liver injury, inflammation, cancer, infertility, and immune disorders. The present review compiles the current knowledge of AQP9 implication in diseases and highlights its potential as a new biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês V. da Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sabino Garra
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Graça Soveral
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (G.S.)
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98
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Mohammad S, O’Riordan CE, Verra C, Aimaretti E, Alves GF, Dreisch K, Evenäs J, Gena P, Tesse A, Rützler M, Collino M, Calamita G, Thiemermann C. RG100204, A Novel Aquaporin-9 Inhibitor, Reduces Septic Cardiomyopathy and Multiple Organ Failure in Murine Sepsis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900906. [PMID: 35774785 PMCID: PMC9238327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is caused by systemic infection and is a major health concern as it is the primary cause of death from infection. It is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and there are no specific effective treatments for sepsis. Gene deletion of the neutral solute channel Aquaporin 9 (AQP9) normalizes oxidative stress and improves survival in a bacterial endotoxin induced mouse model of sepsis. In this study we described the initial characterization and effects of a novel small molecule AQP9 inhibitor, RG100204, in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced model of polymicrobial infection. In vitro, RG100204 blocked mouse AQP9 H2O2 permeability in an ectopic CHO cell expression system and abolished the LPS induced increase in superoxide anion and nitric oxide in FaO hepatoma cells. Pre-treatment of CLP-mice with RG100204 (25 mg/kg p.o. before CLP and then again at 8 h after CLP) attenuated the hypothermia, cardiac dysfunction (systolic and diastolic), renal dysfunction and hepatocellular injury caused by CLP-induced sepsis. Post-treatment of CLP-mice with RG100204 also attenuated the cardiac dysfunction (systolic and diastolic), the renal dysfunction caused by CLP-induced sepsis, but did not significantly reduce the liver injury or hypothermia. The most striking finding was that oral administration of RG100204 as late as 3 h after the onset of polymicrobial sepsis attenuated the cardiac and renal dysfunction caused by severe sepsis. Immunoblot quantification demonstrated that RG100204 reduced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Moreover, myeloperoxidase activity in RG100204 treated lung tissue was reduced. Together these results indicate that AQP9 may be a novel drug target in polymicrobial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Mohammad
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Shireen Mohammad, ; Christoph Thiemermann,
| | - Caroline E. O’Riordan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Verra
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Aimaretti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Johan Evenäs
- Red Glead Discovery Akiebolag (AB), Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrizia Gena
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Tesse
- Nantes Université, Instite National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Rescherche Scientifique (CNRS), l’institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Michael Rützler
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Apoglyx Akiebolag (AB), Lund, Sweden
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Shireen Mohammad, ; Christoph Thiemermann,
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Clarke VC, De Rosa A, Massey B, George AM, Evans JR, von Caemmerer S, Groszmann M. Mesophyll conductance is unaffected by expression of Arabidopsis PIP1 aquaporins in the plasmalemma of Nicotiana. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:3625-3636. [PMID: 35184158 PMCID: PMC9162178 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants with C3 photosynthesis, increasing the diffusion conductance for CO2 from the substomatal cavity to chloroplast stroma (mesophyll conductance) can improve the efficiencies of both CO2 assimilation and photosynthetic water use. In the diffusion pathway from substomatal cavity to chloroplast stroma, the plasmalemma and chloroplast envelope membranes impose a considerable barrier to CO2 diffusion, limiting photosynthetic efficiency. In an attempt to improve membrane permeability to CO2, and increase photosynthesis in tobacco, we generated transgenic lines in Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Petite Havana carrying either the Arabidopsis PIP1;2 (AtPIP1;2) or PIP1;4 (AtPIP1;4) gene driven by the constitutive dual 2x35S CMV promoter. From a collection of independent T0 transgenics, two T2 lines from each gene were characterized, with western blots confirming increased total aquaporin protein abundance in the AtPIP1;2 tobacco lines. Transient expression of AtPIP1;2-mGFP6 and AtPIP1;4-mGFP6 fusions in Nicotiana benthamiana identified that both AtPIP1;2 and AtPIP1;4 localize to the plasmalemma. Despite achieving ectopic production and correct localization, gas exchange measurements combined with carbon isotope discrimination measurements detected no increase in mesophyll conductance or CO2 assimilation rate in the tobacco lines expressing AtPIP. We discuss the complexities associated with trying to enhance gm through modified aquaporin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Clarke
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Annamaria De Rosa
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Baxter Massey
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Aleu Mani George
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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100
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Wang J, Yang L, Chai S, Ren Y, Guan M, Ma F, Liu J. An aquaporin gene MdPIP1;2 from Malus domestica confers salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. J Plant Physiol 2022; 273:153711. [PMID: 35550521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins are known as water channel proteins. In this study, an aquaporin gene MdPIP1;2 was cloned from Malus domestica cv. Qinguan encoding a protein of 289 amino acids that formed the typical structure of aquaporin by six transmembrane domains, two asparagine-proline-alanine motifs, aromatic/arginine filter, and Forger's position. MdPIP1;2 was highly expressed in the water-sensitive or water-requiring tissues, and upregulated by salt and PEG stresses. MdPIP1;2 transgenic Arabidopsis exhibited enhanced salt stress tolerance with less Na + accumulation, lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content, lower electrolyte leakage (EL) level, and higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities compared with WT plants. Additionally, transcriptome analysis indicated MdPIP1;2 transgenic Arabidopsis could present healthier growth and development condition probably through regulating morphological structures and accumulating specific secondary metabolites under salt stress. Our results are a useful reference for better understanding the biological function of aquaporin in apple tree, especially in plant response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shuangshuang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yafei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Meng Guan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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