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Shi Y, Kunjachan S, Wu Z, Gremse F, Moeckel D, van Zandvoort M, Kiessling F, Storm G, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE, Lammers T. Fluorophore labeling of core-crosslinked polymeric micelles for multimodal in vivo and ex vivo optical imaging. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:1111-25. [PMID: 25929568 PMCID: PMC4523499 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To enable multimodal in vivo and ex vivo optical imaging of the biodistribution and tumor accumulation of core-crosslinked polymeric micelles (CCPMs). MATERIALS & METHODS mPEG-b-p(HPMAm-Lac)-based polymeric micelles, core-crosslinked via cystamine and covalently labeled with two different fluorophores (Dy-676/488), were synthesized. The CCPMs were intravenously injected into CT26 tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Upon intravenous injection, the CCPMs accumulated in CT26 tumors reasonably efficiently, with values reaching approximately 4%ID at 24 h. Ex vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy confirmed efficient extravasation of the image-guided CCPMs out of tumor blood vessels and relatively deep penetration into the tumor interstitium. CONCLUSION CCPMs were labeled with multiple fluorophores, and the results obtained exemplify that combining several different in vivo and ex vivo optical imaging techniques is highly useful for analyzing the biodistribution and tumor accumulation of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sijumon Kunjachan
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zhuojun Wu
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Gremse
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Diana Moeckel
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc van Zandvoort
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Controlled Drug Delivery, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Yu MM, Gao ZW, Chen XY, Zhong DF. [Predicting pharmacokinetics of anti-cancer drug, famitinib in human using physiologically based pharmacokinetic model]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2014; 49:1684-1688. [PMID: 25920197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study is to establish physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of famitinib in rat and monkey, and then to predict the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of famitinib in human based on the PBPK models. According to published paper, previous studies and the chemical properties of famitinib predicted by ACD/ADME suite and SimCYP, the PBPK models of rat and monkey were established and optimized using GastroPlus. And then, the PBPK models were applied to predict the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution of famitinib in human. The results showed that the PBPK models of rat and monkey can fit the observed data well, and the AUC0-∞, ratios of observed and calculated data in rat and monkey were 1.00 and 0.97, respectively. The AUC0-∞, ratios of observed and predicted data in human were 1.63 (rat to human) and 1.57 (monkey to human), respectively. The rat and monkey PBPK models of famitinib were well established, and the PBPK models were applied in predicting pharmacokinetic of famitinib in human successfully. Hence, the PBPK model of famitinib in human could be applied in future drug-drug interaction study.
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Connell JJ, Sugihara Y, Török S, Döme B, Tóvári J, Fehniger TE, Marko-Varga G, Végvári Á. Localization of sunitinib in in vivo animal and in vitro experimental models by MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2245-53. [PMID: 25424181 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of an anticancer drug and its intended target within a tumor plays a major role on determining how effective the drug can be at tackling the tumor. This study provides data regarding the lateral distribution of sunitinib, an oral antiangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor using an in vitro animal model as well as an in vitro experimental model that involved deposition of a solution of sunitinib onto tissue sections. All tumor sections were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging and compared with subsequent histology staining. Six tumors at four different time points after commencement of in vivo sunitinib treatment were examined to observe the patterns of drug uptake. The levels of sunitinib present in in vivo treated tumor sections increased continuously until day 7, but a decrease was observed at day 10. Furthermore, the in vitro experimental model was adjustable to produce a drug level similar to that obtained in the in vivo model experiments. The distribution of sunitinib in tissue sections treated in vitro appeared to agree with the histological structure of tumors, suggesting that this approach may be useful for testing drug update.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Connell
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Biomedical Center D13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
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104
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Wendling T, Ogungbenro K, Pigeolet E, Dumitras S, Woessner R, Aarons L. Model-based evaluation of the impact of formulation and food intake on the complex oral absorption of mavoglurant in healthy subjects. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1764-78. [PMID: 25425054 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the pharmacokinetics of intravenous (IV), oral immediate-release (IR) and oral modified-release (MR) formulations of mavoglurant in healthy subjects, and to assess the food effect on the MR formulation's input characteristics. METHODS Plasma concentration-time data from two clinical studies in healthy volunteers were pooled and analysed using NONMEM®. Drug entry into the systemic circulation was modelled using a sum of inverse Gaussian (IG) functions as an input rate function, which was estimated specifically for each formulation and food state. RESULTS Mavoglurant pharmacokinetics was best described by a two-compartment model with a sum of either two or three IG functions as input function. The mean absolute bioavailability from the MR formulation (0.387) was less than from the IR formulation (0.436). The MR formulation pharmacokinetics were significantly impacted by food: bioavailability was higher (0.508) and the input process was shorter (complete in approximately 36 versus 12 h for the fasted and fed states, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Modelling and simulation of mavoglurant pharmacokinetics indicate that the MR formulation might provide a slightly lower steady-state concentration range with lower peaks (possibly better drug tolerance) than the IR formulation, and that the MR formulation's input properties strongly depend on the food conditions at drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Wendling
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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105
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Beuselinck B, Lambrechts D, Van Brussel T, Wolter P, Cardinaels N, Joniau S, Lerut E, Karadimou A, Couchy G, Sebe P, Ravaud A, Zerbib M, Caty A, Paridaens R, Schöffski P, Verkarre V, Berger J, Patard JJ, Zucman-Rossi J, Oudard S. Efflux pump ABCB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and dose reductions in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Acta Oncol 2014; 53:1413-22. [PMID: 24874929 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2014.918276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is growing evidence that sunitinib plasma levels have an impact on treatment outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We studied the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in sunitinib pharmacokinetics, and additionally, sunitinib pharmacodynamics on dose reductions of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed germ-line DNA retrieved from mRCC patients receiving sunitinib as first-line therapy. We genotyped 11 key SNPs, respectively, in ABCB1, NR1/2, NR1/3 and CYP3A5, involved in sunitinib pharmacokinetics as well as VEGFR1 and VEGFR3, which have been suggested as regulators of sunitinib pharmacodynamics. Association between these SNPs and time-to-dose-reduction (TTDR) was studied by Cox regression. RESULTS We identified 96 patients who were treated with sunitinib and from whom germ-line DNA and data on dose reductions were available. We observed an increased TTDR in patients carrying the TT-genotype in ABCB1 rs1125803 compared to patients with CC- or CT-genotypes (19 vs. 7 cycles; p = 0.031 on univariate analysis and p = 0.012 on multivariate analysis) and an increased TTDR in patients carrying the TT/TA-variant in ABCB1 rs2032582 compared to patients with the GG- or GT/GA-variant (19 vs. 7 cycles; p = 0.046 on univariate analysis and p = 0.024 on multivariate analysis). CONCLUSION mRCC patients carrying the rs1128503 TT-variant or the TT/TA-variant in rs2032582 in ABCB1, which encodes for an efflux pump, do require less dose reductions due to adverse events compared to patients with the wild type or heterozygote variants in these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Beuselinck
- Department of General Medical Oncology and Laboratory for Experimental Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute , KU Leuven, Leuven , Belgium
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Setipiprant, a tetrahydropyridoindole derivative, is a CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T-helper [Th]-2 cells) antagonist that has the potential to be effective in the treatment of patients with diseases with an allergic etiology, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the disposition, metabolism, and elimination of setipiprant. STUDY DESIGN In this open-label study, a single oral dose of 1,000 mg (14)C-labeled setipiprant was administered. PARTICIPANTS Six healthy male subjects were enrolled in this study. RESULTS The radioactive dose was almost completely recovered in feces (88.2 %) and to a smaller extent in urine (11.7 %). The main recovery route for unchanged setipiprant was feces (50 % of the radioactive dose). The recovered amount of unchanged setipiprant in urine accounted for 3.7 %. The two main metabolites were M7 and M9 with the intact tetrahydropyridoindole core of setipiprant. M7 and M9 are supposedly two distinct dihydroxy-dihydronaphthalene isomers assumed to be formed by intermediate epoxidation of the naphthyl ring followed by a hydrolytic epoxide ring-opening. M7 and M9 accounted for 20.0 and 15.3 % of the administered radioactive dose. Both metabolites were mainly excreted via feces and to a lesser extent via urine. M7 was the only metabolite quantifiable in plasma, but at concentrations consistently below 10 % of those of the parent drug. CONCLUSION Setipiprant is mainly excreted in feces in the form of the parent drug and in smaller amounts as its metabolites M7 and M9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hoch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gewerbestrasse 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland,
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Nag S, Qin JJ, Patil S, Deokar H, Buolamwini JK, Wang W, Zhang R. A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for determination of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent, and its application to a mouse PK study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:235-240. [PMID: 25195025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent. After a liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane-dichloromethane-2-propanol (20:10:1, v/v/v) mixture, the analyte was separated on a Kinetex C18 column (50×2.1mm, 2.6μm) with mobile phases comprising of water (0.1% formic acid, v/v) and acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. The test compound (SP-141) and the internal standard (SP-157) were analyzed in the multiple reaction-monitoring mode using the mass transitions m/z 325.1 → 282.0. The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.648-162ng/mL with coefficients of determination (R(2)) of 0.999 in mouse plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.648ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions (coefficient of variation, %CV) were less than 4.2% and accuracies (relative error, %RE) ranged from -6.1% to 2.1%. The extraction recoveries were between 97.1 and 103.1% and the relative matrix effect was minimal. In addition, SP-141 was found to be stable in the plasma after three freeze-thaw cycles, at 37°C and 4°C for 24h, and at -80°C for 4 weeks. It was also stable in the stock solution at room temperature for 24h and after preparation in the autosampler for 36h. The validated method was successfully applied to an initial pharmacokinetic study of SP-141 in CD-1 mice following intraperitoneal and intravenous administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Shivaputra Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Hemantkumar Deokar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - John K Buolamwini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Szałek E, Karbownik A, Sobańska K, Połom W, Grabowski T, Wolc A, Matuszewski M, Grześkowiak E. The influence of the time-of-day administration of the drug on the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib in rabbits. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2014; 18:2393-2399. [PMID: 25219843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES At present it is known that the adjustment of the anticancer therapy to the circadian rhythms in tissues reduces the toxicity of the treatment. Chronotherapy also increases the efficacy of the anticancer treatment, which has been proved for many drugs. Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is broadly used for the treatment of numerous cancers. The aim of the study was a comparison of the concentrations and pharmacokinetics of sunitinib after a single administration to rabbits at 08:00 (control group) and 20:00. Additionally, the effect of sunitinib on glucose levels was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was carried out on two groups of rabbits: I08:00, a group with the drug administered at 08:00 (n=8) and II20:00, a group with the drug administered at 20:00 (n=8). The rabbits were treated with sunitinib at an oral dose of 25 mg. Plasma concentrations of sunitinib and its metabolite (SU12662) were measured with a validated HPLC method with UV detection. RESULTS The comparison of the sunitinib Cmax and AUC0-t in the group with sunitinib administered at 20:00 with the control group gave the ratios of 2.20 (90% confidence interval (CI) (2.17; 2.22) and 1.64 (1.61; 1.68), respectively. Statistically significant differences between the groups under analysis were revealed for Cmax (p < 0.0001), AUC0-t (p = 0.0079), AUC0-∞ (p = 0.0149), and tmax (p = 0.0085). The mean glycemia drop was higher in group I08:00. than in group II20:00 (22.7% vs. 14.3%; p = 0.0622). The glycemia values returned to the initial values in 24 h after the administration of the drug in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The research proved a significant influence of the time-of-day administration on the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Szałek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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White NJ, Pukrittayakamee S, Phyo AP, Rueangweerayut R, Nosten F, Jittamala P, Jeeyapant A, Jain JP, Lefèvre G, Li R, Magnusson B, Diagana TT, Leong FJ. Spiroindolone KAE609 for falciparum and vivax malaria. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:403-10. [PMID: 25075833 PMCID: PMC4143746 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1315860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KAE609 (cipargamin; formerly NITD609, Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases) is a new synthetic antimalarial spiroindolone analogue with potent, dose-dependent antimalarial activity against asexual and sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. METHODS We conducted a phase 2, open-label study at three centers in Thailand to assess the antimalarial efficacy, safety, and adverse-event profile of KAE609, at a dose of 30 mg per day for 3 days, in two sequential cohorts of adults with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria (10 patients) or P. falciparum malaria (11). The primary end point was the parasite clearance time. RESULTS The median parasite clearance time was 12 hours in each cohort (interquartile range, 8 to 16 hours in patients with P. vivax malaria and 10 to 16 hours in those with P. falciparum malaria). The median half-lives for parasite clearance were 0.95 hours (range, 0.68 to 2.01; interquartile range, 0.85 to 1.14) in the patients with P. vivax malaria and 0.90 hours (range, 0.68 to 1.64; interquartile range, 0.78 to 1.07) in those with P. falciparum malaria. By comparison, only 19 of 5076 patients with P. falciparum malaria (<1%) who were treated with oral artesunate in Southeast Asia had a parasite clearance half-life of less than 1 hour. Adverse events were reported in 14 patients (67%), with nausea being the most common. The adverse events were generally mild and did not lead to any discontinuations of the drug. The mean terminal half-life for the elimination of KAE609 was 20.8 hours (range, 11.3 to 37.6), supporting a once-daily oral dosing regimen. CONCLUSIONS KAE609, at dose of 30 mg daily for 3 days, cleared parasitemia rapidly in adults with uncomplicated P. vivax or P. falciparum malaria. (Funded by Novartis and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01524341.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J White
- From the Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (N.J.W., F.N., A.J.) and the Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine (S.P., P.J.), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, and the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University (A.P.P., F.N.), and Mae Sot General Hospital (R.R.), Mae Sot - all in Thailand; the Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (N.J.W., F.N.); Novartis Healthcare, Hyderabad, India (J.P.J.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (G.L., B.M.); Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Beijing (R.L.); and Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore (T.T.D., F.J.L.)
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Tsai MJ, Fu YS, Lin YH, Huang YB, Wu PC. The effect of nanoemulsion as a carrier of hydrophilic compound for transdermal delivery. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102850. [PMID: 25068531 PMCID: PMC4113283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of nanoemulsions as a carrier vehicle of hydrophilic drug for transdermal delivery. The response surface methodology with a mixture design was used to evaluate the effect of ingredient levels of nanoemulsion formulations including cosurfactant (isopropyl alcohol, 20 ∼ 30%), surfactant (mixed of Brij 30 and Brij 35, 20 ∼ 30%), and distilled-water (34.5 ∼ 50.0%) on properties of the drug-loaded nanoemulsions including physicochemical characters and drug permeability through rat skin. The result showed that the hydrophilic drug in aqueous solution with or without penetration enhancer could not transport across rat skin after 12 h of application. Used nanoemulsions as carrier vehicle, the permeation rate of drug was significantly increased from 0 to 63.23 µg/cm2/h and the lag time was shortened from more than 12 h to about 2.7 ∼ 4.0 h. Moreover, the drug-loaded nanoemulsion formulation also showed physicochemical stability after 3 month storage at 25°C and 40°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, Medical College, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurology, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yaw-Syan Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yaw-Bin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Wang D, Fei B, Halig LV, Qin X, Hu Z, Xu H, Wang YA, Chen Z, Kim S, Shin DM, Chen Z(G. Targeted iron-oxide nanoparticle for photodynamic therapy and imaging of head and neck cancer. ACS Nano 2014; 8:6620-32. [PMID: 24923902 PMCID: PMC4155749 DOI: 10.1021/nn501652j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a highly specific anticancer treatment modality for various cancers, particularly for recurrent cancers that no longer respond to conventional anticancer therapies. PDT has been under development for decades, but light-associated toxicity limits its clinical applications. To reduce the toxicity of PDT, we recently developed a targeted nanoparticle (NP) platform that combines a second-generation PDT drug, Pc 4, with a cancer targeting ligand, and iron oxide (IO) NPs. Carboxyl functionalized IO NPs were first conjugated with a fibronectin-mimetic peptide (Fmp), which binds integrin β1. Then the PDT drug Pc 4 was successfully encapsulated into the ligand-conjugated IO NPs to generate Fmp-IO-Pc 4. Our study indicated that both nontargeted IO-Pc 4 and targeted Fmp-IO-Pc 4 NPs accumulated in xenograft tumors with higher concentrations than nonformulated Pc 4. As expected, both IO-Pc 4 and Fmp-IO-Pc 4 reduced the size of HNSCC xenograft tumors more effectively than free Pc 4. Using a 10-fold lower dose of Pc 4 than that reported in the literature, the targeted Fmp-IO-Pc 4 NPs demonstrated significantly greater inhibition of tumor growth than nontargeted IO-Pc 4 NPs. These results suggest that the delivery of a PDT agent Pc 4 by IO NPs can enhance treatment efficacy and reduce PDT drug dose. The targeted IO-Pc 4 NPs have great potential to serve as both a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent and PDT drug in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Baowei Fei
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Luma V. Halig
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xulei Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhongliang Hu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hong Xu
- Ocean NanoTech LLC, San Diego, California 92126, United States
| | | | - Zhengjia Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource at Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource at Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dong M. Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhuo (Georgia) Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, and Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
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Szałek E, Karbownik A, Sobańska K, Płotek W, Grabowski T, Nowak M, Grześkowiak E. The penetration of sunitinib through the blood-brain barrier after the administration of ciprofloxacin. Acta Pol Pharm 2014; 71:691-697. [PMID: 25272897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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113
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Ho CJH, Balasundaram G, Driessen W, McLaren R, Wong CL, Dinish US, Attia ABE, Ntziachristos V, Olivo M. Multifunctional photosensitizer-based contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5342. [PMID: 24938638 PMCID: PMC4061552 DOI: 10.1038/srep05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is a novel hybrid imaging modality combining the high spatial resolution of optical imaging with the high penetration depth of ultrasound imaging. Here, for the first time, we evaluate the efficacy of various photosensitizers that are widely used as photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) agents as photoacoustic contrast agents. Photoacoustic imaging of photosensitizers exhibits advantages over fluorescence imaging, which is prone to photobleaching and autofluorescence interference. In this work, we examined the photoacoustic activity of 5 photosensitizers: zinc phthalocyanine, protoporphyrin IX, 2,4-bis [4-(N,N-dibenzylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine, chlorin e6 and methylene blue in phantoms, among which zinc phthalocyanine showed the highest photoacoustic activity. Subsequently, we evaluated its tumor localization efficiency and biodistribution at multiple time points in a murine model using photoacoustic imaging. We observed that the probe localized at the tumor within 10 minutes post injection, reaching peak accumulation around 1 hour and was cleared within 24 hours, thus, demonstrating the potential of photosensitizers as photoacoustic imaging contrast agents in vivo. This means that the known advantages of photosensitizers such as preferential tumor uptake and PDT efficacy can be combined with photoacoustic imaging capabilities to achieve longitudinal monitoring of cancer progression and therapy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Jun Hui Ho
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Wouter Driessen
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
- iThera Medical, GmbH, Germany
| | - Ross McLaren
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Chi Lok Wong
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - U. S. Dinish
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | | | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Malini Olivo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Wu Y, Zan LP, Wang XD, Lu YJ, Ou TM, Lin J, Huang ZS, Gu LQ. Stabilization of VEGF G-quadruplex and inhibition of angiogenesis by quindoline derivatives. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2970-7. [PMID: 24931695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis is thought to be important in tumorigenesis and tumor progress. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a pluripotent cytokine and angiogenic growth factor that plays crucial roles in embryonic development and tumor progression. In many types of cancer, VEGF is overexpressed and is generally associated with tumor progression and survival rate. The polypurine/polypyrimidine sequence located upstream of the promoter region in the human VEGF gene can form specific parallel G-quadruplex structures, raising the possibility for transcriptional control of VEGF through G-quadruplex ligands. METHODS PCR stop assay, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, RNA extraction and RT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), luciferase Assays, cell scrape test, xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA), and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found that quindoline derivatives can interact with the G-rich DNA sequences of the VEGF promoter to stabilize this G-quadruplex and suppress the transcription and expression of the VEGF protein. We also demonstrated that these derivatives exhibit potential anti-angiogenic activity in chick embryos and antitumor activity, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and migration. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our new findings have significances not only for understanding the mechanism of the G-quadruplex ligands mediating the VEGF transcription inhibition, but also for exploring a new anti-tumor strategy to blocking the transcription of VEGF to inhibit the angiogenesis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University City, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Li-Peng Zan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University City, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University City, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yu-Jing Lu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tian-Miao Ou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University City, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University City, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University City, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lian-Quan Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou University City, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Toyama Y, Ueyama J, Nomura H, Tsukiyama I, Saito H, Hisada T, Matsuura K, Hasegawa T. Contribution of plasma proteins, albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, to pharmacokinetics of a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sunitinib, in analbuminemic rats. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:2283-2289. [PMID: 24778032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of the major plasma proteins, albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), in the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and analbuminemic rats with considerably low concentration of albumin established from SD rats. When sunitinib (3 mg/kg) was administered intravenously, the plasma concentrations of sunitinib at the early-distribution phase were significantly lower in analbuminemic rats than those in SD rats. The corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters of systemic clearance and volume of distribution at steady-state of sunitinib were significantly larger in analbuminemic rats (2.17 l/h/kg and 3.94 l/kg, respectively) than those in SD rats (1.26 l/h/kg and 2.37 l/kg, respectively). In in vitro protein-binding experiments using an equilibrium dialysis method, the binding profiles of sunitinib in SD and analbuminemic rats were linear, and the unbound fraction in analbuminemic rats (0.110) was significantly larger than that of SD rats (0.062). However, no significant differences in the unbound plasma concentration-time curves and pharmacokinetic parameters of sunitinib were observed between SD and analbuminemic rats. Protein-binding profiles of sunitinib to human serum albumin and AAG showed concentration independency and the binding potency was 65.3% and 33.7%, respectively. These results suggest that AAG has a low affinity for sunitinib and that the contribution of AAG to plasma protein-binding of sunitinib is relatively low compared to albumin. The present study suggests that the increased systemic clearance of sunitinib in analbuminemic rats might be due to an increase in the volume of distribution at steady-state, which could be due to the significant increase in the unbound fraction of sunitinib due to the low concentration of albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Toyama
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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Loriot Y, Fizazi K, Jones RJ, Van den Brande J, Molife RL, Omlin A, James ND, Baskin-Bey E, Heeringa M, Baron B, Holtkamp GM, Ouatas T, De Bono JS. Safety, tolerability and anti-tumour activity of the androgen biosynthesis inhibitor ASP9521 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: multi-centre phase I/II study. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:995-1004. [PMID: 24771350 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ASP9521 is a first-in-class orally available inhibitor of the enzyme 17 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (17 βHSD5; AKR1C3), catalysing the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione into 5-androstenediol and testosterone. It has demonstrated anti-tumour activity in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models. MATERIAL AND METHODS This first-in-man phase I/II study utilised a 3 + 3 dose escalation design starting at 30 mg ASP9521/day, with the aim of defining a maximum tolerated dose, as defined by the incidence of dose-limiting toxicities. Eligible patients received ASP9521 orally for 12 weeks. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics and anti-tumour activity were assessed. RESULTS Thirteen patients (median age: 68 years; range 52-76) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progressing after chemotherapy were included; 12 patients discontinued treatment at or before week 13, mainly due to disease progression. The most common adverse events were grade 1/2 and included asthenia (N = 5), constipation (N = 4), diarrhoea (N = 3), back pain (N = 3) and cancer pain (N = 3). PK demonstrated a half-life (t1/2) ranging from 16 to 35 h, rapid absorption and dose proportionality. No biochemical or radiological responses were identified; neither endocrine biomarker levels nor circulating tumour cell counts were altered by ASP9521. Given the lack of observable clinical activity, the study was terminated without implementing a planned 12-week dose expansion part at selected doses or a planned food-effect study part. CONCLUSIONS In patients with mCRPC, ASP9521 demonstrated dose-proportional increase in exposure over the doses evaluated, with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. However, the novel androgen biosynthesis inhibitor showed no relevant evidence of clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Loriot
- Institute Gustave Roussy, Department of Cancer Medicine, University of Paris Sud, Villejuif, France,
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Boku N, Muro K, Machida N, Hashigaki S, Kimura N, Suzuki M, Lechuga M, Miyata Y. Phase I study of sunitinib plus S-1 and cisplatin in Japanese patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:261-70. [PMID: 23665950 PMCID: PMC3945293 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase I, dose-finding study evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of sunitinib plus S-1/cisplatin in Japanese patients with advanced/metastatic gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received oral sunitinib on a continuous daily dosing (CDD) or 2-weeks-on/2-weeks-off schedule (Schedule 2/2; 25 mg/day or 37.5 mg/day), plus S-1 (80-120 mg/day)/cisplatin 60 mg/m(2). RESULTS Twenty-seven patients received treatment, including 26 patients treated per protocol (sunitinib 25 mg/day CDD schedule, n = 4; sunitinib 25 mg/day Schedule 2/2, n = 16 [dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) cohort, n = 6 plus expansion cohort, n = 10]; sunitinib 37.5 mg/day Schedule 2/2, n = 6). One patient erroneously self-administered sunitinib 12.5 mg/day and was excluded from the analyses. The MTD was sunitinib 25 mg/day on Schedule 2/2. DLTs were reported for: 2/4 patients given sunitinib 25 mg/day on the CDD schedule; 1/6 patients administered sunitinib 25 mg/day on Schedule 2/2 (grade [G] 3 neutropenic infection, G4 thrombocytopenia, and S-1 dose interruption ≥5 days), and 3/6 patients given sunitinib 37.5 mg/day on Schedule 2/2. Results below are for the overall MTD cohort (n = 16). The most frequently reported G3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (93.8 %) and leukopenia (75.0 %). The objective response rate was 37.5 %; six additional patients experienced no disease progression for ≥24 weeks. Median progression-free survival was 12.5 months. No pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions were observed between sunitinib/S-1/cisplatin and S-1/cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS The MTD of sunitinib was 25 mg/day on Schedule 2/2 combined with cisplatin/S-1 in patients with advanced/metastatic gastric cancer. This regimen had a manageable safety profile and preliminary antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narikazu Boku
- Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan,
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118
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Habibollahi P, Waldron T, Heidari P, Cho HS, Alcantara D, Josephson L, Wang TC, Rustgi AK, Mahmood U. Fluorescent nanoparticle imaging allows noninvasive evaluation of immune cell modulation in esophageal dysplasia. Mol Imaging 2014; 13:1-11. [PMID: 24824854 PMCID: PMC4255710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal tumors provide unique challenges and opportunities for developing and testing surveillance imaging technology for different tumor microenvironment components, including assessment of immune cell modulation, with the ultimate goal of promoting early detection and response evaluation. In this context, accessibility through the lumen using a minimally invasive approach provides a means for repetitive evaluation longitudinally by combining fluorescent endoscopic imaging technology with novel fluorescent nanoparticles that are phagocytized by immune cells in the microenvironment. The agent we developed for imaging is synthesized from Feraheme (ferumoxytol), a Food and Drug Administration-approved monocrystaline dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle, which we conjugated to a near-infrared fluorochrome, CyAL5.5. We demonstrate a high level of uptake of the fluorescent nanoparticles by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the esophagus and spleen of L2Cre;p120ctnflox/flox mice. These mice develop esophageal dysplasia leading to squamous cell carcinoma; we have previously demonstrated that dysplastic and neoplastic esophageal lesions in these mice have an immune cell infiltration that is dominated by MDSCs. In the L2Cre;p120ctnflox/flox mice, evaluation of the spleen reveals that nearly 80% of CD45+ leukocytes that phagocytized the nanoparticle were CD11b+Gr1+ MDSCs. After dexamethasone treatment, we observed concordant decreased fluorescent signal from esophageal lesions during fluorescent endoscopy and decreased CyAL5.5-fluorescent-positive immune cell infiltration in esophageal dysplastic lesions by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Our observations suggest that this translatable technology may be used for the early detection of dysplastic changes and the serial assessment of immunomodulatory therapy and to visualize changes in MDSCs in the esophageal tumor microenvironment.
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119
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Nishimura Y, Yata K, Nomoto T, Ogiwara T, Watanabe K, Shintou T, Tsuboyama A, Okano M, Umemoto N, Zhang Z, Kawabata M, Zhang B, Kuroyanagi J, Shimada Y, Miyazaki T, Imamura T, Tomimoto H, Tanaka T. Identification of a novel indoline derivative for in vivo fluorescent imaging of blood-brain barrier disruption in animal models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1183-93. [PMID: 23668665 PMCID: PMC3750685 DOI: 10.1021/cn400010t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can occur in various pathophysiological conditions. Administration of extraneous tracers that can pass the disrupted, but not the intact, BBB and detection of the extravasation have been widely used to assess BBB disruption in animal models. Although several fluorescent tracers have been successfully used, the administration of these tracers basically requires intravascular injection, which can be laborious when using small animals such as zebrafish. To identify fluorescent tracers that could be easily administered into various animal models and visualize the BBB disruption in vivo, we prepared nine structurally related indoline derivatives (IDs) as a minimum set of diverse fluorescent compounds. We found that one ID, ZMB741, had the highest affinity for serum albumin and emitted the strongest fluorescence in the presence of serum albumin of the nine IDs tested. The affinity to serum albumin and the fluorescence intensity was superior to those of Evans blue and indocyanine green that have been conventionally used to assess the BBB disruption. We showed that ZMB741 could be administered into zebrafish by static immersion or mice by intraperitoneal injection and visualizes the active disruption of their BBB. These results suggest that ZMB741 can be a convenient and versatile tool for in vivo fluorescent imaging of BBB disruption in various animal models. The strategy used in this study can also be applied to diversity-oriented libraries to identify novel fluorescent tracers that may be superior to ZMB741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
- Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Tsu,
Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department
of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology
Innovation Institute, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
- Mie University Brain Science and Animal Model Research Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Yata
- Department
of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nomoto
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ogiwara
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Taichi Shintou
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Tsuboyama
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Mie Okano
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Umemoto
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
| | - Zi Zhang
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
| | - Miko Kawabata
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroyanagi
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
- Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Tsu,
Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department
of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology
Innovation Institute, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyazaki
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Corporate R&D Headquarters, Canon Inc., Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department
of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Mie University Brain Science and Animal Model Research Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Molecular
and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
- Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Tsu,
Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department
of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology
Innovation Institute, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Tsu, Mie
514-8507, Japan
- Mie University Brain Science and Animal Model Research Center, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Arakawa-Todo M, Ueyama J, Nomura H, Abe F, Tsukiyama I, Matsuura K, Hasegawa T. Drug interaction between sunitinib and cimetidine and contribution of the efflux transporter ATP-binding cassette C2 to biliary excretion of sunitinib in rats. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:3105-3111. [PMID: 23898066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of the H2 antagonist cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, sunitinib, in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and Eisai hyperbilirubinemic mutant rats (EHBR) lacking the efflux transporter, ATP-binding cassette C2 protein (ABCC2). Rats received an intraperitoneal injection of cimetidine (10 mg/kg) once a day for three days. On day 4, sunitinib (3 mg/kg) was administered intravenously 30 min after the final injection of cimetidine or saline to SD rats. Disappearance of sunitinib from plasma was significantly delayed by cimetidine. The pharmacokinetic parameter of sunitinib, systemic clearance (CLSYS), was significantly reduced and the half-life was significantly prolonged, with no change in the volume of distribution at steady-state (VSS). When the effect of cimetidine on the biliary excretion of sunitinib at steady-state condition was investigated in SD rats, cimetidine had no effect on some transporter-mediated biliary excretion of sunitinib. Furthermore, the contribution of ABCC2 to the biliary excretion of sunitinib was also examined in SD rats and EHBR. The biliary clearance of sunitinib was significantly lower in EHBR, but the biliary excretion rate of EHBR was not different from that of SD rats, and the contribution of biliary excretion to systemic elimination was small, suggesting that sunitinib is mainly eliminated by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)-mediated metabolism and is not excreted into the bile via ABCC2. These findings indicate that co-administration of cimetidine alters the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib probably due to inhibition of CYP3A4, suggesting the possibility that cimetidine should be used carefully for patients with cancer being treated with sunitinib therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Arakawa-Todo
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Karimata, Yazako, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Ding JF, Zhong DF. [Clinical pharmacokinetics of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2013; 48:1080-1090. [PMID: 24133973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human protein tyrosine kinases play an essential role in carcinogenesis and have been recognized as promising drug targets. By the end of 2012, eight small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been approved by State Food and Drug Administration of China for cancer treatment. In this paper, the pharmacokinetic characteristics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) and drug-drug interactions of the approved TKIs are reviewed. Overall, these TKIs reach their peak plasma concentrations relatively fast; are extensively distributed and highly protein bound (> 90%); are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4; most are heavily influenced by CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers except for sorafenib; are mainly excreted with feces and only a minor fraction is eliminated with the urine; and are substrate of the efflux transporters ABCB1 (P-gp) and ABCG2 (BCRP). Additionally, many of the TKIs can inhibit some CYP450 enzymes, UGT enzymes, and transporters. Gefitinib, erlotinib, dasatinib, and sunitinib are metabolized to form reactive metabolites capable of covalently binding to biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue-Fang Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, fibrotic lung disease with no clear etiology and a paucity of therapeutic options. Nintedanib (previously known as BIBF 1120) is a tyrosine kinase receptor antagonist which inhibits a number of key receptors, including those for platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). These growth factors are profibrotic and each has been investigated as a potential standalone therapeutic target in IPF. Simultaneous inhibition of these receptors, with an analog of nintedanib, has proved to be effective in experimental animal models of pulmonary fibrosis. This observation, together with extensive safety and pharmacokinetic data from studies of nintedanib in malignancy, paved the way for the clinical development of this drug in IPF. The Phase IIb TOMORROW trial demonstrated that treatment with nintedanib may potentially slow decline in lung function, decrease the frequency of acute exacerbations, and improve quality of life in patients with IPF. While these observations are drawn from a single clinical trial, taken together with the preclinical data they suggest that nintedanib may yet become an important therapeutic option for individuals with IPF. The results of ongoing parallel, international, multicenter Phase III clinical trials are therefore eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah V Woodcock
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Welch PA, Sinha VP, Cleverly AL, Darstein C, Flanagan SD, Musib LC. Safety, Tolerability, QTc Evaluation, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Doses of Enzastaurin HCl (LY317615), a Protein Kinase C-β Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 47:1138-51. [PMID: 17766700 DOI: 10.1177/0091270007304775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of orally administered enzastaurin were evaluated in 2 placebo-controlled, dose escalation studies in healthy subjects. In the first human dose study, single doses (2-400 mg) were evaluated, with 22 subjects receiving enzastaurin. The mean half-lives of enzastaurin and its metabolites ranged from approximately 12 to 40 hours. The longer half-life of the major circulating and pharmacologically active metabolite allowed once-a-day dosing and predicted that steady state would be achieved within 2 weeks of daily oral dosing in all subjects. In the multiple-dose study, daily doses (25-400 mg) were examined, with 24 subjects receiving at least 1 dose. The most common adverse events related to enzastaurin were headache, sleepiness, diarrhea, and nausea. No clinically significant changes in QTc intervals were observed. Overall, enzastaurin was well tolerated in healthy subjects, and the planned maximum dose was achieved in both studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Welch
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center DC 0734, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Michaelson MD, Zhu AX, Ryan DP, McDermott DF, Shapiro GI, Tye L, Chen I, Stephenson P, Patyna S, Ruiz-Garcia A, Schwarzberg AB. Sunitinib in combination with gemcitabine for advanced solid tumours: a phase I dose-finding study. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:1393-401. [PMID: 23511559 PMCID: PMC3629436 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase I, dose-finding study determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and pharmacokinetics of sunitinib plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumours. METHODS Two schedules with sunitinib (25-50 mg per day) and IV gemcitabine (750-1250 mg m(-2)) in escalating doses were studied. First, patients received sunitinib on a 4-weeks-on-2-weeks-off schedule (Schedule 4/2) plus gemcitabine on days 1, 8, 22, and 29. Second, patients received sunitinib on a 2-weeks-on-1-week-off schedule (Schedule 2/1) plus gemcitabine on days 1 and 8. The primary endpoint was determination of MTD and tolerability. RESULTS Forty-four patients received the combination (Schedule 4/2, n=8; Schedule 2/1, n=36). With no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) at maximum dose levels on Schedule 2/1, MTD was not reached. Grade 4 treatment-related AEs and laboratory abnormalities included cerebrovascular accident, hypertension, and pulmonary embolism (n=1 each), and neutropenia (n=3), thrombocytopenia and increased uric acid (both n=2), and lymphopenia (n=1). There were no clinically significant drug-drug interactions. Antitumor activity occurred across dose levels and tumour types. In poor-risk and/or high-grade renal cell carcinoma patients (n=12), 5 had partial responses and 7 stable disease ≥ 6 weeks. CONCLUSION Sunitinib plus gemcitabine on Schedule 2/1 with growth factor support was well tolerated and safely administered at maximum doses of each drug, without significant drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Michaelson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 7, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Li SX, Pequignot E, Panebianco D, Lupinacci P, Majumdar A, Rosen L, Ahmed T, Royalty JE, Rushmore TH, Murphy MG, Petty KJ. Lack of Effect of Aprepitant on Hydrodolasetron Pharmacokinetics in CYP2D6 Extensive and Poor Metabolizers. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 46:792-801. [PMID: 16809805 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006288954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, aprepitant is given with a corticosteroid and a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 antagonist, such as dolasetron. Dolasetron is converted to the active metabolite hydrodolasetron, which is cleared largely via CYP2D6. The authors determined whether aprepitant, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, alters hydrodolasetron pharmacokinetics in CYP2D6 poor and extensive metabolizers. Six CYP2D6 poor and 6 extensive metabolizers were randomized in an open-label, crossover fashion to treatment A (dolasetron 100 mg on day 1) and treatment B (dolasetron 100 mg plus aprepitant 125 mg on day 1, aprepitant 80 mg on days 2-3). For hydrodolasetron area under the concentration-versus-time curve (AUC0-infinity) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax), geometric mean ratios (B/A) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) fell below the predefined limit (2.0) for clinical significance (AUC0-infinity, 1.09 [90% CI, 1.01-1.18], Cmax, 1.08 [90% CI, 0.94-1.24]). Aprepitant did not affect the pharmacokinetics of hydrodolasetron, regardless of CYP2D6 metabolizer type, and was generally well tolerated when coadministered with dolasetron in volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Xiujiang Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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126
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Ayalasomayajula SP, Vaidyanathan S, Kemp C, Prasad P, Balch A, Dole WP. Effect of Clopidogrel on the Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Fluvastatin. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 47:613-9. [PMID: 17442686 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006299138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of clopidogrel, a CYP 2C9 inhibitor, on fluvastatin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. The effects of combined clopidogrel-fluvastatin treatment on platelet function were also determined. Subjects received 80 mg fluvastatin (extended-release formulation) alone on days 1 through 9, 80 mg fluvastatin and 300 mg clopidogrel (loading dose) on day 10, and 80 mg fluvastatin and 75 mg clopidogrel (maintenance dose) on days 11 through 19. Compared to treatment with fluvastatin alone, fluvastatin AUC was similar and C(max) increased marginally (15.7%) with concomitant treatment with clopidogrel. Platelet aggregation was inhibited by clopidogrel by 33% two hours after the loading dose and by 47% at steady state, similar to that reported for clopidogrel alone treatment. The authors conclude that coadministration of fluvastatin and clopidogrel has no clinically relevant effect on fluvastatin pharmacokinetics or on platelet inhibition by clopidogrel.
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Schayowitz A, Bertenshaw G, Jeffries E, Schatz T, Cotton J, Villanueva J, Herlyn M, Krepler C, Vultur A, Xu W, Yu GH, Schuchter L, Clark DP. Functional profiling of live melanoma samples using a novel automated platform. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52760. [PMID: 23285177 PMCID: PMC3532357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims This proof-of-concept study was designed to determine if functional, pharmacodynamic profiles relevant to targeted therapy could be derived from live human melanoma samples using a novel automated platform. Methods A series of 13 melanoma cell lines was briefly exposed to a BRAF inhibitor (PLX-4720) on a platform employing automated fluidics for sample processing. Levels of the phosphoprotein p-ERK in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway from treated and untreated sample aliquots were determined using a bead-based immunoassay. Comparison of these levels provided a determination of the pharmacodynamic effect of the drug on the MAPK pathway. A similar ex vivo analysis was performed on fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy samples from four murine xenograft models of metastatic melanoma, as well as 12 FNA samples from patients with metastatic melanoma. Results Melanoma cell lines with known sensitivity to BRAF inhibitors displayed marked suppression of the MAPK pathway in this system, while most BRAF inhibitor-resistant cell lines showed intact MAPK pathway activity despite exposure to a BRAF inhibitor (PLX-4720). FNA samples from melanoma xenografts showed comparable ex vivo MAPK activity as their respective cell lines in this system. FNA samples from patients with metastatic melanoma successfully yielded three categories of functional profiles including: MAPK pathway suppression; MAPK pathway reactivation; MAPK pathway stimulation. These profiles correlated with the anticipated MAPK activity, based on the known BRAF mutation status, as well as observed clinical responses to BRAF inhibitor therapy. Conclusion Pharmacodynamic information regarding the ex vivo effect of BRAF inhibitors on the MAPK pathway in live human melanoma samples can be reproducibly determined using a novel automated platform. Such information may be useful in preclinical and clinical drug development, as well as predicting response to targeted therapy in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schayowitz
- BioMarker Strategies, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Greg Bertenshaw
- BioMarker Strategies, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emiko Jeffries
- BioMarker Strategies, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy Schatz
- BioMarker Strategies, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Cotton
- BioMarker Strategies, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Clemens Krepler
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adina Vultur
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gordon H. Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Douglas P. Clark
- BioMarker Strategies, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu X, Li H, Bi KS, Chen XH, Cai H, Cai BC. [Identification of metabolites of arbidol by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2012; 47:1521-1526. [PMID: 23387087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UPLC-MS-MS system was used for the identification of arbidol metabolites in the rat feces, urine and plasma samples. The system was so powerful a way with high ability of separation and analysis, based on both chromatography and mass properties. The isotope of Br was also a good indicator for metabolites finding. There were altogether 9 metabolites detected and identified, including 2 phase I biotransformation products and 7 phase II ones. It is concluded that arbidol mainly undergo metabolic reactions such as N-demethylation, S-oxidation, glucuronidation and sulfation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
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Cekanova M, Uddin MJ, Legendre AM, Galyon G, Bartges JW, Callens A, Martin-Jimenez T, Marnett LJ. Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of fluorocoxib A: pilot study of novel cyclooxygenase-2-targeted optical imaging agent in a canine model. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17:116002. [PMID: 23117797 PMCID: PMC3484194 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.11.116002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated preclinical single-dose safety, pharmacokinetic properties, and specific uptake of the new optical imaging agent fluorocoxib A in dogs. Fluorocoxib A, N-[(5-carboxy-X-rhodaminyl)but-4-yl]-2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl]acetamide, selectively binds and inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, which is overexpressed in many cancers. Safety pilot studies were performed in research dogs following intravenous (i.v.) administration of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg fluorocoxib A. Blood and urine samples collected three days after administration of each dose of fluorocoxib A revealed no evidence of toxicity, and no clinically relevant adverse events were noted on physical examination of exposed dogs over that time period. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed in additional research dogs from plasma collected at several time points after i.v. administration of fluorocoxib A using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The pharmacokinetic studies using 1 mg/kg showed a peak of fluorocoxib A (92±28 ng/ml) in plasma collected at 0.5 h. Tumor specific uptake of fluorocoxib A was demonstrated using a dog diagnosed with colorectal cancer expressing COX-2. Our data support the safe single-dose administration and in vivo efficacy of fluorocoxib A, suggesting a high potential for successful translation to clinical use as an imaging agent for improved tumor detection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cekanova
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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Qiu F, Bian W, Li J, Ge Z. Simultaneous determination of sunitinib and its two metabolites in plasma of Chinese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:615-21. [PMID: 23108983 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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131
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De Jesús-Cortés H, Xu P, Drawbridge J, Estill SJ, Huntington P, Tran S, Britt J, Tesla R, Morlock L, Naidoo J, Melito LM, Wang G, Williams NS, Ready JM, McKnight SL, Pieper AA. Neuroprotective efficacy of aminopropyl carbazoles in a mouse model of Parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17010-5. [PMID: 23027934 PMCID: PMC3479520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213956109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the discovery of P7C3, an aminopropyl carbazole having proneurogenic and neuroprotective properties in newborn neural precursor cells of the dentate gyrus. Here, we provide evidence that P7C3 also protects mature neurons in brain regions outside of the hippocampus. P7C3 blocks 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-mediated cell death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of adult mice, a model of Parkinson disease (PD). Dose-response studies show that the P7C3 analog P7C3A20 blocks cell death with even greater potency and efficacy, which parallels the relative potency and efficacy of these agents in blocking apoptosis of newborn neural precursor cells of the dentate gyrus. P7C3 and P7C3A20 display similar relative effects in blocking 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-mediated death of dopaminergic neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans, as well as in preserving C. elegans mobility following MPP(+) exposure. Dimebon, an antihistaminergic drug that is weakly proneurogenic and neuroprotective in the dentate gyrus, confers no protection in either the mouse or the worm models of PD. We further demonstrate that the hippocampal proneurogenic efficacy of eight additional analogs of P7C3 correlates with their protective efficacy in MPTP-mediated neurotoxicity. In vivo screening of P7C3 analogs for proneurogenic efficacy in the hippocampus may thus provide a reliable means of predicting neuroprotective efficacy. We propose that the chemical scaffold represented by P7C3 and P7C3A20 provides a basis for optimizing and advancing pharmacologic agents for the treatment of patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pin Xu
- Departments of Psychiatry and
| | | | - Sandi Jo Estill
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Tesla
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lorraine Morlock
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jacinth Naidoo
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lisa M. Melito
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Gelin Wang
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Noelle S. Williams
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joseph M. Ready
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Steven L. McKnight
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Departments of Psychiatry and
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Tesla R, Wolf HP, Xu P, Drawbridge J, Estill SJ, Huntington P, McDaniel L, Knobbe W, Burket A, Tran S, Starwalt R, Morlock L, Naidoo J, Williams NS, Ready JM, McKnight SL, Pieper AA. Neuroprotective efficacy of aminopropyl carbazoles in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17016-21. [PMID: 23027932 PMCID: PMC3479516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213960109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the discovery of P7C3, an aminopropyl carbazole having proneurogenic and neuroprotective properties in newborn neural precursor cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. We have further found that chemicals having efficacy in this in vivo screening assay also protect dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra following exposure to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, a mouse model of Parkinson disease. Here, we provide evidence that an active analog of P7C3, known as P7C3A20, protects ventral horn spinal cord motor neurons from cell death in the G93A-SOD1 mutant mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). P7C3A20 is efficacious in this model when administered at disease onset, and protection from cell death correlates with preservation of motor function in assays of walking gait and in the accelerating rotarod test. The prototypical member of this series, P7C3, delays disease progression in G93A-SOD1 mice when administration is initiated substantially earlier than the expected time of symptom onset. Dimebon, an antihistaminergic drug with significantly weaker proneurogenic and neuroprotective efficacy than P7C3, confers no protection in this ALS model. We propose that the chemical scaffold represented by P7C3 and P7C3A20 may provide a basis for the discovery and optimization of pharmacologic agents for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tesla
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Pin Xu
- Departments of Psychiatry and
| | | | - Sandi Jo Estill
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - LaTisha McDaniel
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Starwalt
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lorraine Morlock
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jacinth Naidoo
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Noelle S. Williams
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joseph M. Ready
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Steven L. McKnight
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Departments of Psychiatry and
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Huang AY, Myers JT, Barkauskas D, Howell SJ, Oleinick NL, McCormick TS, Cooper KD, Baron ED, Lam M. Cutaneous penetration of the topically applied photosensitizer Pc 4 as detected by intravital 2-photon laser scanning microscopy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 9:225-31. [PMID: 22959802 PMCID: PMC3438456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced cell death has been characterized, but early critical PDT events in vivo remain incompletely defined. With the recent development in advanced fluorescence imaging modalities, such as intravital 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM), researchers are now able to investigate and visualize biological processes with high resolution in real time. This powerful imaging technology allows deep tissue visualization with single-cell resolution, thus providing dynamic information on the 3-dimensional architectural makeup of the tissue. The main goal of this study was to determine the cutaneous penetration of a topically applied photosensitizer, the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4, into the skin of live animals and to assess the effective absorption of Pc 4 through the skin barrier. Our 2P-LSM images indicate that Pc 4 penetrates to the epidermal/dermal junction of mouse skin. The data also indicate that the degree of Pc 4 absorption is dose dependent. These findings represent initial steps that may help in improving the clinical utilization of topical Pc 4-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Y Huang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Piscitelli S, Kim J, Gould E, Lou Y, White S, de Serres M, Johnson M, Zhou XJ, Pietropaolo K, Mayers D. Drug interaction profile for GSK2248761, a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 74:336-45. [PMID: 22288567 PMCID: PMC3630753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate potential drug interactions with antiretroviral therapies or supportive therapies for use in conjunction with the once daily, next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor GSK2248761 in patients with HIV-1 infection. METHODS A series of phase I drug interaction studies was conducted. RESULTS GSK2248761 was shown to be a weak CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitor in a clinical study with a probe cocktail. Mean plasma concentration-time profiles for atazanavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC), darunavir (DRV, administered with ritonavir [RTV]), and drospirenone/ethinylestradiol were similar following co-administration of GSK2248761. Plasma raltegravir AUC(0,τ) and C(max) increased by 18% with no change in Cτ when raltegravir was co-administered with GSK2248761. Lopinavir (LPV) plasma AUC(0,τ), C(max) and Cτ decreased by 23%, 14% and 40%, respectively, following administration of lopinavir/ritonavir with GSK2248761. Atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin AUC(0,∞) and C(max) increased following co-administration with GSK2248761, with the largest changes observed for simvastatin (3.7-fold and 4.3-fold). Changes in maximum and extent of GSK2248761 exposure were marginal after co-administration with atazanavir, TDF/FTC and raltegravir compared with GSK2248761 administered alone. Co-administration of GSK2248761 with DRV/RTV and LPV/RTV increased plasma GSK2248761 exposures by 1.25- to ≤2-fold compared with GSK2248761 administered alone, and increases in GSK2248761 exposure were higher following single dose co-administration of DRV/RTV or LPV/RTV compared with multiple doses. There were few drug-related AEs, and no treatment-related trends in blood chemistry, haematology, urinalysis, vital signs or ECG findings. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that GSK2248761 was safe and well tolerated in healthy adults treated in these studies at the doses and duration of therapy evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Piscitelli
- Infectious Diseases MDC, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Sanders WG, Hogrebe PC, Grainger DW, Cheung AK, Terry CM. A biodegradable perivascular wrap for controlled, local and directed drug delivery. J Control Release 2012; 161:81-9. [PMID: 22561340 PMCID: PMC3378780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular delivery of anti-proliferative agents is an attractive approach to inhibit hyperplasia that causes stenosis of synthetic hemodialysis grafts and other vascular grafts. Perivascular drug delivery systems typically release drugs to both the vascular wall and non-target extravascular tissue. The objective of this study was to develop a biodegradable, perivascular delivery system for localized, sustained and unidirectional drug release in the context of synthetic arteriovenous (AV) grafts used for chronic hemodialysis. To this end, a dense non-porous polymer barrier layer was laminated to either i) a drug-loaded non-porous polymer layer or ii) a porous polymer layer. To provide tunability, the porous layer could be loaded with drug during casting or later infused with a drug-loaded hydrogel. The polymer bilayer wraps were prepared by a solvent casting, thermal-phase inversion technique using either polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) or polycaprolactone (PCL). Sunitinib, a multi-target receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was used as a model drug. In a modified transwell chamber system, the barrier function of the non-porous PLGA backing was superior to the non-porous PCL backing although both markedly inhibited drug diffusion. As assessed by in vitro release assays, drug release duration from the drug-loaded non-porous PCL construct was almost 4-fold greater than release from the porous PCL construct infused with drug-laden hydrogel (22 days vs. 5 days); release duration from the drug-loaded non-porous PLGA construct was prolonged approximately 3-fold over release from the porous PLGA construct infused with drug-laden hydrogel (9 days vs. 3 days). Complete in vitro degradation of the PLGA porous and non-porous constructs occurred by approximately 35 days whereas the PCL constructs remained intact even after most of the drug was released (49 days). The PLGA non-porous bilayer wrap containing 143±5.5mg sunitinib in the inner layer was chosen for further pharmacokinetic assessment in vivo where the construct was placed around the external jugular vein in a porcine model. At 1 week, no drug was detected by HPLC/MS/MS in any examined extravascular tissue whereas high levels of drug were detected in the wrapped vein segment (1048 ng g⁻¹ tissue). At 4 weeks, drug was detected in adjacent muscle (52 ng g⁻¹ tissue) but 13-fold greater amounts were detected in the wrapped vein segment (1742 ng g⁻¹ tissue). These results indicate that the barrier layer effectively impedes extravascular drug loss. Tensile testing showed that the initially flexible PLGA construct stiffened with hydration, a phenomenon also observed after in vivo placement. This characteristic may be useful to resist undue circumferential venous tensile stress produced in AV grafting. The PLGA wrap bilayer formulation is a promising perivascular drug delivery design for local treatment of hemodialysis AV graft hyperplasia and possibly other hyperplastic vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Sanders
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Recknagel P, Claus RA, Neugebauer U, Bauer M, Gonnert FA. In vivo imaging of hepatic excretory function in the rat by fluorescence microscopy. J Biophotonics 2012; 5:571-581. [PMID: 22271709 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Applying intravital fluorescence microscopy, we assessed sinusoidal delivery and biliary clearance of two different polymethine dyes. DY635, a benzopyrylium-based hemocyanine dye with shorter excitation wavelength than indocyanine green (ICG), was validated for assessment of hepatic excretory function. Decrease of DY635 and ICG reflecting transcellular transport was 83 ± 4% (DY635) and 14 ± 2% (ICG; p < 0.05) over 35 minutes, respectively. In cholestasis, hepatobiliary excretion of DY635 was markedly impaired (control 3176 ± 148 pmol vs. cholestatic 1929 ± 179 pmol; p < 0.05). DY635 even enabled an analysis at high resolution suggesting 1.) hepatocyte uncoupling and 2.) failure of primarily the canalicular pole, allowing in vivo insights into molecular mechanisms of this critical facet of hepatobiliary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Recknagel
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center-Center for Sepsis Control and Care-CSCC, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
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Leong S, Eckhardt SG, Chan E, Messersmith WA, Spratlin J, Camidge DR, Diab S, Khosravan R, Lin X, Chow Maneval E, Lockhart AC. A phase I study of sunitinib combined with modified FOLFOX6 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:65-74. [PMID: 22623210 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I study assessed the safety, tolerability, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumor effects of sunitinib combined with modified FOLFOX6 (mFOLFOX6). METHODS Patients with advanced solid malignancies received mFOLFOX6 in 2-week cycles with escalating sunitinib doses (25, 37.5, and 50 mg/day) on three schedules: 2 weeks on, 2 weeks off (2/2); 4 weeks on, 2 weeks off (4/2); or continuous daily dosing (CDD). Patients received up to 8 treatment cycles (Schedule 2/2 and CDD schedule) or 6 cycles (Schedule 4/2). An expansion cohort enrolled patients with metastatic colorectal cancer at the Schedule 2/2 MTD. RESULTS Overall, 53 patients were enrolled, with 43 evaluable for dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). On Schedule 2/2 (n = 18), DLTs occurred in three patients at 50 mg/day (grade 4 neutropenia [n = 1]; grades 3 and 4 thrombocytopenia [n = 2]) and two patients achieved partial responses (PRs). On Schedule 4/2 (n = 13), 37.5 mg/day exceeded the MTD with two DLTs (febrile neutropenia and grade 4 hypokalemia, respectively). On the CDD schedule (n = 12), the MTD was 25 mg/day; one DLT (grade 3 stomatitis) was reported and two patients achieved PRs. The most common adverse events were neutropenia, fatigue, and thrombocytopenia. No clinically significant drug-drug interactions were apparent between sunitinib, its metabolite SU12662, and mFOLFOX6. CONCLUSIONS Sunitinib combined with mFOLFOX6 had acceptable tolerability. The MTDs were sunitinib 50 mg/day on Schedule 2/2 and 25 mg/day on the CDD schedule. A MTD for Schedule 4/2 was not established.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leong
- Medical Oncology, Developmental Therapeutics Program/GI Malignancies, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado at Denver, Mail Stop 8117, 12801 E 17th Ave, Room 8120, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Kniess T, Laube M, Bergmann R, Sehn F, Graf F, Steinbach J, Wuest F, Pietzsch J. Radiosynthesis of a ¹⁸F-labeled 2,3-diarylsubstituted indole via McMurry coupling for functional characterization of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3410-21. [PMID: 22560838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The radiosynthesis of 3-(4-[(18)F]fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-1H-indole [(18)F]-3 as potential PET radiotracer for functional characterization of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in vitro and in vivo is described. [(18)F]-3 was prepared by McMurry cyclization of a (18)F-labeled intermediate with low valent titanium and zinc via a two-step procedure in a remote controlled synthesizer unit including HPLC purification and solid phase extraction. In this way [(18)F]-3 was synthesized in 80 min synthesis time in 10% total decay corrected yield from [(18)F]fluoride in radiochemical purity >98% and a specific activity of 74-91 GBq/μmol (EOS). [(18)F]-3 was evaluated in vitro using pro-inflammatory stimulated THP-1 and COX-2 expressing tumor cell lines (FaDu, A2058, HT-29), where the radiotracer uptake was shown to be consistent with up regulated COX-2 expression. The stability of [(18)F]-3 was determined by incubation in rat whole blood and plasma in vitro and by metabolite analysis of arterial blood samples in vivo, showing with 75% of original compound after 60 min an acceptable high metabolic stability. However, no substantial tumor accumulation of [(18)F]-3 could be observed by dynamic small animal PET studies on HT-29 tumor-bearing mice in vivo. This may be due to the only moderate COX-1/COX-2 selectivity of 3 as demonstrated by both cellular and enzymatic cyclooxygenase inhibition assay in vitro. Nevertheless, the new approach first using McMurry cyclization in (18)F-chemistry gives access to (18)F-labeled diarylsubstituted heterocycles that hold promise as radiolabeled COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Kniess
- Institute of Radiopharmacy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
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Citrome L. Vilazodone for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved antidepressant - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed? Int J Clin Pract 2012; 66:356-68. [PMID: 22284853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the efficacy and safety of vilazodone for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). DATA SOURCES The pivotal registration trials were accessed by querying http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/, http://www.fda.gov and http://www.clinicaltrials.gov for the search term 'vilazodone'. Product labeling provided additional information. STUDY SELECTION All available clinical reports of studies were identified. DATA EXTRACTION Descriptions of the principal results and calculation of number needed to treat (NNT) and number needed to harm (NNH) for relevant dichotomous outcomes were extracted from the available study reports and other sources of information. DATA SYNTHESIS Vilazodone is a specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor and serotonin 5HT1A receptor partial agonist. In needs to be administered with food to ensure adequate bioavailability. Approval for the treatment of MDD was based on a clinical development programme that included two 8-week placebo-controlled randomised clinical trials in outpatients with MDD where vilazodone was titrated to a target dose of 40 mg/d over the first 2 weeks. Both trials evidenced efficacy for vilazodone as measured by the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale. NNT for response vs. placebo was 8 (95% CI 6-16) and for remission was 14 (95% CI 8-55). NNH vs. placebo for discontinuation because of an adverse event (AE) was 27 (95% CI 15-104). The most commonly encountered AEs (incidence ≥ 5% and at least twice the rate of placebo) were diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and insomnia, with NNH values vs. placebo of 6 (95% CI 5-8), 6 (95% CI 5-8), 30 (95% CI 18-82) and 26 (95% CI 16-78), respectively. NNH vs. placebo for any sexual AE was 12 (95% CI 9-18), but systematically collected data using rating scales of sexual function did not reveal treatment associated effects. Vilazodone was not associated with clinically relevant weight change in the short-term trials. In an open-label 1-year study of vilazodone, mean weight increased by 1.7 kg among the observed cases. CONCLUSIONS Vilazodone represents another option for the treatment of MDD. Vilazodone appears to have a favourable weight-gain profile based on short-term studies. Sexual side-effects were not consistently demonstrated when assessed using clinical rating scales but spontaneously reported AEs related to sexual functioning were observed. Additional controlled data regarding long-term efficacy and effectiveness will help characterise this new agent when used in maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Citrome
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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140
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Gabr Kassem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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141
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Hall MA, Kwon S, Robinson H, Lachance PA, Azhdarinia A, Ranganathan R, Price RE, Chan W, Sevick-Muraca EM. Imaging prostate cancer lymph node metastases with a multimodality contrast agent. Prostate 2012; 72:129-46. [PMID: 21538422 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods to detect lymph node (LN) metastases in prostate cancer (PCa) are limited. Pelvic LN dissection is commonly performed during prostatectomy, but often followed by morbid complications. More refined methods for detecting LN invasion are needed. METHODS We developed a dual-labeled targeting agent having a near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore for intraoperative guidance, and a conventional radiotracer for detection of LN metastasis. Nu/Nu mice were orthotopically implanted with DsRed-expressing human PCa (PC3) cells. Antibody (Ab) specific for epithelial cell adhesion molecule was conjugated to DOTA, IRDye 800CW, and radiolabeled with (64) Cu. Dual-labeled Ab was administered intravenously at 10-12 weeks post-implantation, and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and fluorescence imaging were performed within 18-24 hr. RESULTS Metastasis to lumbar LNs was detected by DsRed fluorescence imaging, as well as pathology, in 75% of mice having pathology-confirmed primary prostate tumors. These metastases were also detected by NIR fluorescence imaging. In some cases, metastases to sciatic, medial, renal, and axillary nodes were also detected. For all LNs examined, no significant differences were found between the percentages of metastases detected by NIR imaging (63%) and µPET/CT (64%) (P = 0.93), or between those detected by DsRed imaging (25%) and pathological examination (19%) (P = 0.12). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that a multimodality contrast agent is useful for early detection of metastatic disease, and has applications for intraoperative PCa treatment. Further agent optimization is necessary to enhance specificity, and provide validation for prostate and other LN metastasizing epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Hall
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Taruttis A, Morscher S, Burton NC, Razansky D, Ntziachristos V. Fast multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) for dynamic imaging of pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in multiple organs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30491. [PMID: 22295087 PMCID: PMC3266258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profiles is an essential step in the development process of new candidate drugs or imaging agents. Simultaneously, the assessment of organ function related to the uptake and clearance of drugs is of great importance. To this end, we demonstrate an imaging platform capable of high-rate characterization of the dynamics of fluorescent agents in multiple organs using multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). A spatial resolution of approximately 150 µm through mouse cross-sections allowed us to image blood vessels, the kidneys, the liver and the gall bladder. In particular, MSOT was employed to characterize the removal of indocyanine green from the systemic circulation and its time-resolved uptake in the liver and gallbladder. Furthermore, it was possible to track the uptake of a carboxylate dye in separate regions of the kidneys. The results demonstrate the acquisition of agent concentration metrics at rates of 10 samples per second at a single wavelength and 17 s per multispectral sample with 10 signal averages at each of 5 wavelengths. Overall, such imaging performance introduces previously undocumented capabilities of fast, high resolution in vivo imaging of the fate of optical agents for drug discovery and basic biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Taruttis
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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143
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Starling N, Vázquez-Mazón F, Cunningham D, Chau I, Tabernero J, Ramos FJ, Iveson TJ, Saunders MP, Aranda E, Countouriotis AM, Ruiz-Garcia A, Wei G, Tursi JM, Guillen-Ponce C, Carrato A. A phase I study of sunitinib in combination with FOLFIRI in patients with untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:119-127. [PMID: 21447616 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of sunitinib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, combined with FOLFIRI (irinotecan 180 mg/m2 given over 90 min i.v. and l-leucovorin 200 mg/m2 given over 120 min on day 1, followed by 5-FU 400 mg/m2 bolus and then 2400 mg/m2 infused over 46 h) in untreated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this multicentre, phase I, open-label, dose-finding trial, FOLFIRI was administered every 2 weeks. Two sunitinib regimens were explored: Schedule 4/2 (4 weeks on, 2 weeks off; 37.5 and 50 mg/day) and continuous daily dosing (CDD; 37.5 and 25 mg/day). Dose-limiting toxic toxicities (DLTs) were evaluated during weeks 1-6. Efficacy was a secondary objective. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were enrolled. The 37.5 mg/day Schedule 4/2 cohort had zero of six DLTs, was expanded by 15 patients and declared the MTD. The MTD was exceeded at all other sunitinib doses and schedules; DLTs included febrile neutropenia (n=1), grade 4 neutropenia (n=4) and grade 3 deep vein thrombosis with grade 4 neutropenia (n=1). At the MTD, non-haematologic grade 3/4 adverse events with a frequency of >10% were diarrhoea, vomiting and lethargy, and the objective response rate was 57.9% (95% confidence interval 33.5-79.7). CONCLUSIONS The MTD of sunitinib combined with FOLFIRI in chemotherapy-naive mCRC was 37.5 mg/day on Schedule 4/2. CDD of sunitinib at 37.5 or 25 mg/day plus FOLFIRI was not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Starling
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - F Vázquez-Mazón
- Medical Oncology Department, Elche University Hospital, Elche
| | - D Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK.
| | - I Chau
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London and Sutton, UK
| | - J Tabernero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F J Ramos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T J Iveson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Southampton Oncology Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton
| | - M P Saunders
- Department of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - E Aranda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | | | - G Wei
- Pfizer Oncology, Oncology Statistics, La Jolla, USA
| | - J M Tursi
- Pfizer Italia Srl, Clinical Development Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - C Guillen-Ponce
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Carrato
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Gurav SD, Gilibili RR, Jeniffer S, Mohd Z, Giri S, Govindarajan R, Srinivas NR, Mullangi R. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and identification of putative metabolites of JI-101 - a novel triple kinase inhibitor in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 2012; 62:27-34. [PMID: 22331760 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1295427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
JI-101, chemically 1-[1-(2-amino-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]-3-(5-bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-urea hydrochloride, is a novel orally active kinase inhibitor, which has shown potent in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity against a variety of cancer cell lines and xenografts. It is currently entering Phase II clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors. The aim of the study is to assess the metabolic stability of JI-101 in various pre-clinical and human liver microsomes, to identify the major CYPs (cytochrome β450) involved in the metabolism of JI-101 and identification of putative metabolites. We have also studied the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of JI-101 in Sprague Dawley rats. JI-101 was found to be stable in various liver microsomes tested. JI-101 is highly permeable and not a substrate for P-gp (permeability glycoprotein). JI-101 excreted through bile along with its mono- and di-hydroxy metabolites. Following oral administration, JI-101 was rapidly absorbed, reaching Cmax within 2 h. The t½ of JI-101 with intravenous and oral route was found to be 1.75 ± 0.79 and 2.66 ± 0.13 h, respectively. The Cl and Vd by intravenous route for JI-101 were found to be 13.0 ± 2.62 mL/min/kg and 2.11 ± 1.42 L/kg, respectively. The tissue distribution of JI-101 was extensive with rapid and preferred uptake into lung tissue. Overall, the oral bioavailability of JI-101 is 55% and the primary route of elimination for JI-101 is feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gurav
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, India
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Kroiss M, Quinkler M, Lutz WK, Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Drug interactions with mitotane by induction of CYP3A4 metabolism in the clinical management of adrenocortical carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:585-91. [PMID: 21883349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitotane [1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane, (o,p'-DDD)] is the only drug approved for the treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and has also been used for various forms of glucocorticoid excess. Through still largely unknown mechanisms, mitotane inhibits adrenal steroid synthesis and adrenocortical cell proliferation. Mitotane increases hepatic metabolism of cortisol, and an increased replacement dose of glucocorticoids is standard of care during mitotane treatment. Recently, sunitinib, a multityrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has been found to be rapidly metabolized by CYP3A4 during mitotane treatment, indicating clinically relevant drug interactions with mitotane. We here summarize the current evidence concerning mitotane-induced changes in hepatic monooxygenase expression, list drugs potentially affected by mitotane-related CYP3A4 induction and suggest alternatives. For example, using standard doses of macrolide antibiotics is unlikely to reach sufficient plasma levels, making fluoroquinolones in many cases a superior choice. Similarly, statins such as simvastatin are metabolized by CYP3A4, whereas others like pravastatin are not. Importantly, in the past, several clinical trials using cytotoxic drugs but also targeted therapies in ACC yielded disappointing results. This lack of antineoplastic activity may be explained in part by insufficient drug exposure owing to enhanced drug metabolism induced by mitotane. Thus, induction of CYP3A4 by mitotane needs to be considered in the design of future clinical trials in ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kroiss
- Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, and University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Grandjean TRB, Chappell MJ, Yates JTW, Jones K, Wood G, Coleman T. Compartmental modelling of the pharmacokinetics of a breast cancer resistance protein. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2011; 104:81-92. [PMID: 20971524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical model for the pharmacokinetics of Hoechst 33342 following administration into a culture medium containing a population of transfected cells (HEK293 hBCRP) with a potent breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor, Fumitremorgin C (FTC), present is described. FTC is reported to almost completely annul resistance mediated by BCRP in vitro. This non-linear compartmental model has seven macroscopic sub-units, with 14 rate parameters. It describes the relationship between the concentration of Hoechst 33342 and FTC, initially spiked in the medium, and the observed change in fluorescence due to Hoechst 33342 binding to DNA. Structural identifiability analysis has been performed using two methods, one based on the similarity transformation/exhaustive modelling approach and the other based on the differential algebra approach. The analyses demonstrated that all models derived are uniquely identifiable for the experiments/observations available. A kinetic modelling software package, namely FACSIMILE (MPCA Software, UK), was used for parameter fitting and to obtain numerical solutions for the system equations. Model fits gave very good agreement with in vitro data provided by AstraZeneca across a variety of experimental scenarios.
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Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) for metastatic melanoma. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2011; 53:77-8. [PMID: 21959356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Schneider DL. Bone: in search of the perfect SERM--a 5-year study of bazedoxifene. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7:634-5. [PMID: 21931371 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kotasek D, Tebbutt N, Desai J, Welch S, Siu LL, McCoy S, Sun YN, Johnson J, Adewoye AH, Price T. Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:313. [PMID: 21791058 PMCID: PMC3161034 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase 1b study assessed the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and pharmacokinetics of motesanib (a small-molecule antagonist of VEGF receptors 1, 2, and 3; platelet-derived growth factor receptor; and Kit) administered once daily (QD) or twice daily (BID) in combination with erlotinib and gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors. METHODS Patients received weekly intravenous gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) and erlotinib (100 mg QD) alone (control cohort) or in combination with motesanib (50 mg QD, 75 mg BID, 125 mg QD, or 100 mg QD; cohorts 1-4); or erlotinib (150 mg QD) in combination with motesanib (100 or 125 mg QD; cohorts 5 and 6). RESULTS Fifty-six patients were enrolled and received protocol-specified treatment. Dose-limiting toxicities occurred in 11 patients in cohorts 1 (n = 2), 2 (n = 4), 3 (n = 3), and 6 (n = 2). The MTD of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib was 100 mg QD. Motesanib 125 mg QD was tolerable only in combination with erlotinib alone. Frequently occurring motesanib-related adverse events included diarrhea (n = 19), nausea (n = 18), vomiting (n = 13), and fatigue (n = 12), which were mostly of worst grade < 3. The pharmacokinetics of motesanib was not markedly affected by coadministration of gemcitabine and erlotinib, or erlotinib alone. Erlotinib exposure, however, appeared lower after coadministration with gemcitabine and/or motesanib. Of 49 evaluable patients, 1 had a confirmed partial response and 26 had stable disease. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with motesanib 100 mg QD plus erlotinib and gemcitabine was tolerable. Motesanib 125 mg QD was tolerable only in combination with erlotinib alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01235416.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Kotasek
- Adelaide Cancer Center, Level 1, Tennyson Centre, 520 South Road, Kurralta Park, SA 5037, Australia
| | - Niall Tebbutt
- Medical Oncology Unit, Level 6, Harold Stokes Building, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Stephen Welch
- The Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Lillian L Siu
- The Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Sheryl McCoy
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1799, USA
| | - Yu-Nien Sun
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1799, USA
| | - Jessica Johnson
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1799, USA
| | - Adeboye H Adewoye
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320-1799, USA
| | - Timothy Price
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 28 Woodville Road, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
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150
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Vilazodone (Viibryd)--a new antidepressant. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2011; 53:53-4. [PMID: 21738107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vilazodone (Viibryd--Forest), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and partial 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, has been approved by the FDA for treatment of depression. It has been claimed to have no sexual side effects and not to cause weight gain.
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