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Zasadzińska E, Huang J, Bailey AO, Guo LY, Lee NS, Srivastava S, Wong KA, French BT, Black BE, Foltz DR. Inheritance of CENP-A Nucleosomes during DNA Replication Requires HJURP. Dev Cell 2018; 47:348-362.e7. [PMID: 30293838 PMCID: PMC6219920 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Centromeric chromatin defines the site of kinetochore formation and ensures faithful chromosome segregation. Centromeric identity is epigenetically specified by the incorporation of CENP-A nucleosomes. DNA replication presents a challenge for inheritance of centromeric identity because nucleosomes are removed to allow for replication fork progression. Despite this challenge, CENP-A nucleosomes are stably retained through S phase. We used BioID to identify proteins transiently associated with CENP-A during DNA replication. We found that during S phase, HJURP transiently associates with centromeres and binds to pre-existing CENP-A, suggesting a distinct role for HJURP in CENP-A retention. We demonstrate that HJURP is required for centromeric nucleosome inheritance during S phase. HJURP co-purifies with the MCM2-7 helicase complex and, together with the MCM2 subunit, binds CENP-A simultaneously. Therefore, pre-existing CENP-A nucleosomes require an S phase function of the HJURP chaperone and interaction with MCM2 to ensure faithful inheritance of centromere identity through DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Zasadzińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jiehuan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Lucie Y Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shashank Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelvin A Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bradley T French
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben E Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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102
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Sokka M, Koalick D, Hemmerich P, Syväoja JE, Pospiech H. The ATR-Activation Domain of TopBP1 Is Required for the Suppression of Origin Firing during the S Phase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082376. [PMID: 30104465 PMCID: PMC6121618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian DNA replication program is controlled at two phases, the licensing of potential origins of DNA replication in early gap 1 (G1), and the selective firing of a subset of licenced origins in the synthesis (S) phase. Upon entry into the S phase, serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR (ATR) is required for successful completion of the DNA replication program by limiting unnecessary dormant origin activation. Equally important is its activator, DNA topoisomerase 2-binding protein 1 (TopBP1), which is also required for the initiation of DNA replication after a rise in S-phase kinase levels. However, it is unknown how the ATR activation domain of TopBP1 affects DNA replication dynamics. Using human cells conditionally expressing a TopBP1 mutant deficient for ATR activation, we show that functional TopBP1 is required in suppressing local dormant origin activation. Our results demonstrate a regulatory role for TopBP1 in the local balancing of replication fork firing within the S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miiko Sokka
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Dennis Koalick
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, DE-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Peter Hemmerich
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, DE-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Juhani E Syväoja
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Helmut Pospiech
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, DE-07745 Jena, Germany.
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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103
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Khan QA, Pediaditakis P, Malakhau Y, Esmaeilniakooshkghazi A, Ashkavand Z, Sereda V, Krupenko NI, Krupenko SA. CHIP E3 ligase mediates proteasomal degradation of the proliferation regulatory protein ALDH1L1 during the transition of NIH3T3 fibroblasts from G0/G1 to S-phase. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199699. [PMID: 29979702 PMCID: PMC6034817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ALDH1L1 is a folate-metabolizing enzyme abundant in liver and several other tissues. In human cancers and cell lines derived from malignant tumors, the ALDH1L1 gene is commonly silenced through the promoter methylation. It was suggested that ALDH1L1 limits proliferation capacity of the cell and thus functions as putative tumor suppressor. In contrast to cancer cells, mouse cell lines NIH3T3 and AML12 do express the ALDH1L1 protein. In the present study, we show that the levels of ALDH1L1 in these cell lines fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. During S-phase, ALDH1L1 is markedly down regulated at the protein level. As the cell cultures become confluent and cells experience increased contact inhibition, ALDH1L1 accumulates in the cells. In agreement with this finding, NIH3T3 cells arrested in G1/S-phase by a thymidine block completely lose the ALDH1L1 protein. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 prevents such loss in proliferating NIH3T3 cells, suggesting the proteasomal degradation of the ALDH1L1 protein. The co-localization of ALDH1L1 with proteasomes, demonstrated by confocal microscopy, supports this mechanism. We further show that ALDH1L1 interacts with the chaperone-dependent E3 ligase CHIP, which plays a key role in the ALDH1L1 ubiquitination and degradation. In NIH3T3 cells, silencing of CHIP by siRNA halts, while transient expression of CHIP promotes, the ALDH1L1 loss. The downregulation of ALDH1L1 is associated with the accumulation of the ALDH1L1 substrate 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, which is required for de novo purine biosynthesis, a key pathway activated in S-phase. Overall, our data indicate that CHIP-mediated proteasomal degradation of ALDH1L1 facilitates cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim A. Khan
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Pediaditakis
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuryi Malakhau
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amin Esmaeilniakooshkghazi
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zahra Ashkavand
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Valentin Sereda
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalia I. Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sergey A. Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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104
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Lemmens B, Hegarat N, Akopyan K, Sala-Gaston J, Bartek J, Hochegger H, Lindqvist A. DNA Replication Determines Timing of Mitosis by Restricting CDK1 and PLK1 Activation. Mol Cell 2018; 71:117-128.e3. [PMID: 30008317 PMCID: PMC6039720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To maintain genome stability, cells need to replicate their DNA before dividing. Upon completion of bulk DNA synthesis, the mitotic kinases CDK1 and PLK1 become active and drive entry into mitosis. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that DNA replication determines the timing of mitotic kinase activation. Using an optimized double-degron system, together with kinase inhibitors to enforce tight inhibition of key proteins, we find that human cells unable to initiate DNA replication prematurely enter mitosis. Preventing DNA replication licensing and/or firing causes prompt activation of CDK1 and PLK1 in S phase. In the presence of DNA replication, inhibition of CHK1 and p38 leads to premature activation of mitotic kinases, which induces severe replication stress. Our results demonstrate that, rather than merely a cell cycle output, DNA replication is an integral signaling component that restricts activation of mitotic kinases. DNA replication thus functions as a brake that determines cell cycle duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennie Lemmens
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadia Hegarat
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Karen Akopyan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joan Sala-Gaston
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet and Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helfrid Hochegger
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Arne Lindqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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105
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Mai W, Liu H, Chen H, Zhou Y, Chen Y. RGNNV-induced cell cycle arrest at G1/ S phase enhanced viral replication via p53-dependent pathway in GS cells. Virus Res 2018; 256:142-152. [PMID: 29940189 PMCID: PMC7114848 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection of RGNNV redistributed NPM1, stabilized p53 and inhibited cell proliferation by inducing G1 arrest. Infection of RGNNV activated p53-dependent pathway, resulting in G1/S phase cell cycle arrest in host cells and directly impacting viral replication. NPM1 knockdown could abrogate RGNNV-induced cell proliferation inhibition and cell cycle arrest. Our results revealed that RGNNV infection could perturb the progression of cell cycle via the NPM1-p53 pathway and facilitate virus gene replication.
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a ubiquitous pathogen in the aquaculture worldwide. Little is known about the relationship between NNV virus and host cells. Our studies showed that RGNNV infection could induce cell cycle arrest via activation of p53 signaling in cultured host cells. Infection of RGNNV redistributed NPM1, stabilized p53 and inhibited cell proliferation by inducing G1 arrest. RGNNV infection also led to phosphorylation and accumulation of p53 in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, RGNNV infection upregulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 A (p21) and downregulated cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). The expression of genes in the p53 pathway did not change significantly after p53 knockdown by pifithrin-α during RGNNV infection. However, NPM1 knockdown could abrogate RGNNV-induced cell proliferation inhibition, activation of p53 signaling and cell cycle arrest. In addition, RGNNV infection of the cells synchronized in various stages of cell cycle showed that viral genomic RNA and virus titer were higher in the cells released from G1 phase- or S phase-synchronized cells than that in the cells released from the G2 phase-synchronized or asynchronous cells after 18 h p.i. Therefore, our study reveals that RGNNV infection induces the p53-dependent pathway, resulting in a cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in host cells, which might provide a favorable condition for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Mai
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Hongxiao Liu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Huiqing Chen
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yajing Zhou
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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106
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Du Y, Tu YS, Tang YB, Huang YY, Zhou FM, Tian T, Li XY. Requirement of ClC-3 in G0/G1 to S Phase Transition Induced by IGF-1 via ERK1/2-Cyclins Cascade in Multiple Myeloma Cells. Clin Lab 2018; 64:929-936. [PMID: 29945325 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2018.171205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ClC-3 is involved in the proliferation and migration of several cancer cells. However, ClC-3 expression and its role of cell-cycle control in multiple myeloma (MM) has not yet been investigated. METHODS MM cells were treated with different concentrations of IGF (30, 100, 300 ng/mL), and their proliferation was examined by CCK-8. The effects of ClC-3 on cell cycle progression was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to analyze the relative levels of ClC3, CD138, P21, P27, CDK, p-Erk1/2, and t-Erk1/2 protein expression. Transfection of RPMI8226 with gpClC-3 cDNA and siRNA alters the expression of ClC-3. RESULTS We compared the expression of ClC-3 in primary myeloma cells and in MM cell lines (U266 and RPMI8266) with that in normal plasma cells (PCs) from normal subjects and found that myeloma cells from patients and MM cell lines had significantly higher expression of ClC-3. Additionally, silencing of ClC-3 with the small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets human ClC-3 decreased proliferation of RPMI8226 after IGF-1 treatment and slowed cell cycle progression from G0/G1 to S phase, which was associated with diminished phosphorylation of ERK1/2, down-expression of cyclin E, cyclin D1 and up-regulation of p27 and p21. By contrast, overexpression of ClC-3 potentiated cell proliferation induced by IGF-1, raised the percentage of S phase cells, enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, downregulated p27 and p21 and upregulated cyclin E and cyclin D1. CONCLUSIONS ClC-3 accelerated G0/G1 to S phase transition in the cell cycle by modulating ERK1/2 kinase activity and expression of G1/S transition related proteins, making ClC-3 an attractive therapeutic target in MM.
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107
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Matsuya Y, McMahon SJ, Tsutsumi K, Sasaki K, Okuyama G, Yoshii Y, Mori R, Oikawa J, Prise KM, Date H. Investigation of dose-rate effects and cell-cycle distribution under protracted exposure to ionizing radiation for various dose-rates. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8287. [PMID: 29844494 PMCID: PMC5974424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During exposure to ionizing radiation, sub-lethal damage repair (SLDR) competes with DNA damage induction in cultured cells. By virtue of SLDR, cell survival increases with decrease of dose-rate, so-called dose-rate effects (DREs). Here, we focused on a wide dose-rate range and investigated the change of cell-cycle distribution during X-ray protracted exposure and dose-response curves via hybrid analysis with a combination of in vitro experiments and mathematical modelling. In the course of flow-cytometric cell-cycle analysis and clonogenic assays, we found the following responses in CHO-K1 cells: (1) The fraction of cells in S phase gradually increases during 6 h exposure at 3.0 Gy/h, which leads to radio-resistance. (2) Slight cell accumulation in S and G2/M phases is observed after exposure at 6.0 Gy/h for more than 10 hours. This suggests that an increase of SLDR rate for cells in S phase during irradiation may be a reproducible factor to describe changes in the dose-response curve at dose-rates of 3.0 and 6.0 Gy/h. By re-evaluating cell survival for various dose-rates of 0.186-60.0 Gy/h considering experimental-based DNA content and SLDR, it is suggested that the change of S phase fraction during irradiation modulates the dose-response curve and is possibly responsible for some inverse DREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuya
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Kaori Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kohei Sasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Go Okuyama
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshii
- Biological Research, Education and Instrumentation Center, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Mori
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Joma Oikawa
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Date
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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108
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Matsuya Y, McMahon SJ, Tsutsumi K, Sasaki K, Okuyama G, Yoshii Y, Mori R, Oikawa J, Prise KM, Date H. Investigation of dose-rate effects and cell-cycle distribution under protracted exposure to ionizing radiation for various dose-rates. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29844494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598a018-26556a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During exposure to ionizing radiation, sub-lethal damage repair (SLDR) competes with DNA damage induction in cultured cells. By virtue of SLDR, cell survival increases with decrease of dose-rate, so-called dose-rate effects (DREs). Here, we focused on a wide dose-rate range and investigated the change of cell-cycle distribution during X-ray protracted exposure and dose-response curves via hybrid analysis with a combination of in vitro experiments and mathematical modelling. In the course of flow-cytometric cell-cycle analysis and clonogenic assays, we found the following responses in CHO-K1 cells: (1) The fraction of cells in S phase gradually increases during 6 h exposure at 3.0 Gy/h, which leads to radio-resistance. (2) Slight cell accumulation in S and G2/M phases is observed after exposure at 6.0 Gy/h for more than 10 hours. This suggests that an increase of SLDR rate for cells in S phase during irradiation may be a reproducible factor to describe changes in the dose-response curve at dose-rates of 3.0 and 6.0 Gy/h. By re-evaluating cell survival for various dose-rates of 0.186-60.0 Gy/h considering experimental-based DNA content and SLDR, it is suggested that the change of S phase fraction during irradiation modulates the dose-response curve and is possibly responsible for some inverse DREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuya
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Kaori Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kohei Sasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Go Okuyama
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, 006-8585, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshii
- Biological Research, Education and Instrumentation Center, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Mori
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Joma Oikawa
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Date
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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109
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Okamura M, Yamanaka Y, Shigemoto M, Kitadani Y, Kobayashi Y, Kambe T, Nagao M, Kobayashi I, Okumura K, Masuda S. Depletion of mRNA export regulator DBP5/DDX19, GLE1 or IPPK that is a key enzyme for the production of IP6, resulting in differentially altered cytoplasmic mRNA expression and specific cell defect. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197165. [PMID: 29746542 PMCID: PMC5945018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DBP5, also known as DDX19, GLE1 and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) function in messenger RNA (mRNA) export at the cytoplasmic surface of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic cells. DBP5 is a DEAD-box RNA helicase, and its activity is stimulated by interactions with GLE1 and IP6. In addition, these three factors also have unique role(s). To investigate how these factors influenced the cytoplasmic mRNA expression and cell phenotype change, we performed RNA microarray analysis to detect the effect and function of DBP5, GLE1 and IP6 on the cytoplasmic mRNA expression. The expression of some cytoplasmic mRNA subsets (e.g. cell cycle, DNA replication) was commonly suppressed by the knock-down of DBP5, GLE1 and IPPK (IP6 synthetic enzyme). The GLE1 knock-down selectively reduced the cytoplasmic mRNA expression required for mitotic progression, results in an abnormal spindle phenotype and caused the delay of mitotic process. Meanwhile, G1/S cell cycle arrest was observed in DBP5 and IPPK knock-down cells. Several factors that function in immune response were also down-regulated in DBP5 or IPPK knock-down cells. Thereby, IFNβ-1 mRNA transcription evoked by poly(I:C) treatment was suppressed. These results imply that DBP5, GLE1 and IP6 have a conserved and individual function in the cytoplasmic mRNA expression. Variations in phenotype are due to the difference in each function of DBP5, GLE1 and IPPK in intracellular mRNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Okamura
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Yamanaka
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maki Shigemoto
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Kitadani
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuhko Kobayashi
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaya Nagao
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Issei Kobayashi
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Katsuzumi Okumura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Seiji Masuda
- Division of Integrated Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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110
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Seller CA, O’Farrell PH. Rif1 prolongs the embryonic S phase at the Drosophila mid-blastula transition. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005687. [PMID: 29746464 PMCID: PMC5963817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In preparation for dramatic morphogenetic events of gastrulation, rapid embryonic cell cycles slow at the mid-blastula transition (MBT). In Drosophila melanogaster embryos, down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) activity initiates this slowing by delaying replication of heterochromatic satellite sequences and extending S phase. We found that Cdk1 activity inhibited the chromatin association of Rap1 interacting factor 1 (Rif1), a candidate repressor of replication. Furthermore, Rif1 bound selectively to satellite sequences following Cdk1 down-regulation at the MBT. In the next S phase, Rif1 dissociated from different satellites in an orderly schedule that anticipated their replication. Rif1 lacking potential phosphorylation sites failed to dissociate and dominantly prevented completion of replication. Loss of Rif1 in mutant embryos shortened the post-MBT S phase and rescued embryonic cell cycles disrupted by depletion of the S phase–promoting kinase, cell division cycle 7 (Cdc7). Our work shows that Rif1 and S phase kinases compose a replication timer controlling first the developmental onset of late replication and then the precise schedule of replication within S phase. In addition, we describe how onset of late replication fits into the progressive maturation of heterochromatin during development. Cells divide rapidly in the early embryos of most animals. However, during a conserved period of development known as the mid-blastula transition (MBT), the cell cycle slows down dramatically. In Drosophila embryos, genome duplication abruptly slows to initiate this cell cycle prolongation. This is achieved through the onset of late replication, a well-recognized phenomenon in which specific sequences of the genome await replication until long after other sequences have finished. Even though this temporal program of replication is a major determinant of the duration of S phase, the factors involved in this process remain unknown. Here, we use genetics and real-time microscopy to visualize replication in developing fly embryos and show that the protein Rap1 interacting factor 1 (Rif1) mediates the introduction of late replication at the MBT. We find that at this stage, Rif1 binds to and selectively delays the replication of large blocks of repetitive DNA known as satellite sequences. During the rapid cell cycles before the MBT, we show that the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) prevents Rif1 from slowing down DNA replication by driving its removal from the chromatin. The developmental down-regulation of Cdk1 at the MBT allows Rif1 to associate with the satellite sequences and initiate cell cycle slowing. Our work provides new insights into the temporal programming of S phase and into the embryonic origin of late replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Seller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick H. O’Farrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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111
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Abstract
Checkpoint kinases are important in cellular surveillance pathways that help cells to cope with DNA damage and protect their genomes. In cycling cells, DNA replication is one of the most sensitive processes and therefore all organisms carefully regulate replication initiation and progression. The checkpoint kinase ATR plays important roles both in response to DNA damage and replication stress, and ATR inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Therefore, it is important to understand the roles of ATR in detail. Here we show that the fission yeast homologue Rad3 and the human ATR regulate events also in G1 phase in an unperturbed cell cycle. Rad3Δ mutants or human cells exposed to ATR inhibitor in G1 enter S phase prematurely, which results in increased DNA damage. Furthermore, ATR inhibition in a single G1 reduces clonogenic survival, demonstrating that long-term effects of ATR inhibition during G1 are deleterious for the cell. Interestingly, ATR inhibition through G1 and S phase reduces survival in an additive manner, strongly arguing that different functions of ATR are targeted in the different cell-cycle phases. We propose that potential effects of ATR inhibitors in G1 should be considered when designing future treatment protocols with such inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine A Bøe
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine W Håland
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Boye
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi G Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beáta Grallert
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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112
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Zhou J, Chan J, Lambelé M, Yusufzai T, Stumpff J, Opresko PL, Thali M, Wallace SS. NEIL3 Repairs Telomere Damage during S Phase to Secure Chromosome Segregation at Mitosis. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2044-2056. [PMID: 28854357 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage to telomere DNA compromises telomere integrity. We recently reported that the DNA glycosylase NEIL3 preferentially repairs oxidative lesions in telomere sequences in vitro. Here, we show that loss of NEIL3 causes anaphase DNA bridging because of telomere dysfunction. NEIL3 expression increases during S phase and reaches maximal levels in late S/G2. NEIL3 co-localizes with TRF2 and associates with telomeres during S phase, and this association increases upon oxidative stress. Mechanistic studies reveal that NEIL3 binds to single-stranded DNA via its intrinsically disordered C terminus in a telomere-sequence-independent manner. Moreover, NEIL3 is recruited to telomeres through its interaction with TRF1, and this interaction enhances the enzymatic activity of purified NEIL3. Finally, we show that NEIL3 interacts with AP Endonuclease 1 (APE1) and the long-patch base excision repair proteins PCNA and FEN1. Taken together, we propose that NEIL3 protects genome stability through targeted repair of oxidative damage in telomeres during S/G2 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jany Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Marie Lambelé
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Timur Yusufzai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Patricia L Opresko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Markus Thali
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Susan S Wallace
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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113
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Panico L, Manivel JC, Pettinato G, De Rosa N, Ruggiero A, De Rosa G. Pilomatrix Carcinoma. A Case Report with Immunohistochemical Findings, Flow Cytometric Comparison with Benign Pilomatrixoma and Review of the Literature. Tumori 2018; 80:309-14. [PMID: 7974805 DOI: 10.1177/030089169408000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of pilomatrix carcinoma in a 42 year old woman. The patient presented a rapidly growing 4-cm subcutaneous mass in the right preauricular area. She was free of recurrence 24 months after surgery. Immunoreactivity was studied for cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen, S-100 protein, blood group antigens, Leu-M1, β-2-microglobulin, vimentin, neuron-specific-enolase and cellular binding for peanut agglutinin. Squamous cells were reactive for cytokeratin AE1/3, epithelial membrane antigen, blood group antigens B and H, and peanut agglutinin. Basaloid cells were focally reactive for cytokeratin AE1/3 and epithelial membrane antigen. Flow cytometry revealed a euploid DNA content and a high proliferative rate of the pilomatrix carcinoma and in benign pilomatrixoma studied for comparison. The pathological diagnosis must be based on histomorphological criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Panico
- Institute of Pathology, University of Naples, Italy
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114
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Danesi DT, Spanò M, Antonini F, Altavista P, Catalano P, Cordelli E, Pasqualetti P, Santacroce C, Toscano MG, Mecozzi A, Fabiano A. Flow Cytometric and Immunohistochemical Correlations in High Incidence Human Solid Tumors. Tumori 2018; 83:689-97. [PMID: 9267490 DOI: 10.1177/030089169708300313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
475 patients with carcinoma at different sites (141 colon-rectum; 102 breast; 50 stomach; 48 kidney; 46 head and neck; 41 bladder; 47 other sites) submitted to surgery have been analyzed after histopathological staging and grading, by flow cytometry (monoparametric DNA content analysis) and immunohistochemistry (p53, c-erbB-2, and PCNA expression). In breast cancer patients the presence of receptors for estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PGR) has also been determined. Flow cytometry-derived parameters were DNA ploidy, fraction of cells in S-phase (SPF), and DNA content heterogeneity (multiclonal stem cell lines with different DNA index and/or more than one subpopulations with different ploidy levels in different samples from the same tumor). Correlations of the results obtained by the different techniques have been attempted by the non-parametric Spearman's rank correlation approach. Significant associations (P «0.05) were found between the histopathological, immunohistochemical and flow cytometric parameters considered in some anatomical regions, such as stomach (p53 vs DNA content aneuploidy and vs heterogeneity), colon-rectum (TNM vs p53 and vs heterogeneity), bladder (grading vs DNA content aneuploidy and vs heterogeneity). Tumor heterogeneity proved to be dependent on the number of tumor samples taken. The results of this preliminary assessment will subsequently be compared with the data obtained from a currently ongoing follow-up survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Danesi
- Sezione di Tossicologia e Scienze Biomediche, ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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115
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Abstract
DNA replication transforms cohesin rings dynamically associated with chromatin into the cohesive form to establish sister-chromatid cohesion. Here, we show that, in human cells, cohesin loading onto chromosomes during early S phase requires the replicative helicase MCM2-7 and the kinase DDK. Cohesin and its loader SCC2/4 (NIPBL/MAU2 in humans) associate with DDK and phosphorylated MCM2-7. This binding does not require MCM2-7 activation by CDC45 and GINS, but its persistence on activated MCM2-7 requires fork-stabilizing replisome components. Inactivation of these replisome components impairs cohesin loading and causes interphase cohesion defects. Interfering with Okazaki fragment processing or nucleosome assembly does not impact cohesion. Therefore, MCM2-7-coupled cohesin loading promotes cohesion establishment, which occurs without Okazaki fragment maturation. We propose that the cohesin-loader complex bound to MCM2-7 is mobilized upon helicase activation, transiently held by the replisome, and deposited behind the replication fork to encircle sister chromatids and establish cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- Bioinformatics Lab, Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chao Xing
- Bioinformatics Lab, Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of BioinformaticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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116
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Aydogan MG, Wainman A, Saurya S, Steinacker TL, Caballe A, Novak ZA, Baumbach J, Muschalik N, Raff JW. A homeostatic clock sets daughter centriole size in flies. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1233-1248. [PMID: 29500190 PMCID: PMC5881511 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are highly structured organelles whose size is remarkably consistent within any given cell type. New centrioles are born when Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) recruits Ana2/STIL and Sas-6 to the side of an existing "mother" centriole. These two proteins then assemble into a cartwheel, which grows outwards to form the structural core of a new daughter. Here, we show that in early Drosophila melanogaster embryos, daughter centrioles grow at a linear rate during early S-phase and abruptly stop growing when they reach their correct size in mid- to late S-phase. Unexpectedly, the cartwheel grows from its proximal end, and Plk4 determines both the rate and period of centriole growth: the more active the centriolar Plk4, the faster centrioles grow, but the faster centriolar Plk4 is inactivated and growth ceases. Thus, Plk4 functions as a homeostatic clock, establishing an inverse relationship between growth rate and period to ensure that daughter centrioles grow to the correct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa G Aydogan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
- Micron Oxford Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Thomas L Steinacker
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Anna Caballe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Zsofia A Novak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Janina Baumbach
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Nadine Muschalik
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
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117
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Wen X, Han XR, Wang YJ, Wang S, Shen M, Zhang ZF, Fan SH, Shan Q, Wang L, Li MQ, Hu B, Sun CH, Wu DM, Lu J, Zheng YL. MicroRNA-421 suppresses the apoptosis and autophagy of hippocampal neurons in epilepsy mice model by inhibition of the TLR/MYD88 pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7022-7034. [PMID: 29380367 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. In this study, we aim to explore the role of microRNA-421 (miR-421) in hippocampal neurons of epilepsy mice via the TLR/MYD88 pathway. Forty mice were randomly served as the normal and model (established as epilepsy model) groups. Hippocampal neurons were assigned into seven groups with different transfections. The RT-qPCR and western blotting were conducted to examine the expression of miR-421 TLR2, TLR4, MYD88, Bax, Bcl-2, p53, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by MTT and flow cytometry.MYD88 is a target gene of miR-421. Model mice showed elevated expression of TLR2, TLR4, MYD88, Bax, p53, Beclin-1, and LC3II/LC3I but reduced expression of miR-421 and Bcl-2. In vitro experiments reveals that overexpression of miR-421 inhibited the TLR/MYD88 pathway. Besides, overexpressed miR-421 declined cell apoptosis but increased cell proliferation. It reveals that miR-421 targeting MYD88 could inhibit the apoptosis and autophagy of hippocampal neurons in epilepsy mice by down-regulating the TLR/MYD88 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Xin-Rui Han
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yong-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Min Shen
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Shao-Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Qun Shan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Meng-Qiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Chun-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Dong-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
| | - Yuan-Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R., China
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Ruibal A, Arias JI, Del Río MC, Lapeña G, Schneider J, Tejerina A. Histological Grade in Breast Cancer: Association with Clinical and Biological Features in a Series of 229 Patients. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 16:56-61. [PMID: 11288957 DOI: 10.1177/172460080101600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the association of histological grade (HG) with specific clinical and biological parameters which may influence the clinical behavior of infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast (IDC), we analyzed in 229 tissue samples the cytosolic concentrations of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), pS2, cathepsin D, hyaluronic acid (HA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), as well as those of the erbB2 oncoprotein, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HA, CD44v5 and CD44v6 in the cell membrane fraction. Likewise, we considered size, ploidy, S-phase fraction and axillary node involvement as variables of the study. The transition from HG1 to HG2 and from HG2 to HG3 was accompanied by a number of common features: global increase in size, greater number of tumors >2.0 cm, decrease in membrane hyaluronic acid concentrations, increased cell proliferation (S-phase >7%) and greater aneuploidy. Other events observed during the transition from HG2 to HG3 were a decrease in ER, PR, t-PA and cytosolic hyaluronic acid. These results led us to consider that HG is associated with certain clinical-biological changes that may help explain its value as a prognostic factor in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruibal
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain
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119
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Abstract
Lysosomal proteinases play an important role in the turnover of intracellular proteins, and acidic proteinases such as cathepsin D are known to be increased in breast carcinoma. In the present study the activity of a newly discovered acidic lysosomal pepstatin-insensitive proteinase (CLN2p) was measured in breast tissues by the most sensitive and highly specific assay that we had developed for the diagnosis of late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) (2). Samples from eight normal subjects undergoing reductive mammoplasty and 200 patients with primary breast carcinoma were analyzed. The results suggest a two- to seventeen-fold higher CLN2p activity in tumors, which was significantly and positively correlated with already known breast cancer biomarkers such as levels of cathepsin D, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. These results suggest a diagnostic and prognostic potential for this novel acid proteinase in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Junaid
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, USA
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120
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Karelia NH, Patel DD, Desai NS, Mehta HV, Yadav PK, Patel SM, Kothari KC, Shah PM. Prognostic Significance of DNA Aneuploidy and p21ras Oncoprotein Expression in Colorectal Cancer and Their Role in the Determination of Treatment Modalities. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 16:97-104. [PMID: 11471902 DOI: 10.1177/172460080101600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prognostic significance of DNA ploidy, S-phase fraction and p21ras oncoprotein expression in patients with colorectal cancer and to correlate these factors with the clinical behavior of the tumors and their response to therapy. Of 79 patients with colorectal cancer 57% (45/79) had early stage disease. Forty-one percent (32/79) had aneuploid tumors while 30% (24/79) of the tumors had a high (>10%) S-phase fraction. p21ras oncoprotein expression was detected in 38% (30/79) of tumors. Patients with aneuploid tumors had a worse prognosis than patients with diploid tumors (p=0.0002). Similarly, patients with high S-phase fraction tumors had a shorter survival than those with low S-phase fraction tumors (p=0.005). No such difference was found between p21ras-positive and p21ras-negative tumor subgroups. In early stage colorectal cancer, aneuploidy was closely correlated with disease outcome (p=0.029). Early stage patients with diploid tumors who received radiotherapy and chemotherapy had a better prognosis than patients with aneuploid tumors. In conclusion, DNA ploidy is a significant and independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. Aneuploidy and genetic alteration of the p21ras oncoprotein are important in determining the biological aggressiveness of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, DNA ploidy may identify those subgroups of patients with early stage disease who may benefit from more aggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Karelia
- Department of Pathology, The Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, India.
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121
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Ronson GE, Piberger AL, Higgs MR, Olsen AL, Stewart GS, McHugh PJ, Petermann E, Lakin ND. PARP1 and PARP2 stabilise replication forks at base excision repair intermediates through Fbh1-dependent Rad51 regulation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:746. [PMID: 29467415 PMCID: PMC5821833 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP1 regulates the repair of DNA single-strand breaks generated directly, or during base excision repair (BER). However, the role of PARP2 in these and other repair mechanisms is unknown. Here, we report a requirement for PARP2 in stabilising replication forks that encounter BER intermediates through Fbh1-dependent regulation of Rad51. Whereas PARP2 is dispensable for tolerance of cells to SSBs or homologous recombination dysfunction, it is redundant with PARP1 in BER. Therefore, combined disruption of PARP1 and PARP2 leads to defective BER, resulting in elevated levels of replication-associated DNA damage owing to an inability to stabilise Rad51 at damaged replication forks and prevent uncontrolled DNA resection. Together, our results demonstrate how PARP1 and PARP2 regulate two independent, but intrinsically linked aspects of DNA base damage tolerance by promoting BER directly, and by stabilising replication forks that encounter BER intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Ronson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ann Liza Piberger
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin R Higgs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anna L Olsen
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Grant S Stewart
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter J McHugh
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Eva Petermann
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicholas D Lakin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Ruibal A, Nuñez MI, Rodríguez J, Jiménez L, del Rio MC, Zapatero J. Cytosolic Levels of Neuron-Specific Enolase in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Lung. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 18:188-94. [PMID: 14535589 DOI: 10.1177/172460080301800306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To study the behavior and possible correlations of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) with other clinicobiological parameters, we measured the cytosolic levels of this marker by means of an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in 95 squamous cell lung carcinoma samples. We also analyzed the levels of pS2, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), hyaluronic acid (HA), free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG), CYFRA 21.1 and CA 125 in cytosol. On the cell surface we analyzed the concentrations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HA, erbB-2 oncoprotein, CD44s, CD44v5 and CD44v6. Other parameters considered were clinical stage, lymph node involvement, histological grade (HG), ploidy and the cellular S-phase fraction measured by flow cytometry on nuclei obtained from fresh tissues. In the 95 squamous cell carcinomas the cytosolic levels of NSE varied from 4.5 to 2235 ng/mg protein (median: 267) and were significantly higher (p<0.001) than those observed in 38 samples of normal pulmonary tissue obtained from the same patients (range: 56–657; median: 141.5). When classifying tumors according to the different parameters analyzed, we observed that the levels of NSE were higher in aneuploid than in diploid cases (p=0.046) and in those that were HG3 than in those that were HG2 (p<0.001). Tumors with high NSE levels (>422 ng/mg protein; 75th percentile) were more likely to have high S-phase values (p=0.012) and were more frequently aneuploid (p=0.038) and HG3 (p<0.001) than those with low levels of NSE (<180 ng/mg protein; 25th percentile). These results lead us to the following conclusions: 1) the cytosolic concentrations of NSE are significantly higher in squamous cell carcinomas than in healthy pulmonary tissue, and 2) the cytosolic concentrations of NSE are not correlated with clinical stage or nodal involvement. However, in our study higher levels of the enzyme were statistically correlated with aneuploidy, histological grade 3 and S-phase. This may explain its association with poorer outcome and progression, but also the more favorable response of tumors with elevated NSE to chemotherapy, as suggested by other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruibal
- Nuclear Medicine Service, University Hospital, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Büchel G, Carstensen A, Mak KY, Roeschert I, Leen E, Sumara O, Hofstetter J, Herold S, Kalb J, Baluapuri A, Poon E, Kwok C, Chesler L, Maric HM, Rickman DS, Wolf E, Bayliss R, Walz S, Eilers M. Association with Aurora-A Controls N-MYC-Dependent Promoter Escape and Pause Release of RNA Polymerase II during the Cell Cycle. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3483-3497. [PMID: 29262328 PMCID: PMC5746598 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC proteins bind globally to active promoters and promote transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). To identify effector proteins that mediate this function, we performed mass spectrometry on N-MYC complexes in neuroblastoma cells. The analysis shows that N-MYC forms complexes with TFIIIC, TOP2A, and RAD21, a subunit of cohesin. N-MYC and TFIIIC bind to overlapping sites in thousands of Pol II promoters and intergenic regions. TFIIIC promotes association of RAD21 with N-MYC target sites and is required for N-MYC-dependent promoter escape and pause release of Pol II. Aurora-A competes with binding of TFIIIC and RAD21 to N-MYC in vitro and antagonizes association of TOP2A, TFIIIC, and RAD21 with N-MYC during S phase, blocking N-MYC-dependent release of Pol II from the promoter. Inhibition of Aurora-A in S phase restores RAD21 and TFIIIC binding to chromatin and partially restores N-MYC-dependent transcriptional elongation. We propose that complex formation with Aurora-A controls N-MYC function during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Büchel
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Carstensen
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ka-Yan Mak
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Roeschert
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eoin Leen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Olga Sumara
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hofstetter
- Cancer Systems Biology Group, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Steffi Herold
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Kalb
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Apoorva Baluapuri
- Cancer Systems Biology Group, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evon Poon
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Rd., Belmont, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Colin Kwok
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Rd., Belmont, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, 15 Cotswold Rd., Belmont, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Hans Michael Maric
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David S Rickman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, 413 E. 69(th) Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Elmar Wolf
- Cancer Systems Biology Group, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Susanne Walz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Puls TJ, Tan X, Whittington CF, Voytik-Harbin SL. 3D collagen fibrillar microstructure guides pancreatic cancer cell phenotype and serves as a critical design parameter for phenotypic models of EMT. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188870. [PMID: 29190794 PMCID: PMC5708668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, one of the deadliest cancers, is characterized by high rates of metastasis and intense desmoplasia, both of which are associated with changes in fibrillar type I collagen composition and microstructure. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical step of metastasis, also involves a change in extracellular matrix (ECM) context as cells detach from basement membrane (BM) and engage interstitial matrix (IM). The objective of this work was to develop and apply an in-vitro three-dimensional (3D) tumor-ECM model to define how ECM composition and biophysical properties modulate pancreatic cancer EMT. Three established pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) lines were embedded within 3D matrices prepared with type I collagen Oligomer (IM) at various fibril densities to control matrix stiffness or Oligomer and Matrigel combined at various ratios while maintaining constant matrix stiffness. Evaluation of cell morphology and protein expression at both the cellular- and population-levels revealed a spectrum of matrix-driven EMT phenotypes that were dependent on ECM composition and architecture as well as initial PDAC phenotype. In general, exposure to fibrillar IM was sufficient to drive EMT, with cells displaying spindle-shaped morphology and mesenchymal markers, and non-fibrillar BM promoted more epithelial behavior. When cultured within low density Oligomer, only a subpopulation of epithelial BxPC-3 cells displayed EMT while mesenchymal MiaPaCa-2 cells displayed more uniform spindle-shaped morphologies and mesenchymal marker expression. Interestingly, as IM fibril density increased, associated changes in spatial constraints and matrix stiffness resulted in all PDAC lines growing as tight clusters; however mesenchymal marker expression was maintained. Collectively, the comparison of these results to other in-vitro tumor models highlights the role of IM fibril microstructure in guiding EMT heterogeneity and showcases the potential of standardized 3D matrices such as Oligomer to serve as robust platforms for mechanistic study of metastasis and creation of predictive drug screening models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Puls
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xiaohong Tan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Catherine F. Whittington
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sherry L. Voytik-Harbin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li X, Nai S, Ding Y, Geng Q, Zhu B, Yu K, Zhu WG, Dong MQ, Su XD, Xu X, Li J. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1)-dependent phosphorylation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) regulates replication via histone methylation. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1933-1942. [PMID: 28820331 PMCID: PMC5638376 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1363942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme regulating the folate cycle and its genetic variations have been associated with various human diseases. Previously we identified that MTHFR is phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) at T34 and MTHFR underlies heterochromatin maintenance marked by H3K9me3 levels. Herein we demonstrate that pT34 creates a binding motif that docks MTHFR to the polo-binding domain (PBD) of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a fundamental kinase that orchestrates many cell cycle events. We show that PLK1 phosphorylates MTHFR at T549 in vitro and in vivo. Further, we uncovered a role of MTHFR in replication. First, MTHFR depletion increased the fraction of cells in S phase. This defect could not be rescued by siRNA resistant plasmids harboring T549A, but could be restored by overproduction of Suv4-20H2, the H4K20 methyltransferase. Moreover, siMTHFR attenuated H4K20me3 levels, which could be rescued by Suv4-20H2 overproduction. More importantly, we also investigated MTHFR-E429A, the protein product of an MTHFR single nucleotide variant. MTHFR-E429A overexpression also increased S phase cells and decreased H4K20me3 levels, and it is linked to a poor glioma prognosis in the Chinese population. Collectively, we have unveiled a vital role of PLK1-dependent phosphorylation of MTHFR in replication via histone methylation, and implicate folate metabolism with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Nai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehe Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qizhi Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingtao Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Su
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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126
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Lin X, Wan N, Weng L, Zhou Y. Angular-dependent light scattering from cancer cells in different phases of the cell cycle. Appl Opt 2017; 56:8154-8158. [PMID: 29047678 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.008154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells in different phases of the cell cycle result in significant differences in light scattering properties. In order to harvest cancer cells in particular phases of the cell cycle, we cultured cancer cells through the process of synchronization. Flow cytometric analysis was applied to check the results of cell synchronization and prepare for light scattering measurements. Angular-dependent light scattering measurements of cancer cells arrested in the G1, S, and G2 phases have been performed. Based on integral calculations for scattering intensities from 5° to 10° and from 110° to 150°, conclusions have been reached. Clearly, the sizes of the cancer cells in different phases of the cell cycle dominated the forward scatter. Accompanying the increase of cell size with the progression of the cell cycle, the forward scattering intensity also increased. Meanwhile, the DNA content of cancer cells in every phase of the cell cycle is responsible for light scattering at large scatter angles. The higher the DNA content of cancer cells was, the greater the positive effect on the high-scattering intensity. As expected, understanding the relationships between the light scattering from cancer cells and cell cycles will aid in the development of cancer diagnoses. Also, it may assist in the guidance of antineoplastic drugs clinically.
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127
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Arnoult N, Correia A, Ma J, Merlo A, Garcia-Gomez S, Maric M, Tognetti M, Benner CW, Boulton SJ, Saghatelian A, Karlseder J. Regulation of DNA repair pathway choice in S and G2 phases by the NHEJ inhibitor CYREN. Nature 2017; 549:548-552. [PMID: 28959974 PMCID: PMC5624508 DOI: 10.1038/nature24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Classical non-homologous end joining (cNHEJ) and homologous recombination compete for the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks during the cell cycle. Homologous recombination is inhibited during the G1 phase of the cell cycle, but both pathways are active in the S and G2 phases. However, it is unclear why cNHEJ does not always outcompete homologous recombination during the S and G2 phases. Here we show that CYREN (cell cycle regulator of NHEJ) is a cell-cycle-specific inhibitor of cNHEJ. Suppression of CYREN allows cNHEJ to occur at telomeres and intrachromosomal breaks during the S and G2 phases, and cells lacking CYREN accumulate chromosomal aberrations upon damage induction, specifically outside the G1 phase. CYREN acts by binding to the Ku70/80 heterodimer and preferentially inhibits cNHEJ at breaks with overhangs by protecting them. We therefore propose that CYREN is a direct cell-cycle-dependent inhibitor of cNHEJ that promotes error-free repair by homologous recombination during cell cycle phases when sister chromatids are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausica Arnoult
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Adriana Correia
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jiao Ma
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Anna Merlo
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sara Garcia-Gomez
- Dsb Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marija Maric
- Dsb Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marco Tognetti
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Christopher W Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Simon J Boulton
- Dsb Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jan Karlseder
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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128
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Rhodes JDP, Haarhuis JHI, Grimm JB, Rowland BD, Lavis LD, Nasmyth KA. Cohesin Can Remain Associated with Chromosomes during DNA Replication. Cell Rep 2017; 20:2749-2755. [PMID: 28930671 PMCID: PMC5613076 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure disjunction to opposite poles during anaphase, sister chromatids must be held together following DNA replication. This is mediated by cohesin, which is thought to entrap sister DNAs inside a tripartite ring composed of its Smc and kleisin (Scc1) subunits. How such structures are created during S phase is poorly understood, in particular whether they are derived from complexes that had entrapped DNAs prior to replication. To address this, we used selective photobleaching to determine whether cohesin associated with chromatin in G1 persists in situ after replication. We developed a non-fluorescent HaloTag ligand to discriminate the fluorescence recovery signal from labeling of newly synthesized Halo-tagged Scc1 protein (pulse-chase or pcFRAP). In cells where cohesin turnover is inactivated by deletion of WAPL, Scc1 can remain associated with chromatin throughout S phase. These findings suggest that cohesion might be generated by cohesin that is already bound to un-replicated DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D P Rhodes
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Judith H I Haarhuis
- Department of Cell Biology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan B Grimm
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Benjamin D Rowland
- Department of Cell Biology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kim A Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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129
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Zhao X, Wei C, Li J, Xing P, Li J, Zheng S, Chen X. Cell cycle-dependent control of homologous recombination. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:655-668. [PMID: 28541389 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are among the most deleterious type of DNA lesions threatening genome integrity. Homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) are two major pathways to repair DSBs. HR requires a homologous template to direct DNA repair, and is generally recognized as a high-fidelity pathway. In contrast, NHEJ directly seals broken ends, but the repair product is often accompanied by sequence alterations. The choice of repair pathways is strictly controlled by the cell cycle. The occurrence of HR is restricted to late S to G2 phases while NHEJ operates predominantly in G1 phase, although it can act throughout most of the cell cycle. Deregulation of repair pathway choice can result in genotoxic consequences associated with cancers. How the cell cycle regulates the choice of HR and NHEJ has been extensively studied in the past decade. In this review, we will focus on the current progresses on how HR is controlled by the cell cycle in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals. Particular attention will be given to how cyclin-dependent kinases modulate DSB end resection, DNA damage checkpoint signaling, repair and processing of recombination intermediates. In addition, we will discuss recent findings on how HR is repressed in G1 and M phases by the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chengwen Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Poyuan Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingyao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Sihao Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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130
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Zhang C, Chen Z, Meng X, Li M, Zhang L, Huang A. The involvement and possible mechanism of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178986. [PMID: 28575129 PMCID: PMC5456390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (TOLF) is characterized by ectopic bone formation in the ligamentum flavum and is considered to be a leading cause of thoracic spinal canal stenosis and myelopathy. However, the underlying etiology is not well understood. An iTRAQ proteomics was used to reveal the involvement of inflammation factors in TOLF. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Protein profiling analysis showed that the protein level of TNF-α increased in the ossified ligamentum flavum of TOLF, which was confirmed by western blot. The effects of TNF-α on primary ligamentum flavum cells was examined. Cell proliferation assay demonstrated that primary cells from the ossified ligamentum flavum of TOLF grew faster than the control. Flow cytometry assay indicated that the proportions of cells in S phase of cell cycle of primary cells increased after TNF-α stimulation. To address the effect of TNF-α on gene expression, primary cells were derived from ligamentum flavum of TOLF patients. Culture cells were stimulated by TNF-α. RNA was isolated and analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. G1/S-specific proteins cyclin D1 and c-Myc were upregulated after TNF-α stimulation. On the other hand, osteoblast differentiation related genes such as Bmp2 and Osterix (Osx) were upregulated in the presence of TNF-α. TNF-α activated Osx expression in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK inhibitor U0126, but not JNK kinase inhibitor SP600125, abrogated TNF-α activation of Osx expression. This suggests that TNF-α activates Osx expression through the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK pathway. Taken together, we provide the evidence to support that TNF-α involves in TOLF probably through regulating cell proliferation via cyclin D1 and c-Myc, and promoting osteoblast differentiation via Osx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
- Central Laboratory, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
- Bone Research Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CZ); (ZC)
| | - Zhongqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (CZ); (ZC)
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Central Laboratory, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Central Laboratory, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Research, Daobio Inc., Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ann Huang
- Department of Research, Daobio Inc., Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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131
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Ju LL, Chen L, Li JH, Wang YF, Lu RJ, Bian ZL, Shao JG. Effect of NDC80 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3675-3683. [PMID: 28611520 PMCID: PMC5449424 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i20.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of nuclear division cycle (NDC)80 in human hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
METHODS NDC80 gene expression was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 47 paired hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adjacent tissues. The HCC cell line SMMC-7721 was transfected with lentivirus to silence endogenous NDC80 gene expression, which was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The effects of NDC80 silencing on SMMC-7721 cell proliferation were evaluated by Cellomics ArrayScan VTI imaging. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were detected with flow cytometry. Colony formation was assessed by fluorescence microscopy.
RESULTS NDC80 expression levels in HCC tissues were significantly higher than those in the adjacent tissues. Functional studies demonstrated that NDC80 silencing significantly reduced SMMC-7721 cell proliferation and colony formation. Knockdown of NDC80 resulted in increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at S-phase. NDC80 contributed to HCC progression by reducing apoptosis and overcoming cell cycle arrest.
CONCLUSION Elevated expression of NDC80 may play a role in promoting the development of HCC.
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Zeng YC, Peng LS, Zou L, Huang SF, Xie Y, Mu GP, Zeng XH, Zhou XL, Zeng YC. Protective effect and mechanism of lycopene on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:86-94. [PMID: 28531804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), widely existing in bone marrow and peripheral blood, are involved in the repair of injured vascular endothelium and angiogenesis which are important to diabetic mellitus (DM) patients with vascular complications. The number and the function of EPCs are related to the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) generated in DM patients. Lycopene (Lyc) is an identified natural antioxidant that protects EPCs under the microenvironment of AGEs from damage. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the effect of Lyc on EPCs, we isolated EPCs from DM rat bone marrow and determined cell proliferation, cell cycle,apoptosis and autophagy of EPCs. The present study showed that 10μg/mL Lyc improved cell proliferation and had low cytotoxicity in the presence of AGEs. In addition, Lyc rescued S phase of the cell cycle arrest, reduced apoptosis rate and decreased autophagic reaction including ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of EPCs. Moreover, Lyc combined use of autophagy inhibitors, 3-MA, had better protective effects. Taken together, our data suggests that Lyc promotes EPCs survival and protect EPCs from apoptosis and oxidative autophagy induced by AGEs, further remaining the number and function of EPCs. This study provides new insights into Lyc protective mechanism of AGEs-induced oxidative autophagy in EPCs from DM patients and offers a new therapy for DM vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chi Zeng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Li-Sheng Peng
- Department of Science and education, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Liyuan Zou
- Prevention and Health Care Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University,Tian-he Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shu-Fen Huang
- Department of Health Education, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Medical Quality Management, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Gui-Ping Mu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Xue-Hui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Xi-Lin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Ya-Chi Zeng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
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133
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Cheng R, Liang X, Zhao Q, Lian Z, Tang L, Qiu C, Chen H, Zhang P. APC Cdh1 controls cell cycle entry during liver regeneration. Exp Cell Res 2017; 354:78-84. [PMID: 28322826 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cdh1 is one of the two adaptor proteins of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase controlling mitosis and DNA replication. To date, the in vivo functions of Cdh1 have not been fully explored. In order to characterize Cdh1 in liver regeneration, we generated a conditional knock-out mouse model. Our data showed that loss of Cdh1 leads to increased and extended S phase progression possibly due to the upregulation of cyclin D1. Moreover, the increased DNA replication resulted in activated DNA damage response. Interestingly, the final liver weight after partial hepatectomy in the Cdh1 depleted mice did not differ from that of the controls, implying that Cdh1 is not required for the competence of hepatocytes to regenerate itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Cheng
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Quancheng Zhao
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhusheng Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China; National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lichun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China; National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China; National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China; National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Pumin Zhang
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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134
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Masai
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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135
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Alver RC, Chadha GS, Gillespie PJ, Blow JJ. Reversal of DDK-Mediated MCM Phosphorylation by Rif1-PP1 Regulates Replication Initiation and Replisome Stability Independently of ATR/Chk1. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2508-2520. [PMID: 28273463 PMCID: PMC5357733 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dbf4-dependent kinases (DDKs) are required for the initiation of DNA replication, their essential targets being the MCM2-7 proteins. We show that, in Xenopus laevis egg extracts and human cells, hyper-phosphorylation of DNA-bound Mcm4, but not phosphorylation of Mcm2, correlates with DNA replication. These phosphorylations are differentially affected by the DDK inhibitors PHA-767491 and XL413. We show that DDK-dependent MCM phosphorylation is reversed by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) targeted to chromatin by Rif1. Loss of Rif1 increased MCM phosphorylation and the rate of replication initiation and also compromised the ability of cells to block initiation when challenged with replication inhibitors. We also provide evidence that Rif1 can mediate MCM dephosphorylation at replication forks and that the stability of dephosphorylated replisomes strongly depends on Chk1 activity. We propose that both replication initiation and replisome stability depend on MCM phosphorylation, which is maintained by a balance of DDK-dependent phosphorylation and Rif1-mediated dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Alver
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gaganmeet Singh Chadha
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Peter J Gillespie
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - J Julian Blow
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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136
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Dixon EP, King LM, Nelson R, Simkins SG, Knapp SL, Brough GH, Lenz KL, Henderson DT, Whitehead CM, Hessling J, Brown CA, Malinowski DP. Characterization and clinical validation of MCM2 and TOP2A monoclonal antibodies in the BD ProEx™ C assay: An immunoassay which detects aberrant S-phase induction in cervical tissue. J Immunol Methods 2017; 442:35-41. [PMID: 28093271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Papanicolaou (Pap) screen has been successful in reducing cervical cancer; but exhibits low sensitivity when detecting cervical dysplasia. Use of molecular biomarkers in Pap tests may improve diagnostic accuracy. DESIGN Monoclonal antibodies to Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 2 (MCM2) and DNA Topoisomerase II α (TOP2A) were selected for use in IHC based on their ability to differentiate normal from diseased cervical tissues in tissue microarrays. Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein Western blot analysis was used to help identify binding epitopes specific to MCM2 and TOP2A antibody clones. Antibody affinity was determined by solution phase affinity measurement and immunohistochemistry was performed using high affinity MCM2 or TOP2A antibodies on serial histological sections. RESULTS Antibody clones to MCM2 and TOP2A clones were selected based on their ability to detect over expression in abnormal cervical epithelia. In IHC, MCM2-27C5.6 and MCM2-26H6.19 demonstrated superior staining in abnormal cervical tissue over the MCM2-CRCT2.1 antibody. A combination of MCM2 and TOP2A antibodies showed greater staining when compared to staining with any of the antibodies alone on serial histological sections. Distinct linear epitopes were elucidated for each of the MCM2 and TOP2A clones. Affinity values (Kd) for MCM2 or TOP2A antibodies had a similar range. In a research study, the MCM2 and TOP2A (BD ProEx™ C) antibody cocktail showed increased epithelia staining with increasing dysplasia. The use of BD ProEx™ C in combination with H&E staining enhanced immunohistochemical discrimination of dysplastic and non-dysplastic FFPE cervical tissue specimens. CONCLUSIONS BD ProEx™ C containing MCM2 and TOP2A antibodies showed strong specific nuclear staining that correlated with increased dysplasia and lesion severity. Enhanced performance of the antibodies was linked to their unique topography recognition. BD ProEx™ C incorporates antibodies that enhance detection of CIN2+ cervical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Dixon
- BD Diagnostics - Women's Health and Cancer, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Ramona Nelson
- BD Diagnostics - Women's Health and Cancer, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Steven L Knapp
- BD Diagnostics - Women's Health and Cancer, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Karen L Lenz
- BD Diagnostics - Women's Health and Cancer, Durham, NC, USA
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137
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Abstract
The bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation technique for immunocytochemical labeling of S-phase nuclei was optimized for the study of chromaffin cell proliferation. Sequential fixation in ethanol followed by paraformaldehyde, and the use of DNAse to render incorporated BrdU accessible to antibody, permitted permanent double staining for BrdU and tyrosine hydroxylase. The efficacy of the technique was demonstrated in microcultures of dissociated neonatal rat adrenal glands, in which chromaffin cells exhibited proliferative responses to nerve growth factor and fibroblast growth factor similar to those previously demonstrated by autoradiography. Growth factor responsiveness was observed in both serum-containing and serum-free medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Tischler
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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138
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Lin SJ, Tapia-Alveal C, Jabado OJ, Germain D, O'Connell MJ. An acetyltransferase-independent function of Eso1 regulates centromere cohesion. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:4002-4010. [PMID: 27798241 PMCID: PMC5156541 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes contain three essential Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes: cohesin, condensin, and Smc5/6. Cohesin forms a ring-shaped structure that embraces sister chromatids to promote their cohesion. The cohesiveness of cohesin is promoted by acetylation of N-terminal lysines of the Smc3 subunit by the acetyltransferases Eco1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the homologue, Eso1, in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In both yeasts, these acetyltransferases are essential for cell viability. However, whereas nonacetylatable Smc3 mutants are lethal in S. cerevisiae, they are not in S. pombe We show that the lethality of a temperature-sensitive allele of eso1 (eso1-H17) is due to activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and is associated with premature centromere separation. The lack of cohesion at the centromeres does not correlate with Psm3 acetylation or cohesin levels at the centromeres, but is associated ith significantly reduced recruitment of the cohesin regulator Pds5. The SAC activation in this context is dependent on Smc5/6 function, which is required to remove cohesin from chromosome arms but not centromeres. The mitotic defects caused by Smc5/6 and Eso1 dysfunction are cosuppressed in double mutants. This identifies a novel function (or functions) for Eso1 and Smc5/6 at centromeres and extends the functional relationships between these SMC complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jiun Lin
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Claudia Tapia-Alveal
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Omar J Jabado
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Doris Germain
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Matthew J O'Connell
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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139
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Okkelman IA, Dmitriev RI, Foley T, Papkovsky DB. Use of Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) as a Timer of Cell Cycle S Phase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167385. [PMID: 27973570 PMCID: PMC5156356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of thymidine analogues in replicating DNA, coupled with antibody and fluorophore staining, allows analysis of cell proliferation, but is currently limited to monolayer cultures, fixed cells and end-point assays. We describe a simple microscopy imaging method for live real-time analysis of cell proliferation, S phase progression over several division cycles, effects of anti-proliferative drugs and other applications. It is based on the prominent (~ 1.7-fold) quenching of fluorescence lifetime of a common cell-permeable nuclear stain, Hoechst 33342 upon the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in genomic DNA and detection by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). We show that quantitative and accurate FLIM technique allows high-content, multi-parametric dynamic analyses, far superior to the intensity-based imaging. We demonstrate its uses with monolayer cell cultures, complex 3D tissue models of tumor cell spheroids and intestinal organoids, and in physiological study with metformin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Okkelman
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, ABCRF, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruslan I. Dmitriev
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, ABCRF, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tara Foley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dmitri B. Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, ABCRF, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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140
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Kennedy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Mail Code 216-76, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Tara L Mastro
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Mail Code 216-76, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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141
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Lulai EC, Campbell LG, Fugate KK, McCue KF. Biological differences that distinguish the 2 major stages of wound healing in potato tubers. Plant Signal Behav 2016; 11:e1256531. [PMID: 27831001 PMCID: PMC5225934 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1256531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The two stages of potato tuber wound healing, closing layer formation (CLF) and wound periderm formation (WPF), have critical biological differences. The first stage, CLF, involves early induction of DNA synthesis and nuclear division in the absence of cell division. The transition phase from CLF to the second stage, WPF, is marked by a transient decrease in expression of suberin-specific genes. The second stage involves cell division. Although biologically active cytokinins (CKs) are not present in quantifiable amounts during this stage, the presence of precursor and catabolic products suggest the presence of trace amounts of active CKs that, in conjunction with increased auxin (indole acetic acid), provide necessary signals for meristematic activity. Augmenting these putative trace amounts with exogenous biologically active CK inhibits WPF; this suggests that the CK requirements for meristematic activity are finely controlled and sensitive to extremely low concentrations. Evidence is discussed for separate biological processes and signals that distinguish the 2 stages of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Lulai
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarbeet and Potato Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Larry G. Campbell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarbeet and Potato Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Karen K. Fugate
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarbeet and Potato Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kent F. McCue
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Genetics Research, Albany, CA, USA
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142
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Yang ST, Huang AC, Tang NY, Liu HC, Liao CL, Ji BC, Chou YC, Yang MD, Lu HF, Chung JG. Bisdemethoxycurcumin-induced S phase arrest through the inhibition of cyclin A and E and induction of apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-dependent pathways in human lung cancer NCI H460 cells. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:1899-1908. [PMID: 26370218 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Curcuminoids are the major natural phenolic compounds found in the rhizome of many Curcuma species. Curcuminoids consist of a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC). Although numerous studies have shown that curcumin induced cell apoptosis in many human cancer cells, however, mechanisms of BDMC-inhibited cell growth and -induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells still remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the effect of BDMC on the cell death via the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in NCI H460 human lung cancer cells. Flow cytometry assay was used to measure viable cells, cell cycle distribution, the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ , mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) and caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity. DNA damage and condension were assayed by Comet assay and DAPI staining, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure the changes of cell cycle and apoptosis associated protein expressions. Results indicated that BDMC significantly induced cell death through induced S phase arrest and induced apoptosis. Moreover, DMC induced DNA damage and condension, increased ROS and Ca2+ productions and decreased the levels of ΔΨm and promoted activities caspase-3, -8, and -9. Western blotting results showed that BDMC inhibited Cdc25A, cyclin A and E for causing S phase arrest, furthermore, promoted the expression of AIF, Endo G and PARP and the levels of Fas ligand (Fas L) and Fas were also up-regulated. Results also indicated that BDMC increased ER stress associated protein expression such as GRP78, GADD153, IRE1α, IRE1β, ATF-6α, ATF-6β, and caspase-4. Taken together, we suggest that BDMC induced cell apoptosis through multiple signal pathways such as extrinsic, intrinsic and ES tress pathway. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1899-1908, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Tso Yang
- Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan, 266, Taiwan
| | - Nou-Ying Tang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Chuan Ji
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Division of Neurosurgical Oncology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Due Yang
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Restaurant, Hotel and Institutional Management, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Departments of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wu Feng, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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143
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Cruz RDL, Guerrero P, Spill F, Alarcón T. Stochastic multi-scale models of competition within heterogeneous cellular populations: Simulation methods and mean-field analysis. J Theor Biol 2016; 407:161-183. [PMID: 27457092 PMCID: PMC5016039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We propose a modelling framework to analyse the stochastic behaviour of heterogeneous, multi-scale cellular populations. We illustrate our methodology with a particular example in which we study a population with an oxygen-regulated proliferation rate. Our formulation is based on an age-dependent stochastic process. Cells within the population are characterised by their age (i.e. time elapsed since they were born). The age-dependent (oxygen-regulated) birth rate is given by a stochastic model of oxygen-dependent cell cycle progression. Once the birth rate is determined, we formulate an age-dependent birth-and-death process, which dictates the time evolution of the cell population. The population is under a feedback loop which controls its steady state size (carrying capacity): cells consume oxygen which in turn fuels cell proliferation. We show that our stochastic model of cell cycle progression allows for heterogeneity within the cell population induced by stochastic effects. Such heterogeneous behaviour is reflected in variations in the proliferation rate. Within this set-up, we have established three main results. First, we have shown that the age to the G1/S transition, which essentially determines the birth rate, exhibits a remarkably simple scaling behaviour. Besides the fact that this simple behaviour emerges from a rather complex model, this allows for a huge simplification of our numerical methodology. A further result is the observation that heterogeneous populations undergo an internal process of quasi-neutral competition. Finally, we investigated the effects of cell-cycle-phase dependent therapies (such as radiation therapy) on heterogeneous populations. In particular, we have studied the case in which the population contains a quiescent sub-population. Our mean-field analysis and numerical simulations confirm that, if the survival fraction of the therapy is too high, rescue of the quiescent population occurs. This gives rise to emergence of resistance to therapy since the rescued population is less sensitive to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto de la Cruz
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Edifici C, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Guerrero
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fabian Spill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tomás Alarcón
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica, Edifici C, Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath), Barcelona, Spain
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144
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Plusquin M, De Mulder K, Van Belleghem F, DeGheselle O, Pirotte N, Willems M, Cuypers A, Salvenmoser W, Ladurner P, Artois T, Smeets K. Toxic effects of cadmium on flatworm stem cell dynamics: A transcriptomic and ultrastructural elucidation of underlying mechanisms. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:1217-1228. [PMID: 25846626 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells or undifferentiated cells can cope more easily with external stresses. To evaluate the impact of toxic compounds on stem cell dynamics in vivo, in relation to other biological responses, we use the carcinogenic element cadmium and the regenerating model organism Macrostomum lignano. Through both BrdU and anti-histone H3 immunostainings, cadmium-induced effects were investigated at different stages of the stem cell cycle. A 24-h exposure to 100 and 250 μM CdCl2 significantly decreased the number of stem cells (neoblasts) in mitosis, whereas the number of cells in the S phase remained unchanged. After this short-term exposure, the ultrastructure of the neoblasts was minimally affected in contrast to the epidermal tissues. These results were supported by gene expression data: transcripts of cdc2 and pig3 were significantly upregulated during all treatments. Both genes are involved in the cell cycle progression and are transcribed in the gonadal region, where stem cells are highly represented. Based on a substantial increase in gene expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) and their high activity in the gonadal region, we hypothesize that these proteins are key players in the protection of stem cells against external stresses. Apart from the strong HSP induction, other protective processes including cell division, apoptosis and anti-oxidative defence, were also activated. We, therefore, conclude that the protection of stem cells against external stressors may be based on the interplay between stem cell maintenance, i.e. repair and recovery through division, on one hand and apoptosis on the other hand. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1217-1228, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Department Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Mulder
- Institute of Zoology, Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank Van Belleghem
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Department Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Faculty of Management, Science and Technology, Open Universiteit, Valkenburgerweg 177, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier DeGheselle
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Department Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nicky Pirotte
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Department Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Maxime Willems
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, St. Pietersnieuwstraat, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Department Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology, Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology, Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tom Artois
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Department Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Karen Smeets
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Department Biology, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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145
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McDonald KR, Guise AJ, Pourbozorgi-Langroudi P, Cristea IM, Zakian VA, Capra JA, Sabouri N. Pfh1 Is an Accessory Replicative Helicase that Interacts with the Replisome to Facilitate Fork Progression and Preserve Genome Integrity. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006238. [PMID: 27611590 PMCID: PMC5017727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicative DNA helicases expose the two strands of the double helix to the replication apparatus, but accessory helicases are often needed to help forks move past naturally occurring hard-to-replicate sites, such as tightly bound proteins, RNA/DNA hybrids, and DNA secondary structures. Although the Schizosaccharomyces pombe 5’-to-3’ DNA helicase Pfh1 is known to promote fork progression, its genomic targets, dynamics, and mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Here we address these questions by integrating genome-wide identification of Pfh1 binding sites, comprehensive analysis of the effects of Pfh1 depletion on replication and DNA damage, and proteomic analysis of Pfh1 interaction partners by immunoaffinity purification mass spectrometry. Of the 621 high confidence Pfh1-binding sites in wild type cells, about 40% were sites of fork slowing (as marked by high DNA polymerase occupancy) and/or DNA damage (as marked by high levels of phosphorylated H2A). The replication and integrity of tRNA and 5S rRNA genes, highly transcribed RNA polymerase II genes, and nucleosome depleted regions were particularly Pfh1-dependent. The association of Pfh1 with genomic integrity at highly transcribed genes was S phase dependent, and thus unlikely to be an artifact of high transcription rates. Although Pfh1 affected replication and suppressed DNA damage at discrete sites throughout the genome, Pfh1 and the replicative DNA polymerase bound to similar extents to both Pfh1-dependent and independent sites, suggesting that Pfh1 is proximal to the replication machinery during S phase. Consistent with this interpretation, Pfh1 co-purified with many key replisome components, including the hexameric MCM helicase, replicative DNA polymerases, RPA, and the processivity clamp PCNA in an S phase dependent manner. Thus, we conclude that Pfh1 is an accessory DNA helicase that interacts with the replisome and promotes replication and suppresses DNA damage at hard-to-replicate sites. These data provide insight into mechanisms by which this evolutionarily conserved helicase helps preserve genome integrity. Progression of the DNA replication machinery is challenged in every S phase by active transcription, tightly bound protein complexes, and formation of stable DNA secondary structures. Using genome-wide analyses, we show that the evolutionarily conserved fission yeast Pfh1 DNA helicase promotes fork progression and suppresses DNA damage at natural sites of fork pausing, which occur at “hard-to-replicate” sites. Our data suggest that Pfh1 interacts with the replication apparatus. First, mass spectrometry revealed that Pfh1 interacts with many components of the replication machinery. Second, Pfh1 and the leading strand DNA polymerase occupy many common regions genome-wide, not only hard-to-replicate sites, but also sites whose replication is not Pfh1-dependent. The human genome encodes a Pfh1 homolog, hPIF1, and contains all of the same hard-to-replicate features that make fission yeast DNA replication dependent upon Pfh1. Thus, human cells likely also require replicative accessory DNA helicases to facilitate replication at hard-to-replicate sites, and hPIF1 is a good candidate for this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin R. McDonald
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Guise
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Virginia A. Zakian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - John A. Capra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAC); (NS)
| | - Nasim Sabouri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JAC); (NS)
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146
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Bartoli D, Piobbico D, Bellet MM, Bennati AM, Roberti R, Della Fazia MA, Servillo G. Impaired cell proliferation in regenerating liver of 3 β-hydroxysterol Δ14-reductase (TM7SF2) knock-out mice. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2164-2173. [PMID: 27341299 PMCID: PMC4993425 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1195939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most important organ in cholesterol metabolism, which is instrumental in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. The gene Tm7sf2 codifies for 3 β-hydroxysterol-Δ14-reductase (C14-SR), an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein catalyzing the reduction of C14-unsaturated sterols during cholesterol biosynthesis from lanosterol. In this study we analyzed the role of C14-SR in vivo during cell proliferation by evaluating liver regeneration in Tm7sf2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Tm7sf2 KO mice showed no alteration in cholesterol content. However, accumulation and delayed catabolism of hepatic triglycerides was observed, resulting in persistent steatosis at all times post hepatectomy. Moreover, delayed cell cycle progression to the G1/S phase was observed in Tm7sf2 KO mice, resulting in reduced cell division at the time points examined. This was associated to abnormal ER stress response, leading to alteration in p53 content and, consequently, induction of p21 expression in Tm7sf2 KO mice. In conclusion, our results indicate that Tm7sf2 deficiency during liver regeneration alters lipid metabolism and generates a stress condition, which, in turn, transiently unbalances hepatocytes cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bartoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Danilo Piobbico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Bennati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Roberti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Servillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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147
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Chadha GS, Gambus A, Gillespie PJ, Blow JJ. Xenopus Mcm10 is a CDK-substrate required for replication fork stability. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2183-2195. [PMID: 27327991 PMCID: PMC4993430 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1199305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During S phase, following activation of the S phase CDKs and the DBF4-dependent kinases (DDK), double hexamers of Mcm2-7 at licensed replication origins are activated to form the core replicative helicase. Mcm10 is one of several proteins that have been implicated from work in yeasts to play a role in forming a mature replisome during the initiation process. Mcm10 has also been proposed to play a role in promoting replisome stability after initiation has taken place. The role of Mcm10 is particularly unclear in metazoans, where conflicting data has been presented. Here, we investigate the role and regulation of Mcm10 in Xenopus egg extracts. We show that Xenopus Mcm10 is recruited to chromatin late in the process of replication initiation and this requires prior action of DDKs and CDKs. We also provide evidence that Mcm10 is a CDK substrate but does not need to be phosphorylated in order to associate with chromatin. We show that in extracts depleted of more than 99% of Mcm10, the bulk of DNA replication still occurs, suggesting that Mcm10 is not required for the process of replication initiation. However, in extracts depleted of Mcm10, the replication fork elongation rate is reduced. Furthermore, the absence of Mcm10 or its phosphorylation by CDK results in instability of replisome proteins on DNA, which is particularly important under conditions of replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaganmeet Singh Chadha
- a Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - Agnieszka Gambus
- a Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - Peter J Gillespie
- a Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
| | - J Julian Blow
- a Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
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148
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Samora CP, Saksouk J, Goswami P, Wade BO, Singleton MR, Bates PA, Lengronne A, Costa A, Uhlmann F. Ctf4 Links DNA Replication with Sister Chromatid Cohesion Establishment by Recruiting the Chl1 Helicase to the Replisome. Mol Cell 2016; 63:371-84. [PMID: 27397686 PMCID: PMC4980427 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication during S phase is accompanied by establishment of sister chromatid cohesion to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. The Eco1 acetyltransferase, helped by factors including Ctf4 and Chl1, concomitantly acetylates the chromosomal cohesin complex to stabilize its cohesive links. Here we show that Ctf4 recruits the Chl1 helicase to the replisome via a conserved interaction motif that Chl1 shares with GINS and polymerase α. We visualize recruitment by EM analysis of a reconstituted Chl1-Ctf4-GINS assembly. The Chl1 helicase facilitates replication fork progression under conditions of nucleotide depletion, partly independently of Ctf4 interaction. Conversely, Ctf4 interaction, but not helicase activity, is required for Chl1's role in sister chromatid cohesion. A physical interaction between Chl1 and the cohesin complex during S phase suggests that Chl1 contacts cohesin to facilitate its acetylation. Our results reveal how Ctf4 forms a replisomal interaction hub that coordinates replication fork progression and sister chromatid cohesion establishment.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyltransferases/metabolism
- Acylation
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Chromatids/enzymology
- Chromatids/genetics
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Fungal/enzymology
- Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Fungal/biosynthesis
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Models, Molecular
- Multiprotein Complexes
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- S Phase
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/growth & development
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/ultrastructure
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Time Factors
- Cohesins
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina P Samora
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Julie Saksouk
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS, 34396 Montpellier, France
| | - Panchali Goswami
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Ben O Wade
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Martin R Singleton
- Structural Biology of Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Paul A Bates
- Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | | | - Alessandro Costa
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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149
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Hagan IM, Grallert A, Simanis V. Synchronizing Progression of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cells from G2 through Repeated Rounds of Mitosis and S Phase with cdc25-22 Arrest Release. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:2016/8/pdb.prot091264. [PMID: 27480720 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot091264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transient inactivation of the cdc25(+) gene product by manipulation of the culture temperature for cdc25-22 cells is the most commonly exploited approach to mitotic synchronization in fission yeast. Because Cdc25 removes the inhibitory phosphate placed on Cdk1 by Wee1, inactivation of Cdc25 arrests cells at the G2/M boundary. Incubation at the restrictive temperature of 36°C for just over one generation time forces all cells in the culture to accumulate at the G2/M boundary. Restoration of Cdc25 function via a return to the permissive temperature or chemical inhibition of Wee1 activity at 36°C can then promote a highly synchronous wave of cell division throughout the culture. These approaches can be performed on any scale and thus support simultaneous assessment of numerous events within a single culture. After describing this simple and widely applicable procedure, we discuss frequently overlooked issues that can have a considerable impact on the interpretation of data from cdc25-22 induction-synchronized cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Hagan
- CRUK Cell Division Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes Grallert
- CRUK Cell Division Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
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150
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Hagan IM, Grallert A, Simanis V. Synchronizing Progression of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cells from Prophase through Mitosis and into S Phase with nda3-KM311 Arrest Release. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:2016/8/pdb.prot091256. [PMID: 27480719 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot091256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe how the rapid reversibility of the nda3-KM311 cold-sensitive β-tubulin mutation was optimized by Mitsuhiro Yanagida's laboratory to synchronize mitotic progression in an entire cell population. The inability to form microtubules following the loss of β-tubulin function at 20°C triggers the spindle assembly checkpoint, which arrests mitotic progression. Restoration of β-tubulin function by rewarming to 30°C (or higher) releases the arrest, generating a highly synchronous progression through mitosis. The viability of nda3-KM311 strains at 30°C makes it feasible to generate double mutants between nda3-KM311 and any temperature-sensitive mutant that can also grow at 30°C. These double mutants can be used in reciprocal shift analyses, in which cold-induced early mitotic arrest is relieved by a shift to 36°C, which then inactivates the product of the second mutant gene. The addition of microtubule depolymerizing drugs before the return to 36°C will maintain checkpoint signaling at 36°C transiently, permitting analysis of the impact of temperature-sensitive mutations on checkpoint function. Silencing the checkpoint of nda3-KM311-arrested cells at 20°C through chemical inhibition of aurora kinase is a powerful way to study checkpoint recovery pathways and mitotic exit without anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Hagan
- CRUK Cell Division Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes Grallert
- CRUK Cell Division Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
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