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Osman MAK, Aljezoli MHI, Alsadig MAM, Suliman AM. Referral pattern of oral and maxillofacial surgery cases in Sudan: A retrospective age-and sex-specific analysis of 3,478 patients over four years. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249140. [PMID: 33780490 PMCID: PMC8007037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) is a specialty widening in its scope. An objective analysis of the referral pattern can provide essential information to improve healthcare. This four-year retrospective study was implemented in Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital. Data (age, sex, diagnosis, and type of treatment) were collected from patient records. Disease frequency, as well as the effect of sex and age, were analyzed for each group. The frequency of treatment types was also assessed. Data were collected from a total of 3,478 patients over the four-year study period. There was a male predominance with the third decade of life being the most common age group. Pathological diseases were the most common (37%) reason for referral, followed by trauma (31%). Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and dentoalveolar extraction were the least frequently observed. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was the most commonly performed procedure (28%). These data represent the epidemiology of oral and maxillofacial diseases in Sudan. Given that the third decade of life is the most represented age group, it is beneficial to learn the long-term consequences of these diseases in these young patients and to use modern surgical techniques to improve their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musadak Ali Karrar Osman
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Surgery, Oral & Maxillofacial Department, National University, Khartoum, Sudan
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Ahmed Mohamed Suliman
- Faculty of Dentistry, Maxillofacial Surgery Department, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Abstract
Background In many low- and middle-income countries, where vaccinations will be delayed and healthcare systems are underdeveloped, the COVID-19 pandemic will continue for the foreseeable future. Mortality scales can aid frontline providers in low-resource settings (LRS) in identifying those at greatest risk of death so that limited resources can be directed towards those in greatest need and unnecessary loss of life is prevented. While many prognostication tools have been developed for, or applied to, COVID-19 patients, no tools to date have been purpose-designed for, and validated in, LRS. Objectives This study aimed to develop a pragmatic tool to assist LRS frontline providers in evaluating in-hospital mortality risk using only easy-to-obtain demographic and clinical inputs. Methods Machine learning was used on data from a retrospective cohort of Sudanese COVID-19 patients at two government referral hospitals to derive contextually appropriate mortality indices for COVID-19, which were then assessed by C-indices. Findings Data from 467 patients were used to derive two versions of the AFEM COVID-19 Mortality Scale (AFEM-CMS), which evaluates in-hospital mortality risk using demographic and clinical inputs that are readily obtainable in hospital receiving areas. Both versions of the tool include age, sex, number of comorbidities, Glasgow Coma Scale, respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure; in settings with pulse oximetry, oxygen saturation is included and in settings without access, heart rate is included. The AFEM-CMS showed good discrimination: the model including pulse oximetry had a C-statistic of 0.775 (95% CI: 0.737-0.813) and the model excluding it had a C-statistic of 0.719 (95% CI: 0.678-0.760). Conclusions In the face of an enduring pandemic in many LRS, the AFEM-CMS serves as a practical solution to aid frontline providers in effectively allocating healthcare resources. The tool's generalisability is likely narrow outside of similar extremely LRS settings, and further validation studies are essential prior to broader use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Pigoga
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Y. O. Omer
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - L. A. Wallis
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Masojć M, Kim JY, Krupa-Kurzynowska J, Sohn YK, Ehlert M, Michalec G, Cendrowska M, Andrieux E, Armitage SJ, Szmit M, Dreczko E, Kim JC, Kim JS, Lee GS, Moska P, Jadain MA. The oldest Homo erectus buried lithic horizon from the Eastern Saharan Africa. EDAR 7 - an Acheulean assemblage with Kombewa method from the Eastern Desert, Sudan. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248279. [PMID: 33755675 PMCID: PMC7989774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although essential for reconstructing hominin behaviour during the Early Palaeolithic, only a handful of Acheulean sites have been dated in the Eastern Sahara region. This is due to the scarcity of sites for this time period and the lack of datable material. However, recent excavations in the Atbara region (Sudan) have provided unique opportunities to analyse and date Acheulean stone tools. We report here on EDAR 7, part of a cluster of Acheulean and Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites that were recently discovered in the Eastern Desert Atbara River (EDAR) region, located in the Eastern Desert (Sudan) far from the Nile valley. At EDAR 7, a 3.5 metre sedimentary sequence was excavated, allowing an Acheulean assemblage to be investigated using a combination of sedimentology, stone tool studies and optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL). The site has delivered a complete Acheulean knapping chaine opératoire, providing new information about the Saharan Acheulean. The EDAR 7 site is interpreted as a remnant of a campsite based on the co-occurrence of two reduction modes: one geared towards the production of Large Cutting Tools (LCTs), and the other based on the flaking of small debitage and production of flake tools. Particularly notable in the EDAR 7 assemblage is the abundance of cleavers, most of which display evidence of flake production. Implementation of giant Kombewa flakes was also observed. A geometric morphometric analysis of hand-axes was conducted to verify a possible Late Acheulean assemblage standardisation in the Nubian Sahara. In addition, the analysis of micro-traces and wear on the artefacts has provided information on the use history of the Acheulean stone tools. Sediment analyses and OSL dating show that the EDAR 7 sequence contains the oldest Acheulean encampment remains in the Eastern Sahara, dated to the MIS 11 or earlier. This confirms that Homo erectus occupied the EDAR region during Middle Pleistocene humid periods, and demonstrates that habitable corridors existed between the Ethiopian Highlands, the Nile and the Red Sea coast, allowing population dispersals across the continent and out of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Masojć
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław,
Poland
| | - Ju Yong Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna Krupa-Kurzynowska
- Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of
Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Young Kwan Sohn
- Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science,
Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Maciej Ehlert
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław,
Poland
- Archeolodzy.org Foundation, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Marzena Cendrowska
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław,
Poland
- Archeolodzy.org Foundation, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eric Andrieux
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, London,
United Kingdom
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, United
Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Armitage
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, London,
United Kingdom
- SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen,
Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ewa Dreczko
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław,
Poland
| | - Jin Cheul Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sung Kim
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Soo Lee
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
| | - Piotr Moska
- Institute of Physics, Division of Geochronology and Isotope Research of
the Environmental, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice,
Poland
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Medina-Montes A, Carrillo-Gonzalez DF, Hernández-Herrea DY. Association of a genetic polymorphism in the BMPR-1B gene, and non-genetic factors with the natural prolificacy of the Colombian-haired sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:206. [PMID: 33712982 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colombian-haired sheep (OPC) is a creole breed with very good adaptation to the tropical conditions of our country. In sheep, it has been shown that the litter size (LS) is associated with ovulation rate, the number of fertilized eggs, and embryo survival. Also, LS is determined by genetic and environmental effects. In this sense, the receptor 1B of bone morphogenetic protein (BMPR-1B) has been described as a genetic factor. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to characterize and associate the SNP C864T in the BMPR-1B gene with LS in the specific OPC biotypes Ethiopian and Sudan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reproductive history (LS, number of calving in the mother, identification of the father, conception year, and conception period) of 200 OPC sheep was assessed. Additionally, sheep were genotyped by sequencing for the SNP C864T. An association between LS, reproductive history, and C864T variation was performed using a GLM fixed-effect model. RESULTS The frequency of the T allele (0.75 ± 0.03) was higher than that of the C allele (P<0.05). The genotypic frequencies were 0.55 ± 0.06, 0.38 ± 0.04, and 0.07 ± 0.01, for TT, TC, and CC, respectively. An average value of He (0.37 ± 0.03) and HWE (P=0.97) was found. The LS found was 1.45 ± 0.15. This varied, between biotypes, with number of calving in the mother, with the father, and at the time of conception (P <0.05). CONCLUSION The LS varied between genotypes (P<0.05). The CC genotype was the most prolific (1.81 ± 0.4), followed by the heterozygous (1.45 ± 0.04) and the TT homozygous (1.09 ± 0.04). However, we did not find a variation between biotypes within the genotypes (P>0.05). In conclusion, the polymorphism target in the exon 9 of the BMPR-1B gene and non-genetic factors affected significantly the litter size in the OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Medina-Montes
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Research group in Animal Reproduction and Genetic Improvement, University of Sucre, Sucre, Colombia
| | - Diego F Carrillo-Gonzalez
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Research group in Animal Reproduction and Genetic Improvement, University of Sucre, Sucre, Colombia.
| | - Darwin Y Hernández-Herrea
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Research group in Animal Reproduction and Genetic Improvement, University of Sucre, Sucre, Colombia
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Kodama R, Bhesania S, Gorski J, Sepkowitz D. A Missionary from Sudan: Brucellosis. Am J Med 2021; 134:e197-e198. [PMID: 32941846 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rich Kodama
- Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn.
| | - Siddharth Bhesania
- Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn
| | - John Gorski
- Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn
| | - Douglas Sepkowitz
- Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn
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Hin S, Lopez-Jimena B, Bakheit M, Klein V, Stack S, Fall C, Sall A, Enan K, Mustafa M, Gillies L, Rusu V, Goethel S, Paust N, Zengerle R, Frischmann S, Weidmann M, Mitsakakis K. Fully automated point-of-care differential diagnosis of acute febrile illness. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009177. [PMID: 33630852 PMCID: PMC7906357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this work, a platform was developed and tested to allow to detect a variety of candidate viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens, for acute fever of unknown origin. The platform is based on a centrifugal microfluidic cartridge, the LabDisk (“FeverDisk” for the specific application), which integrates all necessary reagents for sample-to-answer analysis and is processed by a compact, point-of-care compatible device. Methodology/Principal findings A sample volume of 200 μL per FeverDisk was used. In situ extraction with pre-stored reagents was achieved by bind-wash-elute chemistry and magnetic particles. Enzymes for the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) were pre-stored in lyopellet form providing stability and independence from the cold chain. The total time to result from sample inlet to read out was 2 h. The proof-of-principle was demonstrated in three small-scale feasibility studies: in Dakar, Senegal and Khartoum, Sudan we tested biobanked samples using 29 and 9 disks, respectively; in Reinfeld, Germany we tested spiked samples and analyzed the limit of detection using three bacteria simultaneously spiked in whole blood using 15 disks. Overall during the three studies, the FeverDisk detected dengue virus (different serotypes), chikungunya virus, Plasmodium falciparum, Salmonella enterica Typhi, Salmonella enterica Paratyphi A and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Conclusions/Significance The FeverDisk proved to be universally applicable as it successfully detected all different types of pathogens as single or co-infections, while it also managed to define the serotype of un-serotyped dengue samples. Thirty-eight FeverDisks at the two African sites provided 59 assay results, out of which 51 (86.4%) were confirmed with reference assay results. The results provide a promising outlook for future implementation of the platform in larger prospective clinical studies for defining its clinical sensitivity and specificity. The technology aims to provide multi-target diagnosis of the origins of fever, which will help fight lethal diseases and the incessant rise of antimicrobial resistance. Infectious diseases in tropical regions may have a variety of viral, bacterial or parasitic origins and a patient may suffer from several diseases simultaneously, each presenting with acute fever as a clinical symptom. This makes it difficult to determine the origin of the pathogen causing the disease(s). In addition to the endemic infectious diseases, outbreaks of epidemics frequently complicate diagnostic demands. Accurate diagnosis for proper patient management requires the utilization of highly sensitive and specific, rapid, easy-to-use diagnostic tools compatible with point-of-care settings. We describe the use of a disk-shaped microfluidic platform, the “FeverDisk”, for differential diagnosis of acute fever. Our FeverDisk platform demonstrated its capability to detect bacteria, viruses and parasites that are typical of tropical single and co-infections from biobanked samples within only 2 hours and in very good agreement with reference method results. This, in combination with its easy-to-use and point-of-care compatible nature, render our platform a promising candidate for detection of tropical diseases and precise identification of the cause of acute fever, in endemic and epidemic settings. Future work will involve extensive clinical characterization of the platform in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hin
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lopez-Jimena
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Mast Group Ltd, Mast House, Bootle, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vanessa Klein
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Seamus Stack
- Mast Group Ltd, Mast House, Bootle, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Cheikh Fall
- Arbovirus and viral haemorrhagic fever unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Sall
- Arbovirus and viral haemorrhagic fever unit, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Khalid Enan
- Department of Virology, Central Laboratory-The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed Mustafa
- Department of Virology, Central Laboratory-The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Liz Gillies
- Mast Group Ltd, Mast House, Bootle, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Viorel Rusu
- MagnaMedics Diagnostics BV, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Goethel
- MagnaMedics Diagnostics BV, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Paust
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Mitsakakis
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lelijveld N, Musyoki E, Adongo SW, Mayberry A, Wells JC, Opondo C, Kerac M, Bailey J. Relapse and post-discharge body composition of children treated for acute malnutrition using a simplified, combined protocol: A nested cohort from the ComPAS RCT. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245477. [PMID: 33534818 PMCID: PMC7857614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe and moderate acute malnutrition (SAM and MAM) affect more than 50 million children worldwide yet 80% of these children do not access care. The Combined Protocol for Acute Malnutrition Study (ComPAS) trial assessed the effectiveness of a simplified, combined SAM/MAM protocol for children aged 6-59 months and found non-inferior recovery compared to standard care. To further inform policy, this study assessed post-discharge outcomes of children treated with this novel protocol in Kenya. METHODS Six 'combined' protocol clinics treated SAM and MAM children using an optimised mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-based dose of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Six 'standard care' clinics treated SAM with weight-based RUTF rations; MAM with ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF). Four months post-discharge, we assessed anthropometry, recent history of illness, and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Data was analysed using multivariable linear regression, adjusted for age, sex and allowing for clustering by clinic. RESULTS We sampled 850 children (median age 18 months, IQR 15-23); 44% of the original trial sample in Kenya. Children treated with the combined protocol had similar anthropometry, fat-free mass, fat mass, skinfold thickness z-scores, and frequency of common illnesses 4 months post-discharge compared the standard protocol. Mean subscapular skinfold z-scores were close to the global norm (standard care: 0.24; combined 0.27). There was no significant difference in odds of relapse between protocols (SAM, 3% vs 3%, OR = 1.0 p = 0.75; MAM, 10% vs 12%, OR = 0.90 p = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS Despite the lower dosage of RUTF for most SAM children in the combined protocol, their anthropometry and relapse rates at 4 months post-discharge were similar to standard care. MAM children treated with RUTF had similar body composition to those treated with RUSF and neither group exhibited excess adiposity. These results add further evidence that a combined protocol is as effective as standard care with no evidence of adverse effects post-discharge. A simplified, combined approach could treat more children, stretch existing resources further, and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal Two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Lelijveld
- No Wasted Lives, Action Against Hunger, London, United Kingdom
- Emergency Nutrition Network, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Amy Mayberry
- No Wasted Lives, Action Against Hunger, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Opondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health, Centre for Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Bailey
- Department of Population Health, Centre for Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- International Rescue Committee, New York City, New York, United States of America
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Mansour A, Sirichotiratana N, Viwatwongkasem C, Khan M, Srithamrongsawat S. District division administrative disaggregation data framework for monitoring leaving no one behind in the National Health Insurance Fund of Sudan: achieving sustainable development goals in 2030. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:5. [PMID: 33407542 PMCID: PMC7789368 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to monitor the concept of 'leaving no one behind' in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to track the implications of the mobilization of health care resources by the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) of Sudan. METHODS A cross-sectional study was used to monitor 'leaving no one behind' in NHIF by analyzing the secondary data of the information system for the year 2016. The study categorized the catchment areas of health care centers (HCCS) according to district administrative divisions, which are neighborhood, subdistrict, district, and zero. The District Division Administrative Disaggregation Data (DDADD) framework was developed and investigated with the use of descriptive statistics, maps of Sudan, the Mann-Whitney test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and health equity catchment indicators. SPSS ver. 18 and EndNote X8 were also used. RESULTS The findings show that the NHIF has mobilized HCCs according to coverage of the insured population. This mobilization protected the insured poor in high-coverage insured population districts and left those living in very low-coverage districts behind. The Mann-Whitney test presented a significant median difference in the utilization rate between catchment areas (P value < 0.001). The results showed that the utilization rate of the insured poor who accessed health care centers by neighborhood was higher than that of the insured poor who accessed by more than neighborhood in each state. The Kruskal-Wallis test of the cost of health care services per capita in each catchment area showed a difference (P value < 0.001) in the median between neighborhoods. The cost of health care services in low-coverage insured population districts was higher than that in high-coverage insured population districts. CONCLUSION The DDADD framework identified the inequitable distribution of health care services in low-density population districts leaves insured poor behind. Policymakers should restructure the equation of health insurance schemes based on equity and probability of illness, to distribute health care services according to needs and equity, and to remobilize resources towards districts left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Mansour
- Department of Public Health Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Nithat Sirichotiratana
- Department of Public Health Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Chukiat Viwatwongkasem
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mahmud Khan
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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Musa Awad Elkreem E, Eltayeb Hamed S, Ali Waggiallah H, F Aldwsari M, O Ibnouf E. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Sudanese Medicinal Plants Against its Pollutant Isolated Bacteria. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:1048-1054. [PMID: 34842374 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.1048.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Medicinal plants have been known to cure many diseases due to the presence of active bio constituents, the goal of this study to detect and evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity of some Sudanese medicinal plants. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Methanolic extracts of the following types of local medicinal plants <i>Artemisia herba-alba</i>,<i> Cyperus rotundus</i>,<i> Cymbopogon schoenanthus </i>sb<i> </i>sp.<i> Proximus</i>,<i> Trigonella foenum-graecum</i>,<i> Nigella sativa</i>,<i> Hyphaene thebaica</i>,<i> Nauclea latifolia</i> and <i>Ziziphus spina-christi</i> were tested against eight types of bacteria that were isolated from the same plants as their pollutants. Cup-plate method was used and then the inhibition zone of each plant was measured and compared with the inhibitory zone of some antibiotics used for the same isolates. <b>Results:</b> Methanol extracts of some plant species showed antibacterial activity against most of the studied bacterial species. <i>Cymbopogon schoenanthus </i>ssp.<i> Proximus </i>showed antibacterial activity against most isolated bacterial species in comparison with commercial antibiotics used. <b>Conclusion:</b> According to the findings of this research, severalmedicinal plants have efficacy and effect on certain types of bacteria and are superior or comparable to certain types of antibiotics. When compared to the other medicinal plants used in this study<i>, Cymbopogon schoenanthus </i>sbsp. <i>proximus </i>has the highest activity on most types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the superiority of some antibiotics.
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Hassan B, Rayis DA, Musa IR, Eltayeb R, ALhabardi N, Adam I. Blood Groups and Hematological Parameters Do Not Associate with First Trimester Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (Institutional Experience). Ann Clin Lab Sci 2021; 51:97-101. [PMID: 33653786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are few published researches on blood groups, hematological parameters [hemoglobin, red cell distribution width (RDW), white blood cells (WBCs), mean platelets volume (MPV)] and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of haematological indices with GDM in early pregnancy. METHODS The study was carried out at Saad Abuelela Hospital (Khartoum, Sudan) during March-November of 2018. Pregnant Sudanese women in early pregnancy (gestational age <14 weeks) were enrolled in the study. The details of the medical and obstetrics history were recorded. The women were then followed up until 24-28 weeks of gestation when a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test was performed. RESULTS Two hundred and fifty-three women at 10.2 week of gestational age completed the follow-up. The mean (SD) of the age and gravidity at the initial antenatal visit were 28.03 (5.6) years, 2.32 (2.41). The mean (SD) of body mass index (BMI) was 27.28 (24.41-30.80) kg/m2. Fifty women (19.8%) had GDM. Age, parity, BMI, place of residence, employment and education were not significantly different between the two groups. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the blood groups and hematological parameters between women with and without GDM. CONCLUSION In this study, the blood groups and other hematological parameters were not different between women with and without GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaeldin Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Duria A Rayis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imad R Musa
- Royal Commission Hospital in Al Jubail Industrial City. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Eltayeb
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadiah ALhabardi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishag Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Ibnouf AAO, Khalil MH, Khalid R, Elshibli EM, Elsayed O, Fadl-Elmula I. Blood markers (lymphocyte percentages, neutrophils, CRP and ESR) can help in prioritizing rRT-PCR test for suspected COVID-19 patients in countries with limited health resources. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:331. [PMID: 33738019 PMCID: PMC7934205 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.331.25180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started in China in December 2019 and spread causing more than 14 million cases all over the world on July 19th, 2020. Although, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test is the gold standard test, it needs a long time and requires specialized laboratories and highly trained personnel. All these difficulties forced many countries with reduced health resources to limit rRT-PCR tests to individuals with severe symptoms. Thus, routine blood marker that may help physicians to suspect COVID-19 and hence, prioritize patients for molecular diagnosis is badly needed. METHODS fifty-six Sudanese COVID-19 patients admitted to Jabra hospital were included in this study. For all the patients we analyzed complete blood count (CBC), CBC, plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), liver function tests (LFT) and renal function tests (RFT). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS program with a significance level of p≤0.05 and confidence limits (CLs) 95%. The difference between groups was tested using Mann-Whitney test was for quantitative variables while qualitative variables was tested using chi-square (Fisher exact) test. RESULTS the result shows that, 35 out of the 56 patients (62.5%) were male and 21 (37.5%) were females with a median age of 60-year-old for both sexes. Lymphocytes % showed decrease to 9.2 (P-value=0.000) and significant increase in neutrophils to 83.05 (P-value=0.005), ESR to 65.54 (P-value=0.000) and CRP to 91.07 (P-value=0.000). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)/area under the curve (AUC) ensured the expellant result of lymphocytes % as a predictor with 92% area under the curve, neutrophils were 90% and ESR 95.8%. The percent of detecting COVID-19 positive RT-PCR (98%) for suspected individuals using ROC showed best cutoff of ≤21.8 for lymphocytes %, ≥67.7 for neutrophils, ≥37.5 for ESR, ≥6.2 for CRP and ≥7.15 for WBCs. CONCLUSION the results also showed that, lymphocyte percentages, neutrophils, CRP and ESR may be used as markers for COVID-19 helping prioritizing individuals for rRT-PCR test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Hilal Khalil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Rayan Khalid
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Alneelain Stem Cells Centre, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Osman Elsayed
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Imad Fadl-Elmula
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Alneelain Stem Cells Centre, Alneelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
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Nemchinov LG, Grinstead S. Identification of a Novel Isolate of Alfalfa virus S from China Suggests a Possible Role of Seed Contamination in the Distribution of the Virus. Plant Dis 2020; 104:3115-3117. [PMID: 33058717 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0906-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, alfalfa virus S (AVS), a new species in the family Alphaflexiviridae, was identified in alfalfa samples originating from Sudan, northern Africa. Here, we report on the identification and complete genomic sequence of an AVS isolate found in 7-day-old seedlings grown from alfalfa seeds acquired from China. The Chinese isolate of AVS differed in its nucleotide sequence from the Sudanese isolate by 8.6%. The detection of AVS in alfalfa seedlings developed from the germinated seeds may indicate a potential role of seed transmission in the distribution of this virus. The results obtained suggest that AVS may be far more widespread than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev G Nemchinov
- USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Samuel Grinstead
- USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
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113
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Jin Y, Cha S, Lee J, Elhag MS, Hong ST, Lee YH. Parasitological Observation in Schoolchildren with Urogenital Schistosomiasis Following Treatment with Three Different Brands of Praziquantel. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e394. [PMID: 33258330 PMCID: PMC7707925 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the anthelminthic effects of three different brands of praziquantel being used in Sudan against Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium) infection. We enrolled 1,286 schoolchildren from six primary schools and examined their urine samples for eggs of S. haematobium at the baseline survey and follow-up two weeks after administering the medication. The schoolchildren were divided into three groups based on the three brands of praziquantel (different material production), with two school children for one brand. The overall baseline prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 15.5%. Two weeks after treatment with brands A, B, and C of praziquantel, cure rates were 87.1%, 82.4% and 83.8% respectively, and the egg-reduction rates were 69.0%, 81.0% and 70.6% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in cure rates and egg-reduction rates between the three brands. We conclude that the three different commercial brands of praziquantel used in Sudan have similar anthelminthic effects on S. haematobium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Seungman Cha
- Graduate School of Global Development and Entrepreneurship, Handong Global University, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jinmoo Lee
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mousab Siddig Elhag
- Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Control Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sung Tae Hong
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ha Lee
- Department of Infection Biology and Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
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Dash NR, Guraya SY, Al Bataineh MT, Abdalla ME, Yusoff MSB, Al-Qahtani MF, van Mook WNKA, Shafi MS, Almaramhy HH, Mukhtar WNO. Preferred teaching styles of medical faculty: an international multi-center study. BMC Med Educ 2020; 20:480. [PMID: 33256705 PMCID: PMC7708200 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-02358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the current wave of educational reforms, understanding teaching styles of medical faculty can help modify instructional strategies for effective teaching. Few studies have probed distinctive teaching styles of medical faculty. We compared preferred teaching styles of faculty from seven medical schools in United Arab Emirates, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Sudan. METHODS The validated Grasha-Riechmann teaching style inventory was administered online for data collection and used SPSS version 20.0 for statistical analysis. RESULTS Of the 460 invitees, 248 responded (response rate; 54%). Delegator teaching style was most common with a highest median and mean of 2.38 and 2.45, respectively. There was a significant correlation between expert and authority teaching styles, correlation coefficient 0.62. Similarly, we found a significant correlation between authority teaching style and nature of curriculum, correlation coefficient 0.30. Multiple regression analysis showed that only authority teaching style and male gender had significant correlation. Interestingly, 117 (47%) teachers disagreed with the teaching philosophy of delivering course contents by strictly following learning outcomes. Female teachers (114/248) were more willing to negotiate with their students regarding how and what to teach in their course, while male teachers tended to allow more autonomy by allowing students to set their learning agenda. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the medical teachers preferred delegator teacher style that promotes students' collaboration and peer-to-peer learning. Most teachers are conscious of their teaching styles to motivate students for scientific curiosity. These findings can help medical educators to modify their teaching styles for effective learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Ranjan Dash
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Post Box –, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salman Yousuf Guraya
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Post Box –, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Tahseen Al Bataineh
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Post Box –, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Elhassan Abdalla
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Post Box –, 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mona Faisal Al-Qahtani
- College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Walther N. K. A. van Mook
- School of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Saeed Shafi
- Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Hamid ME, Mahgoub A, Babiker AJO, Babiker HAE, Holie MAI, Elhassan MM, Joseph MRP. Isolation and Identification of Streptomyces spp. from Desert and Savanna Soils in Sudan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17238749. [PMID: 33255614 PMCID: PMC7734577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate streptomycete populations in desert and savanna ecozones in Sudan and to identify species based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. A total of 49 different Streptomyces phenotypes (22 from sites representing the desert and semi-desert ecozone; 27 representing the savanna ecozone) have been included in the study. The isolates were characterized phenotypically and confirmed using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The two ecozones showed both similarities and uniqueness in the types of isolates. The shared species were in cluster 1 (Streptomyces (S.) werraensis), cluster 2 (Streptomyces sp.), cluster 3 (S. griseomycini-like), and cluster 7 (S. rochei). The desert ecozone revealed unique species in cluster 9 (Streptomyces sp.) and cluster 10 (S. griseomycini). Whereas, the savanna ecozone revealed unique species in cluster 4 (Streptomyces sp.), cluster 5 (S. albogriseolus/ S. griseoincarnatus), cluster 6 (S. djakartensis), and cluster 8 (Streptomyces sp.). Streptomycetes are widely distributed in both desert and the savanna ecozones and many of these require full descriptions. Extending knowledge on Streptomyces communities and their dynamics in different ecological zones and their potential antibiotic production is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E. Hamid
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 641, Abha 61314, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-5-0977-3687
| | - Adil Mahgoub
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North 13314, Sudan;
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Alzeim Alazhari University, Khartoum North 12217, Sudan;
| | | | - Hussein A. E. Babiker
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed A. I. Holie
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Alzeim Alazhari University, Khartoum North 12217, Sudan;
| | - Mogahid M. Elhassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 13215, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Martin R. P. Joseph
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 641, Abha 61314, Saudi Arabia;
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Mohamed NS, Abdelbagi H, Osman HA, Ahmed AE, Yousif AM, Edris YB, Osman EY, Elsadig AR, Siddig EE, Mustafa M, Mohammed AA, Ali Y, Osman MM, Ali MS, Omer RA, Ahmed A, Sibley CH. A snapshot of Plasmodium falciparum malaria drug resistance markers in Sudan: a pilot study. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:512. [PMID: 33160417 PMCID: PMC7648977 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Malaria infection is still known to be a worldwide public health problem, especially in tropical and sub-tropical African countries like Sudan. A pilot study conducted to describe the trend of P. falciparum drug resistance markers in 2017-2018 in comparison to CQ and AS/SP eras in Sudan. The Pfcrt, Pfmdr-1, Pfdhfr, and Pfdhps genes were investigated. Data deposited by the worldwide antimalarial resistance network was consulted, and the molecular markers previously reported from Sudan were analyzed. RESULTS Drug molecular markers analysis was successfully done on 20 P. falciparum isolates. The Pfcrt K76 showed high frequency; 16 (80%). For the Pfmdr-1, 9 (45%) isolates were carrying the N86 allele, and 11 (55%) were 86Y allele. While the Y184F of the Pfmdr-1 showed a higher frequency of 184F compared to Y184; 16 (80%) and 4 (20%), respectively. In the Pfdhfr, 51I allele showed higher frequency compared to N51; 18 (90%) and 2 (10%), respectively. For S108N, 18 (90%) were 108 N and 2 (10%) were S108. In the Pfdhps, all isolates were carrying the mutant alleles; 437G and 540E. The frequency distribution of the Pfcrt, Pfmdr-1, Pfdhfr, Pfdhps was significantly different across the whole years in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouh S. Mohamed
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
- Alfarrabi College for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
- Parasitology and Medical Entomology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sinnar University, Sinnar, Sudan
| | - Hanadi Abdelbagi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Hussam A. Osman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
| | | | - Alaa M. Yousif
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Yusraa B. Edris
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Eman Y. Osman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
| | | | - Emmanuel E. Siddig
- Alfarrabi College for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
- Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Madinna Mustafa
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Yousif Ali
- Sudan Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Maha M. Osman
- Alfarrabi College for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed S. Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rihab A. Omer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ayman Ahmed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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MOHAMED AHMEDOSMANAHMED, NORI MUNEERMAKKIMUSA, AHMED ALMEGDADSHARAFALDINMOHAMED, ALTAMIH RANDAAHMEDABDALRHEEM, KUNNA EZZANSAEEDMOHAMED. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast cancer and breast self-examination among female detainees in Khartoum, Sudan 2018. J Prev Med Hyg 2020; 61:E470-E475. [PMID: 33150235 PMCID: PMC7595081 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.3.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer is the common cancer among females and a leading cause of mortality among them globally, its rates are three times higher in developing countries. Breast self-examination (BSE) had an important role in early detection, increasing the survival rate of breast cancer patients, despite these benefits, the rates of practicing BSE are low, especially in developing countries. Objective To assess the levels of awareness about breast cancer, and BSE among the detainees of Dar-Altaebat facility, a female's detention facility in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted at Dar-Altaebat a female imprisonment facility in Khartoum, Sudan. 354 participants were randomly selected from the total population of the facility. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire, which was composed of socio-demographic section, knowledge section, attitude section, and breast self-examination section. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences(SPSS) software. Results 330 participants responded to the questionnaire, their mean age was (31, SD: 11.2) years, 126 (38.2%) of them were illiterate, 196 (59.4%) were married, and the majority of them 177 (76.3%) were housewives. their overall knowledge score revealed that 185(56.2%) of them had poor knowledge about breast cancer. 218 (66.3%) of them had poor knowledge about breast self-examination, however 314 (95.3%) thought that it was important. 315 (95.5%) of the participants had poor practice towards breast self-examination. Conclusion Poor levels of knowledge about breast cancer were reported among the detainees. Additionally, their level of knowledge and practice of breast self-examination was also low, thus more health education campaigns are recommended in such facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - ALMEGDAD SHARAFALDIN MOHAMED AHMED
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Correspondence: Almegdad Sharafaldin Mohamed Ahmed, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Alqaseer avenue, B.O: 11111. Khartoum Sudan - E-mail: - Tel. +249116349417
| | | | - EZZAN SAEED MOHAMED KUNNA
- Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine-Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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118
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Wolfe DN, Taylor MJ, Zarrabian AG. Lessons learned from Zaire ebolavirus to help address urgent needs for vaccines against Sudan ebolavirus and Marburg virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2855-2860. [PMID: 32275465 PMCID: PMC7734060 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1741313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014-2016 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa triggered extensive investments from public and private partners in an attempt to slow the spread of disease and bring the outbreak under control. This significantly accelerated the pace of development of countermeasures against Zaire ebolavirus that enabled vaccines to be a part of an effective response to the most recent 2018-2019 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, there remain urgent and unmet needs for medical countermeasures against other members of the Filoviridae family that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers. To improve the national and global preparedness posture for viral hemorrhagic fevers, a renewed emphasis is being placed on developing vaccines for filoviruses other than Zaire ebolavirus. Here we discuss lessons learned from the West Africa epidemic and how those lessons apply to the development of vaccine candidates for other filoviruses, specifically Sudan ebolavirus and Marburg virus. This commentary will highlight some of the key product development gaps to address in preparation for future disease outbreaks caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Wolfe
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marva J. Taylor
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amanda G. Zarrabian
- Division of CBRN Countermeasures, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC, USA
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Ahmed NA, Basheir EH, Farah AB, Mohammedzein TS, Suliman II. PROPOSED NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS FOR STANDARD RADIOGRAPHIC X-RAY PROCEDURES IN SUDAN. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2020; 190:419-426. [PMID: 32909039 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to calculate patient radiation doses for adults during the seven most commonly performed conventional X-ray procedures, and to propose national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). A representative sample of patients from 29 hospitals was included. The entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated by measuring X-ray tube output and the corresponding technical and exposure factors for each patient. Third-quartile values of the mean ESAK distributions were proposed as DRL values. The DRLs in mGy were as follows: 0.6 for chest postero-anterior (PA), 3.5 for skull AP, 1.7 for skull lateral (LAT), 2.7 for abdominal, 2.6 for pelvic AP, 3.7 for lumbar spine AP and 8 for lumbar spine LAT. Compared with literature, the maximum percentages increase were in chest PA (329%) and skull AP (187%). Since the suggested DRL for chest PA was higher than literature values, dose optimization and a review of its value is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Ahmed
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation Safety Institute, P.O. Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, AL- Madina al Munawarah, Saudia Arabia
| | - E H Basheir
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation Safety Institute, P.O. Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A B Farah
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation Safety Institute, P.O. Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - T S Mohammedzein
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation Safety Institute, P.O. Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan
- Nuclear Medicine Physics Unit, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - I I Suliman
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation Safety Institute, P.O. Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan
- Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Deanship of Academic Research, Riyadh 11642, Saudi Arabia
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A M Alameen A, A M Osman T, A Elissidig S, Atif M. Impact of Prostate Specific Antigen and Testosterone Hormone Levels in Patients of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Khartoum State- Sudan. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:1431-1435. [PMID: 33274871 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.1431.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) are progressive ailments resulting from androgenic imbalances and aging that can lead to serious long term complications. Objective of this study was to determine the relationship between prostate-specific antigens and testosterone hormone levels in patients with BPH before transurethral surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS This case control study was done on 112 serum samples collected from two secondary care centres in Khartoum, Sudan. Collected serum samples were analyzed by ELISA and fluorescence enzymes immunoassay to measure testosterone, total PSA level and free PSA levels, respectively. RESULTS Out of 112 patients, 56 BPH diagnosed patients were included in the study with mean age 67.10±7.90 years. Total PSA (T. PSA) levels were higher in patients (14.1±10.6 ng mL-1) than the control group (2.21±1.01 ng mL-1). Total 52% of patients had total PSA level in the gray zone (4-10 ng mL-1) and 33% had total PSA more than 10 ng mL-1. Testosterone levels were low in patients 3.97±2.84 ng mL-1 when compared to the control group 4.95±0.59 ng mL-1. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that, there was a strong association between T. PSA level and testosterone hormone in BPH patients, which suggested that monitoring of testosterone level is useful in patients with prostate enlargement.
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Mohammed Elmahi O, Ali Waggiallah H. Concordance Between Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Silver Situ Hybridization (SISH) in Endometrial Carcinoma Diagnosis: Using HER-2/neu. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:1332-1337. [PMID: 32981267 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.1332.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2/neu) has been demonstrated as biomarker in Endometrial Carcinoma (EC). This study was conducted to assess the concordance between Sudanese women between immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Silver Situ Hybridization (SISH) for EC diagnosis using HER-2/neu. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cross sectional study performed in the state of Khartoum, Sudan. This research used eighty-eight samples of embedded blocks of formalin fixed paraffin referred to the histopathology lab from 2007-2013. The technique of tissue microarray (TMA) was used in which paraffin blocks were prepared before IHC and SISH were subjected. RESULTS In this analysis, 88 specimens were previously diagnosed as endometrial adenocarcinoma. The number of Her-2/new oncogene positive cases among Sudanese women by using IHC were (15.9%), however Her-2/neu amplification in EC were 11.5% by using SISH analysis and strong correlation between Her-2/neu IHC and Her-2/neu SISH is existed, since p-value is 0.,000. CONCLUSION SISH is a reliable technique that can be used for detecting Her-2/neu oncoprotein and it has many advantages over other methods, also SISH can be used as an alternative to FISH technique.
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Eibs T, Koscalova A, Nair M, Grohma P, Kohler G, Bakhit RG, Thurashvili M, Lasry E, Bauer SW, Jimenez C. Qualitative study of antibiotic prescription patterns and associated drivers in Sudan, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036530. [PMID: 32973055 PMCID: PMC7517544 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to address the knowledge gap regarding antibiotic use in Medecins Sans Frontiéres (MSF) projects located in Africa by exploring antibiotic prescription and consumption habits and their drivers at different healthcare levels. DESIGN This study used an exploratory study design through thematic analysis of semistructured, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and field observations in order to understand the main drivers influencing current antibiotics prescription habits and consumption habits of patients in different geographical settings. SETTING The study took place in MSF centres and towns across four countries: Guinea-Bissau, Central African Republic (CAR), Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Sudan. PARTICIPANTS 384 respondents participated in the study, which includes project staff, prescribers, community members, patients, among other groups. RESULTS Treatment protocols were physically present in all countries except DRC, but compliance to protocols varied across contexts. A failing health system and barriers to accessing healthcare were perceived as major drivers of overuse and inconsistent prescription practices. Patient demands influenced prescription decisions, and self-medication was commonly reported in the context of failing health systems. Additionally, there was a strong demand for quick cures and communities preferred injections over pills. Patients tended to stop antibiotic treatment once symptoms abated and had major gaps in understanding antibiotic intake instructions and functions. CONCLUSIONS While there were specific findings in each context, the larger trend from these four MSF projects in Africa indicates widespread use of antibiotics based on unclear assumptions, which are often influenced by patient demands. There needs to be a broader focus on the balance between access and excess, especially in such fragile contexts where access to healthcare is a real challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonka Eibs
- Vienna Evaluation Unit, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alena Koscalova
- Vienna Evaluation Unit, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohit Nair
- Vienna Evaluation Unit, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Grohma
- Infectious diseases departement, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gisa Kohler
- Vienna Evaluation Unit, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mzia Thurashvili
- Vienna Evaluation Unit, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Vienna, Austria
| | - Estrella Lasry
- Medical departement, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Barcelona, Spain
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Shuaib YA, Isaa MH, Ezz-Eldin MIE, Abdalla MA, Bakhiet AO, Chitimia-Dobler L. Morphological abnormalities in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from domestic animal species in Sudan. Exp Appl Acarol 2020; 82:161-169. [PMID: 32809185 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Morphological abnormalities in ticks have rarely been reported in nature. The existing knowledge about anomalies in ticks collected in Africa is very sparse. In this paper, we describe abnormalities in Amblyomma, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus ticks collected from cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and horses in Kassala and North Kordofan states, Sudan, between January and August 2017. A number of 15 adult ticks displayed one or several local anomalies, such as ectromely, abnormalities of the ventral plates, and body deformities, besides newly described multiple cuticula scars. This study presents the first report of local anomalies in ticks belonging to three genera in Sudan and highlights the need to investigate the association between such morphological abnormalities and tick biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir Adam Shuaib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | | | | | | | - Amel Omer Bakhiet
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum North, Sudan
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Hussien M, Abdel Hamid MM, Elamin EA, Hassan AO, Elaagip AH, Salama AHA, Abdelraheem MH, Mohamed AO. Antimalarial drug resistance molecular makers of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Sudan during 2015-2017. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235401. [PMID: 32817665 PMCID: PMC7446868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current malaria control and elimination strategies rely mainly on efficacious antimalarial drugs. However, drug resistance is a major threat facing malaria control programs. Determination of drug resistance molecular markers is useful in the monitoring and surveillance of malaria drug efficacy. This study aimed to determine the mutations and haplotypes frequencies of different genes linked with antimalarial drug resistance in certain areas in Sudan. METHODS A total of 226 dried blood spots (DBS) of microscopically diagnosed P. falciparum isolates were collected from Khartoum and three other areas in Sudan during 2015-2017. Plasmodium falciparum confirmation and multiplicity of infection was assessed using the Sanger's 101 SNPs-barcode and speciation was confirmed using regions of the parasite mitochondria. Molecular genotyping of drug resistance genes (Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, exonuclease, Pfk13, parasite genetic background (PGB) (Pfarps10, ferredoxin, Pfcrt, Pfmdr2)) was also performed. All genotypes were generated by selective regions amplicon sequencing of the parasite genome using the Illumina MiSeq platform at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, UK then genotypes were translated into drug resistance haplotypes and species determination. FINDINGS In total 225 samples were confirmed to be P. falciparum. A higher proportion of multiplicity of infection was observed in Gezira (P<0.001) based on the Sanger 101 SNPs -barcode. The overall frequency of mutant haplotype Pfcrt 72-76 CVIET was 71.8%. For Pfmdr1, N86Y was detected in 53.6%, Y184F was observed in 88.1% and D1246Y was detected in 1.5% of the samples. The most frequently observed haplotype was YFD 47.4%. For Pfdhfr (codons 51, 59,108,164), the ICNI haplotype was the most frequent (80.7%) while for Pfdhps (codons 436, 437, 540, 581, 613) the (SGEAA) was most frequent haplotype (41%). The Quadruple mutation (dhfr N51I, S108N + dhps A437G, K540E) was the highest frequent combined mutation (33.9%). In Pfkelch13 gene, 18 non-synonymous mutations were detected, 7 of them were detected in other African countries. The most frequent Pfk13 mutation was E433D detected in four samples. All of the Pfk13 mutant alleles have not been reported to belong to mutations associated with delayed parasite clearance in Southeast Asia. PGB mutations were detected only in Pfcrt N326S\I (46.3%) and Pfcrt I356T (8.2%). The exonuclease mutation was not detected. There was no significant variation in mutant haplotypes between study areas. CONCLUSIONS There was high frequency of mutations in Pfcrt, Pfdhfr and Pfdhps in this study. These mutations are associated with chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) resistance. Many SNPs in Pfk13 not linked with delayed parasite clearance were observed. The exonuclease E415G mutation which is linked with piperaquine resistance was not reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maazza Hussien
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Elamin Abdelkarim Elamin
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdalla O. Hassan
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Arwa H. Elaagip
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mohammed H. Abdelraheem
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelrahim O. Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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Elnimeiri MKM, Satti SSM, Ibrahim MKM. Barriers of access and utilization of reproductive health services by adolescents-Khartoum state- Sudan-2020: study protocol. Reprod Health 2020; 17:121. [PMID: 32795353 PMCID: PMC7427964 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-020-00967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is widely defined as the time in life when the developing individual attains the skills and attributes necessary to become a productive and reproductive adult. Most adolescents are healthy, but there is still substantial premature death, illness, and injury among adolescents. Illnesses can hinder their ability to grow and develop to their full potential. Alcohol or tobacco use, lack of physical activity, unprotected sex and/or exposure to violence can jeopardize not only their current health, but also their health as adults or even health of their future children. METHOD Community and institutional-based cross sectional study will be conducted in Khartoum State the seven localities will be included. This state is the national capital of Sudan, which has an area of 22,122 km2. The sample size of participant is estimated using the population formula (n = N/1+ (n*d2)). The sample will be drawn using multistage cluster sampling. Also the concerned bodies involved in the delivery of reproductive health services for adolescents included in this study. Data will be collected using interviews with key informants and administered pre-coded, pretested closed ended questionnaire with community participants. Data will be managed and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. Analysis is mostly univariate descriptive and bi-variate with Chi Square & Fischer Exact test analysis to find associations between variables of interest. DISCUSSION The census of adolescents mounted to 25% of the population and thus it is important to care for such significant portion of the population to document their reproductive health problems and their access to health care services. The study is expected to generate base-line indicators about barriers of access to reproductive health services by adolescents that can be used for better planning, monitoring and evaluation of the delivered services. The research about barriers of access to reproductive health services by adolescents in Sudan is still limited and the information is scanty and scattered. Thus, it is necessary to conduct such study to enrich the current database.
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Sabahelzain MM, Dubé E, Moukhyer M, Larson HJ, van den Borne B, Bosma H. Psychometric properties of the adapted measles vaccine hesitancy scale in Sudan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237171. [PMID: 32760162 PMCID: PMC7410231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a need for reliable and validated tools to identify, classify, and quantify vaccine-hesitancy in low and middle-income countries, such as Sudan. We evaluated the psychometric properties of an adapted version of the measles vaccine hesitancy scale by assessing its reliability, convergent validity, and criterion validity in Sudan. The vaccine hesitancy scale (VHS) was originally developed by the WHO/SAGE Working Group of Vaccine Hesitancy. Methods A community-based survey among parents was conducted in February 2019 in Khartoum state. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the structure of the adapted measles VHS (aMVHS). We computed Cronbach’s alphas, correlations with other vaccine hesitancy measurements including the Parental Attitude towards Childhood Vaccination (PACV) and the Vaccine Confidence Index (VCI), and performed a Mann-Whitney U test for assessing the reliability and the convergent and criterion validity, respectively. Moreover, to examine whether the aMVHS can predict the child’s vaccination status, the area under the curve (AUC) was estimated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Results The questionnaire was completed by 500 parents. Most were women (87.2%) between the ages of 20 and 47 (M = 31.15, SD = 5.74). The factor analyses indicated that the aMVHS comprises of two factors (sub-scales): 'confidence' and 'complacency'. The aMVHS sub-scales correlated weakly to moderately with the PACV and VCI scales. The area under the curve was 0.499 at most (P >0.05) and the aMVHS score did hardly differ between actually vaccinated and non-vaccinated children. Conclusion Our findings underscore that the aMVHS and its confidence and complacency sub-scales are reliable and have a moderately good convergent validity. However, the aMVHS has a limitation in predicting the concurrent child's vaccination status. More work is needed to revise and amend this aMVHS, particularly by additionally including the 'convenience' construct and by further evaluating its validity in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majdi M. Sabahelzain
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Eve Dubé
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Moukhyer
- Education Development and Quality Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Heidi J. Larson
- Vaccine Confidence Project, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, University of America
| | - Bart van den Borne
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bosma
- Department of Social Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abdelrahman DN, Taha AA, Dafaallah MM, Mohammed AA, El Hussein ARM, Hashim AI, Hamedelnil YF, Altayb HN. β-lactamases (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTXM-1, bla VEB, bla OXA-1 ) and class C β-lactamases gene frequency in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various clinical specimens in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross sectional study. F1000Res 2020; 9:774. [PMID: 33363717 PMCID: PMC7737708 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24818.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium, causing nosocomial infections with intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to a large group of antibiotics, including β-lactams. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility pattern to selected antibiotics and to index the first reported β-lactamases genes frequency in Ps. aeruginosa in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods: 121 Ps. aeruginosa clinical isolates from various clinical specimens were used in this cross sectional study conducted in Khartoum State. Eighty isolates were confirmed as Ps.aeruginosa through conventional identification methods and species specific primers. The susceptibility pattern of the confirmed isolates to selected antibiotics was done following the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiplex PCR was used for detection of seven β-lactamase genes ( blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTXM-1, blaVEB, blaOXA-1, blaAmpC and blaDHA). Results: Of the 80 confirmed Ps. aeruginosa isolates, 8 (10%) were resistant to Imipenem while all isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Amoxyclav (100%). A total of 43 (54%) Ps. aeruginosa isolates were positive for blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTXM-1, blaVEB and blaOXA-1 genes, while 27 (34%) were positive for class C β- Lactamases, and 20 (25%) were positive for both classes. Frequency of beta-lactamases genes was as follows: blaTEM, 19 (44.2%); blaSHV, 16 (37.2%); bla CTX-M1, 10 (23.3%); blaVEB, 14 (32.6%); blaOXA-1, 7 (16.3%). blaAmpC 22 (81.5%) and bla DHA 8 (29.6%). In total, 3 (11.1%) isolates were positive for both bla AmpC and blaDHA genes. Conclusion:Ps. aeruginosa isolates showed a high rate of β- lactamases production, with co-resistance to other antibiotic classes. The lowest resistance rate of Ps. aeruginosa was to Imipenem followed by Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin. No statistically significant relationship between production of β-lactamases in Ps. aeruginosa and resistance to third generation cephalosporins was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina N. Abdelrahman
- Department of Virology, Central Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Aya A. Taha
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mazar M. Dafaallah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alaa Abdelgafoor Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ahmed I. Hashim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Yousif F. Hamedelnil
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hisham N. Altayb
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Elbasheir MM, Karti IA, Elamin EM. Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for Schistosoma mansoni infection based on the detection of circulating cathodic antigen in urine in Central Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008313. [PMID: 32559192 PMCID: PMC7360052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Kato-Katz thick smear is the standard test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection, but the sensitivity of this technique is low. As an alternative, (CCA) strip test has been evaluated with the conclusion that it may replace the Kato-Katz method in areas where prevalences are moderate or high. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of the CCA strip test in the diagnosis and monitoring of S. mansoni infection in Sudan. Methodology 489 stool and urine samples were collected from school children in endemic area of Sudan to determine the validity of CCA strip test based on duplicate Kato-Katz thick smear technique. Additional, 118 samples from known non schistosome-endemic area were collected to assess the CCA cross reactivity with other pathogens rather than schistosomiasis. The stability of CCA in urine samples was determined by consecutive examination of 40 positive CCA urine samples. 81 samples were used to evaluate the CCA strip test for the assessment of cure one week, three weeks and six weeks post Praziquantel treatment. Principal findings Assuming parasitological test results as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of the CCA test were 96%, 85.4%, 78.5% and 97.5% respectively. There was no cross reactivity with other pathogens. The CCA strip test showed high accuracy in monitoring of treatment 93.8% and 100% after three and six weeks of administration of Praziquantel respectively. The stability of the CCA for long time in the urine revealed a safety transportation and shipment of the samples whenever it demanded. Conclusion/Significance The uses of urine CCA strip test in the field would provide more accurate information on the epidemiology and monitoring of the Schistosoma mansoni infection in endemic areas of schistosomiasis than the conventional parasitological method. Moreover, The stability of CCA in urine samples confirms a safety transportation period of the samples whenever it required. A newly developed one-step reagent strip test for detection of S. mansoni circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine was evaluated in different countries and claimed that it has high sensitivity as well as specificity for the epidemiological study of schistosomiasis. However, it is of practical importance to evaluate the effectiveness of such a new technique in several schistosomiasis-endemic areas prior to its application for routine diagnosis or epidemiological study of the disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate this new method in order to be adopted and applied in the Sudan to improve the diagnosis and to assist in the control of schistosomiasis. 489 school children in central Sudan were examined for stool and urine using Kato-Katz technique and CCA strip test for S. mansoni infection. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of the CCA test were 96%, 85.4%, 78.5% and 97.5% respectively. The CCA strip test also showed high accuracy in monitoring of treatment 93.8% and 100% after three and six weeks of administration of Praziquantel respectively. Therefore, the uses of urine CCA strip test in the field would provide more accurate information on the epidemiology and monitoring of the Schistosoma mansoni infection in endemic areas of schistosomiasis. Additional assessment is recommended in areas with lower schistosomiasis prevalence and intensity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Elbasheir
- Department of Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum State, Sudan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ibrahim A. Karti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Omdurman Military Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan
| | - Elwaleed M. Elamin
- Department of Histopathology & Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum State, Sudan
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Ahmed A, Elbashir A, Mohamed AA, Alim AA, Mubarak A, Abdelrahman D, Mohammed E, Mohamed NS, Elaagip AH, Zarroug IMA, Mounkaila N, Tahir H. Socioeconomic impacts of elimination of onchocerciasis in Abu-Hamed focus, northern Sudan: lessons after elimination. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:256. [PMID: 32456708 PMCID: PMC7249366 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Onchocerciasis is one of the most devastating neglected tropical diseases and it is mostly prevalent in Africa. The disease has important heavy social and economic burdens on the infected populations including low productivity, unemployment, social isolation, and stigma. A cross-sectional study was implemented using a well-established questionnaire to investigate the socio-economic impacts of Onchocerciasis elimination in Abu-Hamed, River Nile State, Sudan in 2015; 512 participants in ten affected communities were interviewed. RESULTS Our findings revealed that these communities are recovering from the social and economic burden of the diseases. Ninety percent of the research participants reported general satisfaction about elimination of the disease in their community, 48.3% of them attended secondary school or university. Only 0.6% reported unemployment. Also, 25.3% and 24.7% of the participants were workers and farmers respectively. Except about the vector biting and nuisance, the majority of the respondents (90%) had no complain related to the disease after the elimination. Also, 90.5% of the participants reported either stable or increase in their work performance during the last 12 months. About 93.8% of the respondents were engaged in normal daily life activities and involved in happy events like marriage and giving birth during the last 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Ahmed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Anas Elbashir
- Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Asgad A. Mohamed
- Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Asha A. Alim
- Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Asia Mubarak
- Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Duaa Abdelrahman
- Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Eilaf Mohammed
- Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nouh S. Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Arwa H. Elaagip
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Isam M. A. Zarroug
- Onchocerciasis Control/Elimination Programme, National Programme for Prevention of Blindness (NPPB), Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Noma Mounkaila
- Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hanan Tahir
- Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
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Elshiekh HF, Hoving C, de Vries H. Exploring Determinants of Condom Use among University Students in Sudan. Arch Sex Behav 2020; 49:1379-1391. [PMID: 32056040 PMCID: PMC7145779 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of university students in Sudan are at risk of contracting HIV because of their engagement in condomless sex. A comprehensive and culturally accepted condom promotion program could potentially reduce this threat substantially. However, little is known about the sociocognitive determinants of condom use in this population: information that is required to develop such HIV prevention programs. Therefore, in August 2014, we conducted 30 semi-structured individual interviews with male and female students (both currently sexually active and nonactive) to explore determinants of condom use based on the I-Change model. Data were analyzed using Nvivo 10. The results suggest that barriers to condom use among university students include misconceptions about condom use, negative attitudes toward condom use, lack of social support, low self-efficacy to use condoms, and poor action planning. Sexual health promotion should, therefore, address these aspects to successfully promote condom use among sexually active students and subsequently reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husameddin Farouk Elshiekh
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ciska Hoving
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hein de Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Nail AMA, Tonga RA, Salih HM, Abuzeid N, Ahmed MH. The co-infection of Buruli ulcer and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sudanese patient: An association by choice or by chance? J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1184-1186. [PMID: 32359927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Buruli ulcer and cutaneous leishmaniasis both have the similar cutaneous clinical presentation. Therefore, relying on clinical diagnosis can be challenging. We present a case of 45 years old woman diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis, confirmed by skin biopsy. She received different modalities of anti-leishmanial treatment (fluconazole 450mg daily for 4 weeks, sodium stibogluconate (SSG) followed by thermal therapy, SSG/IV 20mg/kg for 30 days combined with paromomycin 15mg/kg IM for 17 days). These treatments were associated with partial improvement of the ulcer and failure of healing. A second biopsy demonstrated the presence of Mycobacterium ulcerans and hence the diagnosis of Buruli ulcer as a cause of the delayed healing of the ulcer. M. ulcerans releases a toxin known as mycolactone, which decreases immune system function and results in tissue death. M. ulcerans, is regarded as the third most prevalent Mycobacterium after M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. Treatment with streptomycin intramuscular injections 1g daily and rifampicin 600mg daily for 8 weeks was associated with complete healing of the ulcer. To our knowledge, this is the first report that describes the co-infection of Buruli ulcer and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsalam M A Nail
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Omdurman Islamic University & Tropical Diseases Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Rayan Ali Tonga
- Registrar of Internal medicine Tropical Diseases Teaching Hospital, Sudan
| | - Huda M Salih
- Department of Pathology, AlNeelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nadir Abuzeid
- Department of Medical Microbiology Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
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Alhusaini AA, Melam GR, Buragadda S. Cross-Cultural Variation in BMI, Sedentary Behavior, and Physical Activity in International School Girls Residing in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17062057. [PMID: 32244890 PMCID: PMC7142904 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: The current study was done to assess the cross-cultural difference in physical activity and sedentary behavior among girls from culturally, environmentally, and geographically diverse countries residing in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted among expatriate girls (N = 275), aged 9–16 years. Participants were from India (n = 65), Pakistan (n = 88), Egypt (n = 50), Sudan (n = 49), and other nationals (n = 23). They were randomly selected from different schools in Riyadh and their Body Mass Index (BMI) and screen time was assessed. Physical activity (PA) and leisure-time activity was assessed using Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GSLTPAQ) respectively. Results: Out of 275, 65.8% were active and 34.2% were insufficiently active as per the GSLTPAQ, and half of them were moderately active and only 22.2% were extremely active as per PAQ-C. No statistical significant differences in their BMI status, screen time, or the levels of PA among expatriate girls. Conclusions: This study shows that the expatriate female school children in Saudi Arabia demonstrated a similar pattern in their BMI, sedentary time spent, and PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A. Alhusaini
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ganeswara Rao Melam
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-531262956
| | - Syamala Buragadda
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
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Liebling H, Barrett H, Artz L. South Sudanese Refugee Survivors of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence and Torture: Health and Justice Service Responses in Northern Uganda. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17051685. [PMID: 32150872 PMCID: PMC7084827 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This British Academy/Leverhulme-funded research investigated the health and justice service responses to the needs of South Sudanese refugees living in refugee settlements in Northern Uganda who had been subjected to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and torture. It involved the collection and thematic analysis of the narratives of 20 men and 41 women who were refugee survivors of SGBV and torture, including their experiences in South Sudan, their journeys to Uganda and experiences in refugee settlements, in particular their access to health and justice services. Thirty-seven key stakeholders including international, government, non-government organisations and civil society organisations were also interviewed regarding their experiences of providing health and justice services to refugees. All refugees had survived human rights abuses mainly carried out in South Sudan but some had also occurred on route to Uganda and within Uganda. Despite the significant impact of their experiences, the analysis indicated that there was limited service response in refugee settlements in Northern Uganda once the immediate humanitarian crisis ended. The thematic analysis indicated five main themes coming from the interviews. These included: the nature of refugee experiences of SGBV and torture, including domestic violence and child abduction and forced marriage; issues associated with service provision such as lack of adequate screening and under resourcing of health and justice services; a lack of gender sensitivity and specialist services, particularly for men; the sustained involvement of civil society organisations and local non-governmental organisations in providing counselling and offering emotional support and hope to survivors; and enhancing health and justice responses and services to improve refugee recovery, dignity and resilience. The authors recommend that integrated gendered and culturally sensitive service provision should be adopted, which brings together formal and informal health, justice services and survivor support programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Liebling
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry and Warwick Universities, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-2477-658714
| | - Hazel Barrett
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK;
| | - Lilly Artz
- Gender, Health & Justice Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa;
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Hamid ME, Reitz T, Joseph MRP, Hommel K, Mahgoub A, Elhassan MM, Buscot F, Tarkka M. Diversity and geographic distribution of soil streptomycetes with antagonistic potential against actinomycetoma-causing Streptomyces sudanensis in Sudan and South Sudan. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:33. [PMID: 32050891 PMCID: PMC7017484 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production of antibiotics to inhibit competitors affects soil microbial community composition and contributes to disease suppression. In this work, we characterized whether Streptomyces bacteria, prolific antibiotics producers, inhibit a soil borne human pathogenic microorganism, Streptomyces sudanensis. S. sudanensis represents the major causal agent of actinomycetoma - a largely under-studied and dreadful subcutaneous disease of humans in the tropics and subtropics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro S. sudanensis inhibitory potential of soil streptomycetes isolated from different sites in Sudan, including areas with frequent (mycetoma belt) and rare actinomycetoma cases of illness. RESULTS Using selective media, 173 Streptomyces isolates were recovered from 17 sites representing three ecoregions and different vegetation and ecological subdivisions in Sudan. In total, 115 strains of the 173 (66.5%) displayed antagonism against S. sudanensis with different levels of inhibition. Strains isolated from the South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion (Northern Sudan) exhibited higher inhibitory potential than those strains isolated from the East Sudanian savanna ecoregion located in the south and southeastern Sudan, or the strains isolated from the Sahelian Acacia savanna ecoregion located in central and western Sudan. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, isolates were predominantly related to Streptomyces werraensis, S. enissocaesilis, S. griseostramineus and S. prasinosporus. Three clusters of isolates were related to strains that have previously been isolated from human and animal actinomycetoma cases: SD524 (Streptomyces sp. subclade 6), SD528 (Streptomyces griseostramineus) and SD552 (Streptomyces werraensis). CONCLUSION The in vitro inhibitory potential against S. sudanensis was proven for more than half of the soil streptomycetes isolates in this study and this potential may contribute to suppressing the abundance and virulence of S. sudanensis. The streptomycetes isolated from the mycetoma free South Saharan steppe ecoregion show the highest average inhibitory potential. Further analyses suggest that mainly soil properties and rainfall modulate the structure and function of Streptomyces species, including their antagonistic activity against S. sudanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Hamid
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology/ College of Medicine, King Khalid University, PO Box 641, Abha, 61314, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Thomas Reitz
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle - Jena - Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin R P Joseph
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology/ College of Medicine, King Khalid University, PO Box 641, Abha, 61314, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kerstin Hommel
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Adil Mahgoub
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mogahid M Elhassan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle - Jena - Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mika Tarkka
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany.
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle - Jena - Leipzig, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Wharton
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Omar E Ali
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Siddiq Khalil
- University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hatim Yagoub
- Ahmed Gasim Cardiac and Renal Transplant Center, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Elias Mossialos
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK.
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Tamomh AG, Shang C, Qi X, Liu H. Antibody Affinity, Total Antibody Activity, and Protein Content to Anti-HBs Antigen Among Sudanese and Chinese Using Terminal Antibody Method. Clin Lab 2020; 65. [PMID: 31307178 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2019.181215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, HBV infection serum markers have been globally measured, and the analysis of entire an-tibody details include the affinity, total protein content and antibody activity are rarely measured between two different ethnic groups. We detected and determined the entire characteristics of anti-HBs (antibody to HBs anti-gen) among Sudanese and Chinese HBV resolved patient's using a terminal antibody (TA) method. METHOD Serum samples of Sudanese and Chinese resolved HBV infection positive anti-HBs were collected. All se-rum samples were diluted in serial dilutions (20, 40, 80, and 160 dilutions). Anti-HB markers were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antibody affinity, total protein content, and total antibody activity to anti-HBs were calculated according to the results obtained for each dilution. RESULTS The antibody affinity to HBV statistically showed higher significance among Sudanese than Chinese (p < 0.05). The total antibody activity to HBV among Sudanese was higher statistically than Chinese patients (p < 0.05). Statistically, there was a high correlation between age and antibody affinity to HBV among Sudanese compared to the Chinese group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The measurement of the antibody affinity, total antibody activity, and protein content of anti-HBs among Sudanese and Chinese, two different ethnic groups, may predict HBV infection status among African race and Asian race, and in addition, may play an important role in a high or a low incidence of the disease between different ethnicities.
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Gameraddin M, Gareeballah A, Mokhtar S, M Abuzaid M, Alhazmi F, Ali Hamad H. Characterization of Foot Mycetoma Using Sonography and Color Doppler Imaging. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:968-972. [PMID: 32700845 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.968.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mycetoma of the foot, commonly referred to as Madura foot, is a chronic granulomatous infection, which impacts vascularization of the affected region. This study aimed to evaluate foot mycetoma using Doppler and sonography techniques to identify the principle sonographic features and blood flow patterns associated with the condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional prospective single-center study conducted at the Mycetoma Research Center (MCR) in Khartoum State, Sudan. Sixty patients with Madura foot were examined using a Duplex ultrasound machine with a 7-10 MHZ linear probe. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. The distribution of demographic data was evaluated by simple descriptive statistics. Statistical tests was performed using Student's independent t-tests to compare different forms of mycetoma and Chi-square tests to examine differences in blood flow patterns between fungal (eumycetoma) and bacterial (actinomycetoma) forms of the infection. RESULTS The presence of multiple cavities and aggregated grains were more common in eumycetoma than in actinomycetoma. The echotexture was significantly more heterogeneous in eumycetoma than in actinomycetoma (p = 0.03). Eumycetoma had higher vascularity than actinomycetoma. CONCLUSION Mycetoma has characteristic sonographic features and patterns of vascularity, which are essential to differentiate between the fungal and bacterial forms of mycetoma.
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Hassan MAM, Numairy MSM, Widaa SO. Genetic Structure of Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Leishmaniasis Endemic Foci of Sudan. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:45-54. [PMID: 31930882 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.45.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains a major concern in many parts of Sudan. The disease is transmitted by Phlebotomus orientalis. The objective of this study was to determine genetic structure of Phlebotomus orientalis population from 5 geographical regions in Sudan. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 194 individual sand flies were collected from 5 geographic regions in Sudan. The field collected sand flies were analyzed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using 30 primers. RESULTS Eight hundred and 65 bands from 4 RAPD primers were analyzed for genetic variation. A higher level of intrapopulational variability was detected in populations of P. orientalis from eastern Sudan compared to those populations from central and northern Sudan. Diagnostic bands were detected in populations of P. orientalis central Sudan. Hieratical clustering analysis showed clear clustering into 2 main populations with 1 population subdivided into 4 subpopulations. However, these populations did not show any correlation with their geographical origins. Furthermore, the low genetic differentiation among subpopulations was supported by fixation index (FST) estimated by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). CONCLUSION It is concluded that the populations of P. orientalis from the selected areas in Sudan have a low genetic differentiation. However, assessment of genetic structure of P. orientalis populations is important for understanding the patterns of transmission of VL in different endemic areas.
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Fasina FO, LeRoux-Pullen L, Smith P, Debusho LK, Shittu A, Jajere SM, Adebowale O, Odetokun I, Agbaje M, Fasina MM, Fasanmi OG, van Dyk D, Abubakar MS, Onakpa MM, Ali MG, Yousuf HS, Elmgboul WE, Sirdar MM. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Associated With Antimicrobial Stewardship Among Veterinary Students: A Multi-Country Survey From Nigeria, South Africa, and Sudan. Front Public Health 2020; 8:517964. [PMID: 33194938 PMCID: PMC7609782 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.517964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In African countries, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issue remains pertinent. Despite this, little efforts have been made to assess the future veterinary prescribers on their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to antimicrobial usage. This multi-country survey attempts to explore the KAP of future veterinarians on stewardship of antimicrobial and identify knowledge gaps. Eight veterinary schools participated from Nigeria, Sudan and South Africa. Data regarding perceptions and knowledge were analyzed using Chi-square χ2 test, Spearman's (Rho) Rank order correlation and factor analysis using principal component factoring extraction method. Fifty-two percent of the study participants were final year veterinary students, respectively, and majority (77.2%) had no previous knowledge of biomedical sciences. Majority age were 22-27 years (24.7 ± 2.8) 79% and multiple career fields post-graduation were preferred. Overall, poor perceptions and knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship were observed with variations among countries and only 36.3% (n = 123) of the students were confident in their ability to choose the ideal antimicrobial agents for a specific patient/group of animals. The majority of the final year students were confident of their knowledge regarding AMR (68%), making of Gram staining (69.2%) and in choosing the most ideal route for administering a specific antimicrobial (74.7%). The final year students had significantly (p < 0.05) higher confidence level for knowledge compared with the pre-final year students. Tetracyclines, penicillins, and sulphonamides represent the three most abused veterinary antimicrobials with similar ranking across countries. South African (69.7 ± 20.5) and Sudanese (68.1 ± 15.4) had significantly (p < 0.0001) higher mean scores compared to the Nigerian students (44.3 ± 6.8) in the student's ability to correctly match some specific antimicrobials against their classes but Nigerian students performed better in ranking antimicrobials. This survey revealed poor to average knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship among veterinary students with significant knowledge gaps across the countries. It is recommended that the relevant regulatory and standardization authorities should make concerted efforts and interventions to regularly review curricula to ensure the delivery of targeted formative and normative training, and improved lectures on antimicrobial usage and stewardship in order to improve the awareness and behaviors of future prescribers. The identified knowledge gaps of veterinary medical students on antimicrobial stewardship must be bridge to safeguard the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Folorunso O. Fasina
| | - Lerica LeRoux-Pullen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Smith
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Legesse K. Debusho
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aminu Shittu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Saleh M. Jajere
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Oluwawemimo Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Reproduction, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Michael Agbaje
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Modupe M. Fasina
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Olubunmi G. Fasanmi
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Deborah van Dyk
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mohammed S. Abubakar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Monday M. Onakpa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Masaad G. Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hozaifa S. Yousuf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Albutana, Albutana, Sudan
| | | | - Mohammed M. Sirdar
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
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Woolley T, Clithero-Eridon A, Elsanousi S, Othman AB. Does a socially-accountable curriculum transform health professional students into competent, work-ready graduates? A cross-sectional study of three medical schools across three countries. Med Teach 2019; 41:1427-1433. [PMID: 31407932 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2019.1646417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Socially-accountable health professional education (SAHPE) is committed to achieving health equity through training health-workers to meet local health needs and serve disadvantaged populations. This research assesses the biomedical and socially-accountable competencies and work-readiness of first year graduates from socially-accountable medical schools in Australia, the United States and Sudan.Method: A self-administered survey to hospital and community health facility staff closely associated with the training and/or supervision of first year medical graduates from three SAHPE medical schools.Main outcome measure: Likert scale ratings of key competencies of SAHPE graduates (as a group) employed as first-year doctors, compared to first year doctors from other medical schools in that country (as a group).Findings: Supervisors rated medical graduates from the 3 SAHPE schools highly for socially-accountable competencies ('communication skills', 'teamwork', 'professionalism', 'work-readiness', 'commitment to practise in rural communities', 'commitment to practise with underserved ethnic and cultural populations'), as well as 'overall performance' and 'overall clinical skills'.Interpretation: These findings suggest SAHPE medical graduates are well regarded by their immediate hospital supervisors, and SAHPE can produce a medical workforce as competent as from more traditional medical schools, but with greater commitment to health equity, working with underserved populations, and addressing local health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torres Woolley
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Amy Clithero-Eridon
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Salwa Elsanousi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Abu-Bakr Othman
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Mohamed IN, Elseed MA, Mohamed S, Alsir A, Hamid EK, Omer IM, Elsadig SM, Gerais YM, Osman AH, Bakhiet AM, Hamed AA. Classification and management of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes in a cohort of 202 school children- a 2 year follow up study- Sudan. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:290. [PMID: 31729960 PMCID: PMC6857133 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, seizure types, and epilepsy syndromes are elucidated as per ILAE (2010) classification. A brief outline of the antiepileptic drug regimens used and the outcome of seizure control in a two -year period is presented. The applicability of the ILAE classification in resource limited countries has been revisited. METHODS This is a descriptive prospective study, in which 202 patients were enrolled. The Cohort group was seen and evaluated by a pediatric neurologist at the Pediatric neurology Outpatients Department (OPD). Epilepsy was classified using the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification (2005-2009) report. All patients had an Electroencephalogram (EEG) at the start of the study, and this was repeated as deemed appropriate. Brain imaging (MRI) was done to patients when indicated. Treatment decisions were made by pediatric neurologists. Outcomes were categorized into four groups: fully recovered, well controlled, partially controlled and uncontrolled. RESULTS The mean age is 10.5 + 2.7 years. Male to female ratio was 1.7: 1. Thirty five (17.3%) patients had generalized onset seizures, 46(22.8%) had focal onset seizures, 104(51.5%) had a specific epilepsy syndrome, and 17(8.4%) patients were unclassified. 170 (84.2%) patients were on mono-therapy on their initial visit, 30(14.8%) were on two Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) while two (1.0%) patients were on poly-therapy. After 2 years; 155(76.7%) patients were on mono-therapy, 36(17.8%) on two AEDs while ten were (4.0%) on polytherapy. One eighty (88.2%) patients were controlled. Fifteen (7.4%) of them were off medication after being seizure free for 2 years. Twenty (9.8%) have partial control, while two (1.0%) patients were uncontrolled. Patients with focal epilepsy, those on polytherapy and those with abnormal imaging had poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS The ILAE classification can be used in resource limited countries. Childhood epilepsies have a good prognosis provided they are well classified and treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaam N. Mohamed
- Neurology Division, Department of pediatrics and Child Health Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
- Neurology Unit, Gafer Ibn Auf Specialized Hospital for Children, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Maha A. Elseed
- Neurology Division, Department of pediatrics and Child Health Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
- Neurology Unit, Gafer Ibn Auf Specialized Hospital for Children, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Somia Mohamed
- Neurology Unit, Gafer Ibn Auf Specialized Hospital for Children, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ali Alsir
- Neurology Unit, Soba University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Emtinan K. Hamid
- Department of community, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ilham M. Omer
- Neurology Division, Department of pediatrics and Child Health Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
- Neurology Unit, Soba University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sara M. Elsadig
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Abdelgadir H. Osman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Aisha M. Bakhiet
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahlam A. Hamed
- Neurology Division, Department of pediatrics and Child Health Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan
- Neurology Unit, Soba University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
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Mohamed KG, Hunskaar S, Abdelrahman SH, Malik EM. Impact on core values of family medicine from a 2-year Master's programme in Gezira, Sudan: observational study. BMC Fam Pract 2019; 20:145. [PMID: 31660866 PMCID: PMC6816210 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-019-1037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training of family physicians should include not only clinical and procedural skills, but also core values as comprehensive care, continuity of care, leadership and patient-centeredness. The Gezira Family Medicine Project (GFMP) is a 2 years Master's programme in family medicine in Sudan. We assessed the impact of GFMP on the candidates' adherence to some core values of family medicine. METHODS This is a prospective study with before-after design based on repeated surveys. We used Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS) to assess physicians' attitude towards patient-centeredness. Practice based data from individual patients' consultations and self-assessment methods were used to assess physicians' adherence to core values. RESULTS At the end of the programme the candidates (N = 110) were significantly more active in community health promotion (p < 0.001), more confident as a team leader (p = 0.008), and showed increased adherence to national guidelines for managing diabetes (p = 0.017) and hypertension (p = 0.003). The responding candidates had more knowledge about patients' medical history (p < 0.001), family history (p < 0.001) and family situation (p < 0.001). There were more planned follow up consultations (p < 0.001) and more referrals (p = 0.040). In contrast, results from PPOS showed slightly less orientation towards patient-centeredness (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS The GFMP Master's programme induced a positive change in adherence to several core values of family medicine. The candidates became less patient-centered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Gaffer Mohamed
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Medina, University of Taibah, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steinar Hunskaar
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Gezira, Medani, Sudan
- National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Elfatih Mohamed Malik
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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143
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Hamad KM, Sabry MM, Elgayed SH, El Shabrawy AR, El-Fishawy AM, Abdel Jaleel GA. Anti-inflammatory and phytochemical evaluation of Combretum aculeatum Vent growing in Sudan. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 242:112052. [PMID: 31265886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Combretum aculeatum Vent was traditionally used in Sudan, Eretria and Ethiopia as anti-inflammatory in case of skin inflammation, catarrh, wounds, scorpion stings and snake bites. Nevertheless, there is no scientific information regarding this activity. AIM OF STUDY The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and the scientific basis for the traditional use of Combretum aculeatum Vent through studying its anti-inflammatory properties for the first time to illustrate the putative mechanisms behind this bioactivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS the ethanolic extract was partitioned by petroleum ether, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol saturated with water. The petroleum ether fraction was saponified and the saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions were analyzed on GC/MS. The different fractions were subjected to phytochemical investigation to isolate pure compounds. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated using carrageenan induced rat paws edema method at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg and proved based on histopathological and biochemical parameters. RESULTS Five known compounds were isolated for the first time from the aerial parts of Combretum aculeatum Vent: quercetin, vitexin, isorhamnetin 3-O-β-glucoside, isovitexin and rutin, in addition to two previously isolated ones: β-sitosterol and its glucoside. The ethanolic extract evidenced in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity by oral intake of 400 mg/kg of the ethanolic extract significantly (P ≥ 0.05) decreased the paw edema (only 32±1.9% increase in paw weight after 4 h) compared to indomethacin (28.6±2.5%). Moreover, it significantly suppressed the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and increased the GSH to be 11.76±0.85, 5.13±0.62 μmol/mL and 5.66±0.28 μM/mL, respectively. It diminished the serum cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β levels to be 39.1±1.2, 32.6±1.1 and 37.5±1.2 pg/mL, respectively. Results are accompanied by histopathological examination. CONCLUSION Overall, the results herein presented significant anti-inflammatory properties traditionally ascribed to Combretum aculeatum Vent. Moreover, the biochemical mechanisms associated to this action were highlighted, introducing new prospects for the development of effective anti-inflammatory herbal medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Hamad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Manal M Sabry
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Sabah H Elgayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | | | - Ahlam M El-Fishawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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144
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Abdalazim Hassan H, Abd Alla AB, Elfaki TEM, Saad MBEA. Frequencies of gastrointestinal parasites among students of primary school in Al Kalakla Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2019; 8:1719. [PMID: 32913632 PMCID: PMC7459890 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20610.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intestinal parasite spread in tropical countries is especially common among primary school students. This study aimed to determine the frequencies of the intestinal parasite by different techniques among school students in Alkalakla locality, Khartoum state. Methods: This study was conducted in school students in Al-kalakla locality in Khartoum state from period between 20th December 2016 to 5th May 2017. Stool samples were collected from 134 randomly selected students, of whom 67 were males and 67 were females. All samples were examined using the wet preparation technique, formal ether concentration technique and saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The frequency of intestinal parasites was 35.5% overall in the students examined; females were more affected than males (38.8% and 32.8%, respectively). The more affected age groups were 12-14 years followed by 9-11 and 6-8 years old (53.8%, 36.3% and 26.4% respectively). The least frequent intestinal parasite was Taenia spp. (1.5%) followed by Giardia lamblia (3.7%), Schistosoma mansoni and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.2% each), Entamoeba coli (7.5%), Hymenolepis nana (10.4%), and Entamoeba histolytica (16.4%). In total, 20.9% were infected with single parasite while 14.9% were infected with more than one parasite. The frequency of parasite by formal ether concentration method was 35.8 %, by wet preparation method was 17.9 % and by the saturated sugar flotation method was 16.4%. Conclusion: Our data showed that intestinal parasites were common in school students; however, females were more affected than males and the 12-14-years age group was the most affected age group. The formal ether concentration method was the best method for detecting of intestinal parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Abdalazim Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Bakheet Abd Alla
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Tayseer Elamin Mohamed Elfaki
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Mohammed Baha Eldin Ahmed Saad
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Omdurman Ahlia University, Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
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145
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Abdalazim Hassan H, Abd Alla AB, Elfaki TEM, Saad MBEA. Frequencies of gastrointestinal parasites among students of primary school in Al Kalakla Locality, Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2019; 8:1719. [PMID: 32913632 PMCID: PMC7459890 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20610.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intestinal parasite spread in tropical countries is especially common among primary school students. This study aimed to determine the frequencies of the intestinal parasite by different techniques among school students in Alkalakla locality, Khartoum state. Methods: This study was conducted in school students in Al-kalakla locality in Khartoum state from period between 20th December 2016 to 5th May 2017. Stool samples were collected from 134 randomly selected students, of whom 67 were males and 67 were females. All samples were examined using the wet preparation technique, formal ether concentration technique and saturated sugar floatation technique. Results: The frequency of intestinal parasites was 35.5% overall in the students examined; females were more affected than males (38.8% and 32.8%, respectively). The more affected age groups were 12-14 years followed by 9-11 and 6-8 years old (53.8%, 36.3% and 26.4% respectively). The least frequent intestinal parasite was Taenia spp. (1.5%) followed by Giardia lamblia (3.7%), Schistosoma mansoni and Ascaris lumbricoides (5.2% each), Entamoeba coli (7.5%), Hymenolepis nana (10.4%), and Entamoeba histolytica (16.4%). In total, 20.9% were infected with single parasite while 14.9% were infected with more than one parasite. The frequency of parasite by formal ether concentration method was 35.8 %, by wet preparation method was 17.9 % and by the saturated sugar flotation method was 16.4%. Conclusion: Our data showed that intestinal parasites were common in school students; however, females were more affected than males and the 12-14-years age group was the most affected age group. The formal ether concentration method was the best method for detecting of intestinal parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Abdalazim Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Ahmed Bakheet Abd Alla
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Tayseer Elamin Mohamed Elfaki
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Mohammed Baha Eldin Ahmed Saad
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, College of Medical Laboratory Science, Omdurman Ahlia University, Khartoum, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
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146
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Alaagib NA, Musa OA, Saeed AM. Comparison of the effectiveness of lectures based on problems and traditional lectures in physiology teaching in Sudan. BMC Med Educ 2019; 19:365. [PMID: 31547817 PMCID: PMC6757398 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lectures are one of the most common teaching methods in medical education. Didactic lectures were perceived by the students as the least effective method. Teaching methods that encourage self-directed learning can be effective in delivering core knowledge leading to increased learning. Problem based learning has been introduced as an active way of learning but it has some obstacles in developing countries where the intake is huge with minimum resources. This study introduces a new teaching approach: lectures based on problems (LBP) and evaluates their effectiveness compared to traditional lectures (TL) in physiology teaching. METHODS LBP and TL were applied in physiology teaching of medical students at University of Science and Technology during their study of introduction to physiology and respiratory physiology courses. Equal number of lectures was given as LBP and as TL in each course. Students were given quizzes at the end of each course which were used to compare the effectiveness of the two types of lectures. A questionnaire was used to assess students' satisfaction about LBP and the perceived effects of the two methods on the students' attitude and practice towards learning physiology. RESULTS In LBP the students have better attention (P = 0.002) and more active role (P = 0.003) than in TL. Higher percentage of students think that LBP stimulated them to use references more (P = 0.00006) and to use the lecture time more effectively (P = 0.0001) compared to TL. However, there was no significant difference between LBP and TL in the awareness of the learning objectives. About 64% of students think that LBP is more enjoyable and it improved their understanding of physiology concepts. Comparison of the students' quiz marks showed that the means of the students' marks in the introduction to physiology and respiratory courses were higher in the quizzes of LBP than in TL with a significant difference between them ((P = .000), (P = .006) respectively. CONCLUSIONS LBP improved students' understanding of physiology concepts and increased students' satisfaction about physiology learning. LBP achieved some of the objectives of PBL with the minimum resources and it can be used to improve the effectiveness of the lectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Abdelaziz Musa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The National Ribat University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amal Mahmoud Saeed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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147
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Elbasheer MMA, Alkhidir AGA, Mohammed SMA, Abbas AAH, Mohamed AO, Bereir IM, Abdalazeez HR, Noma M. Spatial distribution of breast cancer in Sudan 2010-2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211085. [PMID: 31525202 PMCID: PMC6746353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females worldwide including Sudan. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of breast cancer in Sudan. MATERIALS AND METHODS A facility based cross-sectional study was implemented in eighteen histopathology laboratories distributed in the three localities of Khartoum State on a sample of 4630 Breast Cancer cases diagnosed during the period 2010-2016. A master database was developed through Epi InfoTM 7.1.5.2 for computerizing the data collected: the facility name, type (public or private), and its geo-location (latitude and longitude). Personal data on patients were extracted from their respective medical records (name, age, marital status, ethnic group, state, locality, administrative unit, permanent address and phone number, histopathology diagnosis). The data was summarized through SPSS to generate frequency tables for estimating prevalence and the geographical information system (ArcGIS 10.3) was used to generate the epidemiological distribution maps. ArcGIS 10.3 spatial analysis features were used to develop risk maps based on the kriging method. RESULTS Breast cancer prevalence was 3.9 cases per 100,000 female populations. Of the 4423 cases of breast cancer, invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST) was the most frequent (79.5%, 3517/4423) histopathological diagnosis. The spatial analysis indicated as high risk areas for breast cancer in Sudan the States of Nile River, Northern, Red Sea, White Nile, Northern and Southern Kordofan. CONCLUSIONS The attempt to develop a predictive map of breast cancer in Sudan revealed three levels of risk areas (risk, intermediate and high risk areas); regardless the risk level, appropriate preventive and curative health interventions with full support from decision makers are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aisha Osman Mohamed
- Department of Histopathology & Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Mounkaila Noma
- University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
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148
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Whitmore KM, Buzon MR. Two cases of skeletal dysplasia from New Kingdom (c. 1400-1050 BCE) Tombos, Sudan. Int J Paleopathol 2019; 26:135-144. [PMID: 31377579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This project investigates two cases of skeletal dysplasia from archaeological excavations of the New Kingdom Period (c. 1400-1050 BCE) portion of the Tombos cemetery in Sudan. MATERIALS Fair to well-preserved skeletal remains of two individuals, one adult and one juvenile, are examined here. METHODS All available skeletal elements were analyzed macroscopically. A differential diagnosis was conducted for each individual. RESULTS The adult individual, U36.Sh2.B10, displays bilateral mesomelic dysplasia and Madelung's deformity. The juvenile individual, U36.Sh2.B5, also displays bilateral mesomelic dysplasia and characteristics associated with Madelung's deformity. CONCLUSIONS A differential diagnosis of Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) is suggested for the adult female individual (U36.Sh2.B10). The second case (U36.Sh2.B5) is an approximately three to five-year-old individual and is difficult to diagnose given the young age; however, LWD remains the most likely diagnosis. SIGNIFICANCE There are few cases of LWD in the paleopathological literature, and fewer still of juveniles. The cases described are useful examples in expanding research demonstrating the variability in the expression of skeletal dysplasias in juveniles and adults. LIMITATIONS Taphonomic alterations and fragmentation of the crania and portions of the postcrania limited the observation of the full suite of characteristics associated with skeletal dysplasias. U36.Sh2.B5 is difficult to diagnose given the individual's young age and the possibility that this individual had not yet developed the more observable characteristics associated with these conditions. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Researchers are encouraged to continue examining the range of expression of skeletal dysplasias in juveniles and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Whitmore
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, 700 W. State Street, Suite 219, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Michele R Buzon
- Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, 700 W. State Street, Suite 219, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Siddig EE, Mohammed Edris AM, Bakhiet SM, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH. Interleukin-17 and matrix metalloprotease-9 expression in the mycetoma granuloma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007351. [PMID: 31295246 PMCID: PMC6622479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycetoma is a persistent, progressive granulomatous inflammatory disease caused either by fungi or by bacteria. Characteristic of this disease is that the causative agents organise themselves in macroscopic structures called grains. These grains are surrounded by a massive inflammatory reaction. The processes leading to this host tissue reaction and the immunophenotypic characteristics of the mycetoma granuloma are not known. Due to the massive immune reaction and the tissue remodeling involved, we hypothesised that the expression levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) in the mycetoma granuloma formation were correlated to the severity of the disease and that this correlation was independent of the causative agent responsible for the granuloma reaction. To determine the expression of IL-17 and MMP-9 in mycetoma lesions, the present study was conducted at the Mycetoma Research Centre, Sudan. Surgical biopsies from 100 patients with confirmed mycetoma were obtained, and IL-17 and MMP-9 expression in the mycetoma granuloma were evaluated immunohistochemically. IL-17 was mainly expressed in Zones I and II, and far less in Zone III. MMP-9 was detected mainly in Zones II and III, and the least expression was in Zone I. MMP-9 was more highly expressed in Actinomadura pelletierii and Streptomyces somaliensis biopsies compared to Madurella mycetomatis biopsies. MMP-9 levels were directly proportional to the levels of IL-17 (p = 0.001). The only significant association between MMP9 and the patients' characteristics was the disease duration (p<0.001). There was an insignificant correlation between the IL-17 levels and the patients' demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
- The Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- ErasmusMC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Wendy W. J. van de Sande
- ErasmusMC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Schüttoff T, Adam A, Reiche S, Jassoy C. Enhancing the concordance of two commercial dengue IgG ELISAs by exchange of the calibrator sample. J Clin Virol 2019; 118:1-5. [PMID: 31301516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue IgG testing is being recommended before dengue vaccination. Presently, the diagnostic method of choice is the dengue IgG ELISA. OBJECTIVE Determine the test performance and concordance of two commercial dengue IgG ELISA kits. STUDY DESIGN A diagnostic study to examine the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and concordance of the Panbio Dengue Indirect IgG ELISA kit and the NovaLisa Dengue IgG ELISA kit. Sera (483) were from dengue-endemic regions in Sudan. Test performance characteristics were determined when tests were performed as indicated in the test kits and when the Panbio calibrator sample was used for both tests. RESULTS The sensitivity of the Panbio and the NovaLisa ELISA was 91.1% and 99.0% and the specificity was 79.4% and 50.9%. The Panbio test was slightly more accurate (87.5% compared with 84.0%). Quantitative measurement readings of the tests correlated. The calibrator samples gave different cutoff values. Replacing the NovaLisa cutoff sample with the Panbio calibrator sample raised the accuracy of the NovaLisa assay to 88% and increased the concordance of the tests from 82.8 to 93%. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that the two dengue IgG ELISAs differed clearly in sensitivity and specificity and gave discordant results for 17.2% of the sera. For the most part the discrepancy depended on the calibrator sample. The findings indicate that an optimized dengue IgG calibrator standard can enhance accuracy and concordance of commercial dengue ELISAs. An optimized standard calibrator would make dengue IgG seroprevalence testing more reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Schüttoff
- Institute for Virology, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Awadalkareem Adam
- Institute for Virology, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Reiche
- Institute for Virology, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Virology, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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