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Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent hypothalamic orexigenic peptide. Within the hypothalamus, Npy is primarily expressed in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). While the actions of ARC NPY in energy balance control have been well studied, a role for DMH NPY is still being unraveled. In contrast to ARC NPY that serves as one of downstream mediators of actions of leptin in maintaining energy homeostasis, DMH NPY is not under the control of leptin. Npy gene expression in the DMH is regulated by brain cholecystokinin (CCK) and other yet to be identified molecules. The findings of DMH NPY overexpression or induction in animals with increased energy demands and in certain rodent models of obesity implicate a role for DMH NPY in maintaining energy homeostasis. In support of this view, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of NPY in the DMH causes increases in food intake and body weight and exacerbates high-fat diet-induced hyperphagia and obesity. Knockdown of NPY in the DMH via AAV-mediated RNAi ameliorates hyperphagia, obesity and glucose intolerance of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats in which DMH NPY overexpression has been proposed to play a causal role. NPY knockdown in the DMH also prevents high-fat diet-induced hyperphagia, obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis. A detailed examination of actions of DMH NPY reveals that DMH NPY specifically affects nocturnal meal size and produces an inhibitory action on within meal satiety signals. In addition, DMH NPY modulates energy expenditure likely through affecting brown adipocyte formation and thermogenic activity. Overall, the recent findings provide clear evidence demonstrating critical roles for DMH NPY in energy balance control, and also imply a potential role for DMH NPY in maintaining glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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152
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Bi S, Ji L, Wang Z. Robot-aided sensorimotor arm training methods based on neurological rehabilitation principles in stroke and brain injury patients. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2005:5025-7. [PMID: 17281374 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1615604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We developed the upper extremity compound movements (UECM) rehabilitation training robot and designed straight-line paths tracking and circle paths tracking exercise based on neurological rehabilitation principles. Rehabilitative exercises should be on hand paths rather than on individual joints. robot can guide patients during forward reaching movements. The exterior oriented circle movement performed the coactivation of shoulder abductors with elbow extensors and the coactivation of shoulder adductors with elbow flexors at most of tracks against the stereotypic movement pattern in stroke and brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (e-mail: )
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153
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Wen SR, Qi HP, Ren YJ, Liu GJ, Gong FC, Zhong H, Bi S. Expression of δNp73 in hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice following GFP-BMSCs transplantation. Neurol Res 2012; 33:1109-14. [PMID: 22196765 DOI: 10.1179/1743132811y.0000000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of hippocampal bone marrow stromal cells (GFP-BMSCs) transplantation on spatial memory and DeltaNp73 expression in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. METHODS Twelve APP/PS1 transgenic mice randomly received either 10 μl GFP-BMSCs suspension in medium (GFP-BMSCs transplantation group) or 10 μl complete medium (sham-operated group). Learning and memory function of mice in both groups were observed and tested in Morris water maze experiment at 2 weeks after surgery. Senile plaques and DeltaNp73 protein in hippocampuses were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blot at 3 weeks after surgery, respectively. RESULTS APP/PS1 mice treated with BMSCs performed significantly better on the water maze test than those in sham-operated group (P<0·05). Immunohistochemistry showed that GFP-BMSCs distributed uniformly and the number of Alzheimer's senile plaques reduced after transplantation. Western blot showed that quantified DeltaNp73 protein expression was significantly higher in BMSCs transplantation group when compared with sham-operated group (P<0·01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that BMSCs transplatation could retard Alzheimer's disease (AD) like pathology and upregulate DeltaNp73 expression in hippocampuses of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. GFP-BMSCs transplantation will be a potential treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rong Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
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154
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Kinzig KP, Scott KA, Hyun J, Bi S, Moran TH. Altered Hypothalamic Signaling and Responses to Food Deprivation in Rats Fed a Low-Carbohydrate Diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:1672-82. [PMID: 16286514 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To model how consuming a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet influences food intake and body weight. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Food intake and body weight were monitored in rats with access to chow (CH), LC-high-fat (HF), or HF diets. After 8 weeks, rats received intracerebroventricular injections of a melanocortin agonist (melanotan-II) and antagonist (SHU9119), and feeding responses were measured. At sacrifice, plasma hormones and hypothalamic expression of mRNA for proopiomelanocortin (POMC), melanocortin-4 receptor, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and agouti related protein (AgRP) were assessed. A second set of rats had access to diet (chow or LC-HF) for 4 weeks followed by 24 h food deprivation on two occasions, after which food intake and hypothalamic POMC, NPY, and AgRP mRNA expression were measured. RESULTS HF rats consumed more food and gained more weight than rats on CH or LC-HF diets. Despite similar intakes and weight gains, LC-HF rats had increased adiposity relative to CH rats. LC-HF rats were more sensitive to melanotan-II and less sensitive to SHU9119. LC-HF rats had increased plasma leptin and ghrelin levels and decreased insulin levels, and patterns of NPY and POMC mRNA expression were consistent with those of food-deprived rats. LC-HF rats did not show rebound hyperphagia after food deprivation, and levels NPY, POMC, and AgRP mRNA expression were not affected by deprivation. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate that an LC diet influences multiple systems involved in the controls of food intake and body weight. These data also suggest that maintenance on an LC-HF diet affects food intake by reducing compensatory responses to food deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Kinzig
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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155
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Qi HP, Wei SQ, Zhang LQ, Gao XC, Yu NN, Bi S, Cui H. Preventive effect of danshensu on selenite-induced cataractogenesis in cultured rat lens. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 41:172-9. [PMID: 22712555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the preventive effect of danshensu on the selenite-induced opacification of cultured rat lenses. METHODS Isolated lens were divided into three groups with eight lenses in each group. Group I: lenses were incubated with M199 medium alone; Group II: incubated in M199 containing 200 µmol/L sodium selenite; Group III: incubated in M199 containing 200 µmol/L sodium selenite and 500 µmol/L danshensu. Selenite was administered on the third day, and danshensu treatment was from the second to the fifth day. Cataracts development was observed using an inverted microscope, and the lenses were analysed for total anti-oxidative capabilities, mean activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase; levels of reduced glutathione; malondialdehyde; and total sulfhydryl content. RESULTS All lenses in Group I were clear, whereas all lenses in Group II developed dense vacuolization and opacification. In Group III, 25% lenses revealed minimal vacuolization, and 75% showed no opacification or vacuolization. Total anti-oxidative capabilities and the mean activities of anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase; levels of glutathione; and total sulfhydryl content were elevated, and the level of malondialdehyde was decreased following treatment with danshensu compared with Group II. CONCLUSION The anti-oxidative properties of danshensu may play a major role in its contribution to the anticataract effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Qi
- Departments of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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156
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Huang Y, Wiradharma N, Xu K, Ji Z, Bi S, Li L, Yang YY, Fan W. Cationic amphiphilic alpha-helical peptides for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8841-7. [PMID: 22925814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, in particular Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a critical clinical problem worldwide. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have received increasing attention due to their ability to overcome multidrug-resistant microbes. We recently reported that cysteine-functionalized alpha-helical peptides LLKKLLKKC and CLLKKLLKKC effectively eradicated Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. In this study, the antibacterial properties of these peptides against carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates of A. baumannii were studied both in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the peptides against 20 clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii were determined in comparison with imipenem. The results showed that the A. baumannii isolates were more susceptible to (LLKK)(2)C than to C(LLKK)(2)C in vitro, and 90% of the 20 tested strains had an MIC of lower than or equal to 36.8 and 63.1 μmol/L, respectively. However, the bactericidal effect of C(LLKK)(2)C was much faster than that of (LLKK)(2)C. Furthermore, these peptides also showed excellent potency in mouse models of peritonitis and pneumonia infections caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. Importantly, both peptides had a high therapeutic index (>25), but caused no significant adverse effects on the liver and kidney functions and the balance of electrolytes in the blood. These peptides can be a promising alternative treatment modality to traditional antibiotics for nosocomial bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, especially carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Huang
- Program of Innovative Therapeutics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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157
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Qi HP, Bi S, Wei SQ, Cui H, Zhao JB. Intravitreal versus subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection for diabetic macular edema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:1136-47. [PMID: 22793880 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.705412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of intravitreal (IV) triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) versus subtenon (ST) triamcinolone acetonide (STTA) injection for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS Searches for randomized clinical trials published between 1 January 1950 and 15 March 2011 were conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library included in the present meta-analysis are five randomized controlled trials, each with a minimum follow-up of 3 mo. All included studies evaluated the efficacy of TA for the treatment of refractory DME, and compared IVTA with STTA by measuring visual acuity (VA), central macular thickness (CMT), and intraocular pressure (IOP). RESULTS One mo post-injection, treatment with IVTA had significantly improved VA (MD, -0.14 logMAR; 95% CI = -0.16 to -0.13) and reduced CMT (MD = -174.02 μm; 95% CI = -249.97 to -98.08) compared with STTA. At 3 mo post-injection, treatment with IVTA had significantly improved VA (MD = -0.07 logMAR; 95% CI = -0.09 to -0.05) and reduced CMT (MD = -119.46 μm; 95% CI = -176.55 to -62.36) compared with STTA. The benefits of either treatment were no longer significant at 6 mo, and patients had to be retreated. Compared with STTA, IVTA injections produced no difference in IOPs at 1 mo, higher IOPs at 3 mo, and lower IOP values at 6 months CONCLUSIONS Within 3 mo, IVTA is more effective than is STTA in improving VA and reducing CMT in patients with refractory DME. However, the benefits of either regimen were no longer evident at 6 mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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158
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Abstract
Associations between interleukin 6 (IL-6) polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain controversial and ambiguous. The aim of this meta-analysis is to explore more precise estimations for the relationship between IL-6-174 G/C and -572 C/G polymorphisms and risk for AD. Electronic searches for all publications in databases PubMed and EMBASE were conducted on the associations between IL-6 polymorphisms and risk for AD until January 2012. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed and random effects models. Twenty-seven studies were included with a total of 19,135 individuals, involving 6,632 AD patients and 12,503 controls. For IL-6-174 G/C polymorphism, the combined results showed significant differences in recessive model (CC vs. CG+GG: OR = 0.65, 95%CI = 0.52-0.82). As regards IL-6-572 C/G polymorphism, significant associations were shown in dominant model (CG+GG vs. CC: OR= 0.73, 95% CI = 0.62-0.86) and in additive model (GG vs. CC, OR= 0.66, 95% CI = 0.46-0.96). In conclusion, genotype CC of IL-6-174 G/C and genotype GG plus GC of IL-6-572 C/G could decrease the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Qu
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Rong Duan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Qin Wei
- Perinatal Epidemiology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shi-Rong Wen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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159
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Bi S, Wang ZX, Yang DY. [Correction of vermilion border malformation with a sliding subcutaneous pedicle flap]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012; 47:127-8. [PMID: 22490254 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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160
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Wen SR, Liu GJ, Feng RN, Gong FC, Zhong H, Duan SR, Bi S. Increased levels of IL-23 and osteopontin in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 244:94-6. [PMID: 22329905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) and interleukin-23 (IL-23) are pro-inflammatory cytokines proposed to play central roles to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of OPN, IL-23 and other inflammatory cytokines and investigate their relationships in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with MS. Fifty one MS patients and 48 patients with non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND) were recruited from clinic. The levels of OPN, IL-23, IL-17, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in serum and CSF were determined in each participant. Compared with NIND group, MS patients had significantly elevated levels of OPN, IL-23, IL-17 and TNF-alpha in CSF, and elevated levels of IL-23, IL-17 and TNF-alpha in serum (All P<0.001). In MS patients, OPN and IL-23 were positively correlated with IL-17 (r=0.302, P=0.019; r=0.417, P=0.001, respectively); and IL-23 was positively correlated with EDSS (r=0.329, P=0.019). Both OPN and IL-23 may play pivotal role in development of MS and might be specific markers and therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rong Wen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
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161
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Qi HP, Wei SQ, Gao XC, Yu NN, Hu WZ, Bi S, Cui H. Ursodeoxycholic acid prevents selenite-induced oxidative stress and alleviates cataract formation: In vitro and in vivo studies. Mol Vis 2012; 18:151-60. [PMID: 22275806 PMCID: PMC3265174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antioxidative and anticataractogenic potential effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on selenite-induced cataract in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Enucleated rat lenses were incubated in M199 medium alone (Group I), with 200 μM selenite (Group II), or with 200 μM selenite and 500 μM UDCA (Group III). Selenite was administered on the third day and UDCA treatment was from the second to the fifth day. The development of cataracts was observed under an inverted microscope. Total antioxidative capabilities (T-AOC), mean activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total sulfhydryl content were analyzed in lenticular samples. In vivo, cataracts were induced in 12-day-old pups by single subcutaneous injections of sodium selenite. The test groups received 180 mg/kg bodyweight/day of UDCA intraperitoneally on postpartum days 11-16 or 0.5% UDCA drops four times daily on postpartum days 11-25. RESULTS In vitro, morphological examination of the lenses revealed dense vacuolization and opacification in Group II, minimal vacuolization in 12.5% of Group III, and no opacification in 87.5% of Group III. In Group I, all lenses were clear. UDCA significantly (p<0.05) restored GSH and total sulfhydryl, and decreased MDA levels. T-AOC and the mean activities of the antioxidant enzymes were elevated following treatment with UDCA. In vivo, 0.5% UDCA drops resulted in only 20% nuclear cataract development and 180 mg/kg of UDCA intraperitoneally led to 50% development, compared to 100% in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS UDCA prevents selenite toxicity and cataractogenesis by maintaining antioxidant status and GSH, protecting the sulfhydryl group, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ping Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Qin Wei
- Perinatal Epidemiology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xiang-Chun Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan-Nan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan-Zhen Hu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sheng Bi
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Sheng JF, Li JJ, Tu S, Sheng ZK, Bi S, Zhu MH, Shen XM, Li LJ. blaKPC and rmtB on a single plasmid in Enterobacter amnigenus and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from the same patient. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:1585-91. [PMID: 22237458 PMCID: PMC3364413 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter amnigenus (EA76) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP76) isolates with multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns were identified from the same patient in the neurosurgery department of our hospital. An outbreak of MDR K. pneumoniae had also occurred in this department. To characterize the resistance mechanism and molecular epidemiology of these isolates, sequential experiments including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), plasmid analysis, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed. EA76 and KP76 were resistant to all of the antibiotics tested, except colistin and tigecycline. blaKPC-2, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-14, and rmtB genes were identified in both isolates, with blaKPC-2, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-14, and rmtB being co-carried on one plasmid in each isolate. Further analysis showed different restriction patterns between the two KPC-carrying plasmids. Of the 11 carbapenem-resistant isolates found in the outbreak, all were resistant to all of the β-lactams tested, with 63.64% (7/11) also exhibiting resistance to aminoglycosides and 72.73% (8/11) exhibiting resistance to quinolones. PCR analysis and molecular typing of the 11 K. pneumoniae strains revealed that the seven aminoglycoside-resistant isolates shared the same antibiotic-resistant gene pattern and identical or one-band-difference PFGE profiles relative to KP76. In addition, all of the eight aminoglycoside-resistant isolates, including KP76, belonged to the national epidemic clone ST11. The overall results indicate the emergence of E. amnigenus and outbreak of ST11 K. pneumoniae, with both co-harboring blaKPC and rmtB genes on a single plasmid in our neurosurgery wards.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Li JJ, Sheng ZK, Tu S, Bi S, Shen XM, Sheng JF. Acute brucellosis with myelodysplastic syndrome presenting as pancytopenia and Fever of unknown origin. Med Princ Pract 2012; 21:183-5. [PMID: 22133749 DOI: 10.1159/000333698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a rare case of brucellosis with myelo-dysplastic syndrome (MDS). CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION A 70-year-old woman presented with pancytopenia and fever of unknown origin (FUO). The initial diagnosis was brucellosis; the woman was treated with doxycycline and rifampin against Brucella melitensis but was later diagnosed as suffering from MDS. She was immediately transferred to the Department of Hematology for further evaluation. CONCLUSION This study highlights the rarity of brucellosis with MDS, and we recommend that brucellosis with MDS be considered in patients presenting with pancytopenia and FUO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Li X, Tamashiro KLK, Liu Z, Bello NT, Wang X, Aja S, Bi S, Ladenheim EE, Ross CA, Moran TH, Smith WW. A novel obesity model: synphilin-1-induced hyperphagia and obesity in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 36:1215-21. [PMID: 22158267 PMCID: PMC3439552 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aims The pathogenesis of obesity remains incompletely understood and the exploration of the role of novel proteins in obesity may provide important insights into its causes and treatments. Here we report a previously unidentified role for synphilin-1 in the controls of food intake and body weight. Synphilin-1, a cytoplasmic protein, was initially identified as an interaction partner of alpha-synuclein, and has implications in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis related to protein aggregation. Subjects and methods To study the in vivo role of synphilin-1, we characterized a human synphilin-1 transgenic mouse (SP1) by assessing synphilin-1 expression, plasma parameters, food intake and spontaneous activity to determine the major behavioral changes and their consequences in the development of the obesity phenotype. Results Expression of human synphilin-1 in brain neurons in SP1 mice resulted in increased food intake, body weight and body fat. SP1 mice also displayed hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Pair-feeding SP1 mice to amounts consumed by non-transgenic mice prevented the increased body weight, adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia demonstrating that these were all the consequences of increased food intake. Transgenic expression of synphilin-1 was enriched in hypothalamic nuclei involved in feeding control, and fasting induced elevated endogenous synphilin-1 levels at these sites, suggesting that synphilin-1 is an important player in the hypothalamic energy balance regulatory system. Conclusion These studies identify a novel function of synphilin-1 in controlling food intake and body weight, and may provide a unique obesity model for future studies of obesity pathogenesis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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165
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Zhu G, Yan J, Smith WW, Moran TH, Bi S. Roles of dorsomedial hypothalamic cholecystokinin signaling in the controls of meal patterns and glucose homeostasis. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:234-41. [PMID: 21871472 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A role for dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) cholecystokinin (CCK) signaling in feeding control has been proposed. Administration of CCK into the DMH reduces food intake and OLETF rats lacking CCK1 receptors (CCK1R) become hyperphagic and obese. We hypothesized that site specific replenishment of CCK1R in the DMH of OLETF rats would attenuate aspects of their feeding deficits. Recombinant vectors of adeno-associated viral (AAV)-mediated expression of CCK1R (AAVCCK1R) were bilaterally delivered into the DMH of OLETF. OLETF rats with AAVCCK1R injections demonstrated a 65% replenishment of Cck1r mRNA expression in the DMH relative to lean LETO control rats. Although this level of replenishment did not significantly affect overall food intake or body weight through 14 weeks following viral injections, meal patterns were partially normalized in OLETF rats receiving AAVCCK1R with a significant decrease in dark cycle meal size and a small but significant decrease in daily food intake in the meal analysis chambers. Importantly, the elevation in blood glucose level of OLETF rats was attenuated by the AAVCCK1R injections (p=0.03), suggesting a role for DMH CCK signaling in glucose homeostasis. In support of this role, administration of CCK into the DMH of intact rats enhanced glucose tolerance, as this occurred through activation of CCK1R but not CCK2R signaling. In conclusion, partial replenishment of CCK1R in the DMH of OLETF rats, although insufficient for altering overall food intake and body weight, normalizes meal pattern changes and reduces blood glucose levels. Our study also shows a novel role of DMH CCK signaling in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjing Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
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166
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Bi S, Fan J, Dong J, Liu Q. An unusual cause of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2011; 16:267-269. [PMID: 21677620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis caused by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is uncommon. Our case is a 44-year-old woman who presented with a 2 day history of headaches, nausea, and seizures followed by a Todd`s paresis; she had been diagnosed as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria for 4 years. A magnetic resonance venography revealed extensive thrombosis of the cerebral venous sinus. She received antithrombotic treatment with a good outcome. We highlight paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria as the reason for the cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. The treatment of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis caused by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria should be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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167
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Bi S, Scott K, Chao P, Kim Y, De La Serre C, Moran T. Viral-mediated overexpression of NPY in the dorsomedial hypothalamus causes hyperphagia and obesity in Sprague Dawley rats. Appetite 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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168
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Chai LL, Cao C, Zhao SW, Li SR, Bi S, Gan L. [Modulatory effect of Rac1 protein on epidermal stem cells migration during wound healing]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2011; 27:205-209. [PMID: 21781463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate modulatory role of Rac1 protein in epidermal stem cell (ESC) migration during wound healing, in order to provide a reference for enriching basic theory of wound healing and guiding clinical application. METHODS Constitutively active mutant of Rac1 protein (Rac1Q61L) or dominant negative isoform of Rac1 protein (Rac1T17N) was transfected into ESC using a retroviral vector FUGW, and retroviral vector FUGW transfected into ESC in singles was used as blank control. The cells were divided into 3 parts according to the random number table and treated as follows. First, equal numbers of cells were inoculated into 24-well plates coated with collagen I (20 µg/mL), collagen IV (20 µg/mL) or fibronectin (10 µg/mL). Cells adhered to above matrices were quantitated using CytoTox 96 colorimetric kit. Second, 1000 cells adhered to collagen IV, after being stained with tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate-phalloidin, were collected for observation of cell morphology and comparison of spreading area under confocal laser scanning microscope. Third, ESC with density of 2 × 10(5) cells per well were placed in upper compartment of Transwell chamber, DK-SFM culture medium alone or that containing stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) was added into lower compartment of Transwell chamber. Migration of ESC was observed using inverted phase contrast microscope, and the result was denoted as migration rate. Lastly, ESC with density of 7.5 × 10(5) cells per well was inoculated into 6-well plates for 12 hours, and treated with 4 µg/mL mitomycin C for 2 hours. The remaining scratch width of monolayer was respectively measured 6 hours or 12 hours after scratching to calculate the percentage of remaining scratch width. Data were processed with t test. RESULTS Compared with that of blank control, the number of Rac1Q61L-transfected cells adhered to collagen I was significantly increased (t = 5.302,P < 0.05), while the number of Rac1T17N-transfected cells adhered to collagen I, IV, and fibronectin were all obviously decreased (with t value respectively 13.741, 15.676, 8.256, P values all below 0.05). Confocal laser scanning microscope showed that spreading area of Rac1Q61L-transfected ESC (with laminate pseudopodia on edge) and Rac1T17N-transfected ESC was respectively larger and smaller as compared with that of blank control. With SDF-1 effect, the migration rate of Rac1T17N-transfected ESC was decreased by 78.0% and Rac1Q61L-transfected ESC was increased by 43.4% as compared with that of blank control. Without SDF-1 effect, the migration rate of Rac1T17N-transfected ESC was decreased by 55.2%, while the migration rate of Rac1Q61L-transfected ESC was close to that of blank control. Six or 12 hours after scratching, the percentage of remaining scratch width in Rac1Q61L-transfected ESC was lower as compared with that in blank control [(39 ± 9)% vs. (43 ± 5)%, (6 ± 5)% vs. (18 ± 7)%, with t value respectively 1.027, 4.389, with P value respectively above and below 0.05], while that in Rac1T17N-transfected ESC [(81 ± 9)%, (71 ± 11)%, respectively] was obviously higher as compared with that in blank control (with t value respectively 11.386, 11.726, P values all below 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Rac1 protein may control the migration of ESC by regulating its adhesion, spreading, and chemotaxis, and it plays an active role in wound healing accelerated by ESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-lin Chai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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169
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Chao PT, Terrillion CE, Moran TH, Bi S. High-fat diet offsets the long-lasting effects of running-wheel access on food intake and body weight in OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R1459-67. [PMID: 21368270 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00517.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that running-wheel access normalizes the food intake and body weight of Otsuka Long-Evens Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Following 6 wk of running-wheel access beginning at 8 wk of age, the body weight of OLETF rats remains reduced, demonstrating a lasting effect on their phenotype. In contrast, access to a high-fat diet exacerbates the hyperphagia and obesity of OLETF rats. To determine whether diet modulates the long-term effects of exercise, we examined the effects of high-fat diet on food intake and body weight in OLETF rats that had prior access to running wheels for 4 wk. We found that 4 wk of running exercise significantly decreased food intake and body weight of OLETF rats. Consistent with prior results, 4 wk of exercise also produced long-lasting effects on food intake and body weight in OLETF rats fed a regular chow. When running wheels were relocked, OLETF rats stabilized at lower levels of body weight than sedentary OLETF rats. However, access to a high-fat diet offset these effects. When OLETF rats were switched to a high-fat diet following wheel relocking, they significantly increased food intake and body weight, so that they reached levels similar to those of sedentary OLETF rats fed a high-fat diet. Gene expression determination of hypothalamic neuropeptides revealed changes that appeared to be appropriate responses to the effects of diet and running exercise. Together, these results demonstrate that high-fat diet modulates the long-lasting effects of exercise on food intake and body weight in OLETF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ting Chao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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170
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Earl LA, Bi S, Baum LG. Galectin multimerization and lattice formation are regulated by linker region structure. Glycobiology 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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171
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Sheng JF, Sheng ZK, Shen XM, Bi S, Li JJ, Sheng GP, Yu HY, Huang HJ, Liu J, Xiang DR, Dong MJ, Zhao K, Li LJ. Diagnostic value of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with fever of unknown origin. Eur J Intern Med 2011; 22:112-6. [PMID: 21238906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While fever of unknown origin (FUO) remains a challenging problem in clinical practice, fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has been considered helpful in diagnosing its cause. The present study is set to evaluate the diagnostic value of PET/CT for patients with FUO. METHODS We analyzed the records of 48 patients with FUO (34 men and 14 women; mean age of 57-year-old with a range between 24- and 82-year-old). The patients were examined by (18)F-FDG PET/CT and the results were compared to a final diagnosis that was established by additional procedures. RESULTS A final diagnosis was established for 36 patients (75%). Among them, 15 patients had infectious diseases, 12 patients had malignancies, and 9 patients had non-infectious inflammatory diseases. Thirty-two abnormal PET/CT results correctly revealed the source of fever (true-positives). Abnormal PET/CT results were considered false-positives for 8 patients without diagnoses. Normal PET/CT results in 4 patients with no diagnoses were classified as true-negatives. Four patients with normal PET/CT results with diagnosed cause for FUO were considered false-negatives. Therefore, PET/CT had a positive predictive value of 80%, a negative predictive value of 50%, a sensitivity of 89%, and a specificity of 33% in patients with FUO. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that FDG-PET/CT is a valuable imaging tool for the identification of the etiology in patients with FUO. The results suggest that this procedure may be considered as a second-line test, especially when conventional structural imaging was normal or unable to distinguish lesions from benign and malignant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fang Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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172
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Abstract
Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) are essential not only for tissue homeostasis but also for skin to respond to insults, but the mechanisms of stem cell regulation are unknown. To investigate the function of Rac1 in ESC development, we introduced either the dominant negative isoform or constitutively the active mutant of Rac1 in cultured human ESCs by using a retroviral vector and then analyzed the consequences. Upon activation, Rac1 increased surface alpha6/beta1 integrin levels and promoted colony forming efficiency of ESCs. Conversely, dominant negative Rac1 caused a progressive reduction in growth rate, an inhibition of adhesiveness and a marked stimulation of terminal differentiation, without any effect on the cell cycle. These results were consistent with the role of Rac1 in determining the fate of ESCs by controlling their exit from the stem cell compartment. Our results reveal a novel biological role for Rac1 and provide new insights into the mechanism regulating ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwestern Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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173
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Liu GJ, Feng RN, Luo C, Bi S. Lack of association between interleukin-1 alpha, beta polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2010; 480:158-61. [PMID: 20561568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The associations between interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha-889) and beta (IL-1beta-511) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk for Parkinson's disease (PD) are still controversial and ambiguous. The aim of this study was to determine a more precise estimation of the relationship by meta-analysis. We searched databases through March 2010 for all publications on the association between these variations and PD. A total of 11 studies including 2803 PD patients and 2539 healthy controls were identified. The overall and geographic subgroups analysis was conducted, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated in the fixed- or random-effects model. We found that the overall OR (95% CI) for TT and CT genotypes versus CC genotype for IL-1alpha-889 was 1.01 (0.88-1.16), while the overall OR (95% CI) for TT and CT genotypes versus CC genotype for IL-1beta-511 was 1.19 (0.87-1.62). The sensitivity analysis strengthened our confidence in the validity of these null associations. There was no publication bias observed in this study. To sum up, there were no associations found between the SNPs of IL-1alpha-889, IL-1beta-511 and risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
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174
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Chao P, Yang Y, Moran T, Bi S. Knockdown of NPY expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. Appetite 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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175
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Bi S, Liu JR, Li Y, Wang Q, Liu HK, Yan YG, Chen BQ, Sun WG. gamma-Tocotrienol modulates the paracrine secretion of VEGF induced by cobalt(II) chloride via ERK signaling pathway in gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cell line. Toxicology 2010; 274:27-33. [PMID: 20452389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common characteristic feature of solid tumors, and carcinoma cells are known to secrete many growth factors. These growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), play a major role in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. In this study, the effect of gamma-tocotrienol, a natural product commonly found in palm oil and rice bran, on the accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein and the paracrine secretion of VEGF in human gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cell line induced by cobalt(II) chloride (as a hypoxia mimic) was investigated. These results showed that cobalt(II) chloride induced the high expression of VEGF in SGC-7901 cells at dose of 150 micromol/L for 24h. Both basal level and cobalt(II) chloride-induced HIF-1alpha protein accumulation and VEGF paracrine secretion were inhibited in SGC-7901 cells treated with gamma-tocotrienol at 60 micromol/L treatment for 24 h. U0126, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, decreased the expression of HIF-1alpha protein and the paracrine secretion of VEGF under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In this study, gamma-tocotrienol also significantly inhibited the hypoxia-stimulated expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2). The mechanism seems to involve in inhibiting hypoxia-mediated activation of p-ERK1/2, it leads to a marked decrease in hypoxia-induced HIF-1alpha protein accumulation and VEGF secretion. These data suggest that HIF-1alpha/VEGF could be a promising target for gamma-tocotrienol in an effective method of chemoprevention and chemotherapy in human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 YouZheng Street, NanGang District, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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176
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Sun YM, Su Y, Jin HB, Li J, Bi S. Sarpogrelate protects against high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Int J Cardiol 2009; 147:383-7. [PMID: 19883950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of sarpogrelate hydrochloride on impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) induced by high glucose in isolated rat aorta. Both acetylcholine-induced EDR and sodium nitroprusside-induced endothelium-independent relaxation (EIR) were measured after the rings were exposed to high glucose in the absence and presence of sarpogrelate hydrochloride. Co-incubation of aortic rings with high glucose for 24h resulted in a significant inhibition of EDR, but had no effects on EIR. After incubation of the rings in the co-presence of sarpogrelate hydrochloride with high glucose for 24h, sarpogrelate hydrochloride significantly attenuated impaired EDR. This protective effect of sarpogrelate hydrochloride was abolished by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Sarpogrelate hydrochloride significantly decreased superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) production and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the nitric oxide (NO) release. These results suggest that sarpogrelate hydrochloride can restore impaired EDR induced by high glucose in isolated rat aorta, which may be related to scavenging oxygen free radicals and enhancing NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Sun
- Department of Cardiac Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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177
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Du RJ, Wang JQ, Bi S, Zhou YX, Guo C. 2-Methylsulfanyl-4-(3-pyridyl)pyrimidine. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o2539. [PMID: 21577983 PMCID: PMC2970255 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809037945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C10H9N3S, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 8.09 (14)°. In the crystal, a C—H⋯N interaction links the molecules, forming chains.
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178
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Schroeder M, Zagoory-Sharon O, Shbiro L, Marco A, Hyun J, Moran TH, Bi S, Weller A. Development of obesity in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1749-60. [PMID: 19793959 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00461.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the early factors affecting obesity development in males and females may help to prevent obesity and may lead to the discovery of more effective treatments for those already obese. The Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat model of obesity is characterized by hyperphagia-induced obesity, due to a spontaneous lack of CCK(1) receptors. In the present study, we focused on the behavioral and physiological aspects of obesity development from weaning to adulthood. We examined body weight, feeding efficiency, fat pad [brown, retroperitoneal, inguinal and epydidimal (in males)] weight, inguinal adipocyte size and number, leptin and oxytocin levels, body mass index, waist circumference, and females' estrous cycle structure. In the males, central hypothalamic gene expression was also examined. OLETF rats presented overall higher fat and leptin levels, larger adipocytes, and increased waist circumference and BMI from weaning until adulthood, compared with controls. Analysis of developmental patterns of gene expression for hypothalamic neuropeptides revealed peptide-specific patterns that may underlie or be a consequence of the obesity development. Analysis of the developmental trajectories toward obesity within the OLETF strain revealed that OLETF females developed obesity in a more gradual manner than the males, presenting delayed obesity-related "turning points," with reduced adipocyte size but larger postweaning fat pads and increased adipocyte hyperplasia compared with the males. Intake decrease in estrus vs. proestrus was significantly less in OLETF vs. Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka females. The findings highlight the importance of using different sex-appropriate approaches to increase the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in the treatment and prevention of chronic early-onset obesity.
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179
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Tang SG, Yang CL, Chen JH, Bi S, Guo C. 4-Methyl-3-[4-(3-pyridyl)pyrimidin-2-yloxy]aniline. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o1707. [PMID: 21582959 PMCID: PMC2969253 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809023770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C16H14N4O, there are intermolecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds which may be effective in stabilizing the crystal. The title compound is an important medicament and is used in the synthesis of antitumour drugs.
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180
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Tang JG, Wu YZ, Bi S, Zhang GH, Guo C. Phenyl N-(1,3-thia-zol-2-yl)carbamate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o1478. [PMID: 21582780 PMCID: PMC2969196 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(10)H(8)N(2)O(2)S, the planes of the aromatic rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 66.69 (3)°. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular N-H⋯N and C-H⋯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules into a two-dimensional network, forming R(2) (2)(8) ring motifs. π-π contacts between the thia-zole rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.535 (1) Å] may further stabilize the structure. A weak C-H⋯π inter-action is also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Tang
- College of Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Xinmofan Road No. 5 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhong Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nanjing College of Chemical Technology, Geguan Road No. 625 Dachang District Nanjing, Nanjing 210048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Bi
- College of Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Xinmofan Road No. 5 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Zhang
- College of Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Xinmofan Road No. 5 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Guo
- College of Science, Nanjing University of Technology, Xinmofan Road No. 5 Nanjing, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
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181
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Bi S, Terrillion C, Chao P, Moran T. High-fat diet offsets the long-lasting effects of a four-week running wheel access on food intake and body weight in OLETF rats. Appetite 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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182
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Abstract
The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(7)H(7)NO(3), is nearly planar [maximum deviation 0.112 (3) Å for one of the notro O atoms]. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules into a three-dimensional network.
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183
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Liang YH, Chen XL, Yu ZS, Chen CY, Bi S, Mao LG, Zhou BL, Zhang XN. Deletion analysis of SMN1 and NAIP genes in Southern Chinese children with spinal muscular atrophy. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10:29-34. [PMID: 19198020 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a disorder characterized by degeneration of lower motor neurons and occasionally bulbar motor neurons leading to progressive limb and trunk paralysis as well as muscular atrophy. Three types of SMA are recognized depending on the age of onset, the maximum muscular activity achieved, and survivorship: SMA1, SMA2, and SMA3. The survival of motor neuron (SMN) gene has been identified as an SMA determining gene, whereas the neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) gene is considered to be a modifying factor of the severity of SMA. The main objective of this study was to analyze the deletion of SMN1 and NAIP genes in southern Chinese children with SMA. Here, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed to detect the deletion of both exon 7 and exon 8 of SMN1 and exon 5 of NAIP in 62 southern Chinese children with strongly suspected clinical symptoms of SMA. All the 32 SMA1 patients and 76% (13/17) of SMA2 patients showed homozygous deletions for exon 7 and exon 8, and all the 13 SMA3 patients showed single deletion of SMN1 exon 7 along with 24% (4/17) of SMA2 patients. Eleven out of 32 (34%) SMA1 patients showed NAIP deletion, and none of SMA2 and SMA3 patients was found to have NAIP deletion. The findings of homozygous deletions of exon 7 and/or exon 8 of SMN1 gene confirmed the diagnosis of SMA, and suggested that the deletion of SMN1 exon 7 is a major cause of SMA in southern Chinese children, and that the NAIP gene may be a modifying factor for disease severity of SMA1. The molecular diagnosis system based on PCR-RFLP analysis can conveniently be applied in the clinical testing, genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and preimplantation genetic diagnosis of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hua Liang
- Department of Bioscience, Bengbu Medical College, China
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Ladenheim EE, Behles RR, Bi S, Moran TH. Gastrin-releasing peptide messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is altered by melanocortin receptor stimulation and food deprivation. Endocrinology 2009; 150:672-8. [PMID: 18818295 PMCID: PMC2646528 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a bombesin-like peptide widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. In the brain, GRP mRNA is located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a region that receives neural input from the arcuate nucleus and plays a critical role in food intake and energy balance. Because GRP neurons are localized in the vicinity of projection sites in the PVN for peptides that participate in energy homeostasis, we investigated whether GRP mRNA expression in the PVN may be sensitive to challenges imposed by either 38 h food deprivation or stimulation of the melanocortin system by the melanocortin 3/4 receptor agonist, melanotan II (MTII). We found that food deprivation significantly decreased GRP mRNA expression, whereas lateral ventricular MTII administration increased GRP mRNA expression in ad libitum-fed rats 4 h after administration. Furthermore, administration of MTII at a dose that reduces 24 h food intake and body weight prevented the decrease in GRP mRNA expression observed in animals that were pair fed to the amount of food consumed by those injected with MTII. These results demonstrate that food deprivation and stimulation of the melanocortin system produce opposing changes in GRP gene expression in the PVN, suggesting that GRP-containing neurons in the PVN may be part of the hypothalamic signaling pathway controlling food intake and energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Ladenheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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185
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Bi S, Yang L, Scott K, Tray N, Moran T. Dorsomedial hypothalamic neuropeptide Y modulates the satiety actions of peripheral cholecyctokinin. Appetite 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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186
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Li X, Tamashiro K, Liu Z, Aja S, Hyun J, Bi S, Ross C, Moran T, Smith W. Synphilin-1 induces hyperphagia-mediated obesity in mice. Appetite 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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187
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Chen J, Scott KA, Zhao Z, Moran TH, Bi S. Characterization of the feeding inhibition and neural activation produced by dorsomedial hypothalamic cholecystokinin administration. Neuroscience 2008; 152:178-88. [PMID: 18248910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Within the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), cholecystokinin (CCK) has been proposed to modulate neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling to affect food intake. However, the neural circuitry underlying the actions of this CCK-NPY signaling system in the controls of food intake has yet to be determined. We sought to characterize the feeding inhibition and brain neural activation produced by CCK administration into the DMH of rats. We determined the time course of feeding inhibitory effects of exogenous DMH CCK, assessed NPY gene expression in the DMH in response to DMH CCK administration, and characterized c-Fos activation in the entire brain induced by CCK injection into the DMH using c-Fos like immunohistochemistry. We found that parenchymal injection of CCK into the DMH decreased food intake during the entire 22 h observation period, with a primary effect in the first 4 h, and down-regulated NPY gene expression in the DMH. c-Fos immunohistochemistry revealed that DMH CCK increased the number of c-Fos positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), arcuate nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and retrochiasmatic area as well as in the contralateral DMH. This pattern of activity is different from that produced by peripherally administered CCK which is short acting and primarily activates neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and area postrema, as well as the PVN and DMH. Together, these data suggest that DMH CCK plays an important role in the control of food intake, and does so by activating different pathways from those activated by peripheral CCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 618, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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188
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Abstract
Mice with a targeted disruption of bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3 KO) develop hyperphagia, obesity, hypertension, and impaired glucose metabolism. However, the factors contributing to their phenotype have not been clearly established. To determine whether their obesity is a result of increased food intake or a defect in energy regulation, we matched the caloric intake of BRS-3 KO mice to wild-type (WT) ad libitum (ad lib)-fed controls over 21 wk. Although BRS-3 KO ad lib-fed mice were 29% heavier, the body weights of BRS-3 KO pair-fed mice did not differ from WT ad lib-fed mice. Pair-feeding BRS-3 KO mice normalized plasma insulin but failed to completely reverse increased adiposity and leptin levels. Hyperphagia in ad lib-fed KO mice was due to an increase in meal size without a compensatory decrease in meal frequency resulting in an increase in total daily food intake. An examination of neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and agouti-related peptide gene expression in the arcuate nucleus revealed that BRS-3 KO mice have some deficits in their response to energy regulatory signals. An evaluation of the satiety effects of cholecystokinin, bombesin, and gastrin-releasing peptide found no differences in feeding suppression by these peptides. We conclude that hyperphagia is a major factor leading to increased body weight and hyperinsulinemia in BRS-3 KO mice. However, our finding that pair-feeding did not completely normalize fat distribution and plasma leptin levels suggests there is also a metabolic dysregulation that may contribute to, or sustain, their obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Ladenheim
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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189
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Hu X, Li T, Bi S, Jin Z, Zhou G, Bai C, Li L, Cui Q, Liu W. Possible role of hydrogen sulfide on the preservation of donor rat hearts. Transplant Proc 2008; 39:3024-9. [PMID: 18089314 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to observe the preservative effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on donor rat hearts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hearts of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused on a Langendorff perfusion column for 30 minutes. We calculated and recorded the left ventricular-developed pressure (LVDP), and positive and negative derivatives of left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP; +dP/dt and -dP/dt). Hearts were then arrested and stored for 6 hours at 4 degrees C: group 1, Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution; group 2, KH solution with 1 micromol/L NaHS; group 3, KH solution with 1 micromol/L NaHS and 10 micromol/L glibenclamide; group 4, St. Thomas II solution. Hearts were transferred back to the Langendorff column. After stabilizing for 30 minutes, LV performance was assessed as before. The donor hearts were kept for pathological study including myocardial water ratio, ATP content, and myocyte apoptosis index. RESULTS The recovery rates of +dp/dtmax, -dp/dtmax, and LVDP of groups 2 and 4 were much better than those of groups 1 and 3. The hearts contracted immediately after reperfusion in group 4. Ventricular fibrillation was seen before contraction in the other 3 groups, with the longest duration in group. No significant difference in myocardial water ratio was found. The ATP content was the highest in group 2. Apoptosis was observed in the 4 groups with the lowest apoptosis index in group 2. CONCLUSIONS H2S has a protective effect on rat donor hearts at the concentration of 1 micromol/L. The protective effect is better than that of St. Thomas II solution. The protective effect of H2S can be blocked by glibenclamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, XI'an, People's Republic of China
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190
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Mistry GC, Migoya E, Deutsch PJ, Winchell G, Hesney M, Li S, Bi S, Dilzer S, Lasseter KC, Stone JA. Single- and multiple-dose administration of caspofungin in patients with hepatic insufficiency: implications for safety and dosing recommendations. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47:951-61. [PMID: 17660480 DOI: 10.1177/0091270007303764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This report investigated safety and dosing recommendations of intravenous caspofungin in hepatic insufficiency. In the single-dose study, 8 patients each with mild and moderate hepatic insufficiency received 70 mg of caspofungin. In the multiple-dose study, 8 patients with mild hepatic insufficiency and 13 healthy matched controls received 70 mg on day 1 and 50 mg daily on days 2 through 14. Eight patients with moderate hepatic insufficiency received 70 mg on day 1 and 35 mg daily on days 2 through 14. Caspofungin was generally well tolerated with no discontinuations due to serious or nonserious adverse experiences. The area under the concentration-time profile over the interval of last quantifiable point to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)) geometric mean ratio (GMR) (90% confidence interval [CI]) for mild hepatic insufficiency/historical controls was 1.55 (1.32-1.86) in the single-dose study and for mild hepatic insufficiency/concurrent controls was 1.21 (1.04-1.39) for day 14 area under the concentration-time profile calculated over the interval 0 to 24 hours (AUC(0-24h)) following multidose. The AUC(0-infinity) GMR (90% CI) for moderate hepatic insufficiency/historical controls was 1.76 (1.51-2.06) following 70 mg; AUC(0-24h) GMR (90% CI) for moderate hepatic insufficiency/concurrent controls was 1.07 (0.90-1.28) on day 14 after 35 mg daily. No dosage adjustment is recommended for patients with mild hepatic insufficiency. A dosage reduction to 35 mg daily following the 70-mg loading dose is recommended for patients with moderate hepatic insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam C Mistry
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, RY34-A500, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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Ladenheim E, Behles R, Bi S, Moran T. Neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y5 receptors are co-expressed with GRP mRNA in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Appetite 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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192
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Yang L, Hyun J, Moran T, Bi S. Voluntary running activity is not sufficient for preventing the obesity of Koletsky (fak/fak) rats. Appetite 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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193
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Bi S, Chen J, Behles RR, Hyun J, Kopin AS, Moran TH. Differential body weight and feeding responses to high-fat diets in rats and mice lacking cholecystokinin 1 receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R55-63. [PMID: 17409266 PMCID: PMC2084469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00002.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prior data demonstrated differential roles for cholecystokinin (CCK)1 receptors in maintaining energy balance in rats and mice. CCK1 receptor deficiency results in hyperphagia and obesity of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats but not in mice. To ascertain the role of CCK1 receptors in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity, we compared alterations in food intake, body weight, fat mass, plasma glucose, and leptin levels, and patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in OLETF rats and mice lacking CCK1 receptors in response to a 10-wk exposure to HFD. Compared with Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) control rats, OLETF rats on HFD had sustained overconsumption over the 10-wk period. High fat feeding resulted in greater increases in body weight and plasma leptin levels in OLETF than in LETO rats. In situ hybridization determinations revealed that, while HFD reduced neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in both the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) of LETO rats, HFD resulted in decreased NPY expression in the Arc but not in the DMH of OLETF rats. In contrast to these results in OLETF rats, HFD increased food intake and induced obesity to an equal degree in both wild-type and CCK1 receptor(-/-) mice. NPY gene expression was decreased in the Arc in response to HFD, but was not detectable in the DMH in both wild-type and CCK1 receptor(-/-) mice. Together, these data provide further evidence for differential roles of CCK1 receptors in the controls of food intake and body weight in rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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194
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Yang DY, Li SR, Wu JL, Chen YQ, Li G, Bi S, Dai X. Establishment of a hypertrophic scar model by transplanting full-thickness human skin grafts onto the backs of nude mice. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119:104-109. [PMID: 17255662 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000244828.80490.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic scarring is a pathologic hallmark of a previous dermal injury in humans, but many aspects related to its biology and therapy remain unclear, at least in part because of the lack of an ideal animal model. This study was designed to investigate whether hypertrophic scars could be reproduced by transplanting full-thickness human skin grafts onto the backs of nude mice. METHODS There were a total of five animal groups, with 15 nude mice each in groups 1 through 4 and five nude mice in the control group. The mice in groups 1 through 4 underwent transplantation of full-thickness human skin grafts onto their backs, and the status of local scar development was observed after the epidermis and upper portions of the dermis were shed. Histologic examination of the scar tissues was performed 1, 3, and 6 months after transplantation for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Histologic examinations were not performed for group 4, but the duration of scar hypertrophy was assessed. Mice in the control group underwent transplantation of full-thickness rat skin grafts onto their backs, and the status of local scar development was observed after the epidermis and upper portions of the dermis were shed. RESULTS Fifty-four of 60 nude mice (90.0 percent) undergoing transplantation of full-thickness human skin grafts developed obvious and persistent hypertrophic scars, which were red, hard, and elevated out of the surrounding skin even 6 months after transplantation. Histologic examinations revealed abundant collagen deposition and inflammatory infiltration in these scars. Nevertheless, no hypertrophic scars were observed in mice transplanted with full-thickness rat skin grafts. CONCLUSIONS The intrinsic properties of human skin are the determinant of hypertrophic scar formation. The hypertrophic scar model can be established by transplanting human skin grafts onto nude mice, resulting in obvious, persistent hypertrophic scars that have both macroscopic and histologic properties similar to human hypertrophic scars. This model makes possible the observation of the entire process of hypertrophic scar formation. Thus it is an ideal tool for studying hypertrophic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Y Yang
- Chongqing, China From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University
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195
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Abstract
The brain-gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits food intake following peripheral or site directed central administration. Peripheral exogenous CCK inhibits food intake by reducing the size and duration of a meal. Antagonist studies have demonstrated that the actions of the exogenous peptide mimic those of endogenous CCK. Antagonist administration results in increased meal size and meal duration. The feeding inhibitory actions of CCK are mediated through interactions with CCK-1 receptors. The recent identification of the Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat as a spontaneous CCK-1 receptor knockout model has allowed a more comprehensive evaluation of the feeding actions of CCK. OLETF rats become obese and develop non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Consistent with the absence of CCK-1 receptors, OLETF rats do not respond to exogenous CCK. OLETF rats are hyperphagic and their increased food intake is characterized by a large increase in meal size with a decrease in meal frequency that is not sufficient to compensate for the meal size increase. Deficits in meal size control are evident in OLETF rats as young as 2 days of age. OLETF obesity is secondary to the increased food intake. Pair feeding to amounts consumed by intact control rats normalizes body weight, body fat and elevated insulin and glucose levels. Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus peptide mRNA expression in OLETF rats is appropriate to their obesity and is normalized by pair feeding. In contrast, pair fed and young pre-obese OLETF rats have greatly elevated dorsomedial hypothalamic (DMH) neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression. Elevated DMH NPY in OLETF rats appears to be a consequence of the absence of CCK-1 receptors. In intact rats NPY and CCK-1 receptors colocalize to neurons within the compact subregion of the DMH and local CCK administration reduces food intake and decreases DMH NPY mRNA expression. We have proposed that the absence of DMH CCK-1 receptors significantly contributes to the OLETF's inability to compensate for their meal size control deficit leading to their overall hyperphagia. Access to a running wheel and the resulting exercise normalizes food intake and body weight in OLETF rats. When given access to running wheels for 6 weeks shortly after weaning, OLETF rats do not gain weight to the same degree as sedentary OLETF rats and do not develop NIDDM. Exercise also prevents elevated levels of DMH NPY mRNA expression, suggesting that exercise exerts an alternative, non-CCK mediated, control on DMH NPY. The OLETF rat is a valuable model for characterizing actions of CCK in energy balance and has provided novel insights into interactions between exercise and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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196
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Abstract
Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) is primarily expressed in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). Although Arc NPY gene expression is responsive to circulating leptin, the regulation of DMH NPY expression is leptin-independent. DMH NPY expression is increased in response to chronic food restriction, but not acute food deprivation. DMH NPY expression is elevated in pair-fed OLETF rats lacking cholecystokinin (CCK)-1 receptors. A role for CCK in controlling DMH NPY expression is demonstrated by the down-regulation of DMH NPY by parenchymal DMH CCK administration in intact rats. Moreover, access to running wheels normalizes body weight and prevents altered DMH NPY expression of OLETF rats. Together, these data suggest that DMH NPY plays an important role in feeding and body weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Bi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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197
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Abstract
Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats have a deletion in the gene encoding the cholecystokinin-1 (CCK1) receptor. This deletion prevents protein expression, making the OLETF rat a CCK1 receptor knockout model. Consistent with the absence of CCK1 receptors, OLETF rats do not reduce their food intake in response to exogenously administered CCK and consume larger than normal meals. This deficit in within-meal feedback signaling is evident in liquid as well as solid meals. Neonatal OLETF rats show similar differences in independent ingestion tests. Intake is higher and is reflected in greater licking behavior. Neonatal OLETF rats also have diminished latencies to consume and higher initial ingestion rats. Adult OLETF rats are hyperphagic and obese. Although arcuate nucleus peptide gene expression is apparently normal in OLETF rats, when obesity is prevented through pair-feeding to amounts consumed by control Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats, dorsomedial hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression is significantly elevated in OLETF rats. NPY overexpression is also evident in preobese, juvenile OLETF rats suggesting a causal role for this overexpression in the hyperphagia and obesity. Running wheel exercise normalizes food intake and body weight in OLETF rats. When access to exercise is provided at a time when OLETF rats are obese, the effects are limited to the period of exercise. When running wheel access is available to younger, preobese OLETF rats, exercise results in long lasting reductions in food intake and body weight and improved glucose regulation. These lasting metabolic effects of exercise may be secondary to an exercise induced reduction in DMH NPY mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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198
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Aja S, Bi S, Knipp SB, McFadden JM, Ronnett GV, Kuhajda FP, Moran TH. Intracerebroventricular C75 decreases meal frequency and reduces AgRP gene expression in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R148-54. [PMID: 16484442 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00041.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
3-Carboxy-4-alkyl-2-methylenebutyrolactone (C75), an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase and stimulator of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, reduces food intake and body weight in rodents when given systemically or centrally. Intracellular molecular mechanisms involving changes in cellular energy status are proposed to initiate the feeding and body weight reductions. However, effectors that lie downstream of these initial steps are not yet fully identified. Present experiments characterize the time courses of hypophagia and weight loss after single injections of C75 into the lateral cerebroventicle in rats and go on to identify specific meal pattern changes and coinciding alterations in gene expression for feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides. C75 reduced chow intake and body weight dose dependently. Although the principal effects occurred on the first day, weight losses relative to vehicle control were maintained over multiple days. C75 did not affect generalized locomotor activity. C75 began to reduce feeding after a 6-h delay. The hypophagia was due primarily to decreased meal number during 6–12 h without a significant effect on meal size, suggesting that central C75 reduced the drive to initiate meals. C75 prevented the anticipated hypophagia-induced increases in mRNA for AgRP in the arcuate nucleus at 22 h and at 6 h when C75 begins to suppress feeding. Overall, the data suggest that gene expression changes leading to altered melanocortin signaling are important for the hypophagic response to intracerebroventricular C75.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Aja
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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199
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Kinzig KP, Scott KA, Hyun J, Bi S, Moran TH. Lateral ventricular ghrelin and fourth ventricular ghrelin induce similar increases in food intake and patterns of hypothalamic gene expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R1565-9. [PMID: 16424082 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00785.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gut peptide ghrelin has been shown to stimulate food intake after both peripheral and central administration, and the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus has been proposed to be the major site for mediating this feeding stimulatory action. Ghrelin receptors are widely distributed in the brain, and hindbrain ghrelin administration has been shown to potently stimulate feeding, suggesting that there may be other sites for ghrelin action. In the present study, we have further assessed potential sites for ghrelin action by comparing the ability of lateral and fourth ventricular ghrelin administration to stimulate food intake and alter patterns of hypothalamic gene expression. Ghrelin (0.32, 1, or 3.2 nmol) in the lateral or fourth ventricle significantly increased food intake in the first 4 h after injection, with no ventricle-dependent differences in degree or time course of hyperphagia. One nanomole of ghrelin into either the lateral or fourth ventricle resulted in similar increases in arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y mRNA expression. Expression levels of agouti-related peptide or proopiomelanocortin mRNA were not affected by ghrelin administration. These data demonstrate that ghrelin can affect food intake and hypothalamic gene expression through interactions at multiple brain sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly P Kinzig
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Schwartz MS, Desai RB, Bi S, Miller AR, Matuszewski BK. Determination of a prostaglandin D2 antagonist and its acyl glucuronide metabolite in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection--a lack of MS/MS selectivity between a glucuronide conjugate and a phase I metabolite. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 837:116-24. [PMID: 16716772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of a prostaglandin D(2) receptor antagonist (I, a compound being evaluated for the prevention of niacin induced flushing) and its acyl glucuronide metabolite (II) in human plasma is presented. The method utilized high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) detection using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface operated in the positive ionization mode. The product ion was a radical cation generated via a homolytic bond cleavage. A chemical analog of the drug was used as internal standard (III). The acyl glucuronide metabolite (II) was detected using the same precursor-to-product ion transition used for the parent compound after chromatographic separation of I and II. Drug and metabolite were extracted using semi-automated, 96-well format solid phase extraction (SPE), and chromatography was performed using a reverse phase analytical column with an isocratic mobile phase. The chromatographic retention factor (k') of II was found to be highly sensitive to mobile phase formic acid concentration. An adjustment in mobile phase formic acid concentration improved the chromatographic separation between II and a mono-hydroxylated metabolite after an unexpected lack of MS/MS selectivity between the two molecules was observed. The dependence of retention factor on formic acid concentration (k' increased as formic acid concentration decreased) was thought to indicate polar interactions between II and the stationary phase. The stability of II in spiked human plasma was determined. The rate of hydrolysis back to parent compound was relatively low (approximately 0.1 and 0.5% per hour at room temperature and 4 degrees C, respectively) indicating that significant changes in analyte concentrations did not occur during sample processing. The concentration range of the assay was 10-2500 ng/mL for both drug and glucuronide metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Schwartz
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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