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Donat-Vargas C, Bergdahl IA, Tornevi A, Wennberg M, Sommar J, Kiviranta H, Koponen J, Rolandsson O, Åkesson A. Perfluoroalkyl substances and risk of type II diabetes: A prospective nested case-control study. Environ Int 2019; 123:390-398. [PMID: 30622063 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have drawn much attention due to bioaccumulation potential and their current omnipresence in human blood. We assessed whether plasma PFAS, suspected to induce endocrine-disrupting effects, were prospectively associated with clinical type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. METHODS We established a nested case-control study within the Swedish prospective population-based Västerbotten Intervention Programme cohort. Several PFAS were measured in plasma from a subset of 124 case-control pairs at baseline (during 1990-2003) and at 10-year follow-up. T2D cases were matched (1:1) according to gender, age and sample date with participants without T2D (controls). Conditional logistic regressions were used to prospectively assess risk of T2D by baseline PFAS plasma concentrations. Associations between long-term PFAS plasma levels (mean of baseline and follow-up) and insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA2-B%) at follow-up were prospectively explored among 178 and 181 controls, respectively, by multivariable linear regressions. RESULTS After adjusting for gender, age, sample year, diet and body mass index, the odds ratio of T2D for the sum of PFAS (Σ z-score PFAS) was 0.52 (95% confidence interval, CI: 0.20, 1.36), comparing third with first tertile; and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.00) per one standard deviation increment of sum of log-transformed PFAS. Among the controls, the adjusted β of HOMA2-IR and HOMA-B% for the sum of PFAS were -0.26 (95% CI: -0.52, -0.01) and -9.61 (95% CI: -22.60, 3.39) respectively comparing third with first tertile. CONCLUSIONS This prospective nested case-control study yielded overall inverse associations between individual PFAS and risk of T2D, although mostly non-significant. Among participants without T2D, long-term PFAS exposure was prospectively associated with lower insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Donat-Vargas
- Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingvar A Bergdahl
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Tornevi
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Wennberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Sommar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Department for Health Security, Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jani Koponen
- Department for Health Security, Environmental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gasull M, Pumarega J, Kiviranta H, Rantakokko P, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Bergdahl IA, Sandanger TM, Goñi F, Cirera L, Donat-Vargas C, Alguacil J, Iglesias M, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Mancini FR, Boutron-Ruault MC, Severi G, Johnson T, Kühn T, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, Peppa E, Palli D, Pala V, Tumino R, Naccarati A, Panico S, Verschuren M, Vermeulen R, Rylander C, Nøst TH, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Molinuevo A, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Sund M, Key T, Ye W, Jenab M, Michaud D, Matullo G, Canzian F, Kaaks R, Nieters A, Nöthlings U, Jeurnink S, Chajes V, Matejcic M, Gunter M, Aune D, Riboli E, Agudo A, Gonzalez CA, Weiderpass E, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Duell EJ, Vineis P, Porta M. Methodological issues in a prospective study on plasma concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and pancreatic cancer risk within the EPIC cohort. Environ Res 2019; 169:417-433. [PMID: 30529143 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of biomarkers of environmental exposure to explore new risk factors for pancreatic cancer presents clinical, logistic, and methodological challenges that are also relevant in research on other complex diseases. OBJECTIVES First, to summarize the main design features of a prospective case-control study -nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort- on plasma concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and pancreatic cancer risk. And second, to assess the main methodological challenges posed by associations among characteristics and habits of study participants, fasting status, time from blood draw to cancer diagnosis, disease progression bias, basis of cancer diagnosis, and plasma concentrations of lipids and POPs. Results from etiologic analyses on POPs and pancreatic cancer risk, and other analyses, will be reported in future articles. METHODS Study subjects were 1533 participants (513 cases and 1020 controls matched by study centre, sex, age at blood collection, date and time of blood collection, and fasting status) enrolled between 1992 and 2000. Plasma concentrations of 22 POPs were measured by gas chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). To estimate the magnitude of the associations we calculated multivariate-adjusted odds ratios by unconditional logistic regression, and adjusted geometric means by General Linear Regression Models. RESULTS There were differences among countries in subjects' characteristics (as age, gender, smoking, lipid and POP concentrations), and in study characteristics (as time from blood collection to index date, year of last follow-up, length of follow-up, basis of cancer diagnosis, and fasting status). Adjusting for centre and time of blood collection, no factors were significantly associated with fasting status. Plasma concentrations of lipids were related to age, body mass index, fasting, country, and smoking. We detected and quantified 16 of the 22 POPs in more than 90% of individuals. All 22 POPs were detected in some participants, and the smallest number of POPs detected in one person was 15 (median, 19) with few differences by country. The highest concentrations were found for p,p'-DDE, PCBs 153 and 180 (median concentration: 3371, 1023, and 810 pg/mL, respectively). We assessed the possible occurrence of disease progression bias (DPB) in eight situations defined by lipid and POP measurements, on one hand, and by four factors: interval from blood draw to index date, tumour subsite, tumour stage, and grade of differentiation, on the other. In seven of the eight situations results supported the absence of DPB. CONCLUSIONS The coexistence of differences across study centres in some design features and participant characteristics is of relevance to other multicentre studies. Relationships among subjects' characteristics and among such characteristics and design features may play important roles in the forthcoming analyses on the association between plasma concentrations of POPs and pancreatic cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gasull
- Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pumarega
- Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Ingvar A Bergdahl
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Fernando Goñi
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute; Public Health Laboratory in Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Lluís Cirera
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB - Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Juan Alguacil
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Mar Iglesias
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar (PSMar), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- CESP, Faculté de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- CESP, Faculté de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- CESP, Faculté de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine - UVSQ, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Anna Karakatsani
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "ATTIKON" University Hospital, Haidari, Greece
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, "Civic - M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Italy
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Monique Verschuren
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amaia Molinuevo
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute; Public Health Laboratory in Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB - Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain; Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Malin Sund
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tim Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Michaud
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine -IIGM/HuGeF, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nieters
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Molecular Epidemiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Suzanne Jeurnink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Chajes
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Marco Matejcic
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Marc Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antoni Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-Idibell), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eric J Duell
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-Idibell), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Turin, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miquel Porta
- Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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153
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Gandini M, Scarinzi C, Bande S, Berti G, Carnà P, Ciancarella L, Costa G, Demaria M, Ghigo S, Piersanti A, Rowinski M, Spadea T, Stroscia M, Cadum E. Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. Environ Int 2018; 121:1087-1097. [PMID: 30366659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The LIFE MED HISS project aims at setting up a surveillance system on the long term effects of air pollution on health, using data from National Health Interview Surveys and other currently available sources of information in most European countries. Few studies assessed the long term effect of air pollution on hospital admissions in European cohorts. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to estimate the long term effect of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on first-ever (incident) cause-specific hospitalizations in Italy. METHODS We used data from the Italian Longitudinal Study (ILS), a cohort study based on the 1999-2000 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), followed up for hospitalization (2001-2008) at individual level. The survey contains information on crucial potential confounders: occupational/educational/marital status, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit and physical activity. Annual mean exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 was assigned starting from simulated gridded data at spatial resolution of 4 × 4 km2 firstly integrated with data from monitoring stations and then up-scaled at municipality level. Statistical analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazard models with robust variance estimator. RESULTS For each cause of hospitalization we estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for confounders with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) related to a 10 μg/m3 increase in pollutants. For PM2.5 and NO2, respectively, we found positive associations for circulatory system diseases [1.05(1.03-1.06); 1.05(1.03-1.07)], myocardial infarction [1.15(1.12-1.18); 1.15(1.12-1.18)], lung cancer [1.18(1.10-1.26); 1.20(1.12-1.28)], kidney cancer [1.24(1.11-1.29); 1.20(1.07-1.33)], all cancers (but lung) [1.06(1.04-1.08); 1.06(1.04-1.08)] and Low Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) [1.07 (1.04-1.11); 1.05 (1.02-1.08)]. DISCUSSION Our results add new evidence on the effects of air pollution on first-ever (incident) hospitalizations, both in urban and rural areas. We demonstrated the feasibility of a low-cost monitoring system based on available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gandini
- University of Torino, Department of Clinical and Biological Science, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Environmental Epidemiological Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Piedmont Region, Via Pio VII 9, 10135 Turin, Italy.
| | - C Scarinzi
- Environmental Epidemiological Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Piedmont Region, Via Pio VII 9, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - S Bande
- Air quality Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Piedmont, Via Pio VII 9, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - G Berti
- Environmental Epidemiological Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Piedmont Region, Via Pio VII 9, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - P Carnà
- Regional Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Piedmont Region, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - L Ciancarella
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, ENEA-Bologna Research Center, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - G Costa
- University of Torino, Department of Clinical and Biological Science, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Regional Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Piedmont Region, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - M Demaria
- Environmental Epidemiological Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Piedmont Region, Via Pio VII 9, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - S Ghigo
- Air quality Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Piedmont, Via Pio VII 9, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - A Piersanti
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, ENEA-Bologna Research Center, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Rowinski
- Environmental Epidemiological Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Piedmont Region, Via Pio VII 9, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - T Spadea
- Regional Epidemiology Unit, ASL TO3, Piedmont Region, Via Sabaudia 164, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - M Stroscia
- Hygiene and Public Health Unit, Turin Local Health Agency, Via della Consolata 10, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - E Cadum
- Environmental Epidemiological Unit, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Piedmont Region, Via Pio VII 9, 10135 Turin, Italy
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154
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Etzel TM, Braun JM, Buckley JP. Associations of serum perfluoroalkyl substance and vitamin D biomarker concentrations in NHANES, 2003-2010. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 222:262-269. [PMID: 30503928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals found in industrial and commercial products. Previous research has shown that other endocrine disrupting chemicals such as phthalates and bisphenol A may alter circulating levels of vitamin D; however, no research has examined associations between PFAS and vitamin D biomarkers. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 7040 individuals aged 12 years and older participating in the 2003-2010 cycles of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured in serum samples. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate covariate-adjusted differences in total 25(OH)D or prevalence odds of vitamin D deficiency per log2 change in PFAS concentrations. We also assessed potential effect measure modification by gender, age, and race/ethnicity. PFAS were detected in over 98% of the samples. In adjusted models, each 2-fold increase in PFOS was associated with 0.9 nmol/L (95% CI: 0.2, 1.5) lower total 25(OH)D concentrations, with associations significantly stronger among whites (β: -1.7; 95% CI: -2.6, -0.7) and individuals older than 60 years of age (β: -1.7; 95% CI: -2.9, -0.5). Each 2-fold increase in PFHxS was associated with 0.8 nmol/L (95% CI: 0.3, 1.3) higher total 25(OH)D, and this association was not modified by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. PFOA and PFNA were not associated with total 25(OH)D. When assessing prevalence odds of vitamin D deficiency, we observed similar patterns of association with PFAS concentrations. Our results suggest that some PFAS may be associated with altered vitamin D levels in the United States population, and associations may vary by chemical, age, and race/ethnicity. Prospective epidemiological studies are needed to confirm our findings and determine their implications for vitamin D-associated health outcomes in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Etzel
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21215, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02920, USA.
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21215, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21215, USA.
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155
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Renzi M, Forastiere F, Calzolari R, Cernigliaro A, Madonia G, Michelozzi P, Davoli M, Scondotto S, Stafoggia M. Short-term effects of desert and non-desert PM 10 on mortality in Sicily, Italy. Environ Int 2018; 120:472-479. [PMID: 30145311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased PM10 concentrations are commonly observed during Saharan dust advections. Limited epidemiological evidence suggests that PM10 from anthropogenic and desert sources increase mortality. We aimed to evaluate the association between source-specific PM10 (non-desert and desert) and cause-specific mortality in Sicily during 2006-2012 period. METHODS Daily PM10 concentrations at 1-km2 were estimated in Sicily using satellite-based data, fixed monitors and land use variables. We identified Saharan dust episodes using meteorological models, back-trajectories, aerosol maps, and satellite images. For each dust day, we estimated desert and non-desert PM10 concentrations. We applied a time-series approach on 390 municipalities of Sicily to estimate the association between PM10 (non-desert and desert) and daily cause-specific mortality. RESULTS 33% of all days were affected by Saharan dust advections. PM10 concentrations were 8 μg/m3 higher during dust days compared to other days. We found positive associations of both non-desert and desert PM10 with cause-specific mortality. We estimated percent increases of risk (IR%) of non-accidental mortality equal to 2.3% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.4, 3.1) and 3.8% (3.2, 4.4), per 10 μg/m3 increases in non-desert and desert PM10 at lag 0-5, respectively. We also observed significant associations with cardiovascular (2.4% [1.3, 3.4] and 4.5% [3.8, 5.3]) and respiratory mortality (8.1% [6.8, 9.5], and 6.3% [5.4, 7.2]). We estimated higher effects during April-September, with IR% = 4.4% (3.2, 5.7) and 6.3% (5.4, 7.2) for non-desert and desert PM10, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm previous evidence of harmful effects of desert PM10 on non-accidental and cardio-respiratory mortality, especially during the warm season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Renzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Calzolari
- Sicilia Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention (ARPA), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Madonia
- Sicilia Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention (ARPA), Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Michelozzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Davoli
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy; Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Stockholm, Sweden
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Ribeiro MC, Pereira MJ. Modelling local uncertainty in relations between birth weight and air quality within an urban area: combining geographically weighted regression with geostatistical simulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:25942-25954. [PMID: 29961906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we combine known methods to present a new approach to assess local distributions of estimated parameters measuring associations between air quality and birth weight in the urban area of Sines (Portugal). To model exposure and capture short-distance variations in air quality, we use a Regression Kriging estimator combining air quality point data with land use auxiliary data. To assess uncertainty of exposure, the Kriging estimator is incorporated in a sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm (sGs) providing a set of simulated exposure maps with similar spatial structural dependence and statistical properties of observed data. Following the completion of the simulation runs, we fit a geographically weighted generalized linear model (GWGLM) for each mother's place of residence, using observed health data and simulated exposure data, and repeat this procedure for each simulated map. Once the fit of GWGLM with all exposure maps is finished, we take the distribution of local estimated parameters measuring associations between exposure and birth weight, thus providing a measure of uncertainty in the local estimates. Results reveal that the distribution of local parameters did not vary substantially. Combining both methods (GWGLM and sGs), however, we are able to incorporate local uncertainty on the estimated associations providing an additional tool for analysis of the impacts of place in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castro Ribeiro
- CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Pereira
- CERENA, DECivil, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
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157
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Colston JM, Ahmed T, Mahopo C, Kang G, Kosek M, de Sousa Junior F, Shrestha PS, Svensen E, Turab A, Zaitchik B. Evaluating meteorological data from weather stations, and from satellites and global models for a multi-site epidemiological study. Environ Res 2018; 165:91-109. [PMID: 29684739 PMCID: PMC6024078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal and time series analyses are needed to characterize the associations between hydrometeorological parameters and health outcomes. Earth Observation (EO) climate data products derived from satellites and global model-based reanalysis have the potential to be used as surrogates in situations and locations where weather-station based observations are inadequate or incomplete. However, these products often lack direct evaluation at specific sites of epidemiological interest. METHODS Standard evaluation metrics of correlation, agreement, bias and error were applied to a set of ten hydrometeorological variables extracted from two quasi-global, commonly used climate data products - the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) - to evaluate their performance relative to weather-station derived estimates at the specific geographic locations of the eight sites in a multi-site cohort study. These metrics were calculated for both daily estimates and 7-day averages and for a rotavirus-peak-season subset. Then the variables from the two sources were each used as predictors in longitudinal regression models to test their association with rotavirus infection in the cohort after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS The availability and completeness of station-based validation data varied depending on the variable and study site. The performance of the two gridded climate models varied considerably within the same location and for the same variable across locations, according to different evaluation criteria and for the peak-season compared to the full dataset in ways that showed no obvious pattern. They also differed in the statistical significance of their association with the rotavirus outcome. For some variables, the station-based records showed a strong association while the EO-derived estimates showed none, while for others, the opposite was true. CONCLUSION Researchers wishing to utilize publicly available climate data - whether EO-derived or station based - are advised to recognize their specific limitations both in the analysis and the interpretation of the results. Epidemiologists engaged in prospective research into environmentally driven diseases should install their own weather monitoring stations at their study sites whenever possible, in order to circumvent the constraints of choosing between distant or incomplete station data or unverified EO estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh M Colston
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition & Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Cloupas Mahopo
- Department of Nutrition, University of Venda, South Africa.
| | | | - Margaret Kosek
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | - Prakash Sunder Shrestha
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine of Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | | | - Ali Turab
- Research and Development, Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Program, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Benjamin Zaitchik
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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158
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Timmermans EJ, Veldhuizen EM, Snijder MB, Huisman M, Kunst AE. Neighbourhood safety and smoking in population subgroups: The HELIUS study. Prev Med 2018; 112:111-118. [PMID: 29654838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the associations between neighbourhood safety and three types of smoking behaviour, and whether these associations differ by sex, age, ethnicity and individual-level socio-economic position. Baseline data (2011-2015) from the The HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) were used. Smoking behaviour was based on self-report. Heavy smoking was defined as smoking ≥10 cigarettes per day. Nicotine dependence was assessed using the Fagerström questionnaire. Geographic Information System techniques were used to construct local residential areas and to examine neighbourhood safety for these areas using micro-scale environmental data. Multilevel logistic regression analyses with 6-digit zip code area as a second level were used to assess the association between neighbourhood safety and smoking. In our study sample of 22,728 participants (18-70 years), 24.0% were current smokers, 13.7% were heavy smokers and 8.1% were nicotine dependent individuals. Higher levels of neighbourhood safety were significantly associated with less heavy smoking (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78-0.99) and less nicotine dependence (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69-0.95), but not with less current smoking (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.91-1.11). The associations between neighbourhood safety and the three types of smoking behaviour varied by ethnicity. For instance, higher levels of neighbourhood safety were associated with less current smoking in participants of African Surinamese origin (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.57-0.89), but not in those of Dutch (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.91-1.39), South-Asian Surinamese (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.95-1.55), Turkish (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.84-1.38), Moroccan (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.12-2.10) or Ghanaian (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.47-2.94) origin. Policies that improve neighbourhood safety potentially contribute to less heavy smoking and nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Timmermans
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department: Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eleonore M Veldhuizen
- Department of Geography, Planning & International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke B Snijder
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department: Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department: Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department: Public Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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159
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Stearns D, Sircar K. National unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning estimates using hospitalization and emergency department data. Am J Emerg Med 2018; 37:421-426. [PMID: 29929888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unintentional non-fire-related (UNFR) carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a leading cause of poisoning in the US and a preventable cause of death. We generated national estimates of accidental CO poisoning and characterized the populations most at risk. UNFR CO poisoning cases were assessed using hospitalization and emergency department (ED) data from the Healthcare Costs and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample and Nationwide Emergency Department Sample databases. We used hospitalization data from 2003 to 2013 and ED data from 2007 to 2013. We calculated trends using a linear regression of UNFR CO poisonings over the study period and age-adjusted rates using direct standardization and U.S. Census Bureau estimates. During 2003-2013, approximately 14,365 persons (4.1 cases/million annually) with confirmed or probable UNFR CO poisoning were admitted to hospitals and the annual rate of poisonings showed a weak downward trend (p = 0.12). During 2007-2013, approximately 101,847 persons (48.3 visits/million annually) visited the ED and the annual rate of poisonings showed a significant downward trend (p ≤ 0.01). Most UNFR CO hospital cases involved patients who were older (aged 45-64 years), white, male, or living in the South or Midwest. Overall, the rate of hospitalizations did not change over the study period. Unintentional CO poisoning is preventable and these cases represent the most recent national estimates. ED visits declined over the study period, but the hospitalization rates did not change. This emphasizes the need for prevention efforts, such as education in the ED setting, increased use of CO alarms, and proper use and maintenance of fuel-powered household appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Stearns
- Asthma and Community Health Branch, Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA 30341, United States
| | - Kanta Sircar
- Asthma and Community Health Branch, Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Practice, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, GA 30341, United States.
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160
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Liddicoat C, Bi P, Waycott M, Glover J, Breed M, Weinstein P. Ambient soil cation exchange capacity inversely associates with infectious and parasitic disease risk in regional Australia. Sci Total Environ 2018; 626:117-125. [PMID: 29335166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human contact with soil may be important for building and maintaining normal healthy immune defence mechanisms, however this idea remains untested at the population-level. In this continent-wide, cross-sectional study we examine the possible public health benefit of ambient exposures to soil of high cation exchange capacity (CEC), a surrogate for potential immunomodulatory soil microbial diversity. We compare distributions of normalized mean 2011/12-2012/13 age-standardized public hospital admission rates (cumulative incidence) for infectious and parasitic diseases across regional Australia (representing an average of 29,516 patients/year in 228 local government areas), within tertiles of socioeconomic status and soil exposure. To test the significance of soil CEC, we use probabilistic individual-level environmental exposure data (with or without soil), and group-level variables, in robust non-parametric multilevel modelling to predict disease rates in unseen groups. Our results show that in socioeconomically-deprived areas with high CEC soils, rates of infectious and parasitic disease are significantly lower than areas with low CEC soils. Also, health inequality (relative risk) due to socioeconomic status is significantly lower in areas with high CEC soils compared to low CEC soils (Δ relative risk = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.82). Including soil exposure when modelling rates of infectious and parasitic disease significantly improves prediction performance, explaining an additional 7.5% (Δ r2 = 0.075; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.10) of variation in disease risk, in local government areas that were not used for model building. Our findings suggest that exposure to high CEC soils (typically high soil biodiversity) associates with reduced risk of infectious and parasitic diseases, particularly in lower socioeconomic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Liddicoat
- School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Peng Bi
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Michelle Waycott
- School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, GPO Box 1047, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - John Glover
- Public Health Information Development Unit, Torrens University Australia, Level 1, 200 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Martin Breed
- School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Philip Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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161
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Casey JA, Gemmill A, Karasek D, Ogburn EL, Goin DE, Morello-Frosch R. Increase in fertility following coal and oil power plant retirements in California. Environ Health 2018; 17:44. [PMID: 29720194 PMCID: PMC5932773 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have explored the relationship between air pollution and fertility. We used a natural experiment in California when coal and oil power plants retired to estimate associations with nearby fertility rates. METHODS We used a difference-in-differences negative binomial model on the incident rate ratio scale to analyze the change in annual fertility rates among California mothers living within 0-5 km and 5-10 km of 8 retired power plants between 2001 and 2011. The difference-in-differences method isolates the portion of the pre- versus post-retirement contrast in the 0-5 km and 5-10 km bins, respectively, that is due to retirement rather than secular trends. We controlled for secular trends with mothers living 10-20 km away. Adjusted models included fixed effects for power plant, proportion Hispanic, Black, high school educated, and aged > 30 years mothers, and neighborhood poverty and educational attainment. RESULTS Analyses included 58,909 live births. In adjusted models, we estimated that after power plant retirement annual fertility rates per 1000 women aged 15-44 years increased by 8 births within 5 km and 2 births within 5-10 km of power plants, corresponding to incident rate ratios of 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1-1.4) and 1.1 (95% CI: 1.0-1.2), respectively. We implemented a negative exposure control by randomly selecting power plants that did not retire and repeating our analysis with those locations using the retirement dates from original 8 power plants. There was no association, suggesting that statewide temporal trends may not account for results. CONCLUSIONS Fertility rates among nearby populations appeared to increase after coal and oil power plant retirements. Our study design limited the possibility that our findings resulted from temporal trends or changes in population composition. These results require confirmation in other populations, given known methodological limitations of ecologic study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A. Casey
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, 13B University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94729 USA
| | - Alison Gemmill
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, HSC, Level 3, Room 071, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8338 USA
| | - Deborah Karasek
- Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Ogburn
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E3620, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Dana E. Goin
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, 50 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94729 USA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management and the University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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162
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VoPham T, Hart JE, Laden F, Chiang YY. Emerging trends in geospatial artificial intelligence (geoAI): potential applications for environmental epidemiology. Environ Health 2018; 17:40. [PMID: 29665858 PMCID: PMC5905121 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Geospatial artificial intelligence (geoAI) is an emerging scientific discipline that combines innovations in spatial science, artificial intelligence methods in machine learning (e.g., deep learning), data mining, and high-performance computing to extract knowledge from spatial big data. In environmental epidemiology, exposure modeling is a commonly used approach to conduct exposure assessment to determine the distribution of exposures in study populations. geoAI technologies provide important advantages for exposure modeling in environmental epidemiology, including the ability to incorporate large amounts of big spatial and temporal data in a variety of formats; computational efficiency; flexibility in algorithms and workflows to accommodate relevant characteristics of spatial (environmental) processes including spatial nonstationarity; and scalability to model other environmental exposures across different geographic areas. The objectives of this commentary are to provide an overview of key concepts surrounding the evolving and interdisciplinary field of geoAI including spatial data science, machine learning, deep learning, and data mining; recent geoAI applications in research; and potential future directions for geoAI in environmental epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang VoPham
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jaime E. Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Francine Laden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yao-Yi Chiang
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway AHF B55, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Estimating health effects associated with source-specific exposure is important for better understanding how pollution impacts health and for developing policies to better protect public health. Although epidemiologic studies of sources can be informative, these studies are challenging to conduct because source-specific exposures (e.g., particulate matter from vehicles) often are not directly observed and must be estimated. We reviewed recent studies that estimated associations between pollution sources and health to identify methodological developments designed to address important challenges. RECENT FINDINGS Notable advances in epidemiologic studies of sources include approaches for (1) propagating uncertainty in source estimation into health effect estimates, (2) assessing regional and seasonal variability in emissions sources and source-specific health effects, and (3) addressing potential confounding in estimated health effects. Novel methodological approaches to address challenges in studies of pollution sources, particularly evaluation of source-specific health effects, are important for determining how source-specific exposure impacts health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Krall
- College of Health and Human Services, Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - Matthew J Strickland
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557-0274, USA
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164
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Zhang YJ, Zhou DH, Bai ZP, Xue FX. [Bibliometrics and visualization analysis of land use regression models in ambient air pollution research]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2018; 39:227-232. [PMID: 29495211 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To quantitatively analyze the current status and development trends regarding the land use regression (LUR) models on ambient air pollution studies. Methods: Relevant literature from the PubMed database before June 30, 2017 was analyzed, using the Bibliographic Items Co-occurrence Matrix Builder (BICOMB 2.0). Keywords co-occurrence networks, cluster mapping and timeline mapping were generated, using the CiteSpace 5.1.R5 software. Relevant literature identified in three Chinese databases was also reviewed. Results: Four hundred sixty four relevant papers were retrieved from the PubMed database. The number of papers published showed an annual increase, in line with the growing trend of the index. Most papers were published in the journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. Results from the Co-word cluster analysis identified five clusters: cluster#0 consisted of birth cohort studies related to the health effects of prenatal exposure to air pollution; cluster#1 referred to land use regression modeling and exposure assessment; cluster#2 was related to the epidemiology on traffic exposure; cluster#3 dealt with the exposure to ultrafine particles and related health effects; cluster#4 described the exposure to black carbon and related health effects. Data from Timeline mapping indicated that cluster#0 and#1 were the main research areas while cluster#3 and#4 were the up-coming hot areas of research. Ninety four relevant papers were retrieved from the Chinese databases with most of them related to studies on modeling. Conclusion: In order to better assess the health-related risks of ambient air pollution, and to best inform preventative public health intervention policies, application of LUR models to environmental epidemiology studies in China should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - D H Zhou
- Library of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Z P Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - F X Xue
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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165
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Masselot P, Chebana F, Bélanger D, St-Hilaire A, Abdous B, Gosselin P, Ouarda TBMJ. EMD-regression for modelling multi-scale relationships, and application to weather-related cardiovascular mortality. Sci Total Environ 2018; 612:1018-1029. [PMID: 28892843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a number of environmental studies, relationships between nat4ural processes are often assessed through regression analyses, using time series data. Such data are often multi-scale and non-stationary, leading to a poor accuracy of the resulting regression models and therefore to results with moderate reliability. To deal with this issue, the present paper introduces the EMD-regression methodology consisting in applying the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) algorithm on data series and then using the resulting components in regression models. The proposed methodology presents a number of advantages. First, it accounts of the issues of non-stationarity associated to the data series. Second, this approach acts as a scan for the relationship between a response variable and the predictors at different time scales, providing new insights about this relationship. To illustrate the proposed methodology it is applied to study the relationship between weather and cardiovascular mortality in Montreal, Canada. The results shed new knowledge concerning the studied relationship. For instance, they show that the humidity can cause excess mortality at the monthly time scale, which is a scale not visible in classical models. A comparison is also conducted with state of the art methods which are the generalized additive models and distributed lag models, both widely used in weather-related health studies. The comparison shows that EMD-regression achieves better prediction performances and provides more details than classical models concerning the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Masselot
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau-Terre-Environnement, Québec, Canada.
| | - Fateh Chebana
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau-Terre-Environnement, Québec, Canada
| | - Diane Bélanger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau-Terre-Environnement, Québec, Canada; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche, Québec, Canada
| | - André St-Hilaire
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau-Terre-Environnement, Québec, Canada
| | - Belkacem Abdous
- Université Laval, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Gosselin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau-Terre-Environnement, Québec, Canada; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche, Québec, Canada; Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Canada
| | - Taha B M J Ouarda
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau-Terre-Environnement, Québec, Canada
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166
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Oudin A, Åström DO, Asplund P, Steingrimsson S, Szabo Z, Carlsen HK. The association between daily concentrations of air pollution and visits to a psychiatric emergency unit: a case-crossover study. Environ Health 2018; 17:4. [PMID: 29321054 PMCID: PMC5763570 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Experimental studies, and a few epidemiological studies, suggest that air pollution may cause acute exacerbation of psychiatric disorders, and even increase the rate of suicide attempts, but epidemiological studies on air pollution in association with psychiatric disorders are still few. Our aim was to investigate associations between daily fluctuations in air pollution concentrations and the daily number of visits to a psychiatric emergency unit. METHODS Data from Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, on the daily number of visits to the Psychiatric emergency unit were combined with daily data on monitored concentrations of respirable particulate matter(PM10), ozone(O3), nitrogen dioxides(NO2) and temperature between 1st July 2012 and 31st December 2016. We used a case-crossover design to analyze data with conditional Poisson regression models allowing for over-dispersion. We stratified data on season. RESULTS Visits increased with increasing PM10 levels during the warmer season (April to September) in both single-pollutant and two-pollutant models. For example, an increase of 3.6% (95% Confidence Interval, CI, 0.4-7.0%) was observed with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 adjusted for NO2. In the three-pollutant models (adjusting for NO2 and O3 simultaneously) the increase was 3.3% (95% CI, -0.2-6.9). There were no clear associations between the outcome and NO2, O3, or PM10 during the colder season (October to March). CONCLUSIONS Ambient air particle concentrations were associated with the number of visits to the Psychiatric emergency unit in the warm season. The results were only borderline statistically significant in the fully adjusted (three-pollutant) models in this small study. The observation could be interpreted as indicative of air pollution as either exacerbating an underlying psychiatric disorder, or increasing mental distress, even in areas with comparatively low levels of air pollution. In combination with the severe impact of psychiatric disorders and mental distress on society and individuals, our results are a strong warrant for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oudin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Medicon Village, Byggnad 402A, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Oudin Åström
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Asplund
- Psykiatri Affektiva, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Steinn Steingrimsson
- Psykiatri Affektiva, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- CELAM - Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zoltan Szabo
- Psykiatri Affektiva, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanne Krage Carlsen
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Psykiatri Affektiva, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Environment and Natural Resources, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Eggers S, Safdar N, Malecki KMC. Heavy metal exposure and nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Environ Health 2018; 17:2. [PMID: 29304819 PMCID: PMC5756436 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metals including lead and cadmium can disrupt the immune system and the human microbiota. and are increasingly of concern with respect to the propogation of antibiotic-resistence. Infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Heavy metal exposure may be associated with increased MRSA colonization and infection, and a decrease in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) through co-selection mechanisms and natural selection of antibiotic resistance in the presence of heavy metals. This study examines the association between blood lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) level, and MRSA and MSSA nasal colonization. METHODS All data used for this analysis came from the 2001-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The analytical sample consisted of 18,626 participants aged 1 year and older. Multivariate logistic regression, including adjustment for demographic and dietary factors, was used to analyze the association between blood Pb and Cd, and nasal colonization by MRSA and MSSA. RESULTS Prevalence of MRSA and MSSA carriage were 1.2%, and 29.3% respectively. MRSA was highest in women, individuals age 70 and older, who self-identified as black, had only a high school diploma, lived below 200% of the Federal Poverty Level, and had a history of smoking. While not significantly different from those colonized with MSSA, geometric mean blood Pb (1.74 μg/dL) and blood Cd (0.31 μg/L) were highest in those colonized with MRSA. Associations with MRSA colonization appeared to increase in a dose-dependent manner with increasing quartile of blood Pb level. Blood Cd level in the fourth quartile was also significantly associated with lower odds of MRSA colonization. Both metals were associated with lower odds of MSSA colonization. CONCLUSIONS Both MRSA and MSSA results suggest that general population levels of blood Pb but not Cd are associated with differences in nasal carriage of S. aureus. While further research is needed, reduction in heavy metal exposures such as lead, concurrently with maintaining a healthy microbiota may be two modifiable options to consider in the fight against antibiotic-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshannah Eggers
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Warf Office Bldg, 610 Walnut St #707, Madison, WI 53726 USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53726 USA
- William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Kristen MC Malecki
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Warf Office Bldg, 610 Walnut St #707, Madison, WI 53726 USA
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168
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Ng C, Malig B, Hasheminassab S, Sioutas C, Basu R, Ebisu K. Source apportionment of fine particulate matter and risk of term low birth weight in California: Exploring modification by region and maternal characteristics. Sci Total Environ 2017; 605-606:647-654. [PMID: 28675874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and risk of term low birth weight (TLBW; birth weight<2500g and gestational weeks≥37weeks). However, it remains unclear which PM2.5 sources mainly contribute to these associations, and which subgroups (e.g. by residential region and maternal characteristics) may be more susceptible to these exposures. Using California birth records and PM2.5 data from eight monitoring sites from 2002 to 2009, we examined the relationship between exposures to total PM2.5 and PM2.5 sources and risk of TLBW. Source apportionment was performed for each site using Positive Matrix Factorization, and five PM2.5 sources (i.e., secondary ammonium sulfate, secondary ammonium nitrate, vehicular emissions, biomass burning, and resuspended soil) were included in our analysis. Mean gestational and trimester exposures were calculated for mothers with ZIP codes located within a 20km radius of monitors (N=1,050,330). Logistic regression was conducted and adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, and education, as well as gestational age, year of birth, apparent temperature exposure during gestation, and neighborhood level percentage of households below poverty level. Increased risks of TLBW associated with each interquartile range increase in exposure were 4.9% (95% confidence interval: 2.6, 7.3) for total PM2.5, 7.7% (4.7, 10.7) for secondary ammonium sulfate, 5.6% (3.5, 7.7) for resuspended soil, and 3.1% (1.3, 4.9) for secondary ammonium nitrate. Differences in associations were found between inland and coastal regions, and between northern and southern regions for several sources. Results also showed effect measure modification by maternal race/ethnicity and education, with the lowest risk of TLBW associated with PM2.5 exposures found in mothers with at least a college education and Asian mothers. Some PM2.5 sources may be more harmful than others, and a better understanding of the relative toxicity of PM2.5 from each source could lead to more targeted and cost-effective regulations to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Ng
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California EPA, 1515 Clay Street, 16th floor, Oakland, CA 94612, USA; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 50 University Hall, #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian Malig
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California EPA, 1515 Clay Street, 16th floor, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Sina Hasheminassab
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rupa Basu
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California EPA, 1515 Clay Street, 16th floor, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Keita Ebisu
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California EPA, 1515 Clay Street, 16th floor, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
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Figueiredo FWDS, Adami F. Income Inequality and Mortality Owing to Breast Cancer: Evidence From Brazil. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 18:e651-e658. [PMID: 29239835 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between breast cancer and inequality income is unclear. This study analyzed the correlation between income inequality and mortality standardized by age and proportional mortality owing to breast cancer among Brazilian women. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is an ecological study using data of the federative units and Federal District of Brazil in 2010. The age-standardized mortality owing to breast cancer was estimated using data from the Department of Informatics of Brazil's Unified Health System. Income inequality indicators used included the Gini index, Theil-L index, Palma index, and the ratio of income distribution quintiles obtained from the United Nations Development Program. We used Pearson correlation and linear regression adjusted for income per capita and other variables. RESULTS An increase of 0.1 in the Gini index was associated with increases of 9.8 deaths per 100,000 women (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-17.9); an increase in the Palma index was associated with increases in mortality of 0.7 deaths per 100,000 women (95% CI, 0.1-1.4), an increase in the Theil-L index was associated with increases in mortality of 4.9 deaths per 100,000 women (95% CI, 1.9-7.9), and of 0.8 (95% CI, 0.2-1.5) in the proportional mortality. CONCLUSION Income inequality, as assessed by the Gini, Palma, and Theil-L indexes, is positively associated with an increase in breast cancer mortality in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Adami
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Análise de Dados, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brasil
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Bauer JA, Claus Henn B, Austin C, Zoni S, Fedrighi C, Cagna G, Placidi D, White RF, Yang Q, Coull BA, Smith D, Lucchini RG, Wright RO, Arora M. Manganese in teeth and neurobehavior: Sex-specific windows of susceptibility. Environ Int 2017; 108:299-308. [PMID: 28941415 PMCID: PMC5679133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese (Mn) is an essential element required for growth and development, but higher body burdens have been associated with neurobehavioral decrements in children. OBJECTIVES We examined whether prenatal or postnatal Mn measured in deciduous teeth was associated with scores on a test of visuospatial learning and memory. METHODS Deciduous teeth were collected from 142 participants (ages 10-14years) residing near varied ferro‑manganese industry in Italy. Mn concentrations were measured in prenatal and postnatal tooth regions by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The Virtual Radial Arm Maze (VRAM), an animal-human analogue task, was used to assess visuospatial learning and memory. We used generalized additive, linear and zero-inflated Poisson mixed regression models to estimate associations between prenatal or postnatal Mn concentrations and repeated measures of all four VRAM outcomes: time, distance, working and reference memory errors. Effect measure modification by sex was examined in stratified models. RESULTS U-shaped associations between prenatal Mn and VRAM outcomes were observed among girls only (pGAMM=0.001 to 0.02 in stratified models). Compared to the mid-tertile of prenatal Mn, girls in the highest tertile took 7.7s [95% CI: -6.1, 21.5] longer to complete the task, traveled 2.3 maze units [0.1, 4.4] farther, and committed more working and reference memory errors (β for count ratio=1.33 [1.01, 1.83]; 1.10 [0.98, 1.24], respectively). This association was not observed among boys. In contrast, for postnatal Mn, no significant associations were found, and patterns were similar for boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS The prenatal period may be a critical window for the impact of environmental Mn on visuospatial ability and executive function, especially for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Anglen Bauer
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Zoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fedrighi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Cagna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta F White
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Booth BJ, Jones RR, Turyk ME, Freels S, Patel DM, Stayner LT, Ward MH. Livestock and poultry density and childhood cancer incidence in nine states in the USA. Environ Res 2017; 159:444-451. [PMID: 28858758 PMCID: PMC5784771 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental occupational and childhood exposures to farm animals have been positively associated with childhood brain tumors, whereas associations with childhood leukemia are equivocal. The developing immune system may be influenced by allergen, virus, or other exposures from animal sources, which may contribute to childhood cancer incidence. METHODS Incident cancers (acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL], acute myeloid leukemia [AML], central nervous system [CNS], peripheral nervous system [PNS]) for children aged 0-4 diagnosed between 2003 and 2008 were obtained from nine National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries and were linked to U.S. Census of Agriculture data from 2002 and 2007 by county of diagnosis. Animal densities (animal units [AU]/km2; one animal unit is 1000 pounds of animal weight) were estimated for hogs, cattle, chickens (layers and broilers, separately), equine (horses, ponies, mules, burros, donkeys), goats, sheep, turkeys, and total animals. Animal density was examined in models as both continuous (AU per km2) and categorical variables (quartiles). Animal operation densities (per km2) by size of operation (cattle, hogs, chickens, sheep) were modeled continuously. Rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS We found positive associations between AML and broiler chicken densities (RRper 10AU/km2 = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.02-1.26). ALL rates increased with densities of hog operations (RRper operation/100km2 = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02-1.11). PNS cancer rates were inversely associated with layer chicken density (RRper log of AU/km2 = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89-0.99). No association was found between any cancer type and densities of cattle, equine, or goats. CONCLUSIONS Although limited by the ecologic study design, some of our findings are novel and should be examined in epidemiological studies with individual level data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Booth
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Room 6E138, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Room 6E138, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Mary E Turyk
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Freels
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deven M Patel
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Room 6E138, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Leslie T Stayner
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Room 6E138, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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172
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Askari SG, Khatbasreh M, Ehrampoush MH, Sheikhha MH, Eslami H, Taghavi M, Shahrokhi S, Andishmand S. The relationship between environmental exposures and hormonal abnormalities in pregnant women: An epidemiological study in Yazd, Iran. Women Birth 2017; 31:e204-e209. [PMID: 28958763 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM The process of industrialization and lifestyle changes have gradually exposed human societies to a larger number of environmental risk factors, which may cause hormonal abnormalities and congenital anomalies. BACKGROUND The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and hormonal abnormalities among pregnant women in Yazd, Iran. METHODS A hundred participants were randomly selected from among a group of pregnant women. According to the screening tests (AFP, free β-HCG, uE3, PAPP-A, and inhibin-A) performed at the genome clinic in Yazd in 2016, the risk of Down Syndrome (DS) was sufficiently high in this group of pregnant women from which the participants were selected. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the degree of the participants' exposure to pesticides at home, use of canned and fast foods, and consumption of greenhouse fruits. The collected data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis Test. FINDINGS The mean of Multiple of Median (MoM) for inhibin-A was significantly higher among pregnant women who often or always used pesticides at home (p=0.047). The mean MoM for free β-HCG was significantly higher among pregnant women who often or always used canned foods (p=0.024). Finally, the mean MoM for uE3 (1.85±1.30) was significantly higher among pregnant women who never consumed greenhouse fruits (p=0.003). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that it is possible to reduce environmental exposures affecting hormonal abnormalities among pregnant women by improving nutritional patterns, minimizing the use of pesticides at home, and reducing the intake of canned foods and greenhouse fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Ghale Askari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Masomeh Khatbasreh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sheikhha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Hadi Eslami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Taghavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
| | - Samira Shahrokhi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Sodeh Andishmand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Nkanga MSN, Longo-Mbenza B, Adeniyi OV, Ngwidiwo JB, Katawandja AL, Kazadi PRB, Nzonzila AN. Ageing, exposure to pollution, and interactions between climate change and local seasons as oxidant conditions predicting incident hematologic malignancy at KINSHASA University clinics, Democratic Republic of CONGO (DRC). BMC Cancer 2017; 17:559. [PMID: 28835214 PMCID: PMC5569529 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The global burden of hematologic malignancy (HM) is rapidly rising with aging, exposure to polluted environments, and global and local climate variability all being well-established conditions of oxidative stress. However, there is currently no information on the extent and predictors of HM at Kinshasa University Clinics (KUC), DR Congo (DRC). This study evaluated the impact of bio-clinical factors, exposure to polluted environments, and interactions between global climate changes (EL Nino and La Nina) and local climate (dry and rainy seasons) on the incidence of HM. Methods This hospital-based prospective cohort study was conducted at Kinshasa University Clinics in DR Congo. A total of 105 black African adult patients with anaemia between 2009 and 2016 were included. HM was confirmed by morphological typing according to the French-American-British (FAB) Classification System. Gender, age, exposure to traffic pollution and garages/stations, global climate variability (El Nino and La Nina), and local climate (dry and rainy seasons) were potential independent variables to predict incident HM using Cox regression analysis and Kaplan Meier curves. Results Out of the total 105 patients, 63 experienced incident HM, with an incidence rate of 60%. After adjusting for gender, HIV/AIDS, and other bio-clinical factors, the most significant independent predictors of HM were age ≥ 55 years (HR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.4–4.3; P = 0.003), exposure to pollution and garages or stations (HR = 4.9; 95% CI 2–12.1; P < 0.001), combined local dry season + La Nina (HR = 4.6; 95%CI 1.8–11.8; P < 0.001), and combined local dry season + El Nino (HR = 4; 95% CI 1.6–9.7; P = 0.004). HM types included acute myeloid leukaemia (28.6% n = 18), multiple myeloma (22.2% n = 14), myelodysplastic syndromes (15.9% n = 10), chronic myeloid leukaemia (15.9% n = 10), chronic lymphoid leukaemia (9.5% n = 6), and acute lymphoid leukaemia (7.9% n = 5). After adjusting for confounders using Cox regression analysis, age ≥ 55 years, exposure to pollution, combined local dry season + La Nina and combined local dry season + El Nino were the most significant predictors of incident hematologic malignancy. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of aging, pollution, the dry season, El Nino and La Nina as related to global warming as determinants of hematologic malignancies among African patients from Kinshasa, DR Congo. Cancer registries in DRC and other African countries will provide more robust database for future researches on haematological malignancies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Solange Nganga Nkanga
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Service de Biologie Clinique, CUK, Faculté de Médecine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, 5117, Mthatha, South Africa.
| | - Oladele Vincent Adeniyi
- Cecilia Makiwane Hospital/Walter Sisulu University, Faculty of Health Sciences, East London, South Africa.
| | - Jacques Bikaula Ngwidiwo
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Service de Biologie Clinique, CUK, Faculté de Médecine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Antoine Lufimbo Katawandja
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Service de Biologie Clinique, CUK, Faculté de Médecine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Abstract
Did you ever hear about epidemiology in Germany? Starting from an epidemiological desert the discipline has grown remarkably, especially during the last 10-15 years: research institutes have been established, research funding has improved, multiple curriculae in Epidemiology and Public Health are offered. This increase has been quite steep, and now the epidemiological infrastructure is much better. Several medium-sized and even big population cohorts are ongoing, and the number and quality of publications from German epidemiologists has reached a respectable level. My own career in epidemiology started in the field of environmental health. After German reunification I concentrated for many years on environmental problems in East Germany and observed the health benefits after improvement of the situation. Later, I concentrated on population-based cohorts in newborns (GINI/LISA) and adults (KORA, German National Cohort), and on biobanking. This Essay describes the development in Germany after worldwar 2, illustrated by examples of research results and build-up of epidemiological infractructures worth mentioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, 2, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Chair of Epidemiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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175
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Ngueta G, Longnecker MP, Yoon M, Ruark CD, Clewell HJ, Andersen ME, Verner MA. Quantitative bias analysis of a reported association between perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and endometriosis: The influence of oral contraceptive use. Environ Int 2017; 104:118-121. [PMID: 28392065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An association between serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and endometriosis has recently been reported in an epidemiologic study. Oral contraceptive use to treat dysmenorrhea (pelvic pain associated with endometriosis) could potentially influence this association by reducing menstrual fluid loss, a route of excretion for PFAS. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of differential oral contraceptive use on the association between PFAS and endometriosis. We used a published life-stage physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to simulate plasma levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from birth to age at study participation (range 18-44years). In the simulated population, PFAS level distributions matched those for controls in the epidemiologic study. Prevalence and geometric mean duration (standard deviation [SD]) of oral contraceptive use in the simulated women were based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; among the women with endometriosis the values were, respectively, 29% and 6.8 (3.1) years; among those without endometriosis these values were 18% and 5.3 (2.8) years. In simulations, menstrual fluid loss (ml/cycle) in women taking oral contraceptives was assumed to be 56% of loss in non-users. We evaluated the association between simulated plasma PFAS concentration and endometriosis in the simulated population using logistic regression. Based on the simulations, the association between PFAS levels and endometriosis attributable to differential contraceptive use had an odds ratio (95% CI) of 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) for a loge unit increase in PFOA and 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) for PFOS. In comparison, the epidemiologic study reported odds ratios of 1.62 (0.99, 2.66) for PFOA and 1.25 (0.87, 1.80) for PFOS. Our results suggest that the influence of oral contraceptive use on the association between PFAS levels and endometriosis is relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ngueta
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada; Universite de Montreal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Université de Montréal, 7101, Parc Ave., Montreal, QC H3N 1X7, Canada.
| | | | - Miyoung Yoon
- ScitoVation, 6 Davis Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | - Harvey J Clewell
- Ramboll Environ, 6 Davis Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; ScitoVation, 6 Davis Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- Ramboll Environ, 6 Davis Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; ScitoVation, 6 Davis Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin de la Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1A8, Canada; Universite de Montreal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Université de Montréal, 7101, Parc Ave., Montreal, QC H3N 1X7, Canada.
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Belesova K, Gasparrini A, Sié A, Sauerborn R, Wilkinson P. Household cereal crop harvest and children's nutritional status in rural Burkina Faso. Environ Health 2017; 16:65. [PMID: 28633653 PMCID: PMC5477741 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction of child undernutrition is one of the Sustainable Development Goals for 2030. Achievement of this goal may be made more difficult in some settings by climate change through adverse impact on agricultural productivity. However, there is only limited quantitative evidence on the link between household crop harvests and child nutrition. We examined this link in a largely subsistence farming population in rural Burkina Faso. METHODS Data on the middle-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of 975 children ≤5 years of age, household crop yields, and other parameters were obtained from the Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Multilevel modelling was used to assess the relationship between MUAC and the household crop harvest in the year 2009 estimated in terms of kilocalories per adult equivalent per day (kcal/ae/d). RESULTS Fourteen percent of children had a MUAC <125 mm (a value indicative of acute undernutrition). The relationship between MUAC and annual household food energy production adjusted for age, sex, month of MUAC measurement, household wealth, whether a household member had a non-agricultural occupation, garden produce, village infrastructure and market presence, suggested a decline in MUAC below around 3000 kcal/ae/d. The mean MUAC was 2.49 (95% CI 0.45, 4.52) mm less at 1000 than at 3000 kcal/ae/d. CONCLUSIONS Low per capita household crop production is associated with poorer nutritional status of children in a rural farming population in Burkina Faso. This and similar populations may thus be vulnerable to the adverse effects of weather on agricultural harvest, especially in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Belesova
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH UK
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH UK
| | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Rue Namory Keïta, Nouna, Kossi province, Boucle du Mouhoun region Burkina Faso
| | - Rainer Sauerborn
- Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, 324 69120 Germany
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH UK
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177
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Mori C, Todaka E. For a healthier future: a virtuous cycle for reducing exposure to persistent organic pollutants. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:660-662. [PMID: 28515209 PMCID: PMC5485752 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the modern society, people are exposed to various pollutants during their lifetime. Worldwide, the status of children's health has changed in recent decades. Some studies have attempted to identify the causes of these changes and whether they relate to pollutant exposure; however, such attempts have faced major challenges because human life is complex, involving many social and environmental factors. Several long-term cohort studies are being conducted to determine the relationship between diseases and social and environmental factors in children. Even before we establish complete proof of adverse effects, we should attempt to decrease risk to future generations by adopting precautionary principles. Environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants can be reduced throughout the stages of life—the fetal period, newborn and infant periods, childhood, adolescence and adulthood (preconception) by individuals as well as by society as a whole. Through reducing environmental exposure to pollutants, adverse health effects can also be reduced, which will contribute to healthier future generations. Here, we suggest a virtuous cycle for improving the health of future generations through reduced exposure to persistent pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Mori
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba City, Japan.,Centre for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba City, Japan
| | - Emiko Todaka
- Centre for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba City, Japan
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178
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Megaw L, Clemens T, Dibben C, Weller R, Stock S. Pregnancy outcome and ultraviolet radiation; A systematic review. Environ Res 2017; 155:335-343. [PMID: 28264782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Season and vitamin D are indirect and direct correlates of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and are associated with pregnancy outcomes. Further to producing vitamin D, UV has positive effects on cardiovascular and immune health that may support a role for UV directly benefitting pregnancy. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of UV exposure on pregnancy; specifically fetal growth, preterm birth and hypertensive complications. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of Medline, EMBASE, DoPHER, Global Health, ProQuest Public Health, AustHealth Informit, SCOPUS and Google Scholar to identify 537 citations, 8 of which are included in this review. This review was registered on PROSPERO and a. narrative synthesis is presented following PRISMA guidance. RESULTS All studies were observational and assessed at high risk of bias. Higher first trimester UV was associated with and improved fetal growth and increased hypertension in pregnancy. Interpretation is limited by study design and quality. Meta-analysis was precluded by the variety of outcomes and methods. DISCUSSION The low number of studies and risk of bias limit the validity of any conclusions. Environmental health methodological issues are discussed with consideration given to design and analytical improvements to further address this reproductive environmental health question. CONCLUSIONS The evidence for UV having benefits for pregnancy hypertension and fetal growth is limited by the methodological approaches utilized. Future epidemiological efforts should focus on improving the methods of modeling and linking widely available environmental data to reproductive health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Megaw
- School of Women's and Infants Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Crawley Ave, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Edinburgh Tommy's Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Tom Clemens
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond St, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
| | - Chris Dibben
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond St, Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard Weller
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Stock
- School of Women's and Infants Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Crawley Ave, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Edinburgh Tommy's Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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179
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Zijlema WL, Triguero-Mas M, Smith G, Cirach M, Martinez D, Dadvand P, Gascon M, Jones M, Gidlow C, Hurst G, Masterson D, Ellis N, van den Berg M, Maas J, van Kamp I, van den Hazel P, Kruize H, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Julvez J. The relationship between natural outdoor environments and cognitive functioning and its mediators. Environ Res 2017; 155:268-275. [PMID: 28254708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urban residents may experience cognitive fatigue and little opportunity for mental restoration due to a lack of access to nature. Natural outdoor environments (NOE) are thought to be beneficial for cognitive functioning, but underlying mechanisms are not clear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the long-term association between NOE and cognitive function, and its potential mediators. METHODS This cross-sectional study was based on adult participants of the Positive Health Effects of the Natural Outdoor Environment in Typical Populations in Different Regions in Europe (PHENOTYPE) project. Data were collected in Barcelona, Spain; Doetinchem, the Netherlands; and Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom. We assessed residential distance to NOE, residential surrounding greenness, perceived amount of neighborhood NOE, and engagement with NOE. Cognitive function was assessed with the Color Trails Test (CTT). Mediation analysis was undertaken following Baron and Kenny. RESULTS Each 100m increase in residential distance to NOE was associated with a longer CTT completion time of 1.50% (95% CI 0.13, 2.89). No associations were found for other NOE indicators and cognitive function. Neighborhood social cohesion was (marginally) significantly associated with both residential distance to NOE and CTT completion time, but no evidence for mediation was found. Nor were there indications for mediation by physical activity, social interaction with neighbors, loneliness, mental health, air pollution worries, or noise annoyance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide some indication that proximity to nature may benefit cognitive function. We could not establish which mechanisms may explain this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma L Zijlema
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Margarita Triguero-Mas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Graham Smith
- Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Marta Cirach
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Martinez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Payam Dadvand
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Gascon
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Jones
- Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | | | - Gemma Hurst
- Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | | | - Naomi Ellis
- Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Magdalena van den Berg
- Department of Public & Occupational Health and EMGO Institute for Health and Care research, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Maas
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene van Kamp
- RIVM, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hanneke Kruize
- RIVM, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Julvez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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180
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Butland BK, Atkinson RW, Crichton S, Barratt B, Beevers S, Spiridou A, Hoang U, Kelly FJ, Wolfe CD. Air pollution and the incidence of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in the South London Stroke Register: a case-cross-over analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:707-712. [PMID: 28408613 PMCID: PMC5485750 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Few European studies investigating associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and incident stroke have considered stroke subtypes. Using information from the South London Stroke Register for 2005–2012, we investigated associations between daily concentrations of gaseous and particulate air pollutants and incident stroke subtypes in an ethnically diverse area of London, UK. Methods Modelled daily pollutant concentrations based on a combination of measurements and dispersion modelling were linked at postcode level to incident stroke events stratified by haemorrhagic and ischaemic subtypes. The data were analysed using a time-stratified case–cross-over approach. Conditional logistic regression models included natural cubic splines for daily mean temperature and daily mean relative humidity, a binary term for public holidays and a sine–cosine annual cycle. Of primary interest were same day mean concentrations of particulate matter <2.5 and <10 µm in diameter (PM2.5, PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and NO2+nitrogen oxide (NOX). Results Our analysis was based on 1758 incident strokes (1311 were ischaemic and 256 were haemorrhagic). We found no evidence of an association between all stroke or ischaemic stroke and same day exposure to PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2 or NOX. For haemorrhagic stroke, we found a negative association with PM10 suggestive of a 14.6% (95% CI 0.7% to 26.5%) fall in risk per 10 µg/m3 increase in pollutant. Conclusions Using data from the South London Stroke Register, we found no evidence of a positive association between outdoor air pollution and incident stroke or its subtypes. These results, though in contrast to recent meta-analyses, are not inconsistent with the mixed findings of other UK studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Butland
- Population Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - R W Atkinson
- Population Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - S Crichton
- Division of Health and Social Care Research, Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B Barratt
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Sciences and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Waterloo, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Beevers
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Sciences and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Waterloo, UK
| | - A Spiridou
- Division of Health and Social Care Research, Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - U Hoang
- Division of Health and Social Care Research, Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - F J Kelly
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Sciences and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Waterloo, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - C D Wolfe
- Division of Health and Social Care Research, Department of Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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181
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O’ Lenick CR, Chang HH, Kramer MR, Winquist A, Mulholland JA, Friberg MD, Sarnat SE. Ozone and childhood respiratory disease in three US cities: evaluation of effect measure modification by neighborhood socioeconomic status using a Bayesian hierarchical approach. Environ Health 2017; 16:36. [PMID: 28381221 PMCID: PMC5382444 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ground-level ozone is a potent airway irritant and a determinant of respiratory morbidity. Susceptibility to the health effects of ambient ozone may be influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES). Questions remain regarding the manner and extent that factors such as SES influence ozone-related health effects, particularly across different study areas. METHODS Using a 2-stage modeling approach we evaluated neighborhood SES as a modifier of ozone-related pediatric respiratory morbidity in Atlanta, Dallas, & St. Louis. We acquired multi-year data on emergency department (ED) visits among 5-18 year olds with a primary diagnosis of respiratory disease in each city. Daily concentrations of 8-h maximum ambient ozone were estimated for all ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTA) in each city by fusing observed concentration data from available network monitors with simulations from an emissions-based chemical transport model. In the first stage, we used conditional logistic regression to estimate ZCTA-specific odds ratios (OR) between ozone and respiratory ED visits, controlling for temporal trends and meteorology. In the second stage, we combined ZCTA-level estimates in a Bayesian hierarchical model to assess overall associations and effect modification by neighborhood SES considering categorical and continuous SES indicators (e.g., ZCTA-specific levels of poverty). We estimated ORs and 95% posterior intervals (PI) for a 25 ppb increase in ozone. RESULTS The hierarchical model combined effect estimates from 179 ZCTAs in Atlanta, 205 ZCTAs in Dallas, and 151 ZCTAs in St. Louis. The strongest overall association of ozone and pediatric respiratory disease was in Atlanta (OR = 1.08, 95% PI: 1.06, 1.11), followed by Dallas (OR = 1.04, 95% PI: 1.01, 1.07) and St. Louis (OR = 1.03, 95% PI: 0.99, 1.07). Patterns of association across levels of neighborhood SES in each city suggested stronger ORs in low compared to high SES areas, with some evidence of non-linear effect modification. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that ozone is associated with pediatric respiratory morbidity in multiple US cities; neighborhood SES may modify this association in a non-linear manner. In each city, children living in low SES environments appear to be especially vulnerable given positive ORs and high underlying rates of respiratory morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R. O’ Lenick
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Second Floor, Claudia Nance Rollins Building, Rm. 2030 B, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Howard H. Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Michael R. Kramer
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Andrea Winquist
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Second Floor, Claudia Nance Rollins Building, Rm. 2030 B, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - James A. Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Mariel D. Friberg
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Second Floor, Claudia Nance Rollins Building, Rm. 2030 B, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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182
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Abstract
Ever since the London Great Smog of 1952 is estimated to have killed over 4000 people, scientists have studied the relationship between air quality and acute mortality. There are many hundreds of papers examining the question. There is a serious statistical problem with most of these papers. If there are many questions under consideration, and there is no adjustment for multiple testing or multiple modeling, then unadjusted p-values are totally unreliable making claims unreliable. Our idea is to determine the statistical reliability of eight papers published in Environmental Health Perspectives that were used in meta-analysis papers appearing in Lancet and JAMA. We counted the number of outcomes, air quality predictors, time lags and covariates examined in each paper. We estimate the multiplicity of questions that could be asked and the number of models that could be constructed. The results were that the median numbers of comparisons possible for multiplicity, models and search space were 135, 128, and 9568 respectively. Given the large search spaces, finding a small number of nominally significant results is not unusual at all. The claims in these eight papers are not statistically supported so these papers are unreliable as are the meta-analysis papers that use them.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stanley Young
- CGStat, 3401 Caldwell Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607-3326, United States.
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183
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Trasande L, Lind PM, Lampa E, Lind L. Dismissing manufactured uncertainties, limitations and competing interpretations about chemical exposures and diabetes. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:942. [PMID: 28264882 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-208901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, New York, USA.,NYU College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Lampa
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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184
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Measurement error threatens public health by producing bias in estimates of the population impact of environmental exposures. Quantitative methods to account for measurement bias can improve public health decision making. RECENT FINDINGS We summarize traditional and emerging methods to improve inference under a standard perspective, in which the investigator estimates an exposure-response function, and a policy perspective, in which the investigator directly estimates population impact of a proposed intervention. Under a policy perspective, the analyst must be sensitive to errors in measurement of factors that modify the effect of exposure on outcome, must consider whether policies operate on the true or measured exposures, and may increasingly need to account for potentially dependent measurement error of two or more exposures affected by the same policy or intervention. Incorporating approaches to account for measurement error into such a policy perspective will increase the impact of environmental epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie K Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Dr. 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Dr. 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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185
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Faure E, Danjou AM, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Dossus L, Fervers B. Accuracy of two geocoding methods for geographic information system-based exposure assessment in epidemiological studies. Environ Health 2017; 16:15. [PMID: 28235407 PMCID: PMC5324215 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental exposure assessment based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and study participants' residential proximity to environmental exposure sources relies on the positional accuracy of subjects' residences to avoid misclassification bias. Our study compared the positional accuracy of two automatic geocoding methods to a manual reference method. METHODS We geocoded 4,247 address records representing the residential history (1990-2008) of 1,685 women from the French national E3N cohort living in the Rhône-Alpes region. We compared two automatic geocoding methods, a free-online geocoding service (method A) and an in-house geocoder (method B), to a reference layer created by manually relocating addresses from method A (method R). For each automatic geocoding method, positional accuracy levels were compared according to the urban/rural status of addresses and time-periods (1990-2000, 2001-2008), using Chi Square tests. Kappa statistics were performed to assess agreement of positional accuracy of both methods A and B with the reference method, overall, by time-periods and by urban/rural status of addresses. RESULTS Respectively 81.4% and 84.4% of addresses were geocoded to the exact address (65.1% and 61.4%) or to the street segment (16.3% and 23.0%) with methods A and B. In the reference layer, geocoding accuracy was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas (74.4% vs. 10.5% addresses geocoded to the address or interpolated address level, p < 0.0001); no difference was observed according to the period of residence. Compared to the reference method, median positional errors were 0.0 m (IQR = 0.0-37.2 m) and 26.5 m (8.0-134.8 m), with positional errors <100 m for 82.5% and 71.3% of addresses, for method A and method B respectively. Positional agreement of method A and method B with method R was 'substantial' for both methods, with kappa coefficients of 0.60 and 0.61 for methods A and B, respectively. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the feasibility of geocoding residential addresses in epidemiological studies not initially recorded for environmental exposure assessment, for both recent addresses and residence locations more than 20 years ago. Accuracy of the two automatic geocoding methods was comparable. The in-house method (B) allowed a better control of the geocoding process and was less time consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Faure
- Cancer and Environnent Department, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373, Lyon, Cedex 08 France
| | - Aurélie M.N. Danjou
- Cancer and Environnent Department, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373, Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Team “Generations for Health”, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Paris Sud University, UMRS 1018, 94805 Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1018 – EMT, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, Cedex France
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Team “Generations for Health”, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Paris Sud University, UMRS 1018, 94805 Villejuif, France
- INSERM U1018 – EMT, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, Cedex France
| | - Laure Dossus
- Inserm, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Team “Generations for Health”, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Paris Sud University, UMRS 1018, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Béatrice Fervers
- Cancer and Environnent Department, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373, Lyon, Cedex 08 France
- Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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186
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Milanzi EB, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, Wijga AH, van Rossem L, Vonk JM, Smit HA, Gehring U. Lifetime secondhand smoke exposure and childhood and adolescent asthma: findings from the PIAMA cohort. Environ Health 2017; 16:14. [PMID: 28231798 PMCID: PMC5324208 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a modifiable risk factor associated with childhood asthma. Associations with adolescent asthma and the relevance of the timing and patterns of exposure are unclear. Knowledge of critical windows of exposure is important for targeted interventions. METHODS We used data until age 17 from 1454 children of the Dutch population-based PIAMA birth cohort. Residential SHS exposure was assessed through parental questionnaires completed at ages 3 months, 1-8 (yearly), 11, 14, and 17 years. Lifetime exposure was determined as; a) time window-specific exposure (prenatal, infancy, preschool, primary school, and secondary school); b) lifetime cumulative exposure; c) longitudinal exposure patterns using latent class growth modeling (LCGM). Generalized estimation equations and logistic regression were used to analyze associations between exposure and asthma at ages 4 to 17 years, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS With all three methods, we consistently found no association between SHS exposure and asthma at ages 4 to 17 years e.g. adjusted overall odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.67 (0.41-1.12), 1.00 (0.66-1.51) and 0.67 (0.41-1.11) for prenatal maternal active smoking, infancy, and preschool school time window exposures, respectively. CONCLUSION We assessed lifetime SHS exposure using different methods. Different timing and patterns of SHS exposure were not associated with an increased risk of asthma in childhood and adolescence in our study. More longitudinal studies could investigate effects of lifetime SHS exposure on asthma in adolescence and later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith B. Milanzi
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard H. Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alet H. Wijga
- Centre for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lenie van Rossem
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte A. Smit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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187
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Wang JY, Hsieh MH, Lin PC, Liu CS, Chen JD. Parallel contagion phenomenon of concordant mental disorders among married couples: a nationwide cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:640-647. [PMID: 28219896 PMCID: PMC5485751 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggregation of mental disorders in couples, as reported by prior research, indicates the effect of familial environments and warrants attention. However, the concordant categories of mental disorders in couples remain unclear. This study investigated spousal concordance for the category of mental disorders among couples throughout Taiwan by using factors associated with such disorders. METHODS 5643 couples in the 2002-2013 Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were analysed and compared with propensity-matched 5643 non-couples. Twelve independent variables, including spouse and shared characteristics, and the category of mental disorders were analysed, mainly by using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS The determined prevalence rates for concordant categories of mental disorder were 0.19% for affective disorders, 6.96% for anxiety disorders, and 3.15% of other mental disorders. Multinomial logistic regression results revealed that two spouses were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with the same category of the aforementioned mental disorders (ORs=2.914, 1.776 and 1.727, respectively). Other associated factors included gender, age, occupation, comorbidity and region. The odds of concordances were significantly higher in couples than in non-couples. CONCLUSIONS A category of mental disorder in one spouse is a determinant of that in the other spouse. This study extended the emotional contagion theory to the phenomenon of parallel contagion to reflect the three concordances, suggesting a direction of family-based mental health intervention, particularly prevention for the same category of mental disorders in couples. Policymakers should strengthen the coping strategies of the caring spouse and external support system to psychiatrically vulnerable families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Yi Wang
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Lin
- Tele-Healthcare Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-De Chen
- Department of Sports, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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188
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Dehbi HM, Blangiardo M, Gulliver J, Fecht D, de Hoogh K, Al-Kanaani Z, Tillin T, Hardy R, Chaturvedi N, Hansell AL. Air pollution and cardiovascular mortality with over 25years follow-up: A combined analysis of two British cohorts. Environ Int 2017; 99:275-281. [PMID: 27939045 PMCID: PMC5292102 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse effects of air pollution on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality are well established. There are comparatively fewer studies in Europe, and in the UK particularly, than in North America. We examined associations in two British cohorts with >25years of follow-up. METHODS Annual average NO2, SO2 and black smoke (BS) air pollution exposure estimates for 1991 were obtained from land use regression models using contemporaneous monitoring data. From the European Study of Cohorts and Air Pollution (ESCAPE), air pollution estimates in 2010-11 were obtained for NO2, NOx, PM10, PMcoarse and PM2.5. The exposure estimates were assigned to place of residence 1989 for participants in a national birth cohort born in 1946, the MRC National Study of Health and Development (NSHD), and an adult multi-ethnic London cohort, Southall and Brent Revisited (SABRE) recruited 1988-91. The combined median follow-up was 26years. Single-pollutant competing risk models were employed, adjusting for individual risk factors. RESULTS Elevated non-significant hazard ratios for CVD mortality were seen with 1991 BS and SO2 and with ESCAPE PM10 and PM2.5 in fully adjusted linear models. Per 10μg/m3 increase HRs were 1.11 [95% CI: 0.76-1.61] for BS, 1.05 [95% CI: 0.91-1.22] for SO2, 1.16 [95% CI: 0.70-1.92] for PM10 and 1.30 [95% CI: 0.39-4.34] for PM2.5, with largest effects seen in the fourth quartile of BS and PM2.5 compared to the first with HR 1.24 [95% CI: 0.91-1.61] and 1.21 [95% CI: 0.88-1.66] respectively. There were no consistent associations with other ESCAPE pollutants, or with 1991 NO2. Modelling using Cox regression led to similar results. CONCLUSION Our results support a detrimental long-term effect for air pollutants on cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim-Moulay Dehbi
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Marta Blangiardo
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - John Gulliver
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Daniela Fecht
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zaina Al-Kanaani
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Therese Tillin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Anna L Hansell
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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189
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Magnus P. Looking for effects of environmental contaminants in a large birth cohort: Summarizing results of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:71-6. [PMID: 28110843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) includes about 113 000 pregnancies, recruited during the years 1999-2008. Using information from questionnaires and biological samples, a major purpose has been to estimate the association between exposures to environmental contaminants and disease occurrence in parents and children. The intention of this article is to describe the available data in MoBa together with a short synopsis of some recent MoBa-publications that relate to exposure assessment and associations between toxicants and health outcomes. The majority of these papers display negative results, in the sense that no strong associations between contaminants and health outcomes have been found, whereas others suggest adverse effects. The positive associations between fetal exposure to contaminants and child growth and development will need replication in other cohorts and further risk assessment. Large prospective pregnancy cohorts remain an important resource for surveillance and detection of effects of environmental hazards on human health.
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190
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Peckham S, Lowery D, Spencer S. Fluoride levels in drinking water and hypothyroidism: Response to Grimes and Newton et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:313-314. [PMID: 28093449 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Peckham
- Centre for Health Service Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - D Lowery
- Centre for Health Service Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - S Spencer
- Centre for Health Service Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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191
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Finkel ML. Shale gas development and cancer incidence in southwest Pennsylvania. Public Health 2016; 141:198-206. [PMID: 27932001 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To what extent does unconventional gas development lead to an increase in cancer incidence in heavily drilled Southwest Pennsylvania? STUDY DESIGN Ecological study. METHODS Data for urinary bladder, thyroid and leukaemia were abstracted from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry (PCR). Cancer incidence among counties with high, moderate and minimal number of producing wells is compared before drilling activity and thereafter. Observed vs expected cases, standardized incidence ratio and 95% confidence intervals are presented. Data are presented by county, diagnosis and sex for the years 2000-2004, 2004-2008 and 2008-2012. The percent difference between the observed cases from 2000 to 2004 and 2008-2012 was calculated. RESULTS The observed number of urinary bladder cases was higher than expected in both sexes in counties with shale gas activity. In counties with the fewest number of producing wells, the increase was essentially non-existent. The number of observed cases of thyroid cancer increased substantially among both sexes over the time period in all counties regardless of the number of wells drilled. The pattern for leukaemia was mixed among males and females and among the counties regardless of the extent of shale gas development activities. CONCLUSION Potential risk factors other than shale gas development must be taken into account to explain the higher than expected cancer cases in counties with and without shale gas wells before and during unconventional shale gas activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Finkel
- Professor of Healthcare Policy & Research and Director of the Office of Global Health Education Weill Cornell Medicine, 402 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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192
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Hajna S, Kestens Y, Daskalopoulou SS, Joseph L, Thierry B, Sherman M, Trudeau L, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Meissner L, Bacon SL, Gauvin L, Ross NA, Dasgupta K. Neighbourhood walkability and home neighbourhood-based physical activity: an observational study of adults with type 2 diabetes. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:957. [PMID: 27613233 PMCID: PMC5017036 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Converging international evidence suggests that diabetes incidence is lower among adults living in more walkable neighbourhoods. The association between walkability and physical activity (PA), the presumed mediator of this relationship, has not been carefully examined in adults with type 2 diabetes. We investigated the associations of walkability with total PA occurring within home neighbourhoods and overall PA, irrespective of location. Methods Participants (n = 97; 59.5 ± 10.5 years) were recruited through clinics in Montreal (QC, Canada) and wore a GPS-accelerometer device for 7 days. Total PA was expressed as the total Vector of the Dynamic Body Acceleration. PA location was determined using a Global Positioning System (GPS) device (SIRF IV chip). Walkability (street connectivity, land use mix, population density) was assessed using Geographical Information Systems software. The cross-sectional associations between walkability and location-based PA were estimated using robust linear regressions adjusted for age, body mass index, sex, university education, season, car access, residential self-selection, and wear-time. Results A one standard deviation (SD) increment in walkability was associated with 10.4 % of a SD increment in neighbourhood-based PA (95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 19.7) – equivalent to 165 more steps/day (95 % 19, 312). Car access emerged as an important predictor of neighbourhood-based PA (Not having car access: 38.6 % of a SD increment in neighbourhood-based PA, 95 % CI 17.9, 59.3). Neither walkability nor car access were conclusively associated with overall PA. Conclusions Higher neighbourhood walkability is associated with higher home neighbourhood-based PA but not with higher overall PA. Other factors will need to be leveraged to facilitate meaningful increases in overall PA among adults with type 2 diabetes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3603-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hajna
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yan Kestens
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Tour St-Antoine, S02-340, 850 St-Denis, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, C2.101.4, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lawrence Joseph
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, V1.08, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Thierry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Tour St-Antoine, S02-340, 850 St-Denis, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luc Trudeau
- Division of Internal Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Leslie Meissner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, St. Mary's Hospital, 3830 Lacombe Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Boul. Gouin Ouest, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lise Gauvin
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de Santé Publique, Université de Montréal, 7101 avenue du Parc, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy A Ross
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kaberi Dasgupta
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, V1.08, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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193
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Portier CJ, Armstrong BK, Baguley BC, Baur X, Belyaev I, Bellé R, Belpoggi F, Biggeri A, Bosland MC, Bruzzi P, Budnik LT, Bugge MD, Burns K, Calaf GM, Carpenter DO, Carpenter HM, López-Carrillo L, Clapp R, Cocco P, Consonni D, Comba P, Craft E, Dalvie MA, Davis D, Demers PA, De Roos AJ, DeWitt J, Forastiere F, Freedman JH, Fritschi L, Gaus C, Gohlke JM, Goldberg M, Greiser E, Hansen J, Hardell L, Hauptmann M, Huang W, Huff J, James MO, Jameson CW, Kortenkamp A, Kopp-Schneider A, Kromhout H, Larramendy ML, Landrigan PJ, Lash LH, Leszczynski D, Lynch CF, Magnani C, Mandrioli D, Martin FL, Merler E, Michelozzi P, Miligi L, Miller AB, Mirabelli D, Mirer FE, Naidoo S, Perry MJ, Petronio MG, Pirastu R, Portier RJ, Ramos KS, Robertson LW, Rodriguez T, Röösli M, Ross MK, Roy D, Rusyn I, Saldiva P, Sass J, Savolainen K, Scheepers PTJ, Sergi C, Silbergeld EK, Smith MT, Stewart BW, Sutton P, Tateo F, Terracini B, Thielmann HW, Thomas DB, Vainio H, Vena JE, Vineis P, Weiderpass E, Weisenburger DD, Woodruff TJ, Yorifuji T, Yu IJ, Zambon P, Zeeb H, Zhou SF. Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:741-5. [PMID: 26941213 PMCID: PMC4975799 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-207005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xaver Baur
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Cancer Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Robert Bellé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR8227, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Annibale Biggeri
- Institute for Cancer Prevention and Research, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Bruzzi
- National Cancer Research Institute, San Martino—IST Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Merete D Bugge
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Clapp
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Comba
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Craft
- Environmental Defense Fund, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Center for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Devra Davis
- Environmental Health Trust, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA and The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Paul A Demers
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Anneclaire J De Roos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jamie DeWitt
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline Gaus
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julia M Gohlke
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Hauptmann
- Biostatistics Branch, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Huang
- Faculty of Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking Univ School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - James Huff
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - C W Jameson
- CWJ Consulting, LLC, Cape Coral, Florida, USA
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | | | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo L Larramendy
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, National University of La Plata, Argentina
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,New York, USA
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Charles F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Enzo Merler
- Department of Prevention, Occupational Health Unit, National Health Service, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Miligi
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Anthony B Miller
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Franklin E Mirer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, City University of New York School of Public Health, USA
| | - Saloshni Naidoo
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Melissa J Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Petronio
- Health and Environment-Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority-Empoli, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Pirastu
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Rome University, Italy
| | - Ralph J Portier
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kenneth S Ramos
- Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Iowa Superfund Research Program and the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Theresa Rodriguez
- Center for Research in Health, Work and Environment (CISTA), National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Associated Institute of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matt K Ross
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Deodutta Roy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Paulo Saldiva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Sass
- Natural Resources Defense Council and George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen K Silbergeld
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Bernard W Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South WalesAustralia
| | - Patrice Sutton
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fabio Tateo
- Istituto di Geosceinze e Georisorse (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | | | - Heinz W Thielmann
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg and Faculty of Pharmacy, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - David B Thomas
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harri Vainio
- Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - John E Vena
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Il Je Yu
- Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan, The Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hajo Zeeb
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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O'Lenick CR, Winquist A, Mulholland JA, Friberg MD, Chang HH, Kramer MR, Darrow LA, Sarnat SE. Assessment of neighbourhood-level socioeconomic status as a modifier of air pollution-asthma associations among children in Atlanta. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:129-136. [PMID: 27422981 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A broad literature base provides evidence of association between air pollution and paediatric asthma. Socioeconomic status (SES) may modify these associations; however, previous studies have found inconsistent evidence regarding the role of SES. METHODS Effect modification of air pollution-paediatric asthma morbidity by multiple indicators of neighbourhood SES was examined in Atlanta, Georgia. Emergency department (ED) visit data were obtained for 5-18 years old with a diagnosis of asthma in 20-county Atlanta during 2002-2008. Daily ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA)-level concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter and elemental carbon were estimated using ambient monitoring data and emissions-based chemical transport model simulations. Pollutant-asthma associations were estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for temporal trends and meteorology. Effect modification by ZCTA-level (neighbourhood) SES was examined via stratification. RESULTS We observed stronger air pollution-paediatric asthma associations in 'deprivation areas' (eg, ≥20% of the ZCTA population living in poverty) compared with 'non-deprivation areas'. When stratifying analyses by quartiles of neighbourhood SES, ORs indicated stronger associations in the highest and lowest SES quartiles and weaker associations among the middle quartiles. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neighbourhood-level SES is a factor contributing vulnerability to air pollution-related paediatric asthma morbidity in Atlanta. Children living in low SES environments appear to be especially vulnerable given positive ORs and high underlying asthma ED rates. Inconsistent findings of effect modification among previous studies may be partially explained by choice of SES stratification criteria, and the use of multiplicative models combined with differing baseline risk across SES populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R O'Lenick
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea Winquist
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariel D Friberg
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael R Kramer
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lyndsey A Darrow
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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195
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Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Bourguignon JP, Myers JP, Slama R, Vom Saal F, Zoeller RT. Peer-reviewed and unbiased research, rather than 'sound science', should be used to evaluate endocrine-disrupting chemicals. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:1051-1056. [PMID: 27417427 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evidence increasingly confirms that synthetic chemicals disrupt the endocrine system and contribute to disease and disability across the lifespan. Despite a United Nations Environment Programme/WHO report affirmed by over 100 countries at the Fourth International Conference on Chemicals Management, 'manufactured doubt' continues to be cast as a cloud over rigorous, peer-reviewed and independently funded scientific data. This study describes the sources of doubt and their social costs, and suggested courses of action by policymakers to prevent disease and disability. The problem is largely based on the available data, which are all too limited. Rigorous testing programmes should not simply focus on oestrogen, androgen and thyroid. Tests should have proper statistical power. 'Good laboratory practice' (GLP) hardly represents a proper or even gold standard for laboratory studies of endocrine disruption. Studies should be evaluated with regard to the contamination of negative controls, responsiveness to positive controls and dissection techniques. Flaws in many GLP studies have been identified, yet regulatory agencies rely on these flawed studies. Peer-reviewed and unbiased research, rather than 'sound science', should be used to evaluate endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA Department of Environmental Medicine and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA NYU Wagner School of Public Service, New York, New York, USA Department of Nutrition, Food & Public Health, NYU Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York, New York, USA NYU Global Institute of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourguignon
- Pediatric Endocrinology, CHU Liège and Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, Universite de Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Remy Slama
- Inserm, CNRS and Univ. Grenoble Alpes joint research center (IAB), Team of Environmental Epidemiology, Grenoble, France
| | - Frederick Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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196
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Zhang Z, Manjourides J, Cohen T, Hu Y, Jiang Q. Spatial measurement errors in the field of spatial epidemiology. Int J Health Geogr 2016; 15:21. [PMID: 27368370 PMCID: PMC4930612 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-016-0049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spatial epidemiology has been aided by advances in geographic information systems, remote sensing, global positioning systems and the development of new statistical methodologies specifically designed for such data. Given the growing popularity of these studies, we sought to review and analyze the types of spatial measurement errors commonly encountered during spatial epidemiological analysis of spatial data.
Methods Google Scholar, Medline, and Scopus databases were searched using a broad set of terms for papers indexed by a term indicating location (space or geography or location or position) and measurement error (measurement error or measurement inaccuracy or misclassification or uncertainty): we reviewed all papers appearing before December 20, 2014. These papers and their citations were reviewed to identify the relevance to our review. Results We were able to define and classify spatial measurement errors into four groups: (1) pure spatial location measurement errors, including both non-instrumental errors (multiple addresses, geocoding errors, outcome aggregations, and covariate aggregation) and instrumental errors; (2) location-based outcome measurement error (purely outcome measurement errors and missing outcome measurements); (3) location-based covariate measurement errors (address proxies); and (4) Covariate-Outcome spatial misaligned measurement errors. We propose how these four classes of errors can be unified within an integrated theoretical model and possible solutions were discussed. Conclusion Spatial measurement errors are ubiquitous threat to the validity of spatial epidemiological studies. We propose a systematic framework for understanding the various mechanisms which generate spatial measurement errors and present practical examples of such errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Justin Manjourides
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology and the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
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197
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Olsen JR, Mitchell R, Mackay DF, Humphreys DK, Ogilvie D. Effects of new urban motorway infrastructure on road traffic accidents in the local area: a retrospective longitudinal study in Scotland. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:1088-1095. [PMID: 27279082 PMCID: PMC5541177 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The M74 motorway extension, Glasgow, opened in June 2011. One justification for construction was an expectation that it would reduce road traffic accidents (RTAs) on local non-motorway roads. This study evaluated the impact of the extension on the number of RTAs, stratifying by accident severity. METHODS Data for the period 1997-2014 were extracted from a UK database of reported RTAs involving a personal injury. RTA severity was defined by the level of injury: minor, severe or fatal. RTAs were assigned to (1) the local area surrounding the motorway extension, (2) a comparator area surrounding an existing motorway or (3) a control area elsewhere in the conurbation. Interrupted time-series regression with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) errors was used to determine longitudinal between-area differences in change in the number of RTAs, which might indicate an intervention effect. RESULTS Glasgow and surrounding local authorities saw a 50.6% reduction in annual RTAs (n: 5901 to 2914) between 1997 and 2014. In the intervention area, the number of recorded RTAs decreased by 50.7% (n: 758 to 374), and that of fatal/severe RTAs by 57.4% (n: 129 to 55), with similar reductions in the comparator/control areas. The interrupted time-series analysis showed no significant between-area differences in temporal trends. The reduction of pedestrian casualties was attenuated in the intervention area relative to Glasgow and surrounding authorities. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in RTAs was not associated with the motorway extension. Our findings suggest that in planning future investment, it should not be taken for granted that new road infrastructure alone will reduce RTAs in local areas. Urbanisation is proceeding rapidly worldwide, and evidence of infrastructure changes is lacking; this novel study provides important findings for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Olsen
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Mitchell
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel F Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David K Humphreys
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - David Ogilvie
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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198
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Krall JR, Chang HH, Sarnat SE, Peng RD, Waller LA. Current Methods and Challenges for Epidemiological Studies of the Associations Between Chemical Constituents of Particulate Matter and Health. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:388-98. [PMID: 26386975 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-015-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have been critical for estimating associations between exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) air pollution and adverse health outcomes. Because total PM mass is a temporally and spatially varying mixture of constituents with different physical and chemical properties, recent epidemiological studies have focused on PM constituents. Most studies have estimated associations between PM constituents and health using the same statistical methods as in studies of PM mass. However, these approaches may not be sufficient to address challenges specific to studies of PM constituents, namely assigning exposure, disentangling health effects, and handling measurement error. We reviewed large, population-based epidemiological studies of PM constituents and health and describe the statistical methods typically applied to address these challenges. Development of statistical methods that simultaneously address multiple challenges, for example, both disentangling health effects and handling measurement error, could improve estimation of associations between PM constituents and adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Krall
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Roger D Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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199
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Humphreys DK, Panter J, Sahlqvist S, Goodman A, Ogilvie D. Changing the environment to improve population health: a framework for considering exposure in natural experimental studies. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:941-6. [PMID: 27056683 PMCID: PMC5390281 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is renewed optimism regarding the use of natural experimental studies to generate evidence as to the effectiveness of population health interventions. Natural experimental studies capitalise on environmental and policy events that alter exposure to certain social, economic or environmental factors that influence health. Natural experimental studies can be useful for examining the impact of changes to ‘upstream’ determinants, which may not be amenable to controlled experiments. However, while natural experiments provide opportunities to generate evidence, they often present certain conceptual and methodological obstacles. Population health interventions that alter the physical or social environment are usually administered broadly across populations and communities. The breadth of these interventions means that variation in exposure, uptake and impact may be complex. Yet many evaluations of natural experiments focus narrowly on identifying suitable ‘exposed’ and ‘unexposed’ populations for comparison. In this paper, we discuss conceptual and analytical issues relating to defining and measuring exposure to interventions in this context, including how recent advances in technology may enable researchers to better understand the nature of population exposure to changes in the built environment. We argue that when it is unclear whether populations are exposed to an intervention, it may be advantageous to supplement traditional impact assessments with observational approaches that investigate differing levels of exposure. We suggest that an improved understanding of changes in exposure will assist the investigation of the impact of complex natural experiments in population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Humphreys
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK MRC Epidemiology Unit and UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenna Panter
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shannon Sahlqvist
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Goodman
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David Ogilvie
- MRC Epidemiology Unit and UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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200
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Portier CJ, Armstrong BK, Baguley BC, Baur X, Belyaev I, Bellé R, Belpoggi F, Biggeri A, Bosland MC, Bruzzi P, Budnik LT, Bugge MD, Burns K, Calaf GM, Carpenter DO, Carpenter HM, López-Carrillo L, Clapp R, Cocco P, Consonni D, Comba P, Craft E, Dalvie MA, Davis D, Demers PA, De Roos AJ, DeWitt J, Forastiere F, Freedman JH, Fritschi L, Gaus C, Gohlke JM, Goldberg M, Greiser E, Hansen J, Hardell L, Hauptmann M, Huang W, Huff J, James MO, Jameson CW, Kortenkamp A, Kopp-Schneider A, Kromhout H, Larramendy ML, Landrigan PJ, Lash LH, Leszczynski D, Lynch CF, Magnani C, Mandrioli D, Martin FL, Merler E, Michelozzi P, Miligi L, Miller AB, Mirabelli D, Mirer FE, Naidoo S, Perry MJ, Petronio MG, Pirastu R, Portier RJ, Ramos KS, Robertson LW, Rodriguez T, Röösli M, Ross MK, Roy D, Rusyn I, Saldiva P, Sass J, Savolainen K, Scheepers PTJ, Sergi C, Silbergeld EK, Smith MT, Stewart BW, Sutton P, Tateo F, Terracini B, Thielmann HW, Thomas DB, Vainio H, Vena JE, Vineis P, Weiderpass E, Weisenburger DD, Woodruff TJ, Yorifuji T, Yu IJ, Zambon P, Zeeb H, Zhou SF. Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). J Epidemiol Community Health 2016. [PMID: 26941213 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-207005.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xaver Baur
- Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Cancer Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Robert Bellé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR8227, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Annibale Biggeri
- Institute for Cancer Prevention and Research, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Bruzzi
- National Cancer Research Institute, San Martino-IST Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Merete D Bugge
- STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Clapp
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Comba
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Craft
- Environmental Defense Fund, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Center for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Devra Davis
- Environmental Health Trust, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA and The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Paul A Demers
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Anneclaire J De Roos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jamie DeWitt
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline Gaus
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julia M Gohlke
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Johnni Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Hauptmann
- Biostatistics Branch, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Huang
- Faculty of Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking Univ School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - James Huff
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - C W Jameson
- CWJ Consulting, LLC, Cape Coral, Florida, USA
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | | | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo L Larramendy
- National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, National University of La Plata, Argentina
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Charles F Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | - Enzo Merler
- Department of Prevention, Occupational Health Unit, National Health Service, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Miligi
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Anthony B Miller
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Franklin E Mirer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, City University of New York School of Public Health, USA
| | - Saloshni Naidoo
- School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Melissa J Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Petronio
- Health and Environment-Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority-Empoli, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Pirastu
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Rome University, Italy
| | - Ralph J Portier
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kenneth S Ramos
- Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Iowa Superfund Research Program and the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Theresa Rodriguez
- Center for Research in Health, Work and Environment (CISTA), National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Associated Institute of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matt K Ross
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Deodutta Roy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Paulo Saldiva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Sass
- Natural Resources Defense Council and George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Nanosafety Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen K Silbergeld
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Bernard W Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales Australia
| | - Patrice Sutton
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fabio Tateo
- Istituto di Geosceinze e Georisorse (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | | | - Heinz W Thielmann
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg and Faculty of Pharmacy, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - David B Thomas
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harri Vainio
- Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - John E Vena
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tracey J Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Il Je Yu
- Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University, Asan, The Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hajo Zeeb
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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