151
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Suárez-Pellicioni M, Fuchs L, Booth JR. Temporo-frontal activation during phonological processing predicts gains in arithmetic facts in young children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100735. [PMID: 31785530 PMCID: PMC6974907 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies have shown discrepant results regarding the role of phonology in predicting math gains. The objective of this study was to use fMRI to study the role of activation during a rhyming judgment task in predicting behavioral gains on math fluency, multiplication, and subtraction skill. We focused within the left middle/superior temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus, brain areas associated with the storage of phonological representations and with their access, respectively. We ran multiple regression analyses to determine whether activation predicted gains in the three math measures, separately for younger (i.e. 10 years old) and older (i.e 12 years old) children. Results showed that activation in both temporal and frontal cortex only predicted gains in fluency and multiplication skill, and only for younger children. This study suggests that both temporal and frontal cortex activation during phonological processing are important in predicting gains in math tasks that involve the retrieval of facts that are stored as phonological codes in memory. Moreover, these results were specific to younger children, suggesting that phonology is most important in the early stages of math development. When the math task involved subtractions, which relies on quantity representations, phonological processes were not important in driving gains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn Fuchs
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James R Booth
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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152
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Lin CK, Lee K, Huang C, Sun Y. Cerebral control of winking before and after learning: An event-related fMRI study. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01483. [PMID: 31749318 PMCID: PMC6908889 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this study was to investigate the cerebral areas responsible for winking by observing the activation pattern and learning effects on cerebral cortices by comparing differences in activation pattern during winking before and after learning. METHODS Sixty-three subjects were recruited, including 22 (11 males; 11 females) who could wink bilaterally and 41 (14 males; 27 females) who could wink unilaterally. Event-related functional magnetic resonance was performed. The subjects were asked to blink and wink according to projected instructions as the events for image analysis. The activation pattern was obtained by contrasting with the baseline images without eyelid movements. Those who could only wink unilaterally were asked to train themselves to wink the other eye. For those who succeeded (n = 24), another imaging study was performed and the results were compared with those before training. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Left winking resulted in activation in the left frontal lobe, while right winking resulted in activation in bilateral frontal lobes with predominance on the right side. For the subjects capable of only winking unilaterally, learning to wink on the other side activated similar cortical areas to those in the subjects capable of bilateral winking without training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou‐Ching K. Lin
- Department of NeurologyNational Cheng Kung University HospitalCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Kuo‐Jung Lee
- Department of Statistics and Institute of Data ScienceNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsu Huang
- Department of NeurologyNational Cheng Kung University HospitalCollege of MedicineNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Yung‐Nien Sun
- Department of Computer Science & Information EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
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153
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Ip KI, Marks RA, Hsu LSJ, Desai N, Kuan JL, Tardif T, Kovelman L. Morphological processing in Chinese engages left temporal regions. Brain Lang 2019; 199:104696. [PMID: 31655417 PMCID: PMC6876548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Morphological awareness, the ability to manipulate the smallest units of meaning, is critical for Chinese literacy. This is because Chinese characters typically reflect the morphemic, or morpho-syllabic units of language. Yet, the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying Chinese speakers' morphological processing remain understudied. Proficient readers (N = 14) completed morphological and phonological judgment tasks in Chinese, in both auditory and visual modalities, during fMRI imaging. Key to our inquiry were patterns of activation in left temporal regions, especially the superior temporal gyrus, which is critical for phonological processing and reading success. The findings revealed that morphological tasks elicited robust activation in superior and middle temporal regions commonly associated with automated phonological and lexico-semantic analyses. In contrast, the rhyme judgment task elicited greater activation in left frontal lobe regions, reflecting the analytical complexity of sound-to-print mapping in Chinese. The findings suggest that left temporal regions are sensitive to salient morpho-syllabic characteristics of a given language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka I Ip
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Rebecca A Marks
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Lucy Shih-Ju Hsu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Nikita Desai
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Ji Ling Kuan
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Twila Tardif
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Loulia Kovelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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154
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Wang Y, Huang X, Yang X, Yang Q, Wang X, Northoff G, Pang Y, Wang C, Cui Q, Chen H. Low Frequency Phase-locking of Brain Signals Contribute to Efficient Face Recognition. Neuroscience 2019; 422:172-183. [PMID: 31704494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Low frequency phase synchronization is an essential mechanism of information communication among brain regions. In the infra-slow frequency range (<0.1 Hz), inter-regional phase lag is of importance for brain function (e.g., anti-phase between the default mode network and task positive network). However, the role of phase lag in cognitive processing remains unclear. Based on the frequency tagging experimental paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique, we investigated inter-regional phase lag and phase coherence using a face recognition task (n = 30, 15 males/15 females). Phase coherence within the face processing system was significantly increased during task state, highlighting the importance of regular inter-regional phase relationship for face recognition. Moreover, results showed decreased phase lag within the core and extended face areas (face processing system) and increased phase lag between the face processing system and frontoparietal network, indicating a reorganization of inter-regional relationships of the two systems. Inter-regional phase lag was modulated by the task at ascending and descending phases of the fMRI signal, suggesting a phase-dependent inter-regional relationship. Furthermore, phase lags between visual cortex and amygdala and between visual cortex and motor area were positively related to reaction time, indicating better task performance depends on both rapid emotional detection pathway and visual-motor pathway. Overall, inter-regional phase synchronization in the infra-slow frequency range is of important for effective information communication and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China.
| | - Xinju Huang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xuezhi Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qi Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Georg Northoff
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research & University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 145 Carling Avenue, Rm. 6435, Ottawa, ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Yajing Pang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Chong Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qian Cui
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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155
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Wang C, Hu Y, Weng J, Chen F, Liu H. Modular segregation of task-dependent brain networks contributes to the development of executive function in children. Neuroimage 2019; 206:116334. [PMID: 31704295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) refers as to a set of high-level cognitive abilities that are critical to many aspects of daily life. Despite its importance in human daily life, the neural networks responsible for the development of EF in childhood are not well understood. The present study thus aimed to examine the development of task-dependent brain network organization and its relationship to age-related improvements in EF. To address this issue, we recruited eighty-eight Chinese children ranging in age from 7 to 12 years old, and collected their functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data when they performed an EF task. By utilizing graph theory, we found that the task-dependent brain network modules became increasingly segregated with age. Specifically, the intra-module connections within the default-mode network (DMN), frontal-parietal network (FPN) and sensorimotor network (SMN) increased significantly with age. In contrast, the inter-module connections of the visual network to both the FPN/SMN decreased significantly with age. Most importantly, modular segregation of the FPN significantly mediated the relationship between age and EF performance. These findings add to our growing understanding of how development changes in task-dependent brain network organization support vast behavioral improvements in EF observed during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Wang
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jian Weng
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Center of Brain Imaging Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Feiyan Chen
- Bio-X Laboratory, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Huafeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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156
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Deater-Deckard K, Li M, Lee J, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Poverty and Puberty: A Neurocognitive Study of Inhibitory Control in the Transition to Adolescence. Psychol Sci 2019; 30:1573-1583. [PMID: 31557444 PMCID: PMC6843747 DOI: 10.1177/0956797619863780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pubertal development during early adolescence is modestly associated with individual differences in slowly developing inhibitory control of impulses-an aspect of self-regulation associated with reward-seeking behaviors such as the onset and frequency of sexual activity. However, this effect may be much stronger in resource-poor environments. On the basis of life-history and r/K-selection theories, we tested the hypothesis that early pubertal timing would be more strongly associated with less mature neurocognitive inhibitory control in lower-income environments. In an economically diverse Appalachian sample (N = 157; 138 with complete neuroimaging data) of 14-year-olds (52% male), inhibitory control was measured using the multisource-interference task during functional MRI. Results showed that among poor youths only, more advanced puberty for one's age was linked with lower inhibitory control for the neural but not the behavioral measure. This finding has implications regarding poverty, neurocognitive development, and health-risk behaviors in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Jacob Lee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - Jungmeen Kim-Spoon
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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157
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Luthra S, Fuhrmeister P, Molfese PJ, Guediche S, Blumstein SE, Myers EB. Brain-behavior relationships in incidental learning of non-native phonetic categories. Brain Lang 2019; 198:104692. [PMID: 31522094 PMCID: PMC6773471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Research has implicated the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) in mapping acoustic-phonetic input to sound category representations, both in native speech perception and non-native phonetic category learning. At issue is whether this sensitivity reflects access to phonetic category information per se or to explicit category labels, the latter often being required by experimental procedures. The current study employed an incidental learning paradigm designed to increase sensitivity to a difficult non-native phonetic contrast without inducing explicit awareness of the categorical nature of the stimuli. Functional MRI scans revealed frontal sensitivity to phonetic category structure both before and after learning. Additionally, individuals who succeeded most on the learning task showed the largest increases in frontal recruitment after learning. Overall, results suggest that processing novel phonetic category information entails a reliance on frontal brain regions, even in the absence of explicit category labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Luthra
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychological Sciences, United States.
| | - Pamela Fuhrmeister
- University of Connecticut, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, United States.
| | | | - Sara Guediche
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Spain.
| | - Sheila E Blumstein
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, United States.
| | - Emily B Myers
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychological Sciences, United States; University of Connecticut, Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, United States; Haskins Laboratories, United States.
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158
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Onken A, Xie J, Panzeri S, Padoa-Schioppa C. Categorical encoding of decision variables in orbitofrontal cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006667. [PMID: 31609973 PMCID: PMC6812845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental and recurrent question in systems neuroscience is that of assessing what variables are encoded by a given population of neurons. Such assessments are often challenging because neurons in one brain area may encode multiple variables, and because neuronal representations might be categorical or non-categorical. These issues are particularly pertinent to the representation of decision variables in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-an area implicated in economic choices. Here we present a new algorithm to assess whether a neuronal representation is categorical or non-categorical, and to identify the encoded variables if the representation is indeed categorical. The algorithm is based on two clustering procedures, one variable-independent and the other variable-based. The two partitions are then compared through adjusted mutual information. The present algorithm overcomes limitations of previous approaches and is widely applicable. We tested the algorithm on synthetic data and then used it to examine neuronal data recorded in the primate OFC during economic decisions. Confirming previous assessments, we found the neuronal representation in OFC to be categorical in nature. We also found that neurons in this area encode the value of individual offers, the binary choice outcome and the chosen value. In other words, during economic choice, neurons in the primate OFC encode decision variables in a categorical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Onken
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Camillo Padoa-Schioppa
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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159
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Abstract
In competitive situations, winning depends on selecting actions that surprise the opponent. Such unpredictable action can be generated based on representations of the opponent's strategy and choice history (model-based counter-prediction) or by choosing actions in a memory-free, stochastic manner. Across five different experiments using a variant of a matching-pennies game with simulated and human opponents we found that people toggle between these two strategies, using model-based selection when recent wins signal the appropriateness of the current model, but reverting to stochastic selection following losses. Also, after wins, feedback-related, mid-frontal EEG activity reflected information about the opponent's global and local strategy, and predicted upcoming choices. After losses, this activity was nearly absent-indicating that the internal model is suppressed after negative feedback. We suggest that the mixed-strategy approach allows negotiating two conflicting goals: 1) exploiting the opponent's deviations from randomness while 2) remaining unpredictable for the opponent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Mayr
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OregonEugeneUnited States
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160
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Jarret T, Stockert A, Kotz SA, Tillmann B. Implicit learning of artificial grammatical structures after inferior frontal cortex lesions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222385. [PMID: 31539390 PMCID: PMC6754135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research associated the left inferior frontal cortex with implicit structure learning. The present study tested patients with lesions encompassing the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG; including Brodmann areas 44 and 45) to further investigate this cognitive function, notably by using non-verbal material, implicit investigation methods, and by enhancing potential remaining function via dynamic attending. Patients and healthy matched controls were exposed to an artificial pitch grammar in an implicit learning paradigm to circumvent the potential influence of impaired language processing. METHODS Patients and healthy controls listened to pitch sequences generated within a finite-state grammar (exposure phase) and then performed a categorization task on new pitch sequences (test phase). Participants were not informed about the underlying grammar in either the exposure phase or the test phase. Furthermore, the pitch structures were presented in a highly regular temporal context as the beneficial impact of temporal regularity (e.g. meter) in learning and perception has been previously reported. Based on the Dynamic Attending Theory (DAT), we hypothesized that a temporally regular context helps developing temporal expectations that, in turn, facilitate event perception, and thus benefit artificial grammar learning. RESULTS Electroencephalography results suggest preserved artificial grammar learning of pitch structures in patients and healthy controls. For both groups, analyses of event-related potentials revealed a larger early negativity (100-200 msec post-stimulus onset) in response to ungrammatical than grammatical pitch sequence events. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that (i) the LIFG does not play an exclusive role in the implicit learning of artificial pitch grammars, and (ii) the use of non-verbal material and an implicit task reveals cognitive capacities that remain intact despite lesions to the LIFG. These results provide grounds for training and rehabilitation, that is, learning of non-verbal grammars that may impact the relearning of verbal grammars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Jarret
- CNRS, UMR5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics Team, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anika Stockert
- Language and Aphasia Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja A. Kotz
- Dept. of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept. of Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Tillmann
- CNRS, UMR5292, INSERM, U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics Team, Lyon, France
- University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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161
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Sepúlveda V PO, Demaría MC. Critical view of the effect site modelling of propofol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 66:425-433. [PMID: 31477336 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Target controlled infusion (TCI) of Propofol has been the subject of discussion during its 20 years of use, including the validity of the models that represent the course of the effect, such as: Are the different EEG indexes representative of the effect? Is the reactivity of the EEG index used to build models comparable to each other? What is the real reacting time of each monitor? Is the ke0 influenced by the infusion speed? Is the ke0 or the time to peak effect affected by age? How valid are the current Emax models? Are the induction and wakening simple mirror phenomenon as they are represented in the E max models? This review discusses issues related to the complexity and difficulty in obtaining a representation of the effect, and the lack of agreed definitions to be able to construct representative models of the temporary installation of the effect of Propofol for its use in TCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Sepúlveda V
- Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - M C Demaría
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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162
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Wijeakumar S, Kumar A, Delgado Reyes LM, Tiwari M, Spencer JP. Early adversity in rural India impacts the brain networks underlying visual working memory. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12822. [PMID: 30803122 PMCID: PMC6767418 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need to understand the global impact of poverty on early brain and behavioural development, particularly with regard to key cognitive processes that emerge in early development. Although the impact of adversity on brain development can trap children in an intergenerational cycle of poverty, the massive potential for brain plasticity is also a source of hope: reliable, accessible, culturally agnostic methods to assess early brain development in low resource settings might be used to measure the impact of early adversity, identify infants for timely intervention and guide the development and monitor the effectiveness of early interventions. Visual working memory (VWM) is an early marker of cognitive capacity that has been assessed reliably in early infancy and is predictive of later academic achievement in Western countries. Here, we localized the functional brain networks that underlie VWM in early development in rural India using a portable neuroimaging system, and we assessed the impact of adversity on these brain networks. We recorded functional brain activity as young children aged 4-48 months performed a VWM task. Brain imaging results revealed localized activation in the frontal cortex, replicating findings from a Midwestern US sample. Critically, children from families with low maternal education and income showed weaker brain activity and poorer distractor suppression in canonical working memory areas in the left frontal cortex. Implications of this work are far-reaching: it is now cost-effective to localize functional brain networks in early development in low-resource settings, paving the way for novel intervention and assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aarti Kumar
- Community Empowerment LabUttar PradeshLucknowIndia
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163
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Hopkins WD, Latzman RD, Mahovetz LM, Li X, Roberts N. Investigating individual differences in chimpanzee mirror self-recognition and cortical thickness: A vertex-based and region-of-interest analysis. Cortex 2019; 118:306-314. [PMID: 31204008 PMCID: PMC6697634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mirror self-recognition (MSR), a recently evolved cognitive trait, is one of the most significant abilities that separate humans and great apes from more distantly related nonhuman primates. MSR may serve as the foundation for a number of related but more complex social cognitive abilities unique to humans and great apes including imitation, empathy, theory-of-mind, perspective taking and deception. However, our understanding of the neural basis of MSR in nonhuman primates remains largely unknown. The current study aimed to begin to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the neuroanatomical foundations of MSR in a sample of 67 captive chimpanzees. Vertex-based and region-of-interest analysis revealed significant differences in cortical thickness, particularly in males, in the cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal and frontal cortex. The current study provides further evidence for the neuroanatomical foundations of mirror self-recognition abilities in chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, M D Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, 78602, USA.
| | - Robert D Latzman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Lindsay M Mahovetz
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Neil Roberts
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Trainito C, von Nicolai C, Miller EK, Siegel M. Extracellular Spike Waveform Dissociates Four Functionally Distinct Cell Classes in Primate Cortex. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2973-2982.e5. [PMID: 31447374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the function of different neuronal cell types is key to understanding brain function. However, cell-type diversity is typically overlooked in electrophysiological studies in awake behaving animals. Here, we show that four functionally distinct cell classes can be robustly identified from extracellular recordings in several cortical regions of awake behaving monkeys. We recorded extracellular spiking activity from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the frontal eye field (FEF), and the lateral intraparietal area of macaque monkeys during a visuomotor decision-making task. We employed unsupervised clustering of spike waveforms, which robustly dissociated four distinct cell classes across all three brain regions. The four cell classes were functionally distinct. They showed different baseline firing statistics, visual response dynamics, and coding of visual information. Although cell-class-specific baseline statistics were consistent across brain regions, response dynamics and information coding were regionally specific. Our results identify four functionally distinct spike-waveform-based cell classes in primate cortex. This opens a new window to dissect and study the cell-type-specific function of cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Trainito
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constantin von Nicolai
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Earl K Miller
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Markus Siegel
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Whereas it was previously thought that there was a single overarching frontal lobe syndrome, it is now clear that several distinct cognitive and behavioral processes are mediated by the frontal lobes. This article reviews these processes and the underlying neuroanatomy and provides an approach to the assessment of prefrontal lobe functions at the bedside. RECENT FINDINGS Cognitive and behavioral frontal lobe functions are mediated by the prefrontal regions rather than the frontal lobes as a whole. At least five separate prefrontal functions have been defined: energization, task setting, monitoring, behavioral/emotional regulation, and metacognition. Energization is mediated by the superior medial prefrontal cortices bilaterally, task setting by the left lateral frontal cortex, monitoring by the right lateral prefrontal cortex, behavioral/emotional regulation by the orbitofrontal cortex, and metacognition by the frontal poles. Only task setting and monitoring are considered executive functions. SUMMARY Distinct cognitive and behavioral processes are mediated by different parts of the frontal lobe. Lesions in these areas result in characteristic clinical deficits that are discussed in this article. Key messages are that prefrontal regions mediate the higher cortical functions (as opposed to the frontal lobes in general) and that prefrontal functions are not equivalent to executive functions.
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Heskje J, Heslin K, De Corte BJ, Walsh KP, Kim Y, Han S, Carlson ES, Parker KL. Cerebellar D1DR-expressing neurons modulate the frontal cortex during timing tasks. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 170:107067. [PMID: 31404656 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence suggest that the cerebellum plays an integral role in cognitive function through its interactions with association cortices like the medial frontal cortex (MFC). It is unknown precisely how the cerebellum influences the frontal cortex and what type of information is reciprocally relayed between these two regions. A subset of neurons in the cerebellar dentate nuclei, or the homologous lateral cerebellar nuclei (LCN) in rodents, express D1 dopamine receptors (D1DRs) and may play a role in cognitive processes. We investigated how pharmacologically blocking LCN D1DRs influences performance in an interval timing task and impacts neuronal activity in the frontal cortex. Interval timing requires executive processes such as working memory, attention, and planning and is known to rely on both the frontal cortex and cerebellum. In our interval timing task, male rats indicated their estimates of the passage of a period of several seconds by making lever presses for a water reward. We have shown that a cue-evoked burst of low-frequency activity in the MFC initiates ramping activity (i.e., monotonic increases or decreases of firing rate over time) in single MFC neurons. These patterns of activity are associated with successful interval timing performance. Here we explored how blocking right LCN D1DRs with the D1DR antagonist SCH23390 influences timing performance and neural activity in the contralateral (left) MFC. Our results indicate that blocking LCN D1DRs impaired some measures of interval timing performance. Additionally, ramping activity of MFC single units was significantly attenuated. These data provide insight into how catecholamines in the LCN may drive MFC neuronal dynamics to influence cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Heskje
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Kelsey Heslin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Benjamin J De Corte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Kyle P Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Youngcho Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Sangwoo Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Erik S Carlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Puget Sound Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA 98108, United States
| | - Krystal L Parker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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167
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Krishnamurthy LC, Krishnamurthy V, Crosson B, Rothman DL, Schwam DM, Greenberg D, Pugh KR, Morris RD. Strength of resting state functional connectivity and local GABA concentrations predict oral reading of real and pseudo-words. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11385. [PMID: 31388067 PMCID: PMC6684813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading is a learned activity that engages multiple cognitive systems. In a cohort of typical and struggling adult readers we show evidence that successful oral reading of real words is related to gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) concentration in the higher-order language system, whereas reading of unfamiliar pseudo-words is not related to GABA in this system. We also demonstrate the capability of resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) combined with GABA measures to predict single real word compared to pseudo-word reading performance. Results show that the strength of rsFC between left fusiform gyrus (L-FG) and higher-order language systems predicts oral reading behavior of real words, irrespective of the local concentration of GABA. On the other hand, pseudo-words, which require grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, are not predicted by the connection between L-FG and higher-order language system. This suggests that L-FG may have a multi-functional role: lexical processing of real words and grapheme-to-phoneme processing of pseudo-words. Additionally, rsFC between L-FG, pre-motor, and putamen areas are positively related to the oral reading of both real and pseudo-words, suggesting that text may be converted into a phoneme sequence for speech initiation and production regardless of whether the stimulus is a real word or pseudo-word. In summary, from a systems neuroscience perspective, we show that: (i) strong rsFC between higher order visual, language, and pre-motor areas can predict and differentiate efficient oral reading of real and pseudo-words. (ii) GABA measures, along with rsFC, help to further differentiate the neural pathways for previously learned real words versus unfamiliar pseudo-words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Krishnamurthy
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States.
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States.
- Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Georgia State University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30318, United States.
| | - Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States
- Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Georgia State University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30318, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Bruce Crosson
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, 30033, United States
- Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Georgia State University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30318, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
| | - Dina M Schwam
- Department of Learning Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
- Department of Psychology and Human Services, Mercer University, Macon, GA, United States
| | - Daphne Greenberg
- Department of Learning Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Kenneth R Pugh
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Robin D Morris
- Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Georgia State University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30318, United States
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
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168
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Vaden KI, Eckert MA, Dubno JR, Harris KC. Cingulo-opercular adaptive control for younger and older adults during a challenging gap detection task. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:680-691. [PMID: 31385349 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cingulo-opercular activity is hypothesized to reflect an adaptive control function that optimizes task performance through adjustments in attention and behavior, and outcome monitoring. While auditory perceptual task performance appears to benefit from elevated activity in cingulo-opercular regions of frontal cortex before stimuli are presented, this association appears reduced for older adults compared to younger adults. However, adaptive control function may be limited by difficult task conditions for older adults. An fMRI study was used to characterize adaptive control differences while 15 younger (average age = 24 years) and 15 older adults (average age = 68 years) performed a gap detection in noise task designed to limit age-related differences. During the fMRI study, participants listened to a noise recording and indicated with a button-press whether it contained a gap. Stimuli were presented between sparse fMRI scans (TR = 8.6 s) and BOLD measurements were collected during separate listening and behavioral response intervals. Age-related performance differences were limited by presenting gaps in noise with durations calibrated at or above each participant's detection threshold. Cingulo-opercular BOLD increased significantly throughout listening and behavioral response intervals, relative to a resting baseline. Correct behavioral responses were significantly more likely on trials with elevated pre-stimulus cingulo-opercular BOLD, consistent with an adaptive control framework. Cingulo-opercular adaptive control estimates appeared higher for participants with better gap sensitivity and lower response bias, irrespective of age, which suggests that this mechanism can benefit performance across the lifespan under conditions that limit age-related performance differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I Vaden
- Hearing Research Program, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark A Eckert
- Hearing Research Program, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Judy R Dubno
- Hearing Research Program, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kelly C Harris
- Hearing Research Program, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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169
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Arredondo MM, Hu XS, Satterfield T, Tsutsumi Riobóo A, Gelman SA, Kovelman I. Bilingual effects on lexical selection: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Brain Lang 2019; 195:104640. [PMID: 31252177 PMCID: PMC6716384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When a listener hears a word, multiple lexical items may come to mind; for instance, /kæn/ may activate concepts with similar phonological onsets such as candy and candle. Acquisition of two lexicons may increase such linguistic competition. Using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy neuroimaging, we investigate whether bilingualism impacts word processing in the child's brain. Bilingual and monolingual children (N = 52; ages 7-10) completed a lexical selection task in English, where participants adjudicated phonological competitors (e.g., car/cat vs. car/pen). Children were less accurate and responded more slowly during competing than non-competing items. In doing so, children engaged top-down fronto-parietal regions associated with cognitive control. In comparison to bilinguals, monolinguals showed greater activity in left frontal regions, a difference possibly due to bilinguals' adaptation for dual-lexicons. These differences provide insight to theories aiming to explain the role of experience on children's emerging neural networks for lexical selection and language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Arredondo
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T-1Z4, Canada; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
| | - Xiao-Su Hu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | | | | | - Susan A Gelman
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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170
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Puglisi G, Howells H, Sciortino T, Leonetti A, Rossi M, Conti Nibali M, Gabriel Gay L, Fornia L, Bellacicca A, Viganò L, Simone L, Catani M, Cerri G, Bello L. Frontal pathways in cognitive control: direct evidence from intraoperative stimulation and diffusion tractography. Brain 2019; 142:2451-2465. [PMID: 31347684 PMCID: PMC6658848 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A key aspect of cognitive control is the management of conflicting incoming information to achieve a goal, termed 'interference control'. Although the role of the right frontal lobe in interference control is evident, the white matter tracts subserving this cognitive process remain unclear. To investigate this, we studied the effect of transient network disruption (by means of direct electrical stimulation) and permanent disconnection (resulting from neurosurgical resection) on interference control processes, using the Stroop test in the intraoperative and extraoperative neurosurgical setting. We evaluated the sites at which errors could be produced by direct electrical stimulation during an intraoperative Stroop test in 34 patients with frontal right hemisphere glioma. Lesion-symptom mapping was used to evaluate the relationship between the resection cavities and postoperative performance on the Stroop test of this group compared with an additional 29 control patients who did not perform the intraoperative test (63 patients in total aged 17-77 years; 28 female). We then examined tract disruption and disconnection in a subset of eight patients who underwent both the intraoperative Stroop test and high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) tractography. The results showed that, intraoperatively, the majority of sites associated with errors during Stroop test performance and concurrent subcortical stimulation clustered in a region of white matter medial to the right inferior frontal gyrus, lateral and superior to the striatum. Patients who underwent the intraoperative test maintained cognitive control ability at the 1-month follow-up (P = 0.003). Lesion-symptom analysis showed resection of the right inferior frontal gyrus was associated with slower postoperative Stroop test ability (corrected for multiple comparisons, 5000 permutations). The stimulation sites associated with intraoperative errors most commonly corresponded with the inferior fronto-striatal tracts and anterior thalamic radiation (over 75% of patients), although the latter was commonly resected without postoperative deficits on the Stroop test (in 60% of patients). Our results show converging evidence to support a critical role for the inferior frontal gyrus in interference control processes. The intraoperative data combined with tractography suggests that cortico-subcortical tracts, over cortico-cortical connections, may be vital in maintaining efficiency of cognitive control processes. This suggests the importance of their preservation during resection of right frontal tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Puglisi
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, and Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Henrietta Howells
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, and Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Sciortino
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Leonetti
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, and Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Conti Nibali
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gabriel Gay
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Fornia
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, and Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellacicca
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, and Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Viganò
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, and Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Simone
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, and Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Catani
- Natbrainlab, Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Cerri
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, and Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bello
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgical Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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171
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Wessel JR, Huber DE. Frontal cortex tracks surprise separately for different sensory modalities but engages a common inhibitory control mechanism. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006927. [PMID: 31356593 PMCID: PMC6687204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain constantly generates predictions about the environment to guide action. Unexpected events lead to surprise and can necessitate the modification of ongoing behavior. Surprise can occur for any sensory domain, but it is not clear how these separate surprise signals are integrated to affect motor output. By applying a trial-to-trial Bayesian surprise model to human electroencephalography data recorded during a cross-modal oddball task, we tested whether there are separate predictive models for different sensory modalities (visual, auditory), or whether expectations are integrated across modalities such that surprise in one modality decreases surprise for a subsequent unexpected event in the other modality. We found that while surprise was represented in a common frontal signature across sensory modalities (the fronto-central P3 event-related potential), the single-trial amplitudes of this signature more closely conformed to a model with separate surprise terms for each sensory domain. We then investigated whether surprise-related fronto-central P3 activity indexes the rapid inhibitory control of ongoing behavior after surprise, as suggested by recent theories. Confirming this prediction, the fronto-central P3 amplitude after both auditory and visual unexpected events was highly correlated with the fronto-central P3 found after stop-signals (measured in a separate stop-signal task). Moreover, surprise-related and stopping-related activity loaded onto the same component in a cross-task independent components analysis. Together, these findings suggest that medial frontal cortex maintains separate predictive models for different sensory domains, but engages a common mechanism for inhibitory control of behavior regardless of the source of surprise. Surprise is an elementary cognitive computation that the brain performs to guide behavior. We investigated how the brain tracks surprise across different senses: Do unexpected sounds make subsequent unexpected visual stimuli less surprising? Or does the brain maintain separate expectations of environmental regularities for different senses? We found that the latter is the case. However, even though surprise was separately tracked for auditory and visual events, it elicited a common signature over frontal cortex in both sensory domains. Importantly, we observed the same neural signature when actions had to be stopped after non-surprising stop-signals in a motor inhibition task. This suggests that this signature reflects a rapid interruption of ongoing behavior when our surroundings do not conform to our expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R. Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David E. Huber
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
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172
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Park HR, Kim IH, Kang H, McCairn KW, Lee DS, Kim BN, Kim DG, Paek SH. Electrophysiological and imaging evidence of sustained inhibition in limbic and frontal networks following deep brain stimulation for treatment refractory obsessive compulsive disorder. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219578. [PMID: 31323037 PMCID: PMC6641158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that arises from a complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Despite numerous pharmacological and behavioral interventions, approximately 10% of patients remain refractory. High-frequency deep brain stimulation (HF-DBS) has shown promising results for treatment-refractory OCD. We report the follow-up result of up to 6 years of 4 treatment-refractory OCD patients treated by HF-DBS. Targets of stimulation were the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) in two cases, and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the remaining cohort. The clinical profiles were quantified by the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). Highly significant reductions in Y-BOCS scores were obtained from all patients during the follow-up period. A greater that 90% reduction in Y-BOCS, observed in the most successful case, was achieved with NAc HF-DBS. Y-BOCS scores in the other patients consistently achieved over 50% reductions in OCD symptoms. FDG-PET imaging indicated post-surgical reductions in metabolism, in not only targeted limbic networks, but also other frontal cortical and subcortical regions, suggesting that large-scale network modulation and inhibitions are associated with functional recovery in OCD. This study demonstrates that HF-DBS targeted to the ALIC and NAc is a safe and effective method for ameliorating intractable, treatment-refractory OCD symptoms. The NAc appeared to be the superior target for symptom reduction, and local inhibition of NAc activity and reduced frontal metabolism are key therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ran Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hyang Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejin Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kevin W. McCairn
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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173
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Kantrowitz JT, Sehatpour P, Avissar M, Horga G, Gwak A, Hoptman MJ, Beggel O, Girgis RR, Vail B, Silipo G, Carlson M, Javitt DC. Significant improvement in treatment resistant auditory verbal hallucinations after 5 days of double-blind, randomized, sham controlled, fronto-temporal, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): A replication/extension study. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:981-991. [PMID: 30922713 PMCID: PMC9896410 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a potentially novel treatment for antipsychotic-resistant auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in schizophrenia. Nevertheless, results have been mixed across studies. METHODS 89 schizophrenia/schizoaffective subjects (active: 47; Sham: 42) were randomized to five days of twice-daily 20-min active tDCS vs. sham treatments across two recruitment sites. AVH severity was assessed using the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale (AHRS) total score. To assess target engagement, MRI was obtained in a sub sample. RESULTS We observed a statistically significant, moderate effect-size change in AHRS total score across one-week and one-month favoring active treatment following covariation for baseline symptoms and antipsychotic dose (p = 0.036; d = 0.48). Greatest change was observed on the AHRS loudness item (p = 0.003; d = 0.69). In exploratory analyses, greatest effects on AHRS were observed in patients with lower cognitive symptoms (d = 0.61). In target engagement analysis, suprathreshold mean field-strength (>0.2 V/m) was seen within language-sensitive regions. However, off-target field-strength, which correlated significantly with less robust clinical response, was observed in anterior regions. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study of tDCS for persistent AVH conducted to date. We replicate previous reports of significant therapeutic benefit, but only if medication dosage is considered, with patients receiving lowest medication dosage showing greatest effect. Response was also greatest in patients with lowest levels of cognitive symptoms. Overall, these findings support continued development of tDCS for persistent AVH, but also suggest that response may be influenced by specific patient and treatment characteristics. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT01898299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Kantrowitz
- Schizophrenia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Pejman Sehatpour
- Schizophrenia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michael Avissar
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Guillermo Horga
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Anna Gwak
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mathew J Hoptman
- Schizophrenia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Odeta Beggel
- Schizophrenia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Ragy R Girgis
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Blair Vail
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gail Silipo
- Schizophrenia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Marlene Carlson
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Schizophrenia Research Center, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Tang W, Jbabdi S, Zhu Z, Cottaar M, Grisot G, Lehman JF, Yendiki A, Haber SN. A connectional hub in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex links areas of emotion and cognitive control. eLife 2019; 8:e43761. [PMID: 31215864 PMCID: PMC6624020 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated afferent inputs from all areas in the frontal cortex (FC) to different subregions in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). Using retrograde tracing in macaque monkeys, we quantified projection strength by counting retrogradely labeled cells in each FC area. The projection from different FC regions varied across injection sites in strength, following different spatial patterns. Importantly, a site at the rostral end of the cingulate sulcus stood out as having strong inputs from many areas in diverse FC regions. Moreover, it was at the integrative conjunction of three projection trends across sites. This site marks a connectional hub inside the rACC that integrates FC inputs across functional modalities. Tractography with monkey diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) located a similar hub region comparable to the tracing result. Applying the same tractography method to human dMRI data, we demonstrated that a similar hub can be located in the human rACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBelmontUnited States
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Department of Clinical NeurologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ziyi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine & DentistryRochesterUnited States
| | - Michiel Cottaar
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Department of Clinical NeurologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Grisot
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownUnited States
| | - Julia F Lehman
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine & DentistryRochesterUnited States
| | - Anastasia Yendiki
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownUnited States
| | - Suzanne N Haber
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBelmontUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine & DentistryRochesterUnited States
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175
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Bacha-Trams M, Alexandrov YI, Broman E, Glerean E, Kauppila M, Kauttonen J, Ryyppö E, Sams M, Jääskeläinen IP. A drama movie activates brains of holistic and analytical thinkers differentially. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 13:1293-1304. [PMID: 30418656 PMCID: PMC6277741 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
People socialized in different cultures differ in their thinking styles. Eastern-culture people view objects more holistically by taking context into account, whereas Western-culture people view objects more analytically by focusing on them at the expense of context. Here we studied whether participants, who have different thinking styles but live within the same culture, exhibit differential brain activity when viewing a drama movie. A total of 26 Finnish participants, who were divided into holistic and analytical thinkers based on self-report questionnaire scores, watched a shortened drama movie during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We compared intersubject correlation (ISC) of brain hemodynamic activity of holistic vs analytical participants across the movie viewings. Holistic thinkers showed significant ISC in more extensive cortical areas than analytical thinkers, suggesting that they perceived the movie in a more similar fashion. Significantly higher ISC was observed in holistic thinkers in occipital, prefrontal and temporal cortices. In analytical thinkers, significant ISC was observed in right-hemisphere fusiform gyrus, temporoparietal junction and frontal cortex. Since these results were obtained in participants with similar cultural background, they are less prone to confounds by other possible cultural differences. Overall, our results show how brain activity in holistic vs analytical participants differs when viewing the same drama movie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Bacha-Trams
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Correspondence should be addressed to Mareike Bacha-Trams, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, PO Box 12200, FI-00076 AALTO, 02150 Espoo, Finland. E-mail:
| | - Yuri I Alexandrov
- Laboratory of Neural Bases of Mind, Institute of Psychology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emilia Broman
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Enrico Glerean
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Information Technology, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Minna Kauppila
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Janne Kauttonen
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Elisa Ryyppö
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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176
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Battaglia-Mayer A, Caminiti R. Corticocortical Systems Underlying High-Order Motor Control. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4404-4421. [PMID: 30886016 PMCID: PMC6554627 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2094-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks are characterized by the origin, destination, and reciprocity of their connections, as well as by the diameter, conduction velocity, and synaptic efficacy of their axons. The network formed by parietal and frontal areas lies at the core of cognitive-motor control because the outflow of parietofrontal signaling is conveyed to the subcortical centers and spinal cord through different parallel pathways, whose orchestration determines, not only when and how movements will be generated, but also the nature of forthcoming actions. Despite intensive studies over the last 50 years, the role of corticocortical connections in motor control and the principles whereby selected cortical networks are recruited by different task demands remain elusive. Furthermore, the synaptic integration of different cortical signals, their modulation by transthalamic loops, and the effects of conduction delays remain challenging questions that must be tackled to understand the dynamical aspects of parietofrontal operations. In this article, we evaluate results from nonhuman primate and selected rodent experiments to offer a viewpoint on how corticocortical systems contribute to learning and producing skilled actions. Addressing this subject is not only of scientific interest but also essential for interpreting the devastating consequences for motor control of lesions at different nodes of this integrated circuit. In humans, the study of corticocortical motor networks is currently based on MRI-related methods, such as resting-state connectivity and diffusion tract-tracing, which both need to be contrasted with histological studies in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy, and
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
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177
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Subramanian D, Alers A, Sommer MA. Corollary Discharge for Action and Cognition. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2019; 4:782-790. [PMID: 31351985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In motor systems, a copy of the movement command known as corollary discharge is broadcast to other regions of the brain to warn them of the impending movement. The premise of this review is that the concept of corollary discharge may generalize in revealing ways to the brain's cognitive systems. An oculomotor pathway from the brain stem to frontal cortex provides a well-established example of how corollary discharge is instantiated for sensorimotor processing. Building on causal evidence from inactivation of the pathway, we motivate forward models as a tool for understanding the contributions of corollary discharge to perception and movement. Finally, we extend the definition of corollary discharge to account for signals that may be used for cognitive forward models of decision making. This framework may provide new insights into signals and circuits that contribute to sequential decision processes, the breakdown of which may account for some symptoms of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Subramanian
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anthony Alers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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178
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Diaz A, Swingler MM, Tan L, Smith CL, Calkins SD, Bell MA. Infant frontal EEG asymmetry moderates the association between maternal behavior and toddler negative affectivity. Infant Behav Dev 2019; 55:88-99. [PMID: 30947141 PMCID: PMC6592034 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little work has examined potential interactions between child intrinsic factors and extrinsic environmental factors in the development of negative affect in early life. This work is important because high levels of early negative affectivity have been associated with difficulties in later childhood adjustment. We examined associations between infant frontal electroencephalogram (EEG), maternal parenting behaviors, and children's negative affect across the first two years of life. Infant baseline frontal EEG asymmetry was measured at 5 months; maternal sensitivity and intrusiveness were observed during mother-child interaction at 5 and 24 months; and mothers provided reports of toddler negative affect at 24 months. Results indicated that maternal sensitive behaviors at 5 months were associated with less negative affect at 24 months, but only for infants with left frontal EEG asymmetry. Similarly, maternal sensitive behaviors at 24 months were associated with less toddler negative affect at 24 months, but only for infants with left frontal EEG asymmetry. In contrast, maternal intrusive behaviors at 5- and 24-months were associated with greater toddler negative affect, but only for infants with right frontal EEG asymmetry at 5-months. Findings suggest that levels of negative affect in toddlers may be at least partially a result of interactions between children's own early neurophysiological functioning and maternal behavior during everyday interactions with children in the first two years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjolii Diaz
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, United States.
| | | | - Lin Tan
- Virginia Tech, United States
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179
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Ma Z, Wang C, Hines CS, Lu X, Wu Y, Xu H, Li J, Wang Q, Pang M, Zhong Y, Zhang N. Frontoparietal network abnormalities of gray matter volume and functional connectivity in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 286:24-30. [PMID: 30877889 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the frontoparietal region would exhibit differences in gray matter volume (GMV) and resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) versus healthy controls (HCs). We also aimed to report on correlations between these neuroradiological findings and HAMA scores. We recruited 27 patients with GAD and 28 HCs, matched for gender, age and education. GMV was estimated using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). We found decreased GMV in the precentral gyrus (PrCG) and the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in patients with GAD, which were used as regions of interest (ROI) for rs-FC analyses. We detected enhanced rs-FC in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) based on an increase in negative connections, and reduced rs-FC in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) based on a decrease in positive connections compared to HCs. The right PrCG may be a candidate biomarker in patients with GAD, as well as a potential stimulation target for improvement of anxiety symptoms. By combining GMV and rs-FC analyses, our findings help to understand the pathophysiology of GAD by combining GMV and rs-FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Ma
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Christina S Hines
- South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, University of Texas Health San Antonio, United States
| | - Xin Lu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huazhen Xu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manlong Pang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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180
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Abstract
Dispositional greed, characterized by the insatiable hunger for more and the dissatisfaction for not having enough, has often been associated with heightened impulsivity and excessive risk-taking. Despite its far-reaching implications in social sciences and economics, however, the exact neural mechanisms of how greed personality influences risk-taking are still ill understood. In the present study, we showed the correlation between subject's greed personality trait (GPT) score and risk-taking was selectively mediated by individual's loss aversion, but not risk attitude. In addition, our neuroimaging results indicated that gain and loss prospects were jointly represented in the activities of the ventral striatum and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). Furthermore, mOFC responses also encoded the neural loss aversion signal and mediated the association between individual differences in GPT scores and behavioral loss aversion. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the specific neural mechanisms that mediate the effect of greed personality trait on risk-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haixia Wang
- School of ManagementJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaofei Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jian Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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181
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Oh YA, Kim SO, Park SA. Real Foliage Plants as Visual Stimuli to Improve Concentration and Attention in Elementary Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E796. [PMID: 30841505 PMCID: PMC6427160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the physiological and psychological benefits of foliage plants as visual stimuli. Twenty-three elementary students (aged 11 to 13 years old) participated in this study. In a crossover design, electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure and determine the psycho-physiological effects of four different visual stimuli: an actual plant, artificial plant, photograph of a plant, and no plant. Subjective evaluations of emotions were assessed using the profile of mood state and semantic differential methods immediately after exposure to each visual stimulus. A significant decrease in theta waves of the frontal lobe was associated with presentation of the actual plants. This response indicated that the viewing of living plants prompted improvements in the attention and concentration of the elementary students. Furthermore, the presentation of the living plants was associated with more positive mood states, such as feelings of comfort and naturalness. In conclusion, actual plants may improve attention and prompt psychological relaxation in elementary students relative to artificial plants, photographs of plants, or the absence of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ah Oh
- Department of Animal and Plant Assisted Therapy, Graduate School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Seon-Ok Kim
- Department of Animal and Plant Assisted Therapy, Graduate School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Sin-Ae Park
- Department of Animal and Plant Assisted Therapy, Graduate School of Agriculture and Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Sanghuh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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182
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Masvidal-Codina E, Illa X, Dasilva M, Calia AB, Dragojević T, Vidal-Rosas EE, Prats-Alfonso E, Martínez-Aguilar J, De la Cruz JM, Garcia-Cortadella R, Godignon P, Rius G, Camassa A, Del Corro E, Bousquet J, Hébert C, Durduran T, Villa R, Sanchez-Vives MV, Garrido JA, Guimerà-Brunet A. High-resolution mapping of infraslow cortical brain activity enabled by graphene microtransistors. Nat Mater 2019; 18:280-288. [PMID: 30598536 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recording infraslow brain signals (<0.1 Hz) with microelectrodes is severely hampered by current microelectrode materials, primarily due to limitations resulting from voltage drift and high electrode impedance. Hence, most recording systems include high-pass filters that solve saturation issues but come hand in hand with loss of physiological and pathological information. In this work, we use flexible epicortical and intracortical arrays of graphene solution-gated field-effect transistors (gSGFETs) to map cortical spreading depression in rats and demonstrate that gSGFETs are able to record, with high fidelity, infraslow signals together with signals in the typical local field potential bandwidth. The wide recording bandwidth results from the direct field-effect coupling of the active transistor, in contrast to standard passive electrodes, as well as from the electrochemical inertness of graphene. Taking advantage of such functionality, we envision broad applications of gSGFET technology for monitoring infraslow brain activity both in research and in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Masvidal-Codina
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavi Illa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Dasilva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Bonaccini Calia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanja Dragojević
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernesto E Vidal-Rosas
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Prats-Alfonso
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Aguilar
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M De la Cruz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Garcia-Cortadella
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Godignon
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gemma Rius
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alessandra Camassa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Del Corro
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Bousquet
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clement Hébert
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose A Garrido
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anton Guimerà-Brunet
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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Tóth B, Farkas D, Urbán G, Szalárdy O, Orosz G, Hunyadi L, Hajdu B, Kovács A, Szabó BT, Shestopalova LB, Winkler I. Attention and speech-processing related functional brain networks activated in a multi-speaker environment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212754. [PMID: 30818389 PMCID: PMC6394951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human listeners can focus on one speech stream out of several concurrent ones. The present study aimed to assess the whole-brain functional networks underlying a) the process of focusing attention on a single speech stream vs. dividing attention between two streams and 2) speech processing on different time-scales and depth. Two spoken narratives were presented simultaneously while listeners were instructed to a) track and memorize the contents of a speech stream and b) detect the presence of numerals or syntactic violations in the same ("focused attended condition") or in the parallel stream ("divided attended condition"). Speech content tracking was found to be associated with stronger connectivity in lower frequency bands (delta band- 0,5-4 Hz), whereas the detection tasks were linked with networks operating in the faster alpha (8-10 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) bands. These results suggest that the oscillation frequencies of the dominant brain networks during speech processing may be related to the duration of the time window within which information is integrated. We also found that focusing attention on a single speaker compared to dividing attention between two concurrent speakers was predominantly associated with connections involving the frontal cortices in the delta (0.5-4 Hz), alpha (8-10 Hz), and beta bands (13-30 Hz), whereas dividing attention between two parallel speech streams was linked with stronger connectivity involving the parietal cortices in the delta and beta frequency bands. Overall, connections strengthened by focused attention may reflect control over information selection, whereas connections strengthened by divided attention may reflect the need for maintaining two streams in parallel and the related control processes necessary for performing the tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Farkas
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Urbán
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Szalárdy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Social and Educational Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyadi
- Department of General and Applied Linguistic, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Botond Hajdu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annamária Kovács
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Telecommunication and Media Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Tünde Szabó
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Piliscsaba, Hungary
| | | | - István Winkler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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184
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Mock J, Huber S, Bloechle J, Bahnmueller J, Moeller K, Klein E. Processing symbolic and non-symbolic proportions: Domain-specific numerical and domain-general processes in intraparietal cortex. Brain Res 2019; 1714:133-146. [PMID: 30825420 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on the processing of fractions and proportions focused mainly on the processing of their overall magnitude information in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). However, the IPS is also associated with domain-general cognitive functions beyond processing overall magnitude, which may nevertheless be involved in operating on magnitude information of proportions. To pursue this issue, the present study aimed at investigating whether there is a shared neural correlate for proportion processing in the intraparietal cortex beyond overall magnitude processing and how part-whole relations are processed on the neural level. Across four presentation formats (i.e., fractions, decimals, dot patterns, and pie charts) we observed a shared neural substrate in bilateral inferior parietal cortex, slightly anterior and inferior to IPS areas recently found for overall magnitude proportion processing. Nevertheless, when evaluating the neural correlates of part-whole processing (i.e., contrasting fractions, dot patterns, and pie charts vs. decimals), we found wide-spread activation in fronto-parietal brain areas. These results indicate involvement of domain-general cognitive processes in part-whole processing beyond processing the overall magnitude of proportions. The dissociation between proportions involving part-whole relations and decimals was further substantiated by a representational similarity analysis, which revealed common neural processing for fractions, pie charts, and dot patterns, possibly representing their bipartite part-whole structure. In contrast, decimals seemed to be processed differently on the neural level, possibly reflecting missing processes of actual proportion calculation in decimals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mock
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Huber
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Bloechle
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Division of Neuropsychology, Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Bahnmueller
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School, University of Tuebingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Korbinian Moeller
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Psychology, Eberhardt-Karls University Tuebingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School, University of Tuebingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elise Klein
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; LEAD Graduate School, University of Tuebingen, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
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185
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Kohl S, Hannah R, Rocchi L, Nord CL, Rothwell J, Voon V. Cortical Paired Associative Stimulation Influences Response Inhibition: Cortico-cortical and Cortico-subcortical Networks. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:355-363. [PMID: 29724490 PMCID: PMC7004814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to stop a suboptimal response is integral to decision making and is commonly impaired across psychiatric disorders. Cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS) is a form of transcranial magnetic stimulation in which paired pulses can induce plasticity at cortical synapses. Here we used cPAS protocols to target cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical networks by using different intervals between the paired pulses in an attempt to modify response inhibition. METHODS A total of 25 healthy volunteers underwent four cPAS sessions in random order 1 week apart: right inferior frontal cortex (IFC) stimulation preceding right presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) stimulation by 10 or 4 ms and pre-SMA stimulation preceding IFC stimulation by 10 or 4 ms. Subjects were tested on the stop signal task along with the delay discounting task as control at baseline (randomized across sessions and cPAS protocol) and after each cPAS session. RESULTS The stop signal reaction time showed a main effect of cPAS condition when controlling for age (F3,57 = 4.05, p = .01). Younger subjects had greater impairments in response inhibition when the pre-SMA pulse preceded the IFC pulse by 10 ms. In older individuals, response inhibition improved when the IFC pulse preceded the pre-SMA pulse by 4 ms. There were no effects on delay discounting. CONCLUSIONS cPAS modified response inhibition through age-dependent long-term potentiation and depression-like plasticity mechanisms via putative cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical networks. We show for the first time the capacity for cPAS to modify a cognitive process highly relevant to psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Kohl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ricci Hannah
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla L Nord
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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186
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Hanlon CA, Philip NS, Price RB, Bickel WK, Downar J. A Case for the Frontal Pole as an Empirically Derived Neuromodulation Treatment Target. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:e13-e14. [PMID: 30126608 PMCID: PMC7800039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Hanlon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Noah S Philip
- Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island; Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Rebecca B Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carillion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Jonathan Downar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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187
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Hwang K, Shine JM, D’Esposito M. Frontoparietal Activity Interacts With Task-Evoked Changes in Functional Connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:802-813. [PMID: 29415156 PMCID: PMC7199886 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible interactions between brain regions enable neural systems to adaptively transfer and process information. However, the neural substrates that regulate adaptive communications between brain regions are understudied. In this human fMRI study, we investigated this issue by tracking time-varying, task-evoked changes in functional connectivity between localized occipitotemporal regions while participants performed different tasks on the same visually presented stimuli. We found that functional connectivity between ventral temporal and the primary visual regions selectively increased during the processing of task-relevant information. Further, additional task demands selectively strengthen these targeted connectivity patterns. To identify candidate regions that contribute to this increase in inter-regional coupling, we regressed the task-specific time-varying connectivity strength between primary visual and occipitotemporal regions against voxel-wise activity patterns elsewhere in the brain. This allowed us to identify a set of frontal and parietal regions whose activity increased as a function of task-evoked functional connectivity. These results suggest that frontoparietal regions may provide top-down biasing signals to influence task-specific interactions between brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hwang
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James M Shine
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D’Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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188
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Abstract
Neurons fire at highly variable intrinsic rates and recent evidence suggests that low- and high-firing rate neurons display different plasticity and dynamics. Furthermore, recent publications imply possibly differing rate-dependent effects in hippocampus versus neocortex, but those analyses were carried out separately and with potentially important differences. To more effectively synthesize these questions, we analyzed the firing rate dynamics of populations of neurons in both hippocampal CA1 and frontal cortex under one framework that avoids the pitfalls of previous analyses and accounts for regression to the mean (RTM). We observed several consistent effects across these regions. While rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was marked by decreased hippocampal firing and increased neocortical firing, in both regions firing rate distributions widened during REM due to differential changes in high- versus low-firing rate cells in parallel with increased interneuron activity. In contrast, upon non-REM (NREM) sleep, firing rate distributions narrowed while interneuron firing decreased. Interestingly, hippocampal interneuron activity closely followed the patterns observed in neocortical principal cells rather than the hippocampal principal cells, suggestive of long-range interactions. Following these undulations in variance, the net effect of sleep was a decrease in firing rates. These decreases were greater in lower-firing hippocampal neurons but also higher-firing frontal cortical neurons, suggestive of greater plasticity in these cell groups. Our results across two different regions, and with statistical corrections, indicate that the hippocampus and neocortex show a mixture of differences and similarities as they cycle between sleep states with a unifying characteristic of homogenization of firing during NREM and diversification during REM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyawaki
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Brendon O Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kamran Diba
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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189
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Yen M, DeMarco AT, Wilson SM. Adaptive paradigms for mapping phonological regions in individual participants. Neuroimage 2019; 189:368-379. [PMID: 30665008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonological encoding depends on left-lateralized regions in the supramarginal gyrus and the ventral precentral gyrus. Localization of these phonological regions in individual participants-including individuals with language impairments-is important in several research and clinical contexts. To localize these regions, we developed two paradigms that load on phonological encoding: a rhyme judgment task and a syllable counting task. Both paradigms relied on an adaptive staircase design to ensure that each individual performed each task at a similarly challenging level. The goal of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the two paradigms, in terms of their ability to consistently produce left-lateralized activations of the supramarginal gyrus and ventral precentral gyrus in neurologically normal individuals with presumptively normal language localization. Sixteen participants were scanned with fMRI as they performed the rhyme judgment paradigm, the syllable counting paradigm, and an adaptive semantic paradigm that we have described previously. We found that the rhyme and syllable paradigms both yielded left-lateralized supramarginal and ventral precentral activations in the majority of participants. The rhyme paradigm produced more lateralized and more reliable activations, and so should be favored in future applications. In contrast, the semantic paradigm did not reveal supramarginal or precentral activations in most participants, suggesting that the recruitment of these regions is indeed driven by phonological encoding, not language processing in general. In sum, the adaptive rhyme judgment paradigm was effective in localizing left-lateralized phonological encoding regions in individual participants, and, in conjunction with the adaptive semantic paradigm, can be used to map individual language networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Yen
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Andrew T DeMarco
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen M Wilson
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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190
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Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with numerous deficits in cognitive function, which have been attributed to changes within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This chapter summarizes some of the most prominent cognitive changes associated with age-related alterations in the anatomy and physiology of the PFC. Specifically, aging of the PFC results in deficient aspects of cognitive control, including sustained attention, selective attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and multitasking abilities. Yet, not all cognitive functions associated with the PFC exhibit age-related declines, such as arithmetic, comprehension, emotion perception, and emotional control. Moreover, not all older adults exhibit declines in cognition. Multiple life-course and lifestyle factors, as well as genetics, play a role in the trajectory of cognitive performance across the life span. Thus many adults retain cognitive function well into advanced age. Moreover, the brain remains plastic throughout life and there is increasing evidence that most age-related declines in cognition can be remediated by various methods such as physical exercise, cognitive training, or noninvasive brain stimulation. Overall, because cognitive aging is associated with numerous life-course and lifestyle factors, successful aging likely begins in early life, while maintaining cognition or remediating declines is a life-long process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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191
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Abstract
Cognitive control refers to our ability to choose courses of thought and action that achieve our goals over habitual but contextually inappropriate ones. Hierarchical control problems are those in which multiple goals or contextual contingency must be managed at once and related to one another. In the open-ended complexity of the real world, hierarchical control arguably characterizes most of the problems faced by our control systems. And, it is these cases of hierarchical control where patients with damage to executive systems are most apt to fail, even those that perform well on simplified laboratory tasks. In this chapter, we consider the functional organization of frontal brain systems that support hierarchical cognitive control. We focus on two particular cases of hierarchical control. First, we discuss a line of work testing how managing multiple contingencies en route to a response relates to processing along the rostrocaudal axis of frontal cortex. Second, we consider cases of sequential tasks that require monitoring and behaving according to a series of tasks performed in time. In this latter case, we focus on the particular role of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. We conclude with considerations of future directions of basic and clinically relevant research in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Badre
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Theresa M Desrochers
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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192
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Abstract
Computational models of frontal function have made important contributions to understanding how the frontal lobes support a wide range of important functions, in their interactions with other brain areas including, critically, the basal ganglia (BG). We focus here on the specific case of how different frontal areas support goal-directed, motivated decision-making, by representing three essential types of information: possible plans of action (in more dorsal and lateral frontal areas), affectively significant outcomes of those action plans (in ventral, medial frontal areas including the orbital frontal cortex), and the overall utility of a given plan compared to other possible courses of action (in anterior cingulate cortex). Computational models of goal-directed action selection at multiple different levels of analysis provide insight into the nature of learning and processing in these areas and the relative contributions of the frontal cortex versus the BG. The most common neurologic disorders implicate these areas, and understanding their precise function and modes of dysfunction can contribute to the new field of computational psychiatry, within the broader field of computational neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall C O'Reilly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.
| | - Jacob Russin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Seth A Herd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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193
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Abstract
The human brain is organized into specialized functional brain networks. Some networks are dedicated to early sensory processing, and others to generating motor outputs. Yet, the bulk of the human brain's functional networks is actually dedicated to control processes. The two control networks most important for the impressive repertoire of control-related behaviors that humans are able to instantiate and maintain are the frontoparietal and cinguloopercular networks. We provide evidence that these two control networks largely contribute to nonoverlapping domains of control. These networks largely have been studied using fMRI, which is sensitive only to infraslow activity. Complementary electrophysiological techniques have provided evidence that these networks manifest at substantially faster frequencies (delta-alpha band), supporting their role in coordination of whole-brain functional network activity. Both the frontoparietal and cinguloopercular networks demonstrate protracted development, supporting increases in control-related performance. Recent studies from our lab indicate these control networks exhibit measurable individual specificity, highlighting the importance of individualized paradigms in neuroimaging studies to advance our understanding of typical and atypical control network function throughout the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Marek
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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194
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Widge AS, Boggess M, Rockhill AP, Mullen A, Sheopory S, Loonis R, Freeman DK, Miller EK. Altering alpha-frequency brain oscillations with rapid analog feedback-driven neurostimulation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207781. [PMID: 30517149 PMCID: PMC6281199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oscillations of the brain's local field potential (LFP) may coordinate neural ensembles and brain networks. It has been difficult to causally test this model or to translate its implications into treatments, because there are few reliable ways to alter LFP oscillations. We developed a closed-loop analog circuit to enhance brain oscillations by feeding them back into cortex through phase-locked transcranial electrical stimulation. We tested the system in a rhesus macaque with chronically implanted electrode arrays, targeting 8-15 Hz (alpha) oscillations. Ten seconds of stimulation increased alpha oscillatory power for up to 1 second after stimulation offset. In contrast, open-loop stimulation decreased alpha power. There was no effect in the neighboring 15-30 Hz (beta) LFP rhythm or on a neighboring array that did not participate in closed-loop feedback. Analog closed-loop neurostimulation might thus be a useful strategy for altering brain oscillations, both for basic research and the treatment of neuro-psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alik S. Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Boggess
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexander P. Rockhill
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew Mullen
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shivani Sheopory
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roman Loonis
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel K. Freeman
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Earl K. Miller
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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195
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Khoshkhoo S, Leonard MK, Mesgarani N, Chang EF. Neural correlates of sine-wave speech intelligibility in human frontal and temporal cortex. Brain Lang 2018; 187:83-91. [PMID: 29397190 PMCID: PMC6067983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Auditory speech comprehension is the result of neural computations that occur in a broad network that includes the temporal lobe auditory cortex and the left inferior frontal cortex. It remains unclear how representations in this network differentially contribute to speech comprehension. Here, we recorded high-density direct cortical activity during a sine-wave speech (SWS) listening task to examine detailed neural speech representations when the exact same acoustic input is comprehended versus not comprehended. Listeners heard SWS sentences (pre-exposure), followed by clear versions of the same sentences, which revealed the content of the sounds (exposure), and then the same SWS sentences again (post-exposure). Across all three task phases, high-gamma neural activity in the superior temporal gyrus was similar, distinguishing different words based on bottom-up acoustic features. In contrast, frontal regions showed a more pronounced and sudden increase in activity only when the input was comprehended, which corresponded with stronger representational separability among spatiotemporal activity patterns evoked by different words. We observed this effect only in participants who were not able to comprehend the stimuli during the pre-exposure phase, indicating a relationship between frontal high-gamma activity and speech understanding. Together, these results demonstrate that both frontal and temporal cortical networks are involved in spoken language understanding, and that under certain listening conditions, frontal regions are involved in discriminating speech sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattar Khoshkhoo
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Matthew K Leonard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln., Room 535, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln., Room 535, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Nima Mesgarani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, Mudd Building, Room 1339, 500 W 120th St., New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln., Room 535, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln., Room 535, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
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196
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Crespo-Llado MM, Vanderwert R, Roberti E, Geangu E. Eight-month-old infants' behavioral responses to peers' emotions as related to the asymmetric frontal cortex activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17152. [PMID: 30464309 PMCID: PMC6249297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants are sensitive to and converge emotionally with peers' distress. It is unclear whether these responses extend to positive affect and whether observing peer emotions motivates infants' behaviors. This study investigates 8-month-olds' asymmetric frontal EEG during peers' cry and laughter, and its relation to approach and withdrawal behaviors. Participants observed videos of infant crying or laughing during two separate sessions. Frontal EEG alpha power was recorded during the first, while infants' behaviors and emotional expressions were recorded during the second session. Facial and vocal expressions of affect suggest that infants converge emotionally with their peers' distress, and, to a certain extent, with their happiness. At group level, the crying peer elicited right lateralized frontal activity. However, those infants with reduced right and increased left frontal activity in this situation, were more likely to approach their peer. Overall, 8-month-olds did not show asymmetric frontal activity in response to peer laughter. But, those infants who tended to look longer at their happy peer were more likely to respond with left lateralized frontal activity. The link between variations in left frontal activity and simple approach behaviors indicates the presence of a motivational dimension to infants' responses to distressed peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Crespo-Llado
- Lancaster University Department of Psychology Bailrigg, Fylde College, Lancaster, UK
| | - Ross Vanderwert
- Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science School of Psychology - Cardiff University Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elisa Roberti
- Università degli Studi di Milano - Bicocca Department of Psychology, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Geangu
- University of York, Department of Psychology, Heslington, York, UK.
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197
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Black MH, Almabruk T, Albrecht MA, Chen NT, Lipp OV, Tan T, Bolte S, Girdler S. Altered Connectivity in Autistic Adults during Complex Facial Emotion Recognition: A Study of EEG Imaginary Coherence. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2018; 2018:2752-2755. [PMID: 30440971 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Difficulties in Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) are commonly associated with individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the mechanisms underlying these impairments remain inconclusive. While atypical cortical connectivity has been observed in autistic individuals, there is a paucity of investigation during cognitive tasks such as FER. It is possible that atypical cortical connectivity may underlie FER impairments in this population. Electroencephalography (EEG) Imaginary Coherence was examined in 22 autistic adults and 23 typically developing (TD) matched controls during a complex, dynamic FER task. Autistic adults demonstrated reduced coherence between both short and long range inter-hemispheric electrodes. By contrast, short range intra-hemispheric connectivity was increased in frontal and occipital regions during FER. These findings suggest altered network functioning in ASD.
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198
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Mugler EM, Tate MC, Livescu K, Templer JW, Goldrick MA, Slutzky MW. Differential Representation of Articulatory Gestures and Phonemes in Precentral and Inferior Frontal Gyri. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9803-9813. [PMID: 30257858 PMCID: PMC6234299 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1206-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech is a critical form of human communication and is central to our daily lives. Yet, despite decades of study, an understanding of the fundamental neural control of speech production remains incomplete. Current theories model speech production as a hierarchy from sentences and phrases down to words, syllables, speech sounds (phonemes), and the actions of vocal tract articulators used to produce speech sounds (articulatory gestures). Here, we investigate the cortical representation of articulatory gestures and phonemes in ventral precentral and inferior frontal gyri in men and women. Our results indicate that ventral precentral cortex represents gestures to a greater extent than phonemes, while inferior frontal cortex represents both gestures and phonemes. These findings suggest that speech production shares a common cortical representation with that of other types of movement, such as arm and hand movements. This has important implications both for our understanding of speech production and for the design of brain-machine interfaces to restore communication to people who cannot speak.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite being studied for decades, the production of speech by the brain is not fully understood. In particular, the most elemental parts of speech, speech sounds (phonemes) and the movements of vocal tract articulators used to produce these sounds (articulatory gestures), have both been hypothesized to be encoded in motor cortex. Using direct cortical recordings, we found evidence that primary motor and premotor cortices represent gestures to a greater extent than phonemes. Inferior frontal cortex (part of Broca's area) appears to represent both gestures and phonemes. These findings suggest that speech production shares a similar cortical organizational structure with the movement of other body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen Livescu
- Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | | | - Marc W Slutzky
- Departments of Neurology,
- Physiology
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and
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199
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Abstract
Persistent and ramping neural activity in the frontal cortex anticipates specific movements1-6. Preparatory activity is distributed across several brain regions7,8, but it is unclear which brain areas are involved and how this activity is mediated by multi-regional interactions. The cerebellum is thought to be primarily involved in the short-timescale control of movement9-12; however, roles for this structure in cognitive processes have also been proposed13-16. In humans, cerebellar damage can cause defects in planning and working memory13. Here we show that persistent representation of information in the frontal cortex during motor planning is dependent on the cerebellum. Mice performed a sensory discrimination task in which they used short-term memory to plan a future directional movement. A transient perturbation in the medial deep cerebellar nucleus (fastigial nucleus) disrupted subsequent correct responses without hampering movement execution. Preparatory activity was observed in both the frontal cortex and the cerebellar nuclei, seconds before the onset of movement. The silencing of frontal cortex activity abolished preparatory activity in the cerebellar nuclei, and fastigial activity was necessary to maintain cortical preparatory activity. Fastigial output selectively targeted the behaviourally relevant part of the frontal cortex through the thalamus, thus closing a cortico-cerebellar loop. Our results support the view that persistent neural dynamics during motor planning is maintained by neural circuits that span multiple brain regions17, and that cerebellar computations extend beyond online motor control13-15,18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Courtney Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alyse M Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Amada M Abrego
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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200
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Axelrod V, Zhu X, Qiu J. Transcranial stimulation of the frontal lobes increases propensity of mind-wandering without changing meta-awareness. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15975. [PMID: 30374043 PMCID: PMC6206062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mind-wandering is omnipresent in our lives. The benefits of mind-wandering are not yet clear, but given how much time we spend mind-wandering, this mental function is likely to be important. Accordingly, it is essential to understand the neural and cognitive mechanisms of mind-wandering. In a recent study by the leading author of the present paper it was demonstrated that by applying transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the frontal lobes, but not sham or occipital cortex stimulation, it was possible to increase propensity of mind-wandering. The goal of the present study has been to replicate these previous findings and to extend them by examining whether changes in mind-wandering as a result of stimulation are associated with a change of meta-awareness of the attentional focus. By using a larger sample size and by conducting the experiment in a different country and language, we fully replicated the key original findings by showing that stimulation of the prefrontal cortex increased the level of mind-wandering. We also show that stimulation had no major effect on the level of meta-awareness of the attentional focus. Taken together, our results indicate that mind-wandering - probably the most internal and self-related mental function - can be modulated externally, that at least in some cases mind-wandering might not be regulated by meta-awareness, and that the frontal lobes might play a causal role in mind-wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Axelrod
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel.
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiang Qiu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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