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Abstract
The number of donkeys in the world may not be increasing but awareness of their use and concern for welfare and pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to more equine practitioners. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkey and mules. The authors emphasize that there is still much information that is not available about donkeys and mules; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring for differences in response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes P A M van Loon
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands
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152
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Govind N. Sedation versus general anaesthesia for provision of dental treatment to patients younger than 18 years. J Perioper Pract 2019; 29:319-320. [PMID: 31570050 DOI: 10.1177/1750458919846079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Govind
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- A member of the Cochrane Nursing Care (CNC)
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153
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Massolo AC, Sgrò S, Piersigilli F, Allegaert K, Capolupo I, Rechichi J, Landolfo F, Calzolari F, Toscano A, Picardo S, Patel N. Propofol Formulation Affects Myocardial Function in Newborn Infants. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:1536-1542. [PMID: 31414158 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of propofol in diluted and undiluted formulations on cardiac function in infants. Infants > 30 days received propofol sedation for central line insertion. Cases were divided into two groups: those who received undiluted 1% propofol (P1%); and those who received a diluted formulation (Pd) of equal volumes propofol 1% and 0.9% NaCl. Echocardiograms were performed pre (t0)-, immediately post (t1)-, and 1-h post (t2) propofol administration. Myocardial deformation was assessed with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) analysis and peak longitudinal strain (LS). 18 cases were included: nine (50%) P1% and nine (50%) Pd. In the P1% group, TDI velocities and LS were significantly reduced at t1 and t2. In the Pd Group, only TDI velocities in the left ventricle were reduced at t1, but not at t2. Dilution of propofol may minimize myocardial dysfunction while maintaining adequate sedation in infants. Further comparative studies are needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Claudia Massolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazzale Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Sgrò
- Department of Anesthesiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Piersigilli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazzale Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Capolupo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazzale Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Jole Rechichi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazzale Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Landolfo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazzale Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Flaminia Calzolari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazzale Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Toscano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Neonatology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazzale Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Picardo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Neil Patel
- Department of Neonatology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
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154
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Fiore M, Torretta G, Passavanti MB, Sansone P, Pace MC, Alfieri A, Aurilio C, Simeon V, Chiodini P, Pota V. Dexmedetomidine as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep 2019; 17:2159-2164. [PMID: 31232889 DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dexmedetomidine as adjunctive therapy to the standard of care (benzodiazepines) compared to either the standard of care or other adjunctive treatment approaches (e.g. benzodiazepines plus propofol) for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). INTRODUCTION Benzodiazepines have been the cornerstone of AWS therapy, but in some patients, AWS is refractory to high doses. Moreover, benzodiazepine use is burdened by excessive sedation, confusion and respiratory depression. Options for management of refractory AWS include the addition of phenobarbital, propofol and, more recently, dexmedetomidine to benzodiazepines therapy. The possible advantage of dexmedetomidine compared to benzodiazepines is that it does not cause respiratory depression, thus reducing the risk of intubation and hospitalization in the intensive care unit. INCLUSION CRITERIA This review will consider studies including patients who are 18 years or older and are diagnosed with AWS. The exclusion criteria are a history of psychoactive substances or withdrawal states and/or severe neurologic disorder (e.g. traumatic brain injury, acute stroke, severe dementia, seizure disorder). METHODS This review will include only studies published in English, with no restrictions on the year of publication. Both randomized controlled trials and observational studies (including cohort and case-control studies) assessing the drug effectiveness and safety will be included. The databases utilized will include: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. In addition, the trial registers to be searched will include: World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), U.S. National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42018084370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fiore
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo Torretta
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Passavanti
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sansone
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Pace
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Alfieri
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Aurilio
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio Simeon
- Department of Public, Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Chiodini
- Department of Public, Clinical and Preventive Medicine, Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pota
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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155
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Moses TEH, Greenwald MK. History of regular nonmedical sedative and/or alcohol use differentiates substance-use patterns and consequences among chronic heroin users. Addict Behav 2019; 97:14-19. [PMID: 31112911 PMCID: PMC6581601 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent use of sedating substances (e.g. alcohol or benzodiazepines) with opioids is associated with increased negative consequences of opioid use; however, few studies have attempted to differentiate effects of using sedating substances on heroin-use outcomes. This study examines differences between heroin users who use alcohol or misuse sedatives regularly and those who do not. METHODS Substance-use data were collected from 367 non-treatment seeking, chronic heroin-using, 18-to-55 year-old participants. We created 4 groups based on self-reported lifetime history of regular (at least weekly) substance use: heroin only (n = 95), heroin and sedatives (n = 21), heroin and alcohol (n = 151), and heroin, sedative, and alcohol (n = 100). Chi-square analyses and ANOVAs with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to explore differences between these groups. RESULTS Heroin users who denied lifetime alcohol or nonmedical sedative use regularly endorsed fewer consequences associated with any substance they had used. Total adverse consequences of heroin use (e.g. health problems) were significantly higher among those who misused sedatives regularly, irrespective of alcohol use history (F(3,361) = 10.21; p < .001). Regular alcohol use did not independently impact heroin consequences but was associated with increased use of other substances. CONCLUSIONS Although polysubstance use is normative among heroin users, the risks depend on the substances used. Regular sedative use is associated with increased heroin consequences whereas regular alcohol use is not. This study refines the investigation of polysubstance use and highlights subgroup differences depending on types of substances used regularly. This knowledge is critical for understanding substance-use motivations and creating avenues for harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha E H Moses
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Mark K Greenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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156
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Abstract
Electrodermal activity (EDA) is a measure of sympathetic activity using skin conductance that has applications in research and in clinical medicine. However, current EDA analysis does not have physiologically-based statistical models that use stochastic structure to provide nuanced insight into autonomic dynamics. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the data of two healthy volunteers under controlled propofol sedation. We identified a novel statistical model for EDA and used a point process framework to track instantaneous dynamics. Our results demonstrate for the first time that point process models rooted in physiology and built upon inherent statistical structure of EDA pulses have the potential to accurately track instantaneous dynamics in sympathetic tone.
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157
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Ho AMH, Mizubuti GB. Co-induction with a vasopressor "chaser" to mitigate propofol-induced hypotension when intubating critically ill/frail patients-A questionable practice. J Crit Care 2019; 54:256-260. [PMID: 31630076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic administration of a vasopressor to mitigate the hypotensive effect of propofol (and/or other co-induction agents) during sedation/anesthesia immediately prior to tracheal intubation in frail patients in the intensive care unit and emergency and operating rooms appears to be not an uncommon practice. We submit that this practice is unnecessary and potentially harmful. Despite restoring the blood pressure, phenylephrine, for instance, may have an additive or synergistic effect with propofol in reducing the cardiac output and, ultimately, organ perfusion. Airway instrumentation often leads to sympathetic activation and hypertension (thereby increasing myocardial oxygen consumption) which may be exacerbated by an arbitrary prophylactic dose of phenylephrine. Finally, in spite of the well-recognized need to reduce dosages of propofol in frail patients, excessive doses are commonly given, leading to hypotension. We herein discuss each of these points and suggest alternative techniques to promote a stable induction in frail patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M-H Ho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Glenio B Mizubuti
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada.
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158
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Celis-Rodríguez E, Díaz Cortés JC, Cárdenas Bolívar YR, Carrizosa González JA, Pinilla DI, Ferrer Záccaro LE, Birchenall C, Caballero López J, Argüello BM, Castillo Abrego G, Castorena Arellano G, Dueñas Castell C, Jáuregui Solórzano JM, Leal R, Pardo Oviedo JM, Arroyo M, Raffán-Sanabria F, Raimondi N, Reina R, Rodríguez Lima DR, Silesky Jiménez JI, Ugarte Ubiergo S, Gómez Escobar LG, Díaz Aya DP, Fowler C, Nates JL. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of sedoanalgesia and delirium in critically ill adult patients. Med Intensiva 2019; 44:171-184. [PMID: 31492476 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of the management of sedation, analgesia and delirium in Intensive Care Units, and in order to update the previously published guidelines, a new clinical practice guide is presented, addressing the most relevant management and intervention aspects based on the recent literature. A group of 24 intensivists from 9 countries of the Pan-American and Iberian Federation of Societies of Critical Medicine and Intensive Therapy met to develop the guidelines. Assessment of evidence quality and recommendations was made according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group. A systematic search of the literature was carried out using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library databases such as the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database and the database of Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS). A total of 438 references were selected. After consensus, 47 strong recommendations with high and moderate quality evidence, 14 conditional recommendations with moderate quality evidence, and 65 conditional recommendations with low quality evidence were established. Finally, the importance of initial and multimodal pain management was underscored. Emphasis was placed on decreasing sedation levels and the use of deep sedation only in specific cases. The evidence and recommendations for the use of drugs such as dexmedetomidine, remifentanil, ketamine and others were incremented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Celis-Rodríguez
- Anestesiología y Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Departamento de Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Universidad del Rosario, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - J C Díaz Cortés
- Anestesiología, Medicina Crítica y Epidemiología, Clínica Marly JCG, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Y R Cárdenas Bolívar
- Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Universidad del Rosario, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J A Carrizosa González
- Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Epidemiología, Universidad del Rosario, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D-I Pinilla
- Anestesiología, Medicina Crítica, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Hospital Mayor de Mederi, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - L E Ferrer Záccaro
- Anestesiología y Medicina Crítica, Universidad de Los Andes, Universidad El Bosque, Universidad del Rosario, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Birchenall
- Medicina Interna y Cuidado Intensivo, Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Hospital Universitario Mayor-Mederi, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J Caballero López
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de LLeida, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de LLeida IRBLleida, Departament de Medicina de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona UAB, España
| | - B M Argüello
- Anestesiología y Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Hospital Central de Managua, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - G Castillo Abrego
- Cirugía General, Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Pacífica Salud-Hospital Punta Pacífica, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - G Castorena Arellano
- Anestesiología y Medicina Crítica, Hospital General Manuel Gea González, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - C Dueñas Castell
- Neumología y Medicina Crítica, Universidad de Cartagena, UCI Gestión Salud, UCI Santa Cruz de Bocagrande, Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Medicina Crítica y Terapia Intensiva, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - R Leal
- Anestesiología, Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J M Pardo Oviedo
- Medicina Interna y Medicina Crítica y Cuidados Intensivos, Universidad del Rosario, Universidad del Bosque, Hospital Universitario Mayor-Mederi, Fundación Cardio-infantil, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - M Arroyo
- Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Centro Médico Docente La Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - F Raffán-Sanabria
- Anestesiología y Medicina Crítica, Universidad del Bosque, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - N Raimondi
- Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Hospital Juan A. Fernández, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Reina
- Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Hospital Interzonal de Agudos General José de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D R Rodríguez Lima
- Medicina de Emergencias y Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo Universidad del Rosario, Hospital Mayor Mederi, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J I Silesky Jiménez
- Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Casa Hospital San Juan de Dios/ Hospital CIMA, San José, Costa Rica
| | - S Ugarte Ubiergo
- Medicina Interna y Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Universidad Andrés Bello, Clínica INDISA, Red de Medicina Intensiva, Federación Panamericana e Ibérica de Medicina Crítica y Terapia Intensiva, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - L G Gómez Escobar
- Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D P Díaz Aya
- Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Fowler
- Research Services & Assessment Manager, Research Medical Library, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, EE. UU
| | - J L Nates
- Anestesiología y Medicina Crítica y Cuidado Intensivo, Departamento de Medicina Crítica, Cuidado Intensivo y Terapia Respiratoria; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, EE. UU
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159
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Sun Y, Jiang M, Ji Y, Sun Y, Liu Y, Shen W. Impact of postoperative dexmedetomidine infusion on incidence of delirium in elderly patients undergoing major elective noncardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:2911-2922. [PMID: 31695323 PMCID: PMC6707367 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s208703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Postoperative delirium is a serious and common complication, it occurs in 13-50% of elderly patients after major surgery, and presages adverse outcomes. Emerging literature suggests that dexmedetomidine sedation in critical care units (intensive care unit) is associated with reduced incidence of delirium. However, few studies have investigated whether postoperative continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine could safely decrease the incidence of delirium in elderly patients admitted to general surgical wards after noncardiac surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in patients aged 65 years or older undergoing major elective noncardiac surgery without a planned ICU stay. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive either dexmedetomidine (0.1 μg/kg/h) or placebo (0.9% normal saline) immediately after surgery though patient-controlled intravenous analgesia device. The primary outcome was the incidence of delirium during the first 5 postoperative days. Secondary outcomes included postoperative subjective pain scores and subjective sleep quality. The study dates were from January 2018 to January 2019. RESULTS A total of 557 patients were randomly assigned to receive either dexmedetomidine (n=281) or placebo (n=276). The incidence of postoperative delirium had no difference between the dexmedetomidine and placebo groups (11.7% [33 of 281] vs 13.8% [38 of 276], P=0.47). Compared with placebo group, patients in dexmedetomidine group reported significant lower numerical rating score pain scores at 3, 12, 24, and 48 hrs after surgery (all P<0.05) and significant improved Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire results during the first 3 postoperative days (all P<0.0001). Dexmedetomidine-related adverse events were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION Postoperative continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine did not decrease the incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients admitted to general surgical wards after elective noncardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingming Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunjing Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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160
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Liu X, Lauer KK, Ward BD, Roberts CJ, Liu S, Gollapudy S, Rohloff R, Gross W, Xu Z, Chen S, Wang L, Yang Z, Li SJ, Binder JR, Hudetz AG. Regional entropy of functional imaging signals varies differently in sensory and cognitive systems during propofol-modulated loss and return of behavioral responsiveness. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:514-525. [PMID: 29737490 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The level and richness of consciousness depend on information integration in the brain. Altered interregional functional interactions may indicate disrupted information integration during anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. How anesthetics modulate the amount of information in various brain regions has received less attention. Here, we propose a novel approach to quantify regional information content in the brain by the entropy of the principal components of regional blood oxygen-dependent imaging signals during graded propofol sedation. Fifteen healthy individuals underwent resting-state scans in wakeful baseline, light sedation (conscious), deep sedation (unconscious), and recovery (conscious). Light sedation characterized by lethargic behavioral responses was associated with global reduction of entropy in the brain. Deep sedation with completely suppressed overt responsiveness was associated with further reductions of entropy in sensory (primary and higher sensory plus orbital prefrontal cortices) but not high-order cognitive (dorsal and medial prefrontal, cingulate, parietotemporal cortices and hippocampal areas) systems. Upon recovery of responsiveness, entropy was restored in the sensory but not in high-order cognitive systems. These findings provide novel evidence for a reduction of information content of the brain as a potential systems-level mechanism of reduced consciousness during propofol anesthesia. The differential changes of entropy in the sensory and high-order cognitive systems associated with losing and regaining overt responsiveness are consistent with the notion of "disconnected consciousness", in which a complete sensory-motor disconnection from the environment occurs with preserved internal mentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Center for Imaging Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Kathryn K Lauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - B Douglas Ward
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Suyan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Suneeta Gollapudy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert Rohloff
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - William Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zhan Xu
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lubin Wang
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Jiang Li
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Binder
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anthony G Hudetz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, 1301 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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161
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Gao J, Wei L, Xu G, Ren C, Zhang Z, Liu Y. Effects of dexmedetomidine vs sufentanil during percutaneous tracheostomy for traumatic brain injury patients: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17012. [PMID: 31464960 PMCID: PMC6736089 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous tracheostomy, almost associated with cough reflex and hemodynamic fluctuations, is a common procedure for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, especially those in neurosurgery intensive care units (NICUs). However, there are currently a lack of effective preventive measures to reduce the risk of secondary brain injury. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine (DEX) vs sufentanil during percutaneous tracheostomy in TBI patients. METHODS The 196 TBI patients who underwent percutaneous tracheostomy were randomized divided into 3 groups: group D1 (n = 62, DEX infusion at 0.5 μg·kg for 10 minutes, then adjusted to 0.2-0.7 μg·kg·hour), group D2 (n = 68, DEX infusion at 1 μg·kg for 10 minutes, then adjusted to 0.2-0.7 μg·kg·hour), and group S (n = 66, sufentanil infusion 0.3 μg·kg for 10 minutes, then adjusted to 0.2-0.4 μg·kg·hour). The bispectral index (BIS) of all patients was maintained at 50 to 70 during surgery. Anesthesia onset time, hemodynamic variables, total cumulative dose of DEX/sufentanil, total doses of rescue propofol and fentanyl, time to first dose of rescue propofol and fentanyl, number of intraoperative patient movements and cough reflexes, adverse events, and surgeon satisfaction score were recorded. RESULTS Anesthesia onset time was significantly lower in group D2 than in both other groups (14.35 ± 3.23 vs 12.42 ± 2.12 vs 13.88 ± 3.51 minutes in groups D1, D2, and S, respectively; P < .001). Both heart rate and mean arterial pressure during percutaneous tracheostomy were more stable in group D2. Total doses of rescue propofol and fentanyl were significantly lower in group D2 than in group D1 (P < .001). The time to first dose of rescue propofol and fentanyl were significantly longer in group D2 than in both other groups (P < .001). The number of patient movements and cough reflexes during percutaneous tracheostomy were lower in group D2 than in both other groups (P < .001). The overall incidences of tachycardia and hypertension (which required higher doses of esmolol and urapidil, respectively) were also lower in group D2 than in both other groups (P < .05). Three patients in group S had respiratory depression compared to X in the D1 group and X in the D2 group. The surgeon satisfaction score was significantly higher in group D2 than in both other groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS During percutaneous tracheostomy, compared with sufentanil, DEX (1 μg·kg for 10 minutes, then adjusted to 0.2-0.7 μg·kg·hour) can provide the desired attenuation of the hemodynamic response without increased adverse events. Consequently, DEX could be used safely and effectively during percutaneous tracheostomy in TBI patients.
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Abstract
Background: Previous studies concerning sedation in Swedish intensive care units (ICU) have shown variability in drug choices and strategies. Currently, there are no national guidelines on this topic. As an update to a Nordic survey from 2004, and as a follow-up to a recently introduced quality indicator from the Swedish Intensive Care Registry, we performed a national survey. Methods: A digital survey was sent to the ICUs in Sweden, asking for sedation routines regarding hypnosedatives, analgosedatives, protocols, sedation scales, etc. Results: Fifty out of 80 ICUs responded to the survey. All units used sedation scales, and 88% used the RASS scale; 80% used written guidelines for sedation. Propofol and dexmedetomidine were the preferred short-term hypnosedatives. Propofol, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam were preferred for long-term hypnosedation. Remifentanil, morphine, and fentanyl were the most frequently used agents for analgosedation. Conclusions: All ICUs used a sedation scale, an increase compared with previous studies. Concerning the choice of hypno- and analgosedatives, the use of dexmedetomidine, clonidine, and remifentanil has increased, and the use of benzodiazepines has decreased since the Nordic survey in 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Talsi
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ritva Kiiski Berggren
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Swedish National Quality Registry for Intensive Care (SIR), Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Göran Johansson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ola Winsö
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- CONTACT Ola Winsö Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Matsumoto H, Miyata T, Ohkusa T, Teshima T, Koyama H. Effects of recombinant canine interferon-γ injected before general anesthesia with propofol and isoflurane on natural killer cytotoxic activity during anesthesia in dogs. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:416-420. [PMID: 29113646 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether subcutaneous injection of recombinant canine interferon-γ (rCaIFN-γ) 1h before general anesthesia with a combination of propofol and isoflurane (P-I) changes the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells during anesthesia in dogs. Nine clinically healthy beagles were assigned to one of two groups: rCaIFN-γ-treated group (n=5) and control group (no treatment, n=4). One hour before P-I anesthesia, rCaIFN-γ was subcutaneously injected at a dose of 1×104U/kg body weight for the test group and physiologic saline was subcutaneously injected for the control group. Blood samples were collected 1h before P-I anesthesia (immediately before rCaIFN-γ injection) and 1 and 3h after anesthesia induction. NK cytotoxic activity was measured using the Rose Bengal assay, using canine thyroid adenocarcinoma cells as target cells. In the control group, NK cytotoxic activity decreased significantly over time (P<0.05). On the other hand, in the rCaIFN-γ group, the activity increased for the first hour after anesthesia induction without a significant difference from the level before anesthesia; furthermore, the activity at 3h after anesthesia induction was comparable with that before anesthesia. NK cytotoxic activity at 1 and 3h after anesthesia induction was significantly higher in the rCaIFNγ group than in the control group (P<0.05). Subcutaneous injection of rCaIFN-γ 1h before P-I general anesthesia not only maintained but also enhanced NK cytotoxic activity up to 3h after anesthesia induction in dogs. In conclusion, subcutaneous injection of rCaIFN-γ before cancer resection in cancer-bearing dogs might be effective for preventing intraoperative dissemination of cancer cells and postoperative cancer recurrence and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Division of Therapeutic Sciences I, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Takuma Miyata
- Department of Animal Science, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senjusakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohkusa
- Division of Therapeutic Sciences I, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Division of Therapeutic Sciences I, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Division of Therapeutic Sciences I, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Tapio HA, Raekallio MR, Mykkänen AK, Al-Ramahi D, Scheinin M, Hautajärvi HJ, Männikkö S, Vainio O. Effects of vatinoxan on cardiorespiratory function, fecal output and plasma drug concentrations in horses anesthetized with isoflurane and infusion of medetomidine. Vet J 2019; 251:105345. [PMID: 31492389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A constant rate infusion (CRI) of medetomidine is used to balance equine inhalation anesthesia, but its cardiovascular side effects are a concern. This experimental crossover study aimed to evaluate the effects of vatinoxan (a peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonist) on cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal function in anesthetized healthy horses. Six horses received medetomidine hydrochloride 7μg/kg IV alone (MED) or with vatinoxan hydrochloride 140μg/kg IV (MED+V). Anesthesia was induced with midazolam and ketamine and maintained with isoflurane and medetomidine CRI for 60min. Heart rate, carotid and pulmonary arterial pressures, central venous pressure, cardiac output and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured. Selected cardiopulmonary parameters were calculated. Plasma drug concentrations were determined. Fecal output was measured over 24h. For statistical comparisons, repeated measures analysis of covariance and paired t-tests were applied. Heart rate decreased slightly from baseline in the MED group. Arterial blood pressures decreased with both treatments, but significantly more dobutamine was needed to maintain normotension with MED+V (P=0.018). Cardiac index (CI) and oxygen delivery index (DO2I) decreased significantly more with MED, with the largest difference observed at 20min: CI was 39±2 and 73±18 (P=0.009) and DO2I 7.4±1.2 and 15.3±4.8 (P=0.014)mL/min/kg with MED and MED+V, respectively. Fecal output or plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine did not differ between the treatments. In conclusion, premedication with vatinoxan induced hypotension, thus its use in anesthetized horses warrants further studies. Even though heart rate and arterial blood pressures remained clinically acceptable with MED, cardiac performance and oxygen delivery were lower than with MED+V.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Tapio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Finland.
| | - M R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Finland
| | - A K Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Finland
| | - D Al-Ramahi
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - M Scheinin
- Bioanalytical Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | | | - S Männikkö
- 4Pharma Ltd., Tykistökatu 4D, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - O Vainio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Finland
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van Dijkman SC, De Cock PAJG, Smets K, Decaluwe W, Smits A, Allegaert K, Vande Walle J, De Paepe P, Della Pasqua O. Dose rationale and pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in mechanically ventilated new-borns: impact of design optimisation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 75:1393-1404. [PMID: 31312867 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-019-02708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a need for alternative analgosedatives such as dexmedetomidine in neonates. Given the ethical and practical difficulties, protocol design for clinical trials in neonates should be carefully considered before implementation. Our objective was to identify a protocol design suitable for subsequent evaluation of the dosing requirements for dexmedetomidine in mechanically ventilated neonates. METHODS A published paediatric pharmacokinetic model was used to derive the dosing regimen for dexmedetomidine in a first-in-neonate study. Optimality criteria were applied to optimise the blood sampling schedule. The impact of sampling schedule optimisation on model parameter estimation was assessed by simulation and re-estimation procedures for different simulation scenarios. The optimised schedule was then implemented in a neonatal pilot study. RESULTS Parameter estimates were more precise and similarly accurate in the optimised scenarios, as compared to empirical sampling (normalised root mean square error: 1673.1% vs. 13,229.4% and relative error: 46.4% vs. 9.1%). Most importantly, protocol deviations from the optimal design still allowed reasonable parameter estimation. Data analysis from the pilot group (n = 6) confirmed the adequacy of the optimised trial protocol. Dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics in term neonates was scaled using allometry and maturation, but results showed a 20% higher clearance in this population compared to initial estimates obtained by extrapolation from a slightly older paediatric population. Clearance for a typical neonate, with a post-menstrual age (PMA) of 40 weeks and weight 3.4 kg, was 2.92 L/h. Extension of the study with 11 additional subjects showed a further increased clearance in pre-term subjects with lower PMA. CONCLUSIONS The use of optimal design in conjunction with simulation scenarios improved the accuracy and precision of the estimates of the parameters of interest, taking into account protocol deviations, which are often unavoidable in this event-prone population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven C van Dijkman
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A J G De Cock
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Smets
- Department of Neonatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Decaluwe
- Department of Neonatology, AZ Sint Jan Brugge-Oostende AV, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Anne Smits
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Vande Walle
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter De Paepe
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Oscar Della Pasqua
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College London, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JP, UK.
- Clinical Pharmacology Modelling & Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, UK.
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166
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Yoshio T, Ishiyama A, Tsuchida T, Yoshimizu S, Horiuchi Y, Omae M, Hirasawa T, Yamamoto Y, Sano H, Yokota M, Fujisaki J. Efficacy of novel sedation using the combination of dexmedetomidine and midazolam during endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Esophagus 2019; 16:285-291. [PMID: 30937573 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-019-00666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the preferred treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, ESD can be difficult when patients move due to insufficient sedation. We conducted a prospective confirmatory single arm study to evaluate the efficacy of using dexmedetomidine (DEX) in combination with midazolam as a novel sedation for ESD. METHODS Endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed without intubation in 65 patients. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who did not move or require restraint during ESD, compared to historical control of ESD performed under midazolam sedation. Secondary outcomes included the frequency of complications and self-report questionnaires from patients and endoscopists. RESULTS Restraint was not required in 97% of patients sedated using the combination of DEX and midazolam. Depressed respiration, low blood pressure, and bradycardia occurred in 23, 37, and 26% of patients, respectively. All patients recovered without severe complication. Occurrence of low blood pressure and bradycardia were higher, while respiratory depression was lower for the combination group than for the historical control group. The amount of midazolam used was significantly lower than in the control. Of note, 94% of patients had no painful sensations, with 3 reporting chest pain and 3 having a recollection of the procedure. Endoscopists were satisfied with the sedation in 94% of cases. All lesions were resected in en bloc fashion, without perforation. CONCLUSIONS The combination of DEX and midazolam provided effective sedation for ESD for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yoshio
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Ishiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tsuchida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Shoichi Yoshimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Horiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masami Omae
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hirasawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yorimasa Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30, Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 227-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yokota
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Junko Fujisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
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167
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Alamir YA, Zullig KJ, Wen S, Montgomery-Downs H, Kristjansson AL, Misra R, Zhang J. Association Between Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs and Sleep Quality in a Large College Student Sample. Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17:470-480. [PMID: 29131654 PMCID: PMC5949251 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2017.1403325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective/Background: Poor sleep and nonmedical use (NMU) of prescription drugs (NMUPD) are both common among college students. Since lack of sleep adversely influences academic performance, this study examined the association between NMUPD and subjective sleep quality among college students. Participants: Students who completed the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment data (Fall 2010, Spring 2011; N = 135,874). Methods: Associations were examined between NMUPD in four classes over the past 12 months (antidepressant, painkillers, sedatives, and stimulants), and five aspects of sleep quality (Enough Sleep, Early Awakening, Daytime Sleepiness, Difficulty Falling Asleep, and Problem With Daytime Sleepiness) in the past seven days. Results: Any NMUPD (at least one class), NMU of stimulants specifically, and NMU of painkillers specifically were associated with getting fewer days of Enough Sleep (OR: 0.86, 0.93, and 0.84 respectively), more days of Early Awakening (OR: 1.28, 1.10, and 1.28 respectively), Daytime Sleepiness (OR: 1.23, 1.13, and 1.16 respectively), and Difficulty Falling Asleep (OR:1.32, 1.10, and 1.27 respectively; p < .0001, each). NMU of sedatives was significantly associated with having Problem With Daytime Sleepiness (OR: 1.10), more days of Early Awakening (OR: 1.12), and Difficulty Falling Asleep (OR: 1.17; p < .0001). Conclusions: NMUPD is associated with poor sleep among college students. Therefore, behavioral medicine screening and treatment of this vulnerable population should consider sleep health, NMUPD, and the potential that these problems may be comorbid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya A. Alamir
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Keith J. Zullig
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Alfgeir L. Kristjansson
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ranjita Misra
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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168
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Fishman DS, Andropoulos DB, Lightdale JR. Sedation and the Food and Drug Administration Warning: What a Pediatric Gastroenterologist, Hepatologist, and Pancreatologist Should Know. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 69:3-5. [PMID: 30921252 PMCID: PMC8596467 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric gastroenterologists recommend and perform a range of procedures requiring sedation and anesthesia in young children. A recent warning from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states that "repeated or lengthy use of general anesthetics and sedation drugs during surgeries or procedures in children younger than 3 years or in pregnant women during their third trimester may affect the development of children's brains." 1 As it relates to time, the FDA warning details risks of "procedures lasting longer than 3 hours or if multiple procedures are required." Pediatric gastroenterologists and related specialists should be aware of the warning and its relevance to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dean B Andropoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Jenifer R Lightdale
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Memorial Children's Medical Center, MA
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Pypendop BH, Ahokoivu H, Honkavaara J. Effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without vatinoxan (MK-467), on minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:443-451. [PMID: 30982711 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without vatinoxan, on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MACISO) in cats. STUDY DESIGN Randomized crossover experimental study. ANIMALS A group of six adult healthy male neutered cats. METHODS Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and instrumented. Dexmedetomidine was administered using a target-controlled infusion system to achieve 10 target plasma concentrations ranging from 0 to 40 ng mL-1. Additionally, vatinoxan or an equivalent volume of saline was administered using a target-controlled infusion system to achieve a target plasma concentration of 4 μg mL-1. Pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate, systolic arterial pressure (SAP), hemoglobin oxygen saturation, body temperature, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and drug concentrations were measured. MACISO was determined at each target plasma dexmedetomidine concentration using the bracketing method and the tail clamp technique. Pharmacodynamic models were fitted to the plasma dexmedetomidine concentration-MACISO. Pharmacodynamic parameters were tested for equivalence, and if rejected, for difference. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine alone decreased MACISO in a plasma concentration-dependent manner. Maximum reduction was 77 ± 4%; the dexmedetomidine concentration producing 50% of the maximum decrease (IC50) was 0.77 ng mL-1. Vatinoxan increased MACISO in the absence of dexmedetomidine, decreased the potency of dexmedetomidine for its MACISO-reducing effect (IC50 = 12 ng mL-1) and lessened the maximum MACISO reduction (60 ± 14%). PR decreased less and SAP increased less when dexmedetomidine was administered with vatinoxan compared with saline. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Vatinoxan altered the effect of dexmedetomidine on MACISO. A high plasma dexmedetomidine concentration in the presence of vatinoxan resulted in a large decrease in MACISO, with attenuation of dexmedetomidine-induced cardiovascular effects. The vatinoxan-dexmedetomidine combination may provide clinical benefits in isoflurane-anesthetized cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno H Pypendop
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Hanna Ahokoivu
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Juhana Honkavaara
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Seddighi R, Knych HK, Cox SK, Sun X, Moorhead KA, Doherty TJ. Evaluation of the sedative effects and pharmacokinetics of detomidine gel administered intravaginally to horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:772-779. [PMID: 31474339 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the sedative effects and pharmacokinetic profile of detomidine when administered intravaginally as a gel formulation to horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, crossover, masked experimental design. ANIMALS A group of six healthy adult mares (494 ± 56 kg). METHODS Mares were studied on two occasions and were administered either detomidine hydrochloride (10 μg kg-1) intravenously (treatment IV) or detomidine gel (40 μg kg-1) intravaginally (treatment IVG), separated by 1 week. Sedation, ataxia, muzzle-floor distance and heart rate (HR) were evaluated every 15 minutes for 240 minutes. Venous blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes postadministration and were analyzed for detomidine and metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Measured variables were compared over time and between treatments using mixed model analysis. Correlation between drug plasma concentrations and muzzle-floor distance, and sedation and ataxia scores was determined using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean and p value was set at <0.05. RESULTS Sedation was shorter with IV (119 ± 16 minutes) than with IVG (188 ± 22 minutes). Ataxia scores remained greater than baseline for 90 and 135 minutes for treatments IV and IVG, respectively. HR was lower than baseline for 45 and 30 minutes for IV and IVG, respectively, but did not differ between treatments. The mean maximum plasma concentration of detomidine, time to maximum concentration and bioavailability for treatment IVG was 8.57 ng mL-1, 0.37 hour and 25%, respectively. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.68) between plasma detomidine concentrations and sedation score. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Detomidine gel administered intravaginally resulted in clinically important sedation and is a viable method for detomidine gel delivery in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Seddighi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Heather K Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sherry K Cox
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaocun Sun
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kaitlin A Moorhead
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas J Doherty
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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171
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Casamento A, Bellomo R. Fentanyl versus morphine for analgo-sedation in mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients. CRIT CARE RESUSC 2019; 21:76-83. [PMID: 31142236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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172
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Coté CJ, Wilson S. Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During, and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures. Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2019-1000. [PMID: 31138666 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The safe sedation of children for procedures requires a systematic approach that includes the following: no administration of sedating medication without the safety net of medical/dental supervision, careful presedation evaluation for underlying medical or surgical conditions that would place the child at increased risk from sedating medications, appropriate fasting for elective procedures and a balance between the depth of sedation and risk for those who are unable to fast because of the urgent nature of the procedure, a focused airway examination for large (kissing) tonsils or anatomic airway abnormalities that might increase the potential for airway obstruction, a clear understanding of the medication's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects and drug interactions, appropriate training and skills in airway management to allow rescue of the patient, age- and size-appropriate equipment for airway management and venous access, appropriate medications and reversal agents, sufficient numbers of appropriately trained staff to both carry out the procedure and monitor the patient, appropriate physiologic monitoring during and after the procedure, a properly equipped and staffed recovery area, recovery to the presedation level of consciousness before discharge from medical/dental supervision, and appropriate discharge instructions. This report was developed through a collaborative effort of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry to offer pediatric providers updated information and guidance in delivering safe sedation to children.
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173
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Majumdar JR, Vertosick E, Long M, Cansino C, Assel M, Twersky R. Effects of Midazolam on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and Discharge Times in Outpatients Undergoing Cancer-Related Surgery. AANA J 2019; 87:179-183. [PMID: 31584394 PMCID: PMC6779155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine used for preoperative anxiolysis, may also have pharmacologic properties that could further reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in high-risk patients when included in a multimodal antiemetic protocol. However, concerns remain that the sedating properties of midazolam will delay discharge after short outpatient procedures. A retrospective data analysis (N = 4,057) investigated effects of midazolam on postoperative antiemetic administration and length of stay following cancer-related outpatient procedures over 15 months. Following initial univariate analysis, a multivariable model adjusting for Apfel score, surgical service, age, length of surgery, and type of anesthesia was created to test these associations. The multivariable analysis demonstrated that midazolam was associated with reduced need for postoperative antiemetic medications (3.2% lower than no-midazolam group; 95% confidence interval = 0.03%-6.0%, P = .032). Furthermore, the multivariable analysis demonstrated no clinically significant effect on postoperative length of stay (7.9 minutes shorter in midazolam group; 95% confidence interval = -20 to 4.4, P = .2). In patients for whom midazolam is not otherwise indicated, evidence is insufficient to warrant midazolam administration solely to prevent PONV. Randomized trials are needed to provide an accurate estimation of the effect size of midazolam for PONV in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Majumdar
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center's Josie Robertson Surgery Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily Vertosick
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, New York, NY
| | | | - Christian Cansino
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. Columbia University in the Nurse Anesthesia Program, New York, New York
| | - Melissa Assel
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Rebecca Twersky
- Josie Robertson Surgery Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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174
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Carlone G, Trombetta A, Amoroso S, Poropat F, Barbi E, Cozzi G. Intramuscular Dexmedetomidine, a Feasible Option for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders Needing Urgent Procedural Sedation. Pediatr Emerg Care 2019; 35:e116-e117. [PMID: 31157751 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Carlone
- University of Trieste Trieste, Italy Emergency Department Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Trieste, Italy University of Trieste Trieste, Italy. and Emergency Department Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Trieste, Italy Emergency Department Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Trieste, Italy
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175
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Guo L, Wang T, Wang W, Huang G, Xu Y, Lu C. Trends in Health-Risk Behaviors among Chinese Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1902. [PMID: 31146454 PMCID: PMC6603688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent health-risk behaviors can have long lasting negative effects throughout an individual's life, and cause a major economic and social burden to society. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the health-risk behaviors among Chinese adolescents and to test the trends in health-risk behaviors without and with adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Data were drawn from the School-based Chinese Adolescents Health Survey, which is an ongoing school-based study about the health-risk behaviors among Chinese adolescents (7th to 12th grade). During the first wave through the third wave, the prevalence of lifetime, past 12-month, and past 30-day use of opioid decreased by 4.19%, 0.63%, and 0.56%, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of lifetime, past 12-month, and past 30-day sedative use decreased by 3.03%, 0.65%, and 0.35%, respectively. During the three waves, most trends in the prevalence of health-risk behaviors were downward, with a few exceptions: The prevalence of lifetime smoking, drinking, methamphetamine use, and sleep disturbance increased by 7.15%, 13.08%, 0.48%, and 9.06%, respectively. The prevalence of lifetime 3,4-methylene dioxy methamphetamine use (from 0.49% to 0.48%), lifetime mephedrone use (from 0.30% to 0.24%), or suicide attempts (from 2.41% to 2.46%) remained stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Guo
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Wanxin Wang
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Center for ADR monitoring of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Center for ADR monitoring of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ciyong Lu
- Department of Medical statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Nutrition Translation, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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176
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Miele E, Mastronuzzi A, Cefalo MG, Del Bufalo F, De Pasquale MD, Serra A, Spinelli GP, De Sio L. Propofol-based palliative sedation in terminally ill children with solid tumors: A case series. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15615. [PMID: 31124940 PMCID: PMC6571440 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The palliative sedation therapy is defined as the intentional reduction of the alert state, using pharmacological tools. Propofol is a short-acting general anesthetic agent, widely used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia and rarely employed in palliative care. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSES This case series describes 5 pediatric oncology inpatients affected by relapsed/refractory solid tumors received palliative sedation using propofol alone or in combination with opioids and benzodiazepines. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES Five terminally ill children affected by solid tumors received propofol-based palliative sedation. All patients were previously treated with opioids and some of them reduced the consumption of these drugs after propofol starting. In all cases the progressive increase of the level of sedation until the death has been the only effective measure of control of refractory symptoms related todisease progression and psychological suffering. LESSONS We evaluated the quality of propofol-based palliative sedation in a series of pediatric oncology patients with solid tumors at the end of their life. We concluded that propofol represents an effective and tolerable adjuvant drug for the management of intractable suffering and a practicable strategy for palliative sedation in pediatric oncology patients at the end of their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Miele
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)
| | - M. Giuseppina Cefalo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)
| | - Francesca Del Bufalo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)
| | - M. Debora De Pasquale
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)
| | - Annalisa Serra
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)
| | - Gian Paolo Spinelli
- Unità Operativa Complessa Oncology, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Latina District 1, Aprilia (LT), Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi De Sio
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)
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Ede T, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM. Efficacy of xylazine in neonatal calves via different routes of administration. Vet J 2019; 247:57-60. [PMID: 30971352 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular (IM) injections may be more aversive than subcutaneous (SC) and intra-nasal (IN) routes. Xylazine is commonly used as a sedative for cattle, but little is known about efficacy via these routes. The first aim of this study was to compare efficacy using these different routes of administration. The second aim was to determine whether a simple behavioural assessment was associated with physiological responses. Using a within-subject design, the effects of xylazine (0.2mg/kg) were assessed in 12 Holstein calves (6.2±2.8days old) administered via IM, SC, IN drip tube (IN) and IN spray (INs). Sedation was assessed on a scale based on recumbency and eyeball rotation. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded for 2h after treatment. Intramuscular and SC routes produced an equivalent mean±standard deviation (SD) onset of sedation (IM: 4.8±2.0min vs. SC: 6.8±2.2min) and duration of sedation (IM: 60.3±25.5min vs. SC: 61.9±23.3min). IN treatments produced less consistent and longer onset times (IN: 33.0±26.9min, and INs: 31.0±15.1min) and a shorter duration of sedation (IN: 42.0±31.5min, and INs: 26.7±21.8min). Behaviour scores were moderately correlated with changes in HR (r=-0.52; CI -0.60, -0.43) and changes in RR (r=-0.42; CI -0.51, -0.32), but not with changes in RT (r=-0.09, CI -0.20, 0.02). We conclude that SC is a viable alternative to the more aversive IM route, and that a simple clinical scale can be useful for assessing xylazine sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ede
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - M A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - D M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Reibling ET, Green SM, Phan T, Lopez-Gusman E, Fierro L, Davis A, Sugarman T, Futernick M. Emergency Department Procedural Sedation Practice Limitations: A Statewide California American College of Emergency Physicians Survey. Acad Emerg Med 2019; 26:539-548. [PMID: 30240039 DOI: 10.1111/acem.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We wanted to estimate the frequency and describe the nature of emergency department (ED) procedural sedation restrictions in the State of California. METHODS We surveyed medical directors for all licensed EDs statewide regarding limitations on procedural sedation practice. Our primary outcome was the frequency of restrictions on procedural sedation, defined as an inability to administer moderate sedation, deep sedation, and typical ED sedative agents in accordance with American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) guidelines. Our secondary outcomes were the nature of these restrictions, who has imposed them, why they were imposed, and the perceived clinical impact. RESULTS We obtained responses from 211 (64%) of the 328 EDs. Ninety-one (43%) reported conditional or total limitations on their ability to administer one or more of the following: moderate sedation, deep sedation, propofol, ketamine, or etomidate. Thirty-nine (18%) reported total restriction of at least one of these-most frequently a prohibition of deep sedation (18%). Local anesthesia directors were the most frequently cited creators and enforcers of these restrictions. Some respondents reported that, due to these restrictions, they used less effective sedatives, they performed procedures without sedation when sedation would have been preferred, and they observed inadequate sedation and pain control. CONCLUSIONS In this statewide survey we found a substantial prevalence of practice limitations-mostly created by local anesthesia directors-that restrict the ability of emergency physicians to provide procedural sedation for their patients in accordance with ACEP guidelines. Deep sedation was prohibited in 18% of responding EDs. Our respondents describe adverse consequences to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Reibling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Steven M Green
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Tammy Phan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Elena Lopez-Gusman
- California Chapter of the American College of Emergency Physicians, Sacramento, CA
| | - Lizveth Fierro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Andrew Davis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Thomas Sugarman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sutter Delta Medical Center, Antioch, CA
| | - Marc Futernick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, California Hospital Med Center, Los Angeles, CA
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179
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Wu B, Hu H, Cai A, Ren C, Liu S. The safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus propofol for patients undergoing endovascular therapy for acute stroke: A prospective randomized control trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15709. [PMID: 31124948 PMCID: PMC6571375 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is uncertain if dexmedetomidine has more favorable pharmacokinetic profile than the traditional sedative drug propofol in patients who undergo endovascular therapy for acute stroke. We conducted a prospective randomized control trial to compare the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine with propofol for patients undergoing endovascular therapy for acute stroke. METHODS A total of 80 patients who met study inclusion criteria were received either propofol (n = 45) or dexmedetomidine (n = 35) between January 2016 and August 2018. We recorded the favorable neurologic outcome (modified Rankin score <3) both at discharge and 3 months after stroke, National Institute of Health Stroke scale (NIHSS) at 48 hours post intervention, modified thrombolysis in myocardial infarction score on digital subtraction angiography, intraprocedural hemodynamics, recovery time, relevant time intervals, satisfaction score of the surgeon, mortality, and complications. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the 2 groups (P > .05) with respect to heart rate, respiratory rate, and SPO2 during the procedure. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly low in the propofol group until 15 minutes after anesthesia was induced. No difference was recorded between the groups at the incidence of fall in MAP >20%, MAP >40% and time spent with MAP fall >20% from baseline MAP. In the propofol group, the time spent with MAP fall >40% from baseline MAP was significantly long (P < .05). Midazolam and fentanyl were similar between the 2 groups (P > .05) that used vasoactive drugs. The time interval from stroke onset to CT room, from stroke onset to groin puncture, and from stroke onset to recanalization/end of the procedure, was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P > .05). The recovery time was longer in the dexmedetomidine group (P < .05). There was no difference between the groups with respect to complications, favorable neurological outcome, and mortality both at hospital discharge and 3 months later, successful recanalization and NIHSS score after 48 hours (P > .05). However, the satisfaction score of the surgeon was higher in the dexmedetomidine group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Dexmedetomidine was undesirable than propofol as a sedative agent during endovascular therapy in patients with acute stroke for a long-term functional outcome, though the satisfaction score of the surgeon was higher in the dexmedetomidine group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital
| | - Hongping Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Liaocheng Third People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Ailan Cai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital
| | - Shengjie Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital
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180
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Emmerich N, Gordijn B. Ethics of crisis sedation: questions of performance and consent. J Med Ethics 2019; 45:339-345. [PMID: 31005858 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2018-105285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the practice of injecting patients who are dying with a relatively high dose of sedatives in response to a catastrophic event that will shortly precipitate death, something that we term 'crisis sedation.' We first present a confabulated case that illustrates the kind of events we have in mind, before offering a more detailed account of the practice. We then comment on some of the ethical issues that crisis sedation might raise. We identify the primary value of crisis sedation as allowing healthcare professionals to provide some degree of reassurance to patients, their families and the professionals who are caring for them. Next we focus on the issue of informed consent. Finally, we ask whether continuous deep sedation might be preferable to crisis sedation in scenarios where potential catastrophic events can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Emmerich
- School of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Institute of Ethics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bert Gordijn
- Institute of Ethics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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181
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Kai CM, Ingvardsen B, Lemvig P, Sehested LT, Søndergaard LR, Møller S, Cortes D. Successful paediatric renography does not require sedation. Dan Med J 2019; 66:A5542. [PMID: 31066354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sedation is often used to optimise ren-ography in children < 3 years, but it requires continuous monitoring. METHODS We discontinued routine use of chloral hydrate sedation of patients undergoing renography, and introduced that children < 2 years were placed in a child immobiliser for nuclear examinations at the Department of Paediatrics before being transported for renography. In addition, children < 3 years were offered melatonin, which is not a sedative. Chloral hydrate was given only if parents wanted sedation. We analysed the results from a consecutive series of patients undergoing renography from August 2010 to December 2015 and compared data from those who had been administered choral hydrate sedation with those who had received no sedation. RESULTS Renography was unaccomplished in 10% (3/30) of the choral hydrated sedated children and in 11% (54/512) of the non-sedated children (p = 0.83). Uncooperative children resulted in failed renography in 0% (0/3) and 39% (21/54) of cases, respectively (p = 0.46). Patients placed in a child immobiliser at the Department of Paediatrics had the greatest probability of achieving successful renography (p = 0.0013), the shortest renography procedure duration irrespective of melatonin use (p = 0.0001) and the lowest risk of a procedure duration > 60 minutes (p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Renography can be performed without sedation. We recommend that children < 2 years be placed in a child immobiliser at the Department of Paediatrics before being transported for renography. Additional studies are needed to investigate the effects of melatonin. FUNDING none. TRIAL REGISTRATION not relevant.
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Oliveira RL, Soares JH, Moreira CM, Silva CP, Carrasco LP, Souza HJ. The effects of lidocaine-prilocaine cream on responses to intravenous catheter placement in cats sedated with dexmedetomidine and either methadone or nalbuphine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:492-495. [PMID: 31129046 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the reaction to cephalic intravenous (IV) catheter placement with or without lidocaine-prilocaine cream in cats sedated with dexmedetomidine and methadone or nalbuphine. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, blind study. ANIMALS A group of 24 female mixed breed cats. METHODS Cats were randomly allocated to one of the two sedation protocols: dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg kg-1) and methadone (0.3 mg kg-1; DEXMET) or dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg kg-1) and nalbuphine (0.3 mg kg-1; DEXNALB). Sedation was scored 30 minutes later using a visual analog scale. Subsequently, a 2 × 3.5 cm area of the antebrachium over the cephalic vein was clipped, and half the cats within each protocol were randomly assigned for topical lidocaine-prilocaine cream (treatment), whereas no cream was applied to other cats (control). After 20 minutes, an attempt was made to place a 24 gauge catheter into the cephalic vein and the reaction of the cats to this procedure was scored using a numeric scale 0-3. Sedation and catheterization reaction scores were compared between sedation protocols and whether cats were administered lidocaine-prilocaine cream or not using the Friedman test followed by the Bonferroni procedure. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Sedation scores were not different between sedation protocols or between treatment and control cats within each protocol. All cats administered lidocaine-prilocaine cream showed no reaction to IV catheter placement. Among the control cats, no response was observed in one cat in DEXNALB. Catheterization reaction score was lower in the treatment cats in both the sedation protocols when compared with their respective controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lidocaine-prilocaine cream applied for 20 minutes abolished the reaction to catheterization in cats sedated with dexmedetomidine and nalbuphine or methadone. Facilitation of IV catheter placement occurred within 20 minutes of lidocaine-prilocaine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ls Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Joao Hn Soares
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Clarissa Mr Moreira
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camile Pp Silva
- Residency Program in Professional Health Area - Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Anesthesiology), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lara Ps Carrasco
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Pathology and Clinical Sciences), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Jm Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Hayakawa E, Barger J, Main W, Masters E, Pershing M, Patil N, Kerner B. Return to Normal Activity after Colonoscopy Using Propofol Sedation. Am Surg 2019; 85:434-437. [PMID: 31043207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Nogueira FN, Mendonça T, Rocha P. Positive state observer for the automatic control of the depth of anesthesia-Clinical results. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2019; 171:99-108. [PMID: 27647647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The depth of anesthesia (DoA) is a crucial feature in general anesthesia. Nowadays the DoA is usually evaluated by the bispectral index (BIS). According to the surgical procedure, different reference levels for the BIS may be clinically required. This can be achieved by the simultaneous administration of an analgesic (e.g. remifentanil) and an hypnotic (eg propofol). As a contribution to the effort of automating the processes of drug delivery in general anesthesia, in this paper, a positive state observer is designed for the implementation of a control scheme proposed for the automatic administration of propofol and of remifentanil, in order to track a desired level for the BIS. It is proved and illustrated by simulations that the controller-observer scheme has a very good performance. This scheme was implemented, tested and evaluated both by means of simulations and for a set of patients during surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa N Nogueira
- CTAC-The Center for Territory, Environment and Construction, School of Engineering of University of Minho, 4800-048 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - T Mendonça
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; SYSTEC-Research Center for Systems & Technologies, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Rocha
- SYSTEC-Research Center for Systems & Technologies, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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Sado-Filho J, Viana KA, Corrêa-Faria P, Costa LR, Costa PS. Randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of intranasal or oral ketamine-midazolam combinations compared to oral midazolam for outpatient pediatric sedation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213074. [PMID: 30856181 PMCID: PMC6411109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The optimal sedative regime that provides the greatest comfort and the lowest risk for procedural sedation in young children remains to be determined. The aim of this randomized, blinded, controlled, parallel-design trial was to evaluate the efficacy of intranasal ketamine and midazolam as the main component of the behavioral guidance approach for preschoolers during dental treatment. Materials and methods Children under seven years of age, with caries and non-cooperative behavior, were randomized into three groups: (KMIN) intranasal ketamine and midazolam; (KMO) oral ketamine and midazolam; or (MO) oral midazolam. The dental sedation appointments were videotaped, and the videos were analyzed using the Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale (OSUBRS) to determine the success of the sedation in each group. Intra- and postoperative adverse events were recorded. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests (P < 0.05, IBM SPSS). Results Participants were 84 children (28 per group; 43 boys), with a mean age of 3.1 years (SD 1.2). Children’s baseline and the dental sedation session characteristics were balanced among groups. The success of the treatment as assessed by the dichotomous variable ‘quiet behavior for at least 60% of the session length’ was: KMIN 50.0% (n = 14; OR 2.10, 95% CI 0.71 to 6.30), KMO 46.4% (n = 13; OR 1.80, 95% CI 0.62 to 5.40), MO 32.1% (n = 9) (P = 0.360). Adverse events were minor, occurred in 37 of 84 children (44.0%), and did not differ among groups (P = 0.462). Conclusion All three regimens provided moderate dental sedation with minor adverse events, with marked variability in the behavior of children during dental treatment. The potential benefit of the ketamine–midazolam combination should be further investigated in studies with larger samples. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02447289. Registered on 11 May 2015, named “Midazolam and Ketamine Effect Administered Through the Nose for Sedation of Children for Dental Treatment (NASO).”
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Sado-Filho
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Karolline Alves Viana
- Dentistry Graduate Program, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Corrêa-Faria
- Dentistry Graduate Program, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciane Rezende Costa
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Dentistry Graduate Program, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Oral Health, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Paulo Sucasas Costa
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Abstract
RATIONALE Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) usually occurs after trauma and surgery but can also occur spontaneously. There are various known pathophysiology and treatment protocols for CRPS. However, there is no established treatment guideline. Although physical therapy is known as the first line treatment for CRPS, performing physical therapy is difficult due to severe pain. This case reports the first case with positive effect of physical therapy under sedation that allowed early physical therapy. PATIENT CONCERNS A 19-year old female had her right elbow area slightly hit by someone else, after which it began to swell and become more painful. Active and passive range of motion (ROM) of the right upper extremity gradually decreased through 3 months, and pain and edema worsened. DIAGNOSES She had allodynia, nonpitting edema, temperature asymmetry, and trophic change in fingernails in the right upper extremity, which met the diagnostic criteria for CRPS. In the 3-phase bone scan, which is a specific tool to diagnose CRPS, there was trace uptake increase in the right elbow and wrist, indicating possibility of CRPS. INTERVENTIONS Despite conventional treatments such as pharmacologic and interventional therapies, neither pain nor edema subsided. Pain was so severe that it was impossible to apply physical therapy. Therefore, the patient underwent passive ROM exercise in the right upper extremity under sedation for 30 minutes, which was relatively easier due to decreased pain. After 2 days of passive ROM exercise under sedation, the patient was able to receive passive ROM exercise twice daily without sedation for 18 days. OUTCOMES After 20 days of passive ROM exercise, including 2 days of passive ROM exercise under sedation, the circumference of her right hand decreased by 5 cm, wrist 2 cm, and elbow 6 cm compared to the initial measurement. Numeric pain rating scale improved from 9 to 3, and her manual muscle test marked fair plus from trace, Jebsen-Taylor hand function test score 43 from 0. LESSONS This case suggests that passive ROM exercise under sedation may be a successful alternative as a treatment when exercise, currently known as a treatment to CRPS, is impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Min Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital
| | - Chul-Hyun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ae-Ryoung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Liu L, Qian J, Shen B, Xiao F, Shen H. Intrathecal dexmedetomidine can decrease the 95% effective dose of bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: A prospective, double-blinded, randomized study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14666. [PMID: 30817591 PMCID: PMC6831281 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine (Dex), as an adjuvant, has been reported to prolong the duration of spinal analgesia when adding to local anesthetic. We hypothesized that Dex could enhance the efficiency of intrathecal bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. The aim of his study is to test our hypothesis that 5 μg Dex could enhance the efficiency of intrathecal bupivacaine and reduce the dose requirement of spinal bupivacaine for patients undergoing cesarean section. METHODS Ninety patients with ASA I or II, who underwent cesarean section, were randomized into 2 groups: group D (bupivacaine + 5 μg Dex) and group C (bupivacaine + the same volume of saline). The subsequent dose of spinal bupivacaine was determined by the improved up-down allocation method. The initial dose of bupivacaine in the 2 groups was 4 mg, and the subsequent dose for the following patient was depended on the probability of the current dose. ED95 of spinal bupivacaine was calculated using logistic regression model. RESULTS The ED95 and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of spinal hyperbaric bupivacaine in group D and group C were 7.4 mg (95% CI, 5.6-12.4 mg) and 11.0 mg (95% CI, 4.4-56.8 mg), respectively. The duration of sensory block was 120.5 ± 37.0 minutes in Dex group and 70.5 ± 34.5 minutes in Control group, respectively (P < .05). The duration of analgesia was 230.5 ± 40.5 minutes in Dex group and 145.1 ± 28.5 minutes in Control group, respectively (P < .001). The consumption of postoperative rescued sufentanil was significantly lower in Dex group than in the Control group (56.3 ± 9.4 vs 65.9 ± 10.7 μg). There was not significantly different in the patient satisfaction of analgesia, incidence of side effects, neonatal outcomes and neurological deficit between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Intrathecal 5 μg Dex enhances the efficacy of spinal bupivacaine by 24% in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. No additional side effect was observed by adding spinal Dex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huaxiang Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Jiaxing University Affiliated Women and Children Hospital, Jiaxing City, China
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188
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Jasuja GK, Reisman JI, Weiner RS, Christopher ML, Rose AJ. Gender differences in prescribing of zolpidem in the Veterans Health Administration. Am J Manag Care 2019; 25:e58-e65. [PMID: 30875172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use of nonbenzodiazepine sedative hypnotics, especially zolpidem, has grown substantially, raising concerns about safety. Here, we evaluated prescribing patterns of zolpidem in the Veterans Health Administration. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study of veterans receiving zolpidem in the outpatient setting from October 1, 2011, to September 30, 2016. METHODS The study population consisted of 500,332 zolpidem users (58,598 women and 441,734 men) and a random 10% sample (n = 631,449) of nonusers. We examined 2 outcomes related to inappropriate prescribing: high-dose zolpidem prescribing and overlap with benzodiazepines. We generated interrupted time series and logistic regression models to analyze these outcomes in men and women separately. RESULTS In 2016, 29.7% of female veterans received an inappropriately high guideline-discordant dosage compared with 0.1% of male veterans (P <.001 for all reported comparisons). Furthermore, more women than men had overlapping benzodiazepine and zolpidem prescriptions (18.8% vs 14.3%). In fully adjusted models, inappropriately high doses were more commonly received by younger women (adjusted odds ratios [AORs]: 2.75 for 21-39 years and 2.97 for 40-49 years compared with ≥80 years) and women with substance use disorder (AOR, 1.48). In the second inappropriateness outcome models, women with anxiety (AOR, 2.28) or schizophrenia (AOR, 2.05) and men with cancer (AOR, 1.42), anxiety (AOR, 2.66), or schizophrenia (AOR, 2.46) were more likely to receive an overlapping prescription of zolpidem and benzodiazepines. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of inappropriate zolpidem prescribing among veterans, particularly women. Greater understanding of the drivers of this inappropriate prescribing is necessary to develop interventions to promote safer, more guideline-concordant prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guneet K Jasuja
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Bedford VA Medical Center, 200 Springs Rd, Bedford, MA 01730.
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Subramaniam B, Shankar P, Shaefi S, Mueller A, O’Gara B, Banner-Goodspeed V, Gallagher J, Gasangwa D, Patxot M, Packiasabapathy S, Mathur P, Eikermann M, Talmor D, Marcantonio ER. Effect of Intravenous Acetaminophen vs Placebo Combined With Propofol or Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Delirium Among Older Patients Following Cardiac Surgery: The DEXACET Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321:686-696. [PMID: 30778597 PMCID: PMC6439609 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Importance Postoperative delirium is common following cardiac surgery and may be affected by choice of analgesic and sedative. Objective To evaluate the effect of postoperative intravenous (IV) acetaminophen (paracetamol) vs placebo combined with IV propofol vs dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium among older patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized, placebo-controlled, factorial clinical trial among 120 patients aged 60 years or older undergoing on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery or combined CABG/valve surgeries at a US center. Enrollment was September 2015 to April 2018, with follow-up ending in April 2019. Interventions Patients were randomized to 1 of 4 groups receiving postoperative analgesia with IV acetaminophen or placebo every 6 hours for 48 hours and postoperative sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol starting at chest closure and continued for up to 6 hours (acetaminophen and dexmedetomidine: n = 29; placebo and dexmedetomidine: n = 30; acetaminophen and propofol: n = 31; placebo and propofol: n = 30). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was incidence of postoperative in-hospital delirium by the Confusion Assessment Method. Secondary outcomes included delirium duration, cognitive decline, breakthrough analgesia within the first 48 hours, and ICU and hospital length of stay. Results Among 121 patients randomized (median age, 69 years; 19 women [15.8%]), 120 completed the trial. Patients treated with IV acetaminophen had a significant reduction in delirium (10% vs 28% placebo; difference, -18% [95% CI, -32% to -5%]; P = .01; HR, 2.8 [95% CI, 1.1-7.8]). Patients receiving dexmedetomidine vs propofol had no significant difference in delirium (17% vs 21%; difference, -4% [95% CI, -18% to 10%]; P = .54; HR, 0.8 [95% CI, 0.4-1.9]). There were significant differences favoring acetaminophen vs placebo for 3 prespecified secondary outcomes: delirium duration (median, 1 vs 2 days; difference, -1 [95% CI, -2 to 0]), ICU length of stay (median, 29.5 vs 46.7 hours; difference, -16.7 [95% CI, -20.3 to -0.8]), and breakthrough analgesia (median, 322.5 vs 405.3 µg morphine equivalents; difference, -83 [95% CI, -154 to -14]). For dexmedetomidine vs propofol, only breakthrough analgesia was significantly different (median, 328.8 vs 397.5 µg; difference, -69 [95% CI, -155 to -4]; P = .04). Fourteen patients in both the placebo-dexmedetomidine and acetaminophen-propofol groups (46% and 45%) and 7 in the acetaminophen-dexmedetomidine and placebo-propofol groups (24% and 23%) had hypotension. Conclusions and Relevance Among older patients undergoing cardiac surgery, postoperative scheduled IV acetaminophen, combined with IV propofol or dexmedetomidine, reduced in-hospital delirium vs placebo. Additional research, including comparison of IV vs oral acetaminophen and other potentially opioid-sparing analgesics, on the incidence of postoperative delirium is warranted. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02546765.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachundhar Subramaniam
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Puja Shankar
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shahzad Shaefi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ariel Mueller
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian O’Gara
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Valerie Banner-Goodspeed
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jackie Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Doris Gasangwa
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melissa Patxot
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Senthil Packiasabapathy
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pooja Mathur
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Eikermann
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Talmor
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward R. Marcantonio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Yuen VMY, Cheuk DKL, Hui TWC, Wong ICK, Lam WWM, Irwin MG. Oral chloral hydrate versus intranasal dexmedetomidine for sedation of children undergoing computed tomography: a multicentre study. Hong Kong Med J 2019; 25 Suppl 3:27-29. [PMID: 30792370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V M Y Yuen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital
| | - D K L Cheuk
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital
| | - T W C Hui
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Queen Mary Hospital
| | | | - W W M Lam
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong
| | - M G Irwin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong
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191
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Coveney C, Williams SJ, Gabe J. Medicalisation, pharmaceuticalisation, or both? Exploring the medical management of sleeplessness as insomnia. Sociol Health Illn 2019; 41:266-284. [PMID: 30240017 PMCID: PMC6849542 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we examine the medical management of sleeplessness as 'insomnia', through the eyes of general practitioners (GPs) and sleep experts in Britain. Three key themes were evident in the data. These related to (i) institutional issues around advocacy and training in sleep medicine (ii) conceptual issues in the diagnosis of insomnia (iii) and how these played out in terms of treatment issues. As a result, the bulk of medical management occurred at the primary rather than secondary care level. These issues are then reflected on in terms of the light they shed on relations between the medicalisation and the pharmaceuticalisation of sleeplessness as insomnia. Sleeplessness, we suggest, is only partially and problematically medicalised as insomnia to date at the conceptual, institutional and interactional levels owing to the foregoing factors. Much of this moreover, on closer inspection, is arguably better captured through recourse to pharmaceuticalisation, including countervailing moves and downward regulatory pressures which suggest a possible degree of depharmaceuticalisation in future, at least as far prescription hypnotics are concerned. Pharmaceuticalisation therefore, we conclude, has distinct analytical value in directing our attention, in this particular case, to important dynamics occurring within if not beyond the medicalisation of sleeplessness as insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Gabe
- Criminology & SociologySchool of LawRoyal HollowayEghamUK
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192
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Kim YS, Song HN, Ahn JS, Koh SJ, Ji JH, Hwang IG, Yun J, Kwon JH, Kang JH. Sedation for terminally ill cancer patients: A multicenter retrospective cohort study in South Korea. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14278. [PMID: 30702591 PMCID: PMC6380862 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedation therapy is a potential solution to providing relief from refractory symptoms at end of life. The aim of this study was to investigate actual sedation practice and physician characteristics associated with the use of sedation for terminally ill cancer patients in South Korea.A retrospective review was conducted on consecutive patients who had died from cancer at seven tertiary medical centers between January 2010 and October 2015. The use of sedation was defined as the administration of sedative agents to relieve intolerable symptoms within the last 2 weeks preceding death. Patients and physician characteristics and information on the use of sedation were collected.A total of 8309 patients were included in the study. Sedatives were administered in 1334 patients (16.1%) for the following indications: delirium in 39.3%, intractable pain in 23.1%, and dyspnea in 21.9%. Median duration of sedation from initiation to death was 3 days. The use of sedation depended on physician specialty and experience. Family physicians used sedation most often (57.6%), followed by medical oncologists (13.9%), other internists (10.7%), and surgical oncologists (9.4%). The use of sedation was highest for physicians with >5 to 10 years practice experience (22.1%) and lowest for those in practice for 5 years or less (10.2%). The proportion of patients receiving sedation also varied markedly across participating institutions (range, 7.0%-49.7%).This large cohort study provides insight into sedation practice for terminally ill cancer patients in South Korea. Our study shows that the use of sedation depends on physician background and institution. A nation-wide guidelines and continued education on end-of-life sedation are required in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Saing Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon
| | - Haa-Na Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju
| | - Jin Seok Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Su-Jin Koh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan
| | - Jun Ho Ji
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon
| | - In Gyu Hwang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Jina Yun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon
| | - Jung Hye Kwon
- Division of Hemato-oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul
| | - Jung Hun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju
- Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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193
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Lin YC, Liu YT, Wu ZF, Chan SM. The successful application of high flow nasal cannula for awake craniotomy. J Clin Anesth 2019; 55:140-141. [PMID: 30658329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Anesthesiology, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yin-Tzu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhi-Fu Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shun-Ming Chan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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194
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Ailabouni N, Mangin D, Nishtala PS. DEFEAT-polypharmacy: deprescribing anticholinergic and sedative medicines feasibility trial in residential aged care facilities. Int J Clin Pharm 2019; 41:167-178. [PMID: 30659492 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-019-00784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Prolonged use of anticholinergic and sedative medicines is correlated with worsening cognition and physical function decline. Deprescribing is a proposed intervention that can help to minimise polypharmacy whilst potentially improving several health outcomes in older people. Objective This study aimed to examine the feasibility of implementing a deprescribing intervention that utilises a patient-centred pharmacist-led intervention model; in order to address major deprescribing challenges such as general practitioner time constraints and lack of accessible deprescribing guidelines and processes. Setting Three residential care facilities. Methods The intervention involved a New Zealand registered pharmacist utilising peer-reviewed deprescribing guidelines to recommend targeted deprescribing of anticholinergic and sedative medicines to GPs. Main outcome measure The change in the participants' Drug Burden Index (DBI) total and DBI 'as required' (PRN) was assessed 3 and 6 months after implementing the deprescribing intervention. Results Seventy percent of potential participants were recruited for the study (n = 46), and 72% of deprescribing recommendations suggested by the pharmacist were implemented by General Pratitioners (p = 0.01; Fisher's exact test). Ninety-six percent of the residents agreed to the deprescribing recommendations, emphasising the importance of patient centred approach. Deprescribing resulted in a significant reduction in participants' DBI scores by 0.34, number of falls and adverse drug reactions, 6 months post deprescribing. Moreover, participants reported lower depression scores and scored lower frailty scores 6 months after deprescribing. However, cognition did not improve; nor did participants' reported quality of life. Conclusion This patient-centred deprescribing approach, demonstrated a high uptake of deprescribing recommendations and success rate. After 6 months, significant benefits were noted across a range of important health measures including mood, frailty, falls and reduced adverse reactions. This further supports deprescribing as a possible imperative to improve health outcomes in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dee Mangin
- University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- David Braley Nancy Gordon, Chair in Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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195
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Abstract
Tracheal extubation can evoke an equally strong haemodyamic stress response as tracheal intubation. We present a patient with myocardial infarction who repeatedly failed tracheal extubation. He developed acute pulmonary oedema following each attempt at tracheal extubation due to sympathetic overactivity. A change of approach with extubation under propofol sedation followed by continued sympatholysis with dexmedetomidine infusion allowed successful extubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kulkarni
- Intensive Care Unit, The St. George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales
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196
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Rivera-Espinosa L, Toledo-López A, Chávez-Pacheco JL, Alemón-Medina R, Gómez-Garduño J, Lugo-Goytia G, García-Álvarez R, Juárez-Olguín H, Torres-Espíndola LM, Pérez-Guillé MG. Determination of blood dexmedetomidine in dried blood spots by LC-MS/MS to screen therapeutic levels in paediatric patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210391. [PMID: 30640937 PMCID: PMC6331108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is an imidazole derivative, with high affinity for α2 adrenergic receptors, used for sedation, analgesia and adjuvant anaesthesia. In this study, an analytical method for the quantification of dexmedetomidine in dried blood spots was developed, validated and applied. The drug was extracted from dried blood spot by liquid extraction; the separation was carried out by ultra high-resolution liquid chromatography in reverse phase coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method. An X Select cyano 5 μm HSS column (2.1 X 150 mm, Waters) and a mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid: acetonitrile [50:50 v/v], were used. The test was linear over the concentration range of 50 to 2000 pg/mL. The coefficients of variation for the intra and interday trials were less than 15%. The drug was stable under the conditions tested. The method was successfully applied for the quantification of 6 patients, aged 0 to 2 years, with classification ASA I, who underwent ambulatory surgeries, receiving a dose of 1 μg/Kg dexmedetomidine IV. The drug concentrations in the different sampling times were in the range of 76 to 868 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Lugo-Goytia
- Anaesthesiology and Critical Medicine Department, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico, Intensive Care Unit, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Hugo Juárez-Olguín
- Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute of Paediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
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197
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Ickeringill M, Shehabi Y, Adamson H, Ruettimann U. Dexmedetomidine Infusion without Loading Dose in Surgical Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation: Haemodynamic Effects and Efficacy. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 32:741-5. [PMID: 15648981 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0403200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the haemodynamic effects and the efficacy of a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine without a loading dose in 50 patients having had cardiac surgery (n=33), complex major surgery (n=9) and multiple trauma (n=8). The mean age was 60 (±16) years, and the mean APACHE II score was 13 (±5). Dexmedetomidine was commenced at an initial rate of 0.2 to 0.4 μg/kg/h (depending on whether anaesthetic or sedative agents had already been used) and rescue analgesia and sedation was administered with morphine and midazolam respectively. Propofol was used if additional sedation was needed. Sedation was targeted to a modified Motor Activity Assessment Score. Eighty percent of patients required no or “minimal” rescue therapy (<10 mg midazolam /day and/or <10 mg morphine/day and/or <100 mg propofol/day). The cardiac surgery group needed the least rescue therapy. A statistically significant but clinically unimportant reduction in mean heart rate and mean systolic blood pressure was observed over the first six hours (P<0.0001, and P=0.009 respectively). The baseline heart rate of 85 (±17) beats per minute (bpm), fell to a low of 78 (±13) bpm at four hours and then remained stable throughout the infusion period. The systolic blood pressure fell from 125 (±22) mmHg to a low of 112 (±20) mmHg at 1.5 hours with minimal change afterwards. Dexmedetomidine was an effective sedative and analgesic in this group of complex surgical and trauma patients with pronounced benefit in the cardiac surgery group. Omitting the loading dose avoided undesirable haemodynamic effects without compromising sedation and analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ickeringill
- Prince of Wales Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Randwick, New South Wales
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198
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Dryver E, Larsson D, Pahlm U. [Swedish emergency physicians can safely sedate patients with propofol prior to cardioversion]. Lakartidningen 2019; 116:FDIZ. [PMID: 30644992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emergency Medicine became a full-fledged speciality in Sweden in 2015. This prospective study analyzed the safety and implementation of Emergency Physician-administered propofol to sedate patients with hemodynamically stable atrial fibrillation prior to cardioversion. During the first 1.5 years, 321 sedations were carried out at Lund's Emergency Department by Emergency Physicians or senior residents. In two cases, the oxygen saturation dipped below 90% before responding to simple measures. In 12 cases, the systolic blood pressure dipped below 90 mmHg, and in two cases patients were administered a push-dose pressor. No patient required hospitalization due to sedation-induced complications. The majority of eligible specialists and senior residents voluntarily participated in an Emergency Physician-driven certification process. This study demonstrates the safety and feasibility of a locally implemented process for Emergency Physician-driven procedural sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dryver
- Skane's University Hospital - Akutkliniken Lund, Sweden Skane's University Hospital - Akutkliniken Lund, Sweden
| | - David Larsson
- Skane's University Hospital - Akutkliniken Lund, Sweden Skane's University Hospital - Akutkliniken Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Pahlm
- Skane's University Hospital - Akutkliniken Lund, Sweden Skane's University Hospital - Akutkliniken Lund, Sweden
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199
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Gächter T, Truong TX. [The Role of the Medical Profession in Euthanasia, Particularly in the Prescription of Sodium Pentobarbital]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2019; 108:193-197. [PMID: 30838957 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Role of the Medical Profession in Euthanasia, Particularly in the Prescription of Sodium Pentobarbital Abstract. The delivery of sodium pentobarbital as part of assisted suicide requires a doctor's prescription. This prescription must meet the legal and professional requirements as well as the corresponding ethical guidelines. Current legal practice restrictively permits suicide assistance in this form, especially in the case of patients who are willing to die and whose death is foreseeable. The new guidelines of the SAMS (2018) extend the possibility to patients who suffer intolerably due to disease symptoms and/or functional restrictions. The prescription of NaP in other cases or in violation of the duty of care provided for in the guidelines may result in supervisory, professional and criminal consequences. Suicide assistance itself is a decision of conscience, not a medical task, which is why there is no entitlement to it.
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200
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Leonardi F, Costa GL, Stagnoli A, Zubin E, Boschi P, Sabbioni A, Simonazzi B. The effect of intramuscular dexmedetomidine-butorphanol combination on tear production in dogs. Can Vet J 2019; 60:55-59. [PMID: 30651651 PMCID: PMC6294015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of a combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol on the Schirmer tear test I (STT I) values in dogs. Ninety-eight dogs were sedated with an intramuscular injection of a combination of dexmedetomidine, 5 μg/kg body weight (BW), and butorphanol, 0.2 mg/kg BW. The effects of dexmedetomidine were reversed by administering atipamezole at the end of the procedure. The combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol significantly decreased tear production 15 minutes after sedation. The STT I values 15 minutes after reversal of dexmedetomidine with atipamezole were significantly higher than the STT I values 15 minutes after sedation but were significantly lower than the STT I values before sedation. Gender, weight, duration of sedation, right or left eye did not affect STT I values after sedation. It is recommended that dogs sedated with a combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol be treated with a tear substitute to combat decreased tear production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (Leonardi, Stagnoli, Zubin, Boschi, Sabbioni, Simonazzi); Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, University of Messina, Italy (Costa)
| | - Giovanna Lucrezia Costa
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (Leonardi, Stagnoli, Zubin, Boschi, Sabbioni, Simonazzi); Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, University of Messina, Italy (Costa)
| | - Alice Stagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (Leonardi, Stagnoli, Zubin, Boschi, Sabbioni, Simonazzi); Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, University of Messina, Italy (Costa)
| | - Elena Zubin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (Leonardi, Stagnoli, Zubin, Boschi, Sabbioni, Simonazzi); Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, University of Messina, Italy (Costa)
| | - Paolo Boschi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (Leonardi, Stagnoli, Zubin, Boschi, Sabbioni, Simonazzi); Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, University of Messina, Italy (Costa)
| | - Alberto Sabbioni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (Leonardi, Stagnoli, Zubin, Boschi, Sabbioni, Simonazzi); Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, University of Messina, Italy (Costa)
| | - Barbara Simonazzi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (Leonardi, Stagnoli, Zubin, Boschi, Sabbioni, Simonazzi); Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, University of Messina, Italy (Costa)
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