[Long-term follow-up results of microsurgical treatment for glossopharyngeal neuralgia]

OBJECTIVE

To discuss effective surgical methods for the treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia.

METHODS

During 1986 - 1998, 21 patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia were treated microsurgically. Of whom, 5 patients were treated by microvascular decompression (MVD), 4 by MVD combined with rhizotomy of glossopharyngeal nerve root and upper 1st to 2nd rootlets of vagus nerve root, and 12 by rhizotomy of glossopharyngeal nerve root and upper 1st to 2nd rootlets of vagus nerve root.

RESULTS

Neuralgia disappeared in all patients postoperatively. In 3 patients, occasional coughing episodes occurred postoperatively. One of the 3 patients also suffered from mild hoarseness and swallowing difficulty. All patients were followed up on average 7.2 years with no recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

MVD, rhizotomy of glossopharyngeal nerve root and upper 1st to 2nd rootlets of vagus nerve and their combination are effective for the treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Operative methods should be chosen according to the following two points: compression of nerve roots by affected vessels or not; and the condition of compression.

Structure of basic phospholipase A2 from Agkistrodon halys Pallas: implications for its association, hemolytic and anticoagulant activities

The basic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from the venom of Agkistrodon halys Pallas is a potent hemolytic toxin and anticoagulant. Crystal structure of the enzyme complexed with detergent n-octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (beta-OG) in monoclinic crystal form has been determined to 2.6 A resolution. Beta-OG molecules were found in the hydrophobic channels of the enzyme. SDS-PAGE and dynamic light scattering measurements showed that the enzyme had a strong tendency to dimerise in aqueous solution. In the crystal structure the enzyme molecules associate into a tetramer with pseudo 222 symmetry, and the interfacial recognition site linked dimers constituting the tetramer have intensive interface interactions, and may be stable in solution. The structure reveals a unique positively charged face at the C-terminal region and a characteristic non-cationic 'anticoagulant' region (53-77). The face is supposed to be the hemolytic site, and based on sequence and structure comparison residues Trp70 and Glu53 instead of the basic residues in 'anticoagulant' region might play an important role in the anticoagulant activity.

Mechanism(s) of in vitro percutaneous absorption enhancement of tamoxifen by enhancers

The effects of enhancers (5% terpenes; i.e., eugenol, limonene, and menthone) in combination with 50% propylene glycol in water (50% PG) on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of tamoxifen through the porcine epidermis, on biophysical changes in the stratum corneum (SC) lipids, on macroscopic barrier properties, and on binding of the drug to the SC were investigated. These enhancers in combination with 50% PG significantly increased (p<0.05) the permeability coefficient of tamoxifen in comparison with that of the control (50% PG in water). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was employed to investigate the biophysical changes in the SC lipids. The FT-IR results showed that treatment of the SC with 5% terpenes/50% PG did not shift the asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching absorbances peak positions to higher wavenumbers but resulted in a decrease in the peak heights and areas in comparison with the untreated SC. Treatment with menthone and limonene in combination with 50% PG significantly increased (p<0.05) the partition coefficient of tamoxifen in comparison with treatment with 50% PG alone. Also, exposure of the SC to 5% terpenes in combination with 50% PG significantly increased (p < 0.05) the in vitro transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in comparison with 50% PG alone. Thus, an enhancement by menthone, eugenol, and limonene in the permeability of the SC to tamoxifen is due to lipid extraction and macroscopic barrier perturbation. Moreover, the effective diffusion coefficient of tamoxifen through the epidermis was enhanced following the treatment with either 5% eugenol/50%PG or 5% limonene/50%PG compared with 50%PG alone.

[Synthesis and characterization of complex of NdL3.2H2O]

The binary solid complexes using rare earth ion Nd3+ with the ligand L (L = O-chorophenoxyacetic acid and 3-methoxybenzoic acid) has been synthesized in this work. The chemical formula of the complex was determined to be NdL3.2H2O by elemental analysis. The composition structure and properties of this type of complex were tentatively investigated by the analysis of molar conductivity, TG-DTA, IR and UV.

DNA damage induced by catechol derivatives

We investigated the effect of catechol derivatives, including dopa, dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline, on DNA damage and the mechanisms of DNA strand breakage and formation of 8-hydroxyguanine (8HOG). The catechol derivatives caused strand breakage of plasmid DNA in the presence of ADP-Fe(3+). The DNA damage was prevented by catalase, mannitol and dimethylsulfoxide, suggesting hydroxyl radical (HO..)-like species are involved in the strand breakage of DNA. Iron chelators, such as desferrioxamine and bathophenanthroline, and reduced glutathione also inhibited the DNA damage. Deoxyribose, a molecule that is used to detect HO,, was not degraded by dopa in the presence of ADP-Fe(3+). By adding EDTA, however, dopa induced the marked deoxyribose degradation in the presence of ADP-Fe(3+), indicating that EDTA may extract iron from ADP-Fe(3+) to catalyze HO. formation by dopa. Thus, EDTA was a good catalyst for HO.-generation, whereas it did not promote the strand breakage of DNA. However, calf thymus DNA base damage, which was detected as 8-HOG formation, was caused by dopa in the presence of EDTA-Fe(3+), but not in the presence of ADP-Fe(3+). The 8HOG formation was also inhibited by catalase and HO. scavengers, indicating that HO&z.rad; was involved in the base damage. These results suggest that DNA strand breakage is due to ferryl species rather than HO., and that 8HOG formation is due to HO. rather than ferryl species.

[Pharmacognostical studies on the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana]

Morphological and histological characters of the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud., used as one of the origins of traditional Chinese medicine Langdu, were described and illustrated with line drawings. TLC analysis of the above drug was also undertaken. These studies provide referencial informations for clinics, quality control, development and identification of this crude drug.

Variance of common flavonoids by brand of grapefruit juice

Nine commercial brands of grapefruit juice were analyzed for their flavonoid content by HPLC to determine if significant brand-to-brand variance in grapefruit juice flavonoid content exists. Flavonoid glycosides narirutin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, didymin, and poncirin have been identified in all the grapefruit juices examined. The aglycone quercetin was detected in only two brands. All the juices were free from methoxylated flavonoid aglycones. There was a significant difference in the amounts of total flavonoids and individual flavonoids in the nine brands. The concentration of total flavonoids ranged between 19.44 and 84.28 mg/100 ml juice. Naringin was found to be the major flavonoid followed by narirutin and hesperidin. Their concentrations ranged from 14.56 to 63.8; 2.25 to 12.20; and 0.24 to 3.12 mg/100 ml juice, respectively.

Role of p38 protein kinase in heat-induced Raw cells apoptosis

OBJECTIVE

To elucidate the role of p38 in heat-induced apoptosis in the monocytic cell line Raw264.7.

METHODS

Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometric analysis, DNA electrophoresis, Westero blot and a protein kinase assay.

RESULTS

A marked increased in p38 activity was detected 15 min after heating and reached maximal activity 30 min post stimulation, then returned to the pre-stimulated level 2 h later. The percentage of apoptotic cells was obviously increased 3 h after heating. Stimulation of p38 preceded the induction of apoptosis, and the p38 specific inhibitor, FHPI, can inhibit thermal injury induced cell apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

p38 activation is required for heat-induced apoptosis in Raw264.7 cells, and stimulation of the p38 signaling pathway contributes to cell death.

Lattice boltzmann method for compressible flows with high mach numbers

In this paper we present a lattice Boltzmann model to simulate compressible flows by introducing an attractive force. This scheme has two main advantages: one is to soften sound speed effectively, which greatly raises the Mach number (up to 5); another is its relative simple procedure. Simulations of the March cone and the comparison between theoretical expectations and simulations demonstrate that the scheme is effective in the simulation of compressible flows with high Mach numbers, which would create many new applications.

Synthesis and characterization of a novel class of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors

Nonpeptidyl aryloxymethylphosphonates were prepared and evaluated as protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. The results suggest that aryloxymethylphosphonates are effective nonhydrolyzable phosphotyrosine surrogates and provide further insight into the molecular mechanisms by which phosphate mimics inhibit phosphatase function.

Searching for a function for nuclear actin

The abundant cytoskeletal protein actin has numerous cytoplasmic roles. Although there are many reports of the presence of actin in the nucleus, in general they have been discounted as artifactual. However, recent work has begun to provide evidence for important roles for actin in nuclear processes ranging from chromatin remodelling to splicing. In addition, several regulators of actin polymerization are localized to the nucleus or translocate to the nucleus in a regulated manner, suggesting that there is some function of actin in the nucleus that is subject to regulation. This review discusses the evidence for actin in the nucleus and summarizes recent work suggesting that actin or actin-related proteins are involved in the regulation of nuclear processes such as chromatin remodelling.

Radiofrequency exposure and mortality from cancer of the brain and lymphatic/hematopoietic systems

The proliferation of wireless communication technologies has raised public concern regarding potential health effects of radiofrequency (RF) exposures. This is the first report of findings from a large-cohort mortality study among employees of Motorola, a manufacturer of wireless communication products. We examined all major causes of mortality, with brain cancers, lymphomas, and leukemias as a priori outcomes of interest. Using job titles, we classified workers into high, moderate, low, and background RF exposure groups. A total of 195,775 workers contributed 2.7 million person-years during the 1976-1996 period. Using external comparisons, the standardized mortality ratios for RF-exposed workers were 0.53 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21-1.09] and 0.54 (95% CI = 0.33-0.83) for central nervous system/brain cancers and all lymphomas/leukemias. Rate ratios calculated from Poisson regression models based on internal comparisons were near 1.0 for brain cancers and below 1.0 for all lymphomas and leukemias. These findings were consistent across cumulative, peak, and usual exposure classifications. We did not observe higher risk with increased exposure duration or latency. Although this study is limited by the use of a qualitative exposure matrix and the relatively young age of the cohort, our findings do not support an association between occupational RF exposure and brain cancers or lymphoma/leukemia.

Epidemiologic study of pulmonary obstruction in workers occupationally exposed to ethyl and methyl cyanoacrylate

The association between pulmonary obstruction (e.g., asthma) and occupational exposure to methyl cyanoacrylate (MCA) and ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) was examined in an occupational cohort of 450 persons at an adhesive production facility in Puerto Rico. Employee medical records containing information on physical examinations and pulmonary function tests (PFTs), as well as occupational histories, on each employee over a period of about 17 yr and industrial hygiene measurements were evaluated. The cohort analysis was based on a Cox proportional hazards model. Workers exposed to ECA or MCA were compared to workers unexposed to these chemicals with respect to their risk of becoming an "incident case." An "incident case" was defined as any person whose PFTs were normal at the time of employment, but later demonstrated an obstructive pattern, which was defined as a decline in the ratio of forced expiratory volume exhaled in 1 s to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) below 70%. A separate case-control analysis was also conducted that compared "suspected cases," defined as all those whose PFTs ever demonstrated an obstructive pattern (e.g., asthma), to persons whose PFTs remained within normal limits throughout their employment with respect to their past peak and cumulative exposures to cyanoacrylates. All of these analyses showed no evidence that exposure to average short-term concentrations of ECA or MCA of less than 0.5 ppm and occasional daily peak exposures of at least 1.5 ppm (usually 10 min or less), with occasional higher concentrations during spills, were associated with an increased risk of pulmonary obstruction. However, the study suggested that persons occupationally exposed to cyanoacrylates were more likely to have some reversible eye or upper airway irritation than persons who were unexposed.

[Pharmacognostical studies on the roots of Euphorbia stracheyi]

Morphological and histological characters of the roots of Euphorbia stracheyi Boiss., a traditional Chinese medicine, were described and illustrated with line drawings. TLC analysis of the above drug was also undertaken. These studies provide referencial information for clinics, quality control, development and identification of this crude drug.

[Pharmacognostical studies on the roots of Stellera chamaejasme and S. chamaejasme f. chrysantha]

Morphological and histological characters of the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. and S. chamaejasme L. f. chrysantha S. C. Huang, used as the origins of the Chinese medicine Langdu, were described and illustrated with line drawings. TLC analyses of the above two drugs were also undertaken. These studies provide referencial informations for the quality control, development and identification of these two drugs.

The role of membrane potential and calcium kinetic changes in the pathogenesis of vascular hyporeactivity during severe shock

OBJECTIVE

To determine the role of membrane potential and intracellular calcium kinetic changes in producing vascular hyporeactivity during severe hemorrhagic shock.

METHODS

Rats were subjected to hemorrhagic shock (HS) for 2 hours. The spinotrapezius muscle was prepared for microscopy and the responses of arterioles in the muscle to norepinephrine (NE) were tested. The resting membrane potentials of isolated arterial strips were measured with a microelectrode. Membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) changes in isolated arteriolar smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were determined with fluorescent probes and a confocal microscopy.

RESULTS

The arteriolar resting membrane potential was decreased from -36.7 +/- 6.3 mV in control to -29.2 +/- 5.3 mV concurrent with the increase of vasoreactivity to NE at 20 minutes after HS. At 120 minutes post-HS, the resting potential hyperpolarized to -51.9 +/- 9.1 mV, and NE stimulated [Ca2+]i increase was reduced to 50% of the control values during the appearance of arteriolar hyporeactivity, i.e. the NE threshold of the arteriolar response increased 15 fold 2 hours after the onset of hemorrhage as compared with normal animals. The state of vasoreactivity was closely related to the resting potential of vascular smooth muscle in hemorrhagic shock, with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. Treatment with glybenclamide, a selective blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, decreased the resting potential, increased NE-stimulated [Ca2+]i increase, and partially restored vasoreactivity in severe hemorrhagic shock.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that membrane hyperpolarization and the reduction of NE-stimulated [Ca2+]i increase in smooth muscle cells appeared to contribute to the vascular hyporeactivity in hemorrhagic shock. The mechanism is likely to involve in KATP channels.

In vitro percutaneous absorption enhancement of propranolol hydrochloride through porcine epidermis by terpenes/ethanol

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism(s) of percutaneous absorption enhancement of propranolol hydrochloride (PHCL) across porcine epidermis by terpenes (e.g. menthone and limonene) in combination with ethanol. The in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments were performed using Franz diffusion cells. The solubility of PHCL in control and enhancer solutions was determined through high-performance liquid chromatography. Partitioning of PHCL to powdered SC from control or enhancer solutions was also determined in order to investigate the binding of PHCL to the SC from the SC/enhancer system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was employed to study the biophysical changes in stratum corneum (SC) lipids. The in vitro macroscopic barrier properties were investigated by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) using Tewameter. Five percent menthone or limonene in combination with ethanol (EtOH) (menthone/EtOH or limonene/EtOH) significantly increased (P<0.05) the flux of PHCL through porcine epidermis in comparison to the control (EtOH). The partitioning of PHCL to the SC from the SC/enhancer system was also significantly greater than the SC/control system. The above enhancers showed a decrease in the peak heights and areas for both asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching absorbances in comparison with the untreated SC, indicating the SC lipids extraction. Menthone/EtOH and limonene/EtOH enhanced (P<0.05) the in vitro TEWL through the epidermis in comparison to the control. Thus, an enhancement in the flux of PHCL by menthone/EtOH and limonene/EtOH is due to SC lipid extraction, macroscopic barrier perturbation, and improvement in the partitioning of the drug to the SC.

Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good: a personal view of recent controversies

Nitric oxide, a gaseous free radical, is poorly reactive with most biomolecules but highly reactive with other free radicals. Its ability to scavenge peroxyl and other damaging radicals may make it an important antioxidant in vivo, particularly in the cardiovascular system, although this ability has been somewhat eclipsed in the literature by a focus on the toxicity of peroxynitrite, generated by reaction of O2*- with NO* (or of NO- with O2). On balance, experimental and theoretical data support the view that ONOO- can lead to hydroxyl radical (OH*) generation at pH 7.4, but it seems unlikely that OH* contributes much to the cytotoxicity of ONOO-. The cytotoxicity of ONOO- may have been over-emphasized: its formation and rapid reaction with antioxidants may provide a mechanism of using NO* to dispose of excess O2*-, or even of using O2*- to dispose of excess NO*, in order to maintain the correct balance between these radicals in vivo. Injection or instillation of "bolus" ONOO- into animals has produced tissue injury, however, although more experiments generating ONOO- at steady rates in vivo are required. The presence of 3-nitrotyrosine in tissues is still frequently taken as evidence of ONOO- generation in vivo, but abundant evidence now exists to support the view that it is a biomarker of several "reactive nitrogen species". Another under-addressed problem is the reliability of assays used to detect and measure 3-nitrotyrosine in tissues and body fluids: immunostaining results vary between laboratories and simple HPLC methods are susceptible to artefacts. Exposure of biological material to low pH (e.g. during acidic hydrolysis to liberate nitrotyrosine from proteins) or to H2O2 might cause artefactual generation of nitrotyrosine from NO2- in the samples. This may be the origin of some of the very large values for tissue nitrotyrosine levels quoted in the literature. Nitrous acid causes not only tyrosine nitration but also DNA base deamination at low pH: these events are relevant to the human stomach since saliva and many foods are rich in nitrite. Several plant phenolics inhibit nitration and deamination in vitro, an effect that could conceivably contribute to their protective effects against gastric cancer development.

Cancer in asbestos-exposed occupational cohorts: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To examine existing asbestos-exposed occupational cohorts and apply a meta-analytic technique to determine the magnitude of association between exposure and lung cancer and to investigate other cancer sites that may be related to such an exposure.

METHODS

We summarized the data from 69 asbestos-exposed occupational cohorts reporting on cancer morbidity and mortality. Data were extracted regarding numbers of deaths for each cancer, numbers of mesotheliomas, occupations and latency for respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary and lymphohematopoietic cancers. For each cancer, we calculated a meta-SMR and examined heterogeneity of results using a chi-square test and by calculating a Z-statistic for each study. To examine the dose-response effect, we divided the studies into tertiles according to the percentage of mesothelioma deaths that served as a proxy estimation of asbestos exposure.

RESULTS

Lung cancer data demonstrated meta-SMRs of 163 and 148 with and without latency, respectively, with significant heterogeneity of results even after stratification according to occupational groups. Stratification of lung cancer studies according to percentage of mesothelioma deaths showed a dose-response effect. Z-scores ranged from -12.21 to + 29.49. Analysis for laryngeal cancer yielded meta-SMRs of 157 and 133 with and without latency, respectively, demonstrating homogeneous results across studies but accompanied by no evidence of a dose-response effect. Data for gastrointestinal cancers showed no evidence of a significant association and no dose-response effect. Kidney cancer demonstrated statistically non-significant meta-SMRs of 120 (95% CI 88-160) and 111 (95% CI 94-131) with and without latency respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis demonstrates a wide variability of the association between occupational asbestos and lung cancer. There was a suggestion of an association between asbestos and laryngeal carcinoma and no clear association with other cancers.

[Glossus flap for hypopharyngeal reparation]

OBJECTIVE

To research the surgical type for hypopharyngeal reparation.

METHOD

The glossus flap with glossus deep arterial was made to repairing hypopharyngeal breach after total laryngotomy and partial hypopharyngotomy in 12 cases of repeated laryngeal carcinoma and hypopharyngeal carcinoma.

RESULT

11 cases recovered in the swallowing function after 15 days and the pharyngeal fistula took place in one case, but healed in 35 days postoperatively. The survival rates in 1 year, 3 years and 5 years were 81.8%, 66.7% and 50% respectively.

CONCLUSION

The glossus flap is good material for hypopharyngeal reparation with rich blood supply, few complication and high survival rates.

[Modificated epiglottic laryngoplasty]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the surgical method and effect of laryngeal rehabilitation of patients with glottic carcinoma (T3 category) after extended partial laryngectomy.

METHOD

36 cases were operated with modificated epiglottic laryngoplasty. The materials for laryngoplasty included the epiglottic and one lateral partial thyroid cartilage and muscle-cartilage membrane flap and one arytenoid cartilage. The modificated technique was designed.

RESULT

33 cases were postoperatively in pulling-out-tube. The voice of 30 cases was clear, loud and comprehensible, but low and hoarse voice in other 3 cases. The 3 and 5 year survival rates were 89.3% and 77.3% respectively. The 3 and 5 year stable rates of laryngeal function were 95.6% and 94.1% respectively.

CONCLUSION

The modificated epiglottic laryngoplasty was effective surgical method for the patients with glottic carcinoma (T3 category).

[The effect of EBNA-1 ribozyme on the ability of tumor genesis of lymphoblastoid cell lines in SCID mice]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effect of EBNA-1 specific ribozyme on the tumor genesis ability of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice.

METHODS

Using molecular cloning technique, recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing EBNA-1 ribozyme (RZ1) or its inactive mutant (RZ1mut) were constructed as Ad.RZ1 or Ad.RZ1mut. Recombinant adenoviruses were generated by homologous recombination and isolated by plaque formation. LCLs were established and infected with recombinant adenovirus and then injected in SCID mice (1 x 10(7) cells/animal). The SCID mice were sacrificed six weeks after injection, then the tumors were excised from these mice and their size and weight were measured. The expression of EBNA-1 ribozyme and EBNA-1 mRNA in the tumor was analyzed by RT-PCR, and the expression of EBNA-1 protein in the tumor was detected by Western blot.

RESULTS

The tumors (0.27 +/- 0.18) g formed from the Ad.RZ1-treated LCLs were much smaller than those of the untreated LCLs (1.04 +/- 0.27) g or LCLs treated with control vector of adenovirus (1.12 +/- 0.32) g (P < 0.01), and also smaller than those of Ad.RZ1mut-treated LCLs (0.76 +/- 0.28) g (P < 0.05). The expression of EBNA-1 mRNA and protein in the tumors of Ad.RZ1-treated LCLs decreased significantly than that of other groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Adenovirus delivery of EBNA-1 ribozyme was able to suppress LCL tumors significantly and depress the tumor genesis ability of B lymphocyte induced by EBV.

[Pharmacognostical studies on the roots of Euphorbia soongarica]

Morphological and microscopical characters of the roots of Euphorbia soongarica Boiss. used as one of the origins of the Chinese medicine Daji in Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China were described and illustrated with line drawings. TLC and HPLC analysis of the above drug was also undertaken. These studies provide referencial informations for clinics, quality control, development and identification of this crude drug.

Effect of ethanol/propylene glycol on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of aspirin, biophysical changes and macroscopic barrier properties of the skin

The effect of the solvent systems ethanol (EtOH), propylene glycol (PG) and combinations thereof was examined on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of the antithrombotic, aspirin, through porcine epidermis. Biophysical changes in the stratum corneum lipids were studied through the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Macroscopic barrier properties of the epidermis were examined through the use of in vitro transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The flux of aspirin increased with increasing concentrations of EtOH in the solvent systems. The maximum flux of aspirin was achieved by 80% EtOH in combination with 20% PG beyond which (i.e. 100% EtOH) there was no increase in the flux. FTIR spectroscopic study was enacted in order to determine the biophysical properties of the stratum corneum when the solvents were applied. The FTIR spectra of the stratum corneum treated with 80% EtOH/20% PG showed a maximum decrease in absorbance for the asymmetric and symmetric C&z. sbnd;H peaks, which suggests a greater loss of the lipids in the stratum corneum layers. In vitro TEWL studies allowed an investigation into the macroscopic barrier integrity properties of the stratum corneum. The TEWL results indicated that each of the solvent systems significantly enhanced (P<0.05) in vitro TEWL in comparison to the control. In conclusion, 80% EtOH/20% PG enhanced the percutaneous absorption of aspirin by perturbing the macroscopic barrier integrity of the stratum corneum and through a loss of stratum corneum lipids.

An NMR study of the structural basis of the wide range of pharmacological functions of acetylsalicylic acid

The interaction between acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and membrane was studied by NMR spectra. (1) NMR spectra showed acetylsalicylic acid did not insert into membrane; (2) 1H NMR spectrum recorded by spin-echo pulse sequence showed protons of the aromatic ring interacted with membrane; (3) the change of spin-lattice relaxation (T1) of 31P was ascribed to the association of acetylsalicylic acid to the polar head of lecithin; (4) the self-diffusion coefficient measured by pulsed field gradients NMR showed the mobility of acetylsalicylic acid was restricted by membrane and that acetylsalicylic acid changed membrane viscosity. Based on the results, the relationship between the interaction and the mechanism of the wide pharmacological functions of acetylsalicylic acid is discussed.

CeReS-18 inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in human prostatic cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Polypeptide growth factors are positive and negative regulators of prostatic growth and function, and many positive regulators of growth in the prostate have been extensively studied. However, very few inhibitors of prostate cell proliferation have been identified. We have isolated a unique 18-kDa sialoglycopeptide (CeReS-18) which inhibits cell proliferation of three separate lines of human prostate cancer cells, as well as inducing cellular cytotoxicity via an apoptotic pathway unrelated to the Bcl-2 family of proteins.

METHODS

Cell cycle inhibition was analyzed by direct cell counts with a Coulter (Miami, FL) cell counter. Apoptotic cells were analyzed by electron microscopy, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) staining, fluorescence microscopy, and propidium iodide uptake measured with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Expression of the proteins of the Bcl-2 family was detected by Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

We found that CeReS-18 inhibits cell proliferation of androgen-responsive, LNCaP.FGC human prostate cancer cells, as well as of androgen-nonresponsive DU-145 and PC3 human prostate cancer cells. Furthermore a, fivefold increase over the inhibitory concentration of CeReS-18 elicited a cytotoxic response by all three cell lines. We thus characterized the cytotoxic mechanism as apoptotic in nature, and we measured the expression of several members of the Bcl-2 family in PC3 cells upon treatment with CeReS-18.

CONCLUSIONS

The data indicate that CeReS-18 is a potent inhibitor of cellular progression through the cell cycle by both androgen-responsive and androgen-nonresponsive human prostate cancer cells. In addition, treatment of both types of cells with increased concentrations of CeReS-18 induces cellular cytotoxicity, characterized as apoptosis.

[Pharmacognostical studies on the roots of Euphorbia prolifera]

Morphological and histological characters of the roots of Euphorbia prolifera Buch.-Han., a traditional Chinese medicine, were described and illustrated with line drawings. TLC analysis of the above drug was also undertaken. These studies provide referencial informations for clinics, quality control, development and identification of this crude drug.

Inhibition of nitrous acid-dependent tyrosine nitration and DNA base deamination by flavonoids and other phenolic compounds

Exposure of tyrosine or DNA bases to acidic nitrite at low pH results in the nitration of tyrosine and the formation of base deamination products, respectively. At pH 1, hypoxanthine and xanthine are formed from the deamination of adenine and guanine, respectively, whereas under the same conditions, uracil is not detected. The yield of 3-nitrotyrosine derived from interaction of equimolar nitrite and tyrosine at pH 1 is approximately 50% of that obtained from equimolar peroxynitrite-tyrosine interactions at pH 7. 4. The ability of a range of plant phenolic constituents to prevent damage mediated by acidic nitrite was also examined in comparison with the activity of vitamin C. The epicatechin/gallate family of flavonols, constituents of green tea, red wine, etc., demonstrates the most extensive inhibitory properties against both tyrosine nitration and base deamination. The results also show that ascorbic acid is a poor inhibitor of nitration or deamination under acidic conditions such as those of the stomach. The ability of plant phenolics to scavenge reactive nitrogen species derived from acidic nitrite may contribute to the protective effects of tea polyphenols against gastric cancer.

Rapid and phosphoinositol-dependent binding of the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex to chromatin after T lymphocyte receptor signaling

Lymphocyte activation is accompanied by visible changes in chromatin structure. We find that antigen receptor signaling induces the rapid association of the BAF complex with chromatin. PIP2, which is regulated by activation stimuli, is sufficient in vitro to target the BAF complex to chromatin, but it has no effect on related chromatin remodeling complexes containing SNF2L or hISWI. Purification and peptide sequencing of the subunits of the complex revealed beta-actin as well as a novel actin-related protein, BAF53. beta-actin and BAF53 are required for maximal ATPase activity of BRG1 and are also required with BRG1 for association of the complex with chromatin/matrix. This work indicates that membrane signals control the activity of the mammalian SWI/SNF or BAF complex and demonstrates a direct interface between signaling and chromatin regulation.

Mechanisms of percutaneous absorption of tamoxifen by terpenes: eugenol, D-limonene and menthone

The effect of chemical penetration enhancers (e.g., eugenol, d-limonene and menthone in combination with 50% ethanol) on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of tamoxifen through porcine epidermis has been investigated. The above enhancers significantly increased (p<0.05) the permeability coefficient of tamoxifen in comparison with the control (50% ethanol). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was employed to investigate the biophysical changes in the stratum corneum (SC) lipids by the enhancer(s). FT-IR results showed that the treatment of the SC with enhancers did not produce a blue shift in the asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching peak positions. However, all of the above enhancers showed a decrease in peak heights and areas for both asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching absorbances in comparison with the untreated SC. A decrease in peak heights and areas is a measure of lipid extraction. Partitioning of tamoxifen to powdered SC from control and enhancer solutions was also determined. FT-IR and partitioning studies reveal that the enhancement in the permeability coefficient of tamoxifen by eugenol and d-limonene is due to lipid extraction and improvement in the partitioning of the drug to the SC. However, menthone enhanced the permeability of tamoxifen by increasing extraction of the SC lipids and not by improving the partitioning of the drug to the SC.

Constitutive expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is transcriptionally regulated by the tumor suppressor protein p53

The tumor suppressor protein p53 has been implicated in the response of cells to DNA damage. Studies to date have demonstrated a role for p53 in the transcriptional activation of target genes in the cellular response to DNA damage that results in either growth arrest or apoptosis. In contrast, here is demonstrated a role for p53 in regulating the basal level of expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in the absence of treatment with DNA-damaging agents. Wild-type p53-expressing MCF10F cells had detectable levels of p21 mRNA and protein, whereas the p53-negative Saos-2 cells did not. Saos-2 cells were infected with recombinant retrovirus to establish a proliferating pool of cells with a comparable constitutive level of expression of wild-type p53 protein to that seen in untreated MCF10F cells. Restoration of wild-type but not mutant p53 expression recovered a basal level of expression of p21 in these cells. Constitutive expression of luciferase reporter constructs containing the p21 promoter was inhibited by co-transfection with the human MDM2 protein or a dominant-negative p53 protein and was dependent on the presence of p53 response elements in the reporter constructs. Furthermore, p53 in nuclear extracts of untreated cells was capable of binding to DNA in a sequence-specific manner. These results implicate a role for p53 in regulating constitutive levels of expression of p21 and demonstrate that the p53 protein is capable of sequence-specific DNA binding and transcriptional activation in untreated, proliferating cells.

Inhibition of cyclin D-cdk activity in cell cycle arrest of Swiss 3T3 cells by CeReS-18, a novel cell regulatory sialoglycopeptide

CeReS-18 is a unique negative regulator of cell proliferation with a wide array of target cells. To elucidate the mechanism by which CeReS-18 mediates cell growth inhibition, the possibility that CeReS-18 alters the function of G1 cyclins and their respective cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) has been examined in mouse fibroblasts (Swiss 3T3) synchronized by CeReS-18. We show here that cyclin D-associated cdk activity is significantly inhibited in the CeReS-18-treated cells. Corresponding to the inhibited cdk function, we demonstrate a low expression of cyclin D in mid G1 determined by Western blot analysis, and cyclin D was greatly reduced in the immunocomplex recovered with antibody to cdk4 and cdk6. Previously, we have shown that the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (pRb), a key substrate of cyclin D-cdk complex, was maintained in the hypophosphorylated state in the CeReS-18-inhibited cells. We conclude here that cyclin D/cdk4,6/pRb is the major pathway by which CeReS-18 mediates cell cycle arrest.

Maturation of B cell precursors is impaired in thymic-deprived nude and old mice

We have previously reported that bone marrow B cell precursors from thymic-deprived nude and old mice express less recombination-activating gene-1 (RAG-1) mRNA than they do in young euthymic mice. We now report that both nude and old mice have decreased bone marrow pre-B cells and that fewer pre-B cells express RAG protein. This combination of events appears to be the basis for the lower level of bone marrow RAG mRNA in thymic-deprived mice. A link between thymic function and B cell development was suggested by the similar kinetics of thymic involution and of declining bone marrow RAG-1 gene expression during aging. Support for this hypothesis was obtained by demonstrating that injection of supernatant medium from activated CD8+ but not CD4+ young T cells from mice increases RAG mRNA, RAG protein, and the number of bone marrow pre-B cells in nude and old mice. Furthermore, in vivo CD8+ T cells also regulate bone marrow RAG gene expression. Thus, mice deficient in CD8+ T cells expressed levels of RAG-1 mRNA in their bone marrow that were only 10% of those observed in normal or CD4+ T cell-deficient mice. IL-16 was detected in the supernatant medium from activated T cell cultures, and injection of nanogram quantities of recombinant IL-16 (rIL-16) into nude or old mice increased the levels of RAG mRNA in bone marrow B cell precursors and the number of bone marrow pre-B cells. We conclude that the impaired development of B cells within the bone marrow of thymic-deprived nude and old mice can be reversed, at least in part, by the administration of rIL-16.

Increased apoptosis of bone marrow pre-B cells in old mice associated with their low number

The number of bone marrow pre-B cells is significantly lower in 18- than in 2-month-old BALB/c mice. The percentage of apoptotic pre-B cells, freshly isolated or cultured, from 18-month-old mice was significantly greater than from 2-month-old mice. The increased percentage of apoptotic pre-B cells from old mice was associated with a decreased level of bcl-xL mRNA, detected by RT-PCR, and of Bcl-xL protein, detected by intracellular staining. Consistent with an age-associated increase in apoptosis in pre-B cells was the fact that significantly fewer pre-B cells were generated after in vitro cultures of pro-B cells from old as compared to young mice. Furthermore, fewer pre-B cells survived and fewer sIg-expressing B cells were generated in cultures of pre-B cells from old as compared to young mice. In addition, there was no detectable difference in the secretion of IL-7 by bone marrow cells from 2- or 18-month-old mice. Thus, increased apoptosis of bone marrow pre-B cells in old mice appears to contribute to their decreased number.

A catalytic antibody against cocaine prevents cocaine's reinforcing and toxic effects in rats

Cocaine addiction and overdose have long defied specific treatment. To provide a new approach, the high-activity catalytic antibody mAb 15A10 was elicited using a transition-state analog for the hydrolysis of cocaine to nontoxic, nonaddictive products. In a model of cocaine overdose, mAb 15A10 protected rats from cocaine-induced seizures and sudden death in a dose-dependent fashion; a noncatalytic anticocaine antibody did not reduce toxicity. Consistent with accelerated catalysis, the hydrolysis product ecgonine methyl ester was increased >10-fold in plasma of rats receiving mAb 15A10 and lethal amounts of cocaine. In a model of cocaine addiction, mAb 15A10 blocked completely the reinforcing effect of cocaine in rats. mAb 15A10 blocked cocaine specifically and did not affect behavior maintained by milk or by the dopamine reuptake inhibitor bupropion. This artificial cocaine esterase is a rationally designed cocaine antagonist and a catalytic antibody with potential for medicinal use.

Identification of a novel class of genomic DNA-binding sites suggests a mechanism for selectivity in target gene activation by the tumor suppressor protein p53

There are two response elements for p53 in the promoter of the gene for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. The binding of p53 to the 5' site was enhanced by incubation with monoclonal antibody 421, whereas the binding of p53 to the 3' site was inhibited. Mutational analysis showed that a single-base change caused one element to behave like the other. A response element in the human cdc25C promoter is bound by p53 with properties similar to the 3' site. These results identify two classes of p53-binding sites and suggest a mechanism for target gene selectivity by p53.

Structure of a basic phospholipase A2 from Agkistrodon halys Pallas at 2.13 A resolution

The basic phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon halys Pallas (Agkistrodon blomhoffii Brevicaudus) is a hemolytic toxin and one of the few PLA2's capable of hydrolyzing the phospholipids of E. coli membranes in the presence of a bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) of neutrophils. The crystal structure has been determined and refined at 2.13 A to an R factor of 16.5% (F > 3sigma) with excellent stereochemistry. A superposition of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit gives an r. m.s. deviation of 0.326 A for all Calpha atoms. The refined structure allowed a detailed comparison with other PLA2 species of known structures. The overall architecture is similar to those of other PLA2's with a few significant differences. One of which is in the region connecting the N-terminal helix and the Ca2+-binding loop. Unexpectedly, the conformation of the peptide plane Cys29-Gly30 in the Ca2+-binding loop is very different to that of other PLA2's. The amide NH of Gly30 does not point toward the proposed site for stabilization of the tetrahedral intermediate oxyanion of the substrate analogue. The structure includes four residues which occur less frequently in other PLA2's. His1, Arg6 and Trp70 located at the interfacial recognition site may play an important role in the interaction with aggregated substrates, while Trp77 contributes to the hydrophobic interactions between the beta-wing and the main body of the molecule. This structure analysis reveals that two clusters of basic residues are located at or near the interfacial recognition site, forming an asymmetric positively charge distribution. In contrast to the acidic isoform, the present enzyme is a dimer in the crystalline state. The special phospholipid hydrolysis behaviors are discussed in the light of the structure determined.

Mortality of aerospace workers exposed to trichloroethylene

We measured mortality rates in a cohort of 20,508 aerospace workers who were followed up over the period 1950-1993. A total of 4,733 workers had occupational exposure to trichloroethylene. In addition, trichloroethylene was present in some of the washing and drinking water used at the work site. We developed a job-exposure matrix to classify all jobs by trichloroethylene exposure levels into four categories ranging from "none" to "high" exposure. We calculated standardized mortality ratios for the entire cohort and the trichloroethylene exposed subcohort. In the standardized mortality ratio analyses, we observed a consistent elevation for nonmalignant respiratory disease, which we attribute primarily to the higher background rates of respiratory disease in this region. We also compared trichloroethylene-exposed workers with workers in the "low" and "none" exposure categories. Mortality rate ratios for nonmalignant respiratory disease were near or less than 1.00 for trichloroethylene exposure groups. We observed elevated rare ratios for ovarian cancer among those with peak exposure at medium and high levels] relative risk (RR) = 2.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.84-8.99] and among women with high cumulative exposure (RR = 7.09; 95% CI = 2.14-23.54). Among those with peak exposures at medium and high levels, we observed slightly elevated rate ratios for cancers of the kidney (RR = 1.89; 95% CI = 0.85-4.23), bladder (RR = 1.41; 95% CI = 0.52-3.81), and prostate (RR = 1.47; 95% CI = 0.85-2.55). Our findings do not indicate an association between trichloroethylene exposure and respiratory cancer, liver cancer, leukemia or lymphoma, or all cancers combined.

[Study of macroencapsulated islet xenografts for treatment of diabetes in mice]

The aim of this study was to prevent rejection after islet xenotransplantation. Islet obtained from Wistar Furth rats were macroencapsulated with agarose and collagen before transplanted into diabetic C57BL/6, B6AF1, and BALB/c mice. The results showed that the diabetic condition was reversed in 92.3% of recipients transplanted with macroencapsulated islets. The normoglycemic state of recipients was maintained 125.8 +/- 57.9 days without immunosuppression. The glucose tolerance curves in these mice were similar to those of normal mice. The macroencapsulated islets retrieved 103 days after transplantation showed no evidence of tissue reaction or fibrosis. These indicated that the macroencapsulated islets serve both to achieve and maintain normoglycemia of recipients, as well as to protect islet xenografts from rejection.

Monoclonal antibody, a novel probe for protein folding

Two monoclonal antibodies (McAb2C9, McAb1E5) against Staphylococcal nuclease R (SNase R) and its N-terminal peptide fragments were prepared, purified and characterized. Further studies show that the intact enzyme SNase R and its seven N-terminal peptide fragments differ in their interaction with McAb2C9. SNase R, SNR121, SNR102, SNR79 and SNR52 can bind to McAb2C9 readily, while fragments of SNR141, SNR135, SNR110 react with the antibody poorly. If this difference is due to diverse extent of exposure of the specific epitope in the fragments, it is suggested that the conformation of the peptide is subjected to continuous adjustments through chain elongation until the biologically active protein is formed. This result supports Tsou's hypothesis of nascent peptide folding experimentally.

Multizone and Transition Zone Photorefractive Keratectomy for High Myopia

BACKGROUND

Variations in ablation profile may alter the stability of refraction and cause adverse effects in photorefractive keratectomy. We compared the benefits of multizone and transition zone ablation in the treatment of high and extreme myopia.

METHODS

A scanning excimer laser system, Nidek EC-5000 was used with three-zone treatment and our results were compared retrospectively with results obtained in a group with a conventional ablation profile using a transition zone.

RESULTS

Six-month follow-up data were available for 65 eyes with a transition zone and 46 eyes with three-zone treatment. Postoperative mean (+/- SD) healing time was 2.98 days (+/- 0.12) and 3.02 days (+/- 0.15) and night vision disturbances were 16% and 11.5% respectively, (p > 0.05). Refractive regression was also similar in the two groups; uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better was 90.77% and 89.14%. At 6 months postoperatively, the mean (+/- SD) corneal clarity score was 0.61 (+/- 0.29) in the transition zone group, and 0.51 (+/- 0.07) in the multizone group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

No discernible differences between treatments were found in either epithelial healing or refractive outcome, such as regression, between the groups. Corneal haze was less in eyes treated with three-zone ablation.

Comutagenesis-I: the in vitro metabolism of 2-amino-3-methylpyridine

The metabolism of the comutagen 2-amino-3-methylpyridine has been studied in vitro using rat and rabbit hepatic preparations. 2-Amino-3-methylpyridine-N-oxide, 2-amino-3-hydroxymethylpyridine and 2-amino-5-hydroxy-3-methylpyridine were formed by both rat and rabbit hepatic preparations. No evidence was obtained for the formation of the corresponding 2-hydroxylamine, 2-nitroso, 2-nitro-3-methyl-pyridine or their condensation products i.e. azo, azoxy or hydrazo. The results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism of action of the substrate.

Peritoneal lavage reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced elevation of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 mortality in mice

The contribution of peritoneal cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced elevation of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels and mortality has been studied. Peritoneal lavage performed before LPS administration reduced serum cytokine levels by approximately 50% and mortality from 50 to 100%. The effect of peritoneal lavage is due to the removal of peritoneal cells as reinjection of peritoneal cells eliminated the protective effect of lavage on LPS-induced mortality. A special role of peritoneal macrophages in the systemic response to LPS was suggested by the finding that LPS-induced an increase in intracellular TNF-alpha and IL-6 peritoneal macrophages but in neither splenic nor bone marrow macrophages. Intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate broth 4 days prior to lavage increased the number of peritoneal cells removed by lavage and increased protection from LPS mortality. Peritoneal lavage performed 30 to 120 minutes after the LPS administration completely protected all mice from LPS-induced mortality, suggesting the possibility that such treatment may offer a novel therapeutic approach to septic shock.

Assessing human risk to heterocyclic amines

Heterocyclic amines such as MeIQx and PhIP are potent genotoxic chemicals which are formed at part per billion levels when meat is cooked. Using assays based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with stable isotope labelled analogues as internal standards we have demonstrated MeIQx and PhIP, are efficiently absorbed into the systemic circulation after ingestion of fried beef. Using a potent and selective inhibitor of human CYP1A2, furafylline, we have shown that N-hydroxylation catalysed by this enzyme is the major pathway of metabolism of MeIQx and PhIP and is solely responsible for their oxidation to mutagenic species. This is in contrast to the situation in laboratory animals in which both activation by N-hydroxylation and deactivation by C-oxidation occurs. When furafylline was administered to human volunteers before ingestion of fried beef, we showed that > 90% of MeIQx and approximately 70% of PhIP elimination could be inhibited, demonstrating the extent to which activation occurred in man. MeIQx is a very powerful mutagen in bacterial assays whereas PhIP is a more potent mammalian cell mutagen. Using a mammalian cell target gene, hprt, we have shown that PhIP induces a characteristic mutational 'fingerprint' which is identical to that detected in the Apc gene of 5/8 colonic tumours induced by PhIP in rats. These studies support a biological association between HA exposure and diet-related tumours but emphasise that information obtained from animal studies does not always reflect the situation in humans.

General equation for calculating the dissociation constants of polyprotic acids and bases from measured retention factors in high-performance liquid chromatography

A general equation relating the observed retention factor to the pH of the mobile phase, the dissociation constants, and the retention factors of the different ionic species has been derived. This equation is applicable to polyprotic weak acid and base dissociation events, that is, the secondary equilibria existing in the HPLC mobile phase. It is written as: [formula: see text] where the kr values are the retention factors of the dissociated species, and Ka(r), the product of the first r-dissociation constants, [formula: see text] is related to the pH of the mobile phase: x = 2.303.pH. The derived equation was used to calculate three dissociation constants of leukotriene E4. Also, a formula is established for calculating the range of pH values where an ionic species is most likely to be predominant in the mobile phase.