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Abstract
Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to understand the pathophysiology of ocular diseases because of their similarities with human anatomy and physiology. Alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including changes in morphology and function, are common features shared by many ocular disorders. However, successful isolation and culture of primary mouse RPE cells is very challenging. This paper is an updated audiovisual version of the protocol previously published by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 2016 to efficiently isolate and culture primary mouse RPE cells. This method is highly reproducible and results in robust cultures of highly polarized and pigmented RPE monolayers that can be maintained for several weeks on Transwells. This model opens new avenues for the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eye diseases. Moreover, it provides a platform to test therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat important eye diseases with unmet medical needs, including inherited retinal disorders and macular degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Chinchilla
- Ocular Genomics Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School
| | - Heran Getachew
- Ocular Genomics Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School
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202
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Lin DW, Liu Y, Lee YQ, Yang PJ, Ho CT, Hong JC, Hsiao JC, Liao DC, Liang AJ, Hung TC, Chen YC, Tu HL, Hsu CP, Huang HC. Construction of intracellular asymmetry and asymmetric division in Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2021; 12:888. [PMID: 33563962 PMCID: PMC7873278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The design principle of establishing an intracellular protein gradient for asymmetric cell division is a long-standing fundamental question. While the major molecular players and their interactions have been elucidated via genetic approaches, the diversity and redundancy of natural systems complicate the extraction of critical underlying features. Here, we take a synthetic cell biology approach to construct intracellular asymmetry and asymmetric division in Escherichia coli, in which division is normally symmetric. We demonstrate that the oligomeric PopZ from Caulobacter crescentus can serve as a robust polarized scaffold to functionalize RNA polymerase. Furthermore, by using another oligomeric pole-targeting DivIVA from Bacillus subtilis, the newly synthesized protein can be constrained to further establish intracellular asymmetry, leading to asymmetric division and differentiation. Our findings suggest that the coupled oligomerization and restriction in diffusion may be a strategy for generating a spatial gradient for asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Qi Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jiun Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tse Ho
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chung Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Der-Chien Liao
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Jou Liang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chiao Hung
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiung-Lin Tu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chun Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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203
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Vong KI, Ma TC, Li B, Leung TCN, Nong W, Ngai SM, Hui JHL, Jiang L, Kwan KM. SOX9-COL9A3-dependent regulation of choroid plexus epithelial polarity governs blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier integrity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2009568118. [PMID: 33526661 PMCID: PMC8017668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009568118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is an extensively vascularized neuroepithelial tissue that projects into the brain ventricles. The restriction of transepithelial transport across the CP establishes the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier that is fundamental to the homeostatic regulation of the central nervous system microenvironment. However, the molecular mechanisms that control this process remain elusive. Here we show that the genetic ablation of Sox9 in the hindbrain CP results in a hyperpermeable blood-CSF barrier that ultimately upsets the CSF electrolyte balance and alters CSF protein composition. Mechanistically, SOX9 is required for the transcriptional up-regulation of Col9a3 in the CP epithelium. The reduction of Col9a3 expression dramatically recapitulates the blood-CSF barrier defects of Sox9 mutants. Loss of collagen IX severely disrupts the structural integrity of the epithelial basement membrane in the CP, leading to progressive loss of extracellular matrix components. Consequently, this perturbs the polarized microtubule dynamics required for correct orientation of apicobasal polarity and thereby impedes tight junction assembly in the CP epithelium. Our findings reveal a pivotal cascade of SOX9-dependent molecular events that is critical for construction of the blood-CSF barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Ioi Vong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsz Ching Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baiying Li
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Chun Ning Leung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Nong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Ming Ngai
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- AoE Centre for Genomic Studies on Plant-Environment Interaction for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jerome Ho Lam Hui
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kin Ming Kwan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China;
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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204
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Eshghjoo S, Kim DM, Jayaraman A, Sun Y, Alaniz RC. A Comprehensive High-Efficiency Protocol for Isolation, Culture, Polarization, and Glycolytic Characterization of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/61959. [PMID: 33616101 PMCID: PMC8118145 DOI: 10.3791/61959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are among the most important antigen-presenting cells. Many subsets of macrophages have been identified with unique metabolic signatures. Macrophages are commonly classified as M1-like (inflammatory) and M2-like (anti-inflammatory) subtypes. M1-like macrophages are pro-inflammatory macrophages that get activated by LPS and/or pro-inflammatory cytokines such as INF-γ, IL-12 & IL-2. M1-like polarized macrophages are involved in various diseases by mediating the host's defense to a variety of bacteria and viruses. That is very important to study LPS induced M1-like macrophages and their metabolic states in inflammatory diseases. M2-like macrophages are considered anti-inflammatory macrophages, activated by anti-inflammatory cytokines and stimulators. Under the pro-inflammatory state, macrophages show increased glycolysis in glycolytic function. The glycolytic function has been actively investigated in the context of glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, compensatory glycolysis, or non-glycolytic acidification using extracellular flux (XF) analyzers. This paper demonstrates how to assess the glycolytic states in real-time with easy-to-follow steps when the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) are respiring, consuming, and producing energy. Using specific inhibitors and activators of glycolysis in this protocol, we show how to obtain a systemic and complete view of glycolytic metabolic processes in the cells and provide more accurate and realistic results. To be able to measure multiple glycolytic phenotypes, we provide an easy, sensitive, DNA-based normalization method for polarization assessment of BMDMs. Culturing, activation/polarization and identification of the phenotype and metabolic state of the BMDMs are crucial techniques that can help to investigate many different types of diseases. In this paper, we polarized the naïve M0 macrophages to M1-like and M2-like macrophages with LPS and IL4, respectively, and measured a comprehensive set of glycolytic parameters in BMDMs in real-time and longitudinally over time, using extracellular flux analysis and glycolytic activators and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Eshghjoo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center
| | - Da Mi Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center; Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University;
| | - Robert C Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center;
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205
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Kayisoglu Ö, Schlegel N, Bartfeld S. Gastrointestinal epithelial innate immunity-regionalization and organoids as new model. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:517-530. [PMID: 33538854 PMCID: PMC8026474 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is in constant contact with microbial stimuli. Its barriers have to ensure co-existence with the commensal bacteria, while enabling surveillance of intruding pathogens. At the centre of the interaction lies the epithelial layer, which marks the boundaries of the body. It is equipped with a multitude of different innate immune sensors, such as Toll-like receptors, to mount inflammatory responses to microbes. Dysfunction of this intricate system results in inflammation-associated pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, the complexity of the cellular interactions, their molecular basis and their development remains poorly understood. In recent years, stem cell–derived organoids have gained increasing attention as promising models for both development and a broad range of pathologies, including infectious diseases. In addition, organoids enable the study of epithelial innate immunity in vitro. In this review, we focus on the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier and its regional organization to discuss innate immune sensing and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Kayisoglu
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Strasse 6, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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206
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Martin E, Theis S, Gay G, Monier B, Rouvière C, Suzanne M. Arp2/3-dependent mechanical control of morphogenetic robustness in an inherently challenging environment. Dev Cell 2021; 56:687-701.e7. [PMID: 33535069 PMCID: PMC7955168 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial sheets undergo highly reproducible remodeling to shape organs. This stereotyped morphogenesis depends on a well-defined sequence of events leading to the regionalized expression of developmental patterning genes that finally triggers downstream mechanical forces to drive tissue remodeling at a pre-defined position. However, how tissue mechanics controls morphogenetic robustness when challenged by intrinsic perturbations in close proximity has never been addressed. Using Drosophila developing leg, we show that a bias in force propagation ensures stereotyped morphogenesis despite the presence of mechanical noise in the environment. We found that knockdown of the Arp2/3 complex member Arpc5 specifically affects fold directionality while altering neither the developmental nor the force generation patterns. By combining in silico modeling, biophysical tools, and ad hoc genetic tools, our data reveal that junctional myosin II planar polarity favors long-range force channeling and ensures folding robustness, avoiding force scattering and thus isolating the fold domain from surrounding mechanical perturbations. Drosophila developing leg folding is extremely robust Fold orientation becomes variable in Arp2/3 knockdown condition Arp2/3 controls junctional myosin II planar polarity Myosin II planar polarity ensures fold robustness through force channeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Martin
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Theis
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France; Morphogénie Logiciels, 32110 St Martin d'Armagnac, France
| | - Guillaume Gay
- Morphogénie Logiciels, 32110 St Martin d'Armagnac, France; Turing Center For Living Systems, Aix-MarseilleUniversity, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Bruno Monier
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Rouvière
- Image Processing Facility, Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Magali Suzanne
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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207
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Luo WW, Chen BJ, Wang YM, Yang JM, Liu X, Yuan YS, Lin X, Chi FL, Chen P, Ren DD. Planar cell polarity governs the alignment of the nasopharyngeal epithelium in mammals. FEBS J 2021; 288:1027-1040. [PMID: 32452625 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling specifies the orientation of epithelial cells and regulates directional beating of motile cilia of multiciliated epithelial cells. Clinically, defects in cilia function are associated with nasopharyngeal symptoms. The polarity of the nasopharyngeal epithelium is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated PCP in the nasopharyngeal epithelium. Multiciliated cells (MCCs) were uniformly aligned with their long axis parallel to the tissue axis of the nasopharynx (NP). In addition, PCP proteins exhibited an asymmetrical localisation between adjacent cells. Motile cilia were uniformly aligned in the same direction within both individual cells and neighbouring cells, which manifested as cilial polarity in MCCs. Mutation of Vangl2, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila PCP gene, resulted in significant disruption of the orientation of epithelial cells. Finally, keratin-5-positive basal cells constantly replenished the luminal ciliated cells; the new dynamic ciliated cells were also oriented parallel to the tissue axis. These results indicate a role for the PCP pathway in the uniform orientation of dynamically replenished epithelial cells in the NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Luo
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bin-Jun Chen
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Mei Yang
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Sheng Yuan
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fang-Lu Chi
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong-Dong Ren
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
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208
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Cresswell GM, Wang B, Kischuk EM, Broman MM, Alfar RA, Vickman RE, Dimitrov DS, Kularatne SA, Sundaram CP, Singhal S, Eruslanov EB, Crist SA, Elzey BD, Ratliff TL, Low PS. Folate Receptor Beta Designates Immunosuppressive Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells That Can Be Reprogrammed with Folate-Targeted Drugs. Cancer Res 2021; 81:671-684. [PMID: 33203700 PMCID: PMC10987201 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although immunotherapies of tumors have demonstrated promise for altering the progression of malignancies, immunotherapies have been limited by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that prevents infiltrating immune cells from performing their anticancer functions. Prominent among immunosuppressive cells are myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) that inhibit T cells via release of immunosuppressive cytokines and engagement of checkpoint receptors. Here, we explore the properties of MDSCs and TAMs from freshly isolated mouse and human tumors and find that an immunosuppressive subset of these cells can be distinguished from the nonimmunosuppressive population by its upregulation of folate receptor beta (FRβ) within the TME and its restriction to the TME. This FRβ+ subpopulation could be selectively targeted with folate-linked drugs. Delivery of a folate-targeted TLR7 agonist to these cells (i) reduced their immunosuppressive function, (ii) increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration, (iii) enhanced M1/M2 macrophage ratios, (iv) inhibited tumor growth, (v) blocked tumor metastasis, and (vi) improved overall survival without demonstrable toxicity. These data reveal a broadly applicable strategy across tumor types for reprogramming MDSCs and TAMs into antitumorigenic immune cells using a drug that would otherwise be too toxic to administer systemically. The data also establish FRβ as the first marker that distinguishes immunosuppressive from nonimmunosuppressive subsets of MDSCs and TAMs. Because all solid tumors accumulate MDSCs and TAMs, a general strategy to both identify and reprogram these cells should be broadly applied in the characterization and treatment of multiple tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: FRβ serves as both a means to identify and target MDSCs and TAMs within the tumor, allowing for delivery of immunomodulatory compounds to tumor myeloid cells in a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Erin M Kischuk
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Rami A Alfar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Renee E Vickman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Sunil Singhal
- Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Evgeniy B Eruslanov
- Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott A Crist
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Urology, IU School of Medicine, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, Indiana.
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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209
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Fransson J, Gómez-Conde AI, Romero-Imbroda J, Fernández O, Leyva L, de Fonseca FR, Chun J, Louapre C, Van-Evercooren AB, Zujovic V, Estivill-Torrús G, García-Díaz B. Activation of Macrophages by Lysophosphatidic Acid through the Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 1 as a Novel Mechanism in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:470-482. [PMID: 32974731 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an endogenous phospholipid involved in multiple immune cell functions and dysregulated in MS. Its receptor LPA1 is expressed in macrophages and regulates their activation, which is of interest due to the role of macrophage activation in MS in both destruction and repair. In this study, we studied the genetic deletion and pharmaceutical inhibition of LPA1 in the mouse MS model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). LPA1 expression was analyzed in EAE mice and MS patient immune cells. The effect of LPA and LPA1 on macrophage activation was studied in human monocyte-derived macrophages. We show that lack of LPA1 activity induces milder clinical EAE course and that Lpar1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) correlates with onset of relapses and severity in EAE. We see the same over-expression in PBMC from MS patients during relapse compared with progressive forms of the disease and in stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages. LPA induced a proinflammatory-like response in macrophages through LPA1, providing a plausible way in which LPA and LPA1 dysregulation can lead to the inflammation in MS. These data show a new mechanism of LPA signaling in the MS pathogenesis, prompting further research into its use as a therapeutic target biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Fransson
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Ana Isabel Gómez-Conde
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Romero-Imbroda
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Leyva
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Celine Louapre
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France
- Neurology Department Pitié Salpétrière University. Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Baron Van-Evercooren
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Violetta Zujovic
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillermo Estivill-Torrús
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Beatriz García-Díaz
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière-Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UM-75, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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Heinrichs D, Brandt EF, Fischer P, Köhncke J, Wirtz TH, Guldiken N, Djudjaj S, Boor P, Kroy D, Weiskirchen R, Bucala R, Wasmuth HE, Strnad P, Trautwein C, Bernhagen J, Berres ML. Unexpected Pro-Fibrotic Effect of MIF in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Is Linked to a Shift in NKT Cell Populations. Cells 2021; 10:252. [PMID: 33525493 PMCID: PMC7918903 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine with anti-fibrotic properties in toxic liver injury models and anti-steatotic functions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) attributed to the CD74/AMPK signaling pathway. As NAFLD progression is associated with fibrosis, we studied MIF function during NAFLD-associated liver fibrogenesis in mice and men by molecular, histological and immunological methods in vitro and in vivo. After NASH diet feeding, hepatic Mif expression was strongly induced, an effect which was absent in Mif∆hep mice. In contrast to hepatotoxic fibrosis models, NASH diet-induced fibrogenesis was significantly abrogated in Mif-/- and Mif∆hep mice associated with a reduced accumulation of the pro-fibrotic type-I NKT cell subpopulation. In vitro, MIF skewed the differentiation of NKT cells towards the type-I subtype. In line with the murine results, expression of fibrosis markers strongly correlated with MIF, its receptors, and markers of NKT type-I cells in NASH patients. We conclude that MIF expression is induced during chronic metabolic injury in mice and men with hepatocytes representing the major source. In NAFLD progression, MIF contributes to liver fibrogenesis skewing NKT cell polarization toward a pro-fibrotic phenotype highlighting the complex, context-dependent role of MIF during chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heinrichs
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Elisa F. Brandt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Petra Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Janine Köhncke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Theresa H. Wirtz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Nurdan Guldiken
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.D.); (P.B.)
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.D.); (P.B.)
| | - Daniela Kroy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Richard Bucala
- Rheumatology Section of the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA;
| | - Hermann E. Wasmuth
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute of Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU Klinikum, Lud-wig-Maximilian-University (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany;
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (D.H.); (E.F.B.); (P.F.); (J.K.); (T.H.W.); (N.G.); (D.K.); (H.E.W.); (P.S.); (C.T.)
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211
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Kowalczyk I, Lee C, Schuster E, Hoeren J, Trivigno V, Riedel L, Görne J, Wallingford JB, Hammes A, Feistel K. Neural tube closure requires the endocytic receptor Lrp2 and its functional interaction with intracellular scaffolds. Development 2021; 148:dev195008. [PMID: 33500317 PMCID: PMC7860117 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the endocytic receptor LRP2 in humans are associated with severe neural tube closure defects (NTDs) such as anencephaly and spina bifida. Here, we have combined analysis of neural tube closure in mouse and in the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis to elucidate the etiology of Lrp2-related NTDs. Lrp2 loss of function impaired neuroepithelial morphogenesis, culminating in NTDs that impeded anterior neural plate folding and neural tube closure in both model organisms. Loss of Lrp2 severely affected apical constriction as well as proper localization of the core planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vangl2, demonstrating a highly conserved role of the receptor in these processes, which are essential for neural tube formation. In addition, we identified a novel functional interaction of Lrp2 with the intracellular adaptor proteins Shroom3 and Gipc1 in the developing forebrain. Our data suggest that, during neurulation, motifs within the intracellular domain of Lrp2 function as a hub that orchestrates endocytic membrane removal for efficient apical constriction, as well as PCP component trafficking in a temporospatial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kowalczyk
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Elisabeth Schuster
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Josefine Hoeren
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Valentina Trivigno
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Levin Riedel
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Görne
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Annette Hammes
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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212
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Yu Z, Zeng J, Wang J, Cui Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Hou N, Teng Y, Lan Y, Chen Y, Yang X. Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate is essential for endothelial cell polarity and cerebrovascular stability. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:533-546. [PMID: 32044971 PMCID: PMC7820882 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hgs), a key component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), has been implicated in many essential biological processes. However, the physiological role of endogenous Hgs in the vascular system has not previously been explored. Here, we have generated brain endothelial cell (EC) specific Hgs knockout mice to uncover the function of Hgs in EC polarity and cerebrovascular stability. METHODS AND RESULTS Knockout of Hgs in brain ECs led to impaired endothelial apicobasal polarity and brain vessel collapse in mice. We determined that Hgs is essential for recycling of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin to the plasma membrane, since loss of Hgs blocked trafficking of endocytosed VE-cadherin from early endosomes to recycling endosomes, and impaired the motility of recycling endosomes. Supportively, overexpression of the motor kinesin family member 13A (KIF13A) restored endosomal recycling and rescued abrogated polarized trafficking and distribution of VE-cadherin in Hgs knockdown ECs. CONCLUSION These data uncover a novel physiological function of Hgs and support an essential role for the ESCRT machinery in the maintenance of EC polarity and cerebrovascular stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yaxiong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yeguang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
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213
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Abstract
Eosinophils become polarized in response to cytokines such IL-5 or eotaxin prior to directional migration. Polarization is preceded by F-actin assembly, but the mechanisms that regulate these events and how the shape change influences cell migration from the peripheral blood into the lung remain unclear. In this study, we show that the prolyl isomerase, Pin1, is required for IL-5-induced Eos polarization and migration. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Pin1 directly interacts with members of Rho GTPase family. Mouse eosinophils lacking Pin1 or human cells treated with Pin1 inhibitors showed significantly reduced IL-5-induced GTPase activity and cofilin phosphorylation, resulting in reduced F-actin polymerization, cell polarization, and directional migration to chemokines. Our result suggests that Pin1 regulates cytoskeletal re-organization, eosinophil morphology, and cell migration through the modulation of Rho GTPase activity. Targeting Pin1 along with GTPases could provide a new approach to reduce pulmonary Eos accumulation during asthmatic exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jian Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (J.H.); (M.A.O.)
| | | | | | - James S. Malter
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (J.H.); (M.A.O.)
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214
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Davaa G, Hong JY, Kim TU, Lee SJ, Kim SY, Hong K, Hyun JK. Exercise Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury by Changing DNA Methylation. Cells 2021; 10:143. [PMID: 33445717 PMCID: PMC7828206 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is a traditional method to maximize remaining function in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), but the exact mechanism by which exercise promotes recovery after SCI has not been identified; whether exercise truly has a beneficial effect on SCI also remains unclear. Previously, we showed that epigenetic changes in the brain motor cortex occur after SCI and that a treatment leading to epigenetic modulation effectively promotes functional recovery after SCI. We aimed to determine how exercise induces functional improvement in rats subjected to SCI and whether epigenetic changes are engaged in the effects of exercise. A spinal cord contusion model was established in rats, which were then subjected to treadmill exercise for 12 weeks. We found that the size of the lesion cavity and the number of macrophages were decreased more in the exercise group than in the control group after 12 weeks of injury. Immunofluorescence and DNA dot blot analysis revealed that levels of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in the brain motor cortex were increased after exercise. Accordingly, the expression of ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family members (Tet1, Tet2, and Tet3) in the brain motor cortex also elevated. However, no macrophage polarization was induced by exercise. Locomotor function, including Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and ladder scores, also improved in the exercise group compared to the control group. We concluded that treadmill exercise facilitates functional recovery in rats with SCI, and mechanistically epigenetic changes in the brain motor cortex may contribute to exercise-induced improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganchimeg Davaa
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (G.D.); (J.Y.H.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jin Young Hong
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (G.D.); (J.Y.H.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Tae Uk Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (T.U.K.); (S.J.L.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Seong Jae Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (T.U.K.); (S.J.L.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Seo Young Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (T.U.K.); (S.J.L.); (S.Y.K.)
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jung Keun Hyun
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (G.D.); (J.Y.H.)
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (T.U.K.); (S.J.L.); (S.Y.K.)
- Wiregene, Co., Ltd., Cheonan 31116, Korea
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215
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Tse JD, Moore R, Meng Y, Tao W, Smith ER, Xu XX. Dynamic conversion of cell sorting patterns in aggregates of embryonic stem cells with differential adhesive affinity. BMC Dev Biol 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 33407086 PMCID: PMC7788919 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian early development comprises the proliferation, differentiation, and self-assembly of the embryonic cells. The classic experiment undertaken by Townes and Holtfreter demonstrated the ability of dissociated embryonic cells to sort and self-organize spontaneously into the original tissue patterns. Here, we further explored the principles and mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of spontaneous tissue organization by studying aggregation and sorting of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with differential adhesive affinity in culture. RESULTS As observed previously, in aggregates of wild-type and E-cadherin-deficient ES cells, the cell assemblies exhibited an initial sorting pattern showing wild-type cells engulfed by less adhesive E-cadherin-deficient ES cells, which fits the pattern predicted by the differential adhesive hypothesis proposed by Malcom Steinberg. However, in further study of more mature cell aggregates, the initial sorting pattern reversed, with the highly adhesive wild-type ES cells forming an outer shell enveloping the less adhesive E-cadherin-deficient cells, contradicting Steinberg's sorting principle. The outer wild-type cells of the more mature aggregates did not differentiate into endoderm, which is known to be able to sort to the exterior from previous studies. In contrast to the naive aggregates, the mature aggregates presented polarized, highly adhesive cells at the outer layer. The surface polarity was observed as an actin cap contiguously spanning across the apical surface of multiple adjacent cells, though independent of the formation of tight junctions. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental findings suggest that the force of differential adhesive affinity can be overcome by even subtle polarity generated from strong bilateral ligation of highly adhesive cells in determining cell sorting patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Tse
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Robert Moore
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Yue Meng
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Wensi Tao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Smith
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Xiang-Xi Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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216
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Kunii M, Noguchi Y, Yoshimura SI, Kanda S, Iwano T, Avriyanti E, Atik N, Sato T, Sato K, Ogawa M, Harada A. SNAP23 deficiency causes severe brain dysplasia through the loss of radial glial cell polarity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e201910080. [PMID: 33332551 PMCID: PMC7754684 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing brain, the polarity of neural progenitor cells, termed radial glial cells (RGCs), is important for neurogenesis. Intercellular adhesions, termed apical junctional complexes (AJCs), at the apical surface between RGCs are necessary for cell polarization. However, the mechanism by which AJCs are established remains unclear. Here, we show that a SNARE complex composed of SNAP23, VAMP8, and Syntaxin1B has crucial roles in AJC formation and RGC polarization. Central nervous system (CNS)-specific ablation of SNAP23 (NcKO) results in mice with severe hypoplasia of the neocortex and no hippocampus or cerebellum. In the developing NcKO brain, RGCs lose their polarity following the disruption of AJCs and exhibit reduced proliferation, increased differentiation, and increased apoptosis. SNAP23 and its partner SNAREs, VAMP8 and Syntaxin1B, are important for the localization of an AJC protein, N-cadherin, to the apical plasma membrane of RGCs. Altogether, SNARE-mediated localization of N-cadherin is essential for AJC formation and RGC polarization during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Kunii
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuria Noguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Yoshimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanda
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Iwano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Erda Avriyanti
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nur Atik
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Takashi Sato
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
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217
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Bosch-Fortea M, Martín-Belmonte F. Methods to Generate Tube Micropatterns for Epithelial Morphogenetic Analyses and Tissue Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2179:227-242. [PMID: 32939724 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0779-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cells live in a highly curved and folded 3D microenvironment within the human body. Since epithelial cells in internal organs usually adopt a tubular shape, there is a need to engineer simple in vitro devices to promote this cellular configuration. The aim of these devices would be to investigate epithelial morphogenesis and cell behavior-leading to the development of more sophisticated platforms for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we first explain the need for such epithelial tubular micropatterns based on anatomical considerations and then survey methods that can be used to study different aspects of epithelial tubulogenesis. The methods examined can broadly be divided into two classes: conventional 2D microfabrication for the formation of simple epithelial tubes in substrates of different stiffness; and 3D approaches to enable the self-assembly of organoid-derived epithelial tubes in a tubular configuration. These methods demonstrate that modeling tubulogenesis in vitro with high resolution, accuracy, and reproducibility is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Bosch-Fortea
- Program of Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Bioengineering and School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Martín-Belmonte
- Program of Tissue and Organ Homeostasis, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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218
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Li X, Zhang D, Xu L, Han Y, Liu W, Li W, Fan Z, Costanzo RM, Strauss Iii JF, Zhang Z, Wang H. Planar cell polarity defects and hearing loss in sperm-associated antigen 6 ( Spag6)-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C132-C141. [PMID: 33175573 PMCID: PMC7846974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00166.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spag6 encodes an axoneme central apparatus protein that is required for normal flagellar and cilia motility. Recent findings suggest that Spag6 also plays a role in ciliogenesis, orientation of cilia basal feet, and planar polarity. Sensory cells of the inner ear display unique structural features that underlie their mechanosensitivity. They represent a distinctive form of cellular polarity, known as planar cell polarity (PCP). However, a role for Spag6 in the inner ear has not yet been explored. In the present study, the function of Spag6 in the inner ear was examined using Spag6-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate hearing loss in the Spag6 mutants, associated with abnormalities in cellular patterning, cell shape, stereocilia bundles, and basal bodies, as well as abnormally distributed Frizzled class receptor 6 (FZD6), suggesting that Spag6 participates in PCP regulation. Moreover, we found that the subapical microtubule meshwork was disrupted. Our observations suggest new functions for Spag6 in hearing and PCP in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daogong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuechen Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zhaomin Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jerome F Strauss Iii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Li H, von Wangenheim D, Zhang X, Tan S, Darwish‐Miranda N, Naramoto S, Wabnik K, De Rycke R, Kaufmann WA, Gütl D, Tejos R, Grones P, Ke M, Chen X, Dettmer J, Friml J. Cellular requirements for PIN polar cargo clustering in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2021; 229:351-369. [PMID: 32810889 PMCID: PMC7984064 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell and tissue polarization is fundamental for plant growth and morphogenesis. The polar, cellular localization of Arabidopsis PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins is crucial for their function in directional auxin transport. The clustering of PIN polar cargoes within the plasma membrane has been proposed to be important for the maintenance of their polar distribution. However, the more detailed features of PIN clusters and the cellular requirements of cargo clustering remain unclear. Here, we characterized PIN clusters in detail by means of multiple advanced microscopy and quantification methods, such as 3D quantitative imaging or freeze-fracture replica labeling. The size and aggregation types of PIN clusters were determined by electron microscopy at the nanometer level at different polar domains and at different developmental stages, revealing a strong preference for clustering at the polar domains. Pharmacological and genetic studies revealed that PIN clusters depend on phosphoinositol pathways, cytoskeletal structures and specific cell-wall components as well as connections between the cell wall and the plasma membrane. This study identifies the role of different cellular processes and structures in polar cargo clustering and provides initial mechanistic insight into the maintenance of polarity in plants and other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Li
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Daniel von Wangenheim
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Centre for Plant Integrative BiologySchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Vienna1190Austria
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | | | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendai980‐8577Japan
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhent9052Belgium
- Expertise Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy and VIB BioImaging CoreGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Walter A. Kaufmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Daniel Gütl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Ricardo Tejos
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Departamento de BiologíaFacultad de CienciasCentro de Biología Molecular VegetalUniversidad de ChileSantiago7800003Chile
| | - Peter Grones
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
| | - Meiyu Ke
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Jan Dettmer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhent9052Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)Klosterneuburg3400Austria
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220
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Yao M, Cui B, Zhang W, Ma W, Zhao G, Xing L. Exosomal miR-21 secreted by IL-1β-primed-mesenchymal stem cells induces macrophage M2 polarization and ameliorates sepsis. Life Sci 2021; 264:118658. [PMID: 33115604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis occurs due to a damaging host response to infection and is the chief cause of death in most intensive care units. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit immunomodulatory properties and can modulate key cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems through various effector mechanisms, such as exosomes. Exosomes and their microRNA (miRNA or miR) cargo including miR-21 can initiate profound phenotypic changes in the tumor microenvironment due to their intercellular communication transmitting the pleiotropic messages between different cell types, tissues, and body fluids. Here, we aimed to characterize the effect of miR-21 delivered from MSC-derived exosomes on the polarization of macrophages in a mouse sepsis model. First, we isolated exosomes from interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-pretreated murine MSCs (βMSCs) and injected them into cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) septic models. We found that βMSCs-derived exosomes could more effectively induce M2-like polarization of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Administration of βMSCs-derived exosomes attenuated the symptoms in septic mice more effectively and increased their survival rate as compared to exosomes released by naïve MSCs. Importantly, we found that miR-21 was abundantly upregulated in MSCs upon IL-1β stimulation and packaged into exosomes. This exosomal miR-21 was transferred to macrophages, leading to M2 polarization in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic efficacy of βMSC-derived exosomes was partially lost upon miR-21 inhibition by its specific inhibitors. More specifically, we demonstrated βMSCs-derived exosomes inhibited the effects of PDCD4, the target gene of miR-21, on macrophage polarization and sepsis. In conclusion, exosomal miR-21 emerged as a key mediator of IL-1β pretreatment induced immunomodulatory properties of MSCs. The study indicated a novel basis for therapeutic application of MSCs in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Yao
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Bing Cui
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Nursing College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Wentao Ma
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Gaofeng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Lihua Xing
- Department of Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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221
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Watanabe M, Kosumi H, Osada SI, Takashima S, Wang Y, Nishie W, Oikawa T, Hirose T, Shimizu H, Natsuga K. Type XVII collagen interacts with the aPKC-PAR complex and maintains epidermal cell polarity. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:62-67. [PMID: 32970880 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type XVII collagen (COL17) is a transmembrane protein expressed in the basal epidermis. COL17 serves as a niche for epidermal stem cells, and although its reduction has been implicated in altering cell polarity and ageing of the epidermis, it is unknown how COL17 affects epidermal cell polarity. Here, we uncovered COL17 as a binding partner of the aPKC-PAR complex, which is a key regulating factor of cell polarity. Immunoprecipitation-immunoblot assay and protein-protein binding assay revealed that COL17 interacts with aPKC and PAR3. COL17 deficiency or epidermis-specific aPKCλ deletion destabilized PAR3 distribution in the epidermis, while aPKCζ knockout did not. Asymmetrical cell division was pronounced in COL17-null neonatal paw epidermis. These results show that COL17 is pivotal for maintaining epidermal cell polarity. Our study highlights the previously unrecognized role of COL17 in the basal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kosumi
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Osada
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Takashima
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yunan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Oikawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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222
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Serra L, Robinson S. Plant cell divisions: variations from the shortest symmetric path. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:2743-2752. [PMID: 33336690 PMCID: PMC7752081 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the spatial arrangement of cells within tissues and organs is a direct consequence of the positioning of the new cell walls during cell division. Since the nineteenth century, scientists have proposed rules to explain the orientation of plant cell divisions. Most of these rules predict the new wall will follow the shortest path passing through the cell centroid halving the cell into two equal volumes. However, in some developmental contexts, divisions deviate significantly from this rule. In these situations, mechanical stress, hormonal signalling, or cell polarity have been described to influence the division path. Here we discuss the mechanism and subcellular structure required to define the cell division placement then we provide an overview of the situations where division deviates from the shortest symmetric path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Serra
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, U.K
| | - Sarah Robinson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, U.K
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223
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Scholich A, Syga S, Morales-Navarrete H, Segovia-Miranda F, Nonaka H, Meyer K, de Back W, Brusch L, Kalaidzidis Y, Zerial M, Jülicher F, Friedrich BM. Quantification of nematic cell polarity in three-dimensional tissues. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008412. [PMID: 33301446 PMCID: PMC7755288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
How epithelial cells coordinate their polarity to form functional tissues is an open question in cell biology. Here, we characterize a unique type of polarity found in liver tissue, nematic cell polarity, which is different from vectorial cell polarity in simple, sheet-like epithelia. We propose a conceptual and algorithmic framework to characterize complex patterns of polarity proteins on the surface of a cell in terms of a multipole expansion. To rigorously quantify previously observed tissue-level patterns of nematic cell polarity (Morales-Navarrete et al., eLife 2019), we introduce the concept of co-orientational order parameters, which generalize the known biaxial order parameters of the theory of liquid crystals. Applying these concepts to three-dimensional reconstructions of single cells from high-resolution imaging data of mouse liver tissue, we show that the axes of nematic cell polarity of hepatocytes exhibit local coordination and are aligned with the biaxially anisotropic sinusoidal network for blood transport. Our study characterizes liver tissue as a biological example of a biaxial liquid crystal. The general methodology developed here could be applied to other tissues and in-vitro organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Scholich
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Syga
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Hidenori Nonaka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kirstin Meyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Walter de Back
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin M. Friedrich
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Dresden, Germany
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224
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Tamaki S, Kuroshima S, Hayano H, Nakajima K, Kakehashi H, Ishisaki A, Sawase T. Dynamic polarization shifting from M1 to M2 macrophages in reduced osteonecrosis of the jaw-like lesions by cessation of anti-RANKL antibody in mice. Bone 2020; 141:115560. [PMID: 32730924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (DRONJ), which mainly occurs in cancer patients receiving anti-receptor activator NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) antibody, reduces oral health-related quality of life. However, the exact mechanisms of and definitive treatment strategies for DRONJ remain unknown. We hypothesized that cessation of denosumab heals and/or ameliorates DRONJ, since it is a protein-based antibody agent, although stopping denosumab should be avoided in clinical situations. Therefore, the aims of this study were: 1) to create a healing and/or amelioration murine model of DRONJ-like lesions induced by chemotherapy/anti-RANKL antibody (mAb) combination therapy and tooth extraction; and 2) to investigate histopathology and immunopathology in the extraction sockets by comparing the murine model of DRONJ-like lesions with the amelioration/healing model of DRONJ-like lesions. Eight-week-old, female C57B/6J mice received chemotherapeutic drug (cyclophosphamide: CY) and mAb combination therapy (CY/mAb) with tooth extraction. Open wounds were sustained in CY/mAb-treated mice at 2 and 4 weeks post-extraction. Impaired socket healing was diagnosed as CY/mAb-related ONJ-like lesions at 3 weeks post-extraction in this study. Next, mAb was discontinued for 2 and 4 weeks after diagnosis of CY/mAb-related ONJ-like lesions. mAb cessation for 2 weeks induced partial osseous wound healing and significantly improved soft tissue wound healing of the extraction sockets. Anti-angiogenesis and normal lymphangiogenesis with CY/mAb combination therapy was not changed by mAb discontinuation. However, mAb cessation for 2 weeks significantly increased the number of CD38+F4/80+ M1 and CD163+F4/80+ M2 macrophages, which significantly increased the M2/M1 ratio in the connective tissue of extraction sockets. No direct effects of mAb on macrophages were noted both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, the developed healing and/or amelioration murine model of CY/mAb-related ONJ-like lesions is a useful tool to investigate the histopathology and immunopathology of DRONJ in humans. Dynamic polarization shifting from M1 to M2 macrophages induced by mAb cessation may play an important role in wound healing, rather than angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, in DRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Tamaki
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kuroshima
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Hayano
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroe Kakehashi
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnosis and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Ishisaki
- Division of Cellular Biosignal Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Takashi Sawase
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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225
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Lattier JM, De A, Chen Z, Morales JE, Lang FF, Huse JT, McCarty JH. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1 (MLC1) promotes glioblastoma cell invasion in the brain microenvironment. Oncogene 2020; 39:7253-7264. [PMID: 33040087 PMCID: PMC7736299 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), or grade IV astrocytoma, is a malignant brain cancer that contains subpopulations of proliferative and invasive cells that coordinately drive primary tumor growth, progression, and recurrence after therapy. Here, we have analyzed functions for megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1 (Mlc1), an eight-transmembrane protein normally expressed in perivascular brain astrocyte end feet that is essential for neurovascular development and physiology, in the pathogenesis of GBM. We show that Mlc1 is expressed in human stem-like GBM cells (GSCs) and is linked to the development of primary and recurrent GBM. Genetically inhibiting MLC1 in GSCs using RNAi-mediated gene silencing results in diminished growth and invasion in vitro as well as impaired tumor initiation and progression in vivo. Biochemical assays identify the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl and its intracellular signaling effectors as important for MLC1 control of GSC invasive growth. Collectively, these data reveal key functions for MLC1 in promoting GSC growth and invasion, and suggest that targeting the Mlc1 protein or its associated signaling effectors may be a useful therapy for blocking tumor progression in patients with primary or recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lattier
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arpan De
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John E Morales
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason T Huse
- Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph H McCarty
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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226
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Gross-Thebing S, Truszkowski L, Tenbrinck D, Sánchez-Iranzo H, Camelo C, Westerich KJ, Singh A, Maier P, Prengel J, Lange P, Hüwel J, Gaede F, Sasse R, Vos BE, Betz T, Matis M, Prevedel R, Luschnig S, Diz-Muñoz A, Burger M, Raz E. Using migrating cells as probes to illuminate features in live embryonic tissues. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabc5546. [PMID: 33277250 PMCID: PMC7821905 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The biophysical and biochemical properties of live tissues are important in the context of development and disease. Methods for evaluating these properties typically involve destroying the tissue or require specialized technology and complicated analyses. Here, we present a novel, noninvasive methodology for determining the spatial distribution of tissue features within embryos, making use of nondirectionally migrating cells and software we termed "Landscape," which performs automatized high-throughput three-dimensional image registration. Using the live migrating cells as bioprobes, we identified structures within the zebrafish embryo that affect the distribution of the cells and studied one such structure constituting a physical barrier, which, in turn, influences amoeboid cell polarity. Overall, this work provides a unique approach for detecting tissue properties without interfering with animal's development. In addition, Landscape allows for integrating data from multiple samples, providing detailed and reliable quantitative evaluation of variable biological phenotypes in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargon Gross-Thebing
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Lukasz Truszkowski
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Daniel Tenbrinck
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Héctor Sánchez-Iranzo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolina Camelo
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Kim J Westerich
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Amrita Singh
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Paul Maier
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jonas Prengel
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Pia Lange
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jan Hüwel
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Fjedor Gaede
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Ramona Sasse
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Bart E Vos
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Mechanics of Cellular Systems Group, Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Timo Betz
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Mechanics of Cellular Systems Group, Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Maja Matis
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Robert Prevedel
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Luschnig
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Burger
- Applied Mathematics Muenster, University of Muenster, Einsteinstr. 62, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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Yamashita K, Mizuno K, Furukawa K, Hirose H, Sakurai N, Masuda-Hirata M, Amano Y, Hirose T, Suzuki A, Ohno S. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Ser852 and Ser889 control the clustering, localization and function of PAR3. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs244830. [PMID: 33093242 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for various asymmetric cellular events, and the partitioning defective (PAR) protein PAR3 (encoded by PARD3 in mammals) plays a unique role as a cellular landmark to establish polarity. In epithelial cells, PAR3 localizes at the subapical border, such as the tight junction in vertebrates, and functions as an apical determinant. Although we know a great deal about the regulators of PAR3 localization, how PAR3 is concentrated and localized to a specific membrane domain remains an important question to be clarified. In this study, we demonstrate that ASPP2 (also known as TP53BP2), which controls PAR3 localization, links PAR3 and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). The ASPP2-PP1 complex dephosphorylates a novel phosphorylation site, Ser852, of PAR3. Furthermore, Ser852- or Ser889-unphosphorylatable PAR3 mutants form protein clusters, and ectopically localize to the lateral membrane. Concomitance of clustering and ectopic localization suggests that PAR3 localization is a consequence of local clustering. We also demonstrate that unphosphorylatable forms of PAR3 exhibited a low molecular turnover and failed to coordinate rapid reconstruction of the tight junction, supporting that both the phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states are essential for the functional integrity of PAR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kana Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Natsuki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Maki Masuda-Hirata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Amano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hirose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Molecular Cellular Biology Laboratory, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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228
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Omelchenko T, Hall A, Anderson KV. β-Pix-dependent cellular protrusions propel collective mesoderm migration in the mouse embryo. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6066. [PMID: 33247143 PMCID: PMC7695707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated directional migration of cells in the mesoderm layer of the early embryo is essential for organization of the body plan. Here we show that mesoderm organization in mouse embryos depends on β-Pix (Arhgef7), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42. As early as E7.5, β-Pix mutants have an abnormally thick mesoderm layer; later, paraxial mesoderm fails to organize into somites. To define the mechanism of action of β-Pix in vivo, we optimize single-cell live-embryo imaging, cell tracking, and volumetric analysis of individual and groups of mesoderm cells. Use of these methods shows that wild-type cells move in the same direction as their neighbors, whereas adjacent β-Pix mutant cells move in random directions. Wild-type mesoderm cells have long polarized filopodia-like protrusions, which are absent in β-Pix mutants. The data indicate that β-Pix-dependent cellular protrusions drive and coordinate collective migration of the mesoderm in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Omelchenko
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Alan Hall
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kathryn V Anderson
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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229
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Ni X, Su Q, Xia W, Zhang Y, Jia K, Su Z, Li G. Knockdown lncRNA NEAT1 regulates the activation of microglia and reduces AKT signaling and neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemic reperfusion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19658. [PMID: 33184298 PMCID: PMC7665206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute cerebral ischaemia may lead to serious consequences, including brain injury caused by uncontrolled reperfusion, which occurs when circulation is re-established. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) plays an important role in the immune system. However, the potential roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of NEAT1 in cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of the lncRNA NEAT1 in cerebral I/R injury and its potential beneficial effects on neurons. In our study, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was induced in vitro to mimic cerebral I/R injury. Cholecystokinin-octopeptide (CCK-8) was used to measure cell viability, and flow cytometry was used to measure cell apoptosis. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the expression of phenotypic markers of classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) microglia, and western blotting was performed to detect the levels of proteins related to the AKT/STAT3 pathway. The expression of the lncRNA NEAT1 was significantly upregulated in patients with ischaemic stroke, and knockdown of the lncRNA NEAT1 alleviated OGD/R-induced apoptosis and increased neuronal viability. Furthermore, the lncRNA NEAT1 may inhibit microglial polarization towards the M1 phenotype to reduce the damage caused by OGD/R and reduce the activity of the AKT/STAT3 pathway. In conclusion, the lncRNA NEAT1 may be a potential target for new therapeutic interventions for cerebral I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunran Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejuan Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guozhong Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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230
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Shan H, Dou W, Zhang Y, Qi M. Targeted ferritin nanoparticle encapsulating CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces tumor-associated macrophage M2 phenotype polarization into M1 phenotype and inhibits tumor growth. Nanoscale 2020; 12:22268-22280. [PMID: 33146206 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are primarily of the M2 type that facilitates tumor growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Therefore, repolarizing the TAMs to the pro-inflammatory M1 type is a promising therapeutic strategy against cancer. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists like CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) can induce anti-tumor macrophages, however, their applications in vivo are limited by the lack of effective delivery approaches. Naked CpG ODNs fail to penetrate cell membranes and are easily cleared by nucleases, which can potentially trigger an inflammatory response in serum by systemic administration. Nanoparticles can deliver TLR agonists to the target TAMs following systemic administration and selectively accumulate in tumors and macrophages, and eventually trigger TLR signaling and M1 polarization. In this study, we developed a nanoparticle vector for the targeted delivery of CpG ODNs to M2 type TAMs by encapsulating the CpG ODNs inside human ferritin heavy chain (rHF) nanocages surface modified with a murine M2 macrophage-targeting peptide M2pep. These M2pep-rHF-CpG nanoparticles repolarized M2 TAMs to the M1 type and inhibited tumor growth in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after intravenous injection. Furthermore, M2pep-rHF-CpG also reversed the phenotype of cultured human macrophages in vitro. Interestingly, the empty M2pep-rHF nanoparticles lacking CpG ODNs also exhibited anti-tumor ability. Taken together, M2pep-rHF nanoparticles offer a novel anti-cancer therapeutic strategy via targeted delivery of CpG ODNs to M2 type TAMs, and M2pep-rHF-CpG or M2pep-rHF nanoparticles may become promising medicines for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China.
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231
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Lamiré LA, Milani P, Runel G, Kiss A, Arias L, Vergier B, de Bossoreille S, Das P, Cluet D, Boudaoud A, Grammont M. Gradient in cytoplasmic pressure in germline cells controls overlying epithelial cell morphogenesis. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000940. [PMID: 33253165 PMCID: PMC7703951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how growth in one tissue impacts morphogenesis in a neighboring tissue. To address this, we used the Drosophila ovarian follicle, in which a cluster of 15 nurse cells and a posteriorly located oocyte are surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells. It is known that as the nurse cells grow, the overlying epithelial cells flatten in a wave that begins in the anterior. Here, we demonstrate that an anterior to posterior gradient of decreasing cytoplasmic pressure is present across the nurse cells and that this gradient acts through TGFβ to control both the triggering and the progression of the wave of epithelial cell flattening. Our data indicate that intrinsic nurse cell growth is important to control proper nurse cell pressure. Finally, we reveal that nurse cell pressure and subsequent TGFβ activity in the stretched cells combine to increase follicle elongation in the anterior, which is crucial for allowing nurse cell growth and pressure control. More generally, our results reveal that during development, inner cytoplasmic pressure in individual cells has an important role in shaping their neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie-Anne Lamiré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Pascale Milani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Gaël Runel
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Annamaria Kiss
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Leticia Arias
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Blandine Vergier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Stève de Bossoreille
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Pradeep Das
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - David Cluet
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Grammont
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Modélisation de la Cellule, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
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232
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Gerri C, McCarthy A, Alanis-Lobato G, Demtschenko A, Bruneau A, Loubersac S, Fogarty NME, Hampshire D, Elder K, Snell P, Christie L, David L, Van de Velde H, Fouladi-Nashta AA, Niakan KK. Initiation of a conserved trophectoderm program in human, cow and mouse embryos. Nature 2020; 587:443-447. [PMID: 32968278 PMCID: PMC7116563 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Current understandings of cell specification in early mammalian pre-implantation development are based mainly on mouse studies. The first lineage differentiation event occurs at the morula stage, with outer cells initiating a trophectoderm (TE) placental progenitor program. The inner cell mass arises from inner cells during subsequent developmental stages and comprises precursor cells of the embryo proper and yolk sac1. Recent gene-expression analyses suggest that the mechanisms that regulate early lineage specification in the mouse may differ in other mammals, including human2-5 and cow6. Here we show the evolutionary conservation of a molecular cascade that initiates TE segregation in human, cow and mouse embryos. At the morula stage, outer cells acquire an apical-basal cell polarity, with expression of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) at the contact-free domain, nuclear expression of Hippo signalling pathway effectors and restricted expression of TE-associated factors such as GATA3, which suggests initiation of a TE program. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of aPKC by small-molecule pharmacological modulation or Trim-Away protein depletion impairs TE initiation at the morula stage. Our comparative embryology analysis provides insights into early lineage specification and suggests that a similar mechanism initiates a TE program in human, cow and mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gerri
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Afshan McCarthy
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Andrej Demtschenko
- Department of Reproduction and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Bruneau
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Loubersac
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Service de Biologie de la Reproduction, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Norah M E Fogarty
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Hampshire
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Laurent David
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes, France
| | - Hilde Van de Velde
- Department of Reproduction and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, UZ-Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ali A Fouladi-Nashta
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Kathy K Niakan
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- The Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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233
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Abstract
Despite its size and rigidity, the cell nucleus can be moved or reorganized by cytoskeletal filaments under various conditions (for example, during viral infection)1-11. Moreover, whereas chromatin organizes into non-random domains12, extensive heterogeneity at the single-cell level13 means that precisely how and why nuclei reorganize remains an area of intense investigation. Here we describe convolutional neural network-based automated cell classification and analysis pipelines, which revealed the extent to which human cytomegalovirus generates nuclear polarity through a virus-assembled microtubule-organizing centre. Acetylation of tubulin enables microtubules emanating from this centre to rotate the nucleus by engaging cytoplasmically exposed dynein-binding domains in the outer nuclear membrane protein nesprin-2G, which polarizes the inner nuclear membrane protein SUN1. This in turn creates intranuclear polarity in emerin, and thereby controls nuclear actin filaments that spatially segregate viral DNA from inactive histones and host DNA, maximizing virus replication. Our findings demonstrate the extent to which viruses can control the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Procter
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arturo G Garza-Gongora
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven T Kosak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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234
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Buglak DB, Kushner EJ, Marvin AP, Davis KL, Bautch VL. Excess centrosomes disrupt vascular lumenization and endothelial cell adherens junctions. Angiogenesis 2020; 23:567-575. [PMID: 32699963 PMCID: PMC7524686 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proper blood vessel formation requires coordinated changes in endothelial cell polarity and rearrangement of cell-cell junctions to form a functional lumen. One important regulator of cell polarity is the centrosome, which acts as a microtubule organizing center. Excess centrosomes perturb aspects of endothelial cell polarity linked to migration, but whether centrosome number influences apical-basal polarity and cell-cell junctions is unknown. Here, we show that excess centrosomes alter the apical-basal polarity of endothelial cells in angiogenic sprouts and disrupt endothelial cell-cell adherens junctions. Endothelial cells with excess centrosomes had narrower lumens in a 3D sprouting angiogenesis model, and zebrafish intersegmental vessels had reduced perfusion following centrosome overduplication. These results indicate that endothelial cell centrosome number regulates proper lumenization downstream of effects on apical-basal polarity and cell-cell junctions. Endothelial cells with excess centrosomes are prevalent in tumor vessels, suggesting how centrosomes may contribute to tumor vessel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle B Buglak
- Curriculum in Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Erich J Kushner
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Allison P Marvin
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Katy L Davis
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Victoria L Bautch
- Curriculum in Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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235
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Ha CWY, Martin A, Sepich-Poore GD, Shi B, Wang Y, Gouin K, Humphrey G, Sanders K, Ratnayake Y, Chan KSL, Hendrick G, Caldera JR, Arias C, Moskowitz JE, Ho Sui SJ, Yang S, Underhill D, Brady MJ, Knott S, Kaihara K, Steinbaugh MJ, Li H, McGovern DPB, Knight R, Fleshner P, Devkota S. Translocation of Viable Gut Microbiota to Mesenteric Adipose Drives Formation of Creeping Fat in Humans. Cell 2020; 183:666-683.e17. [PMID: 32991841 PMCID: PMC7521382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A mysterious feature of Crohn's disease (CD) is the extra-intestinal manifestation of "creeping fat" (CrF), defined as expansion of mesenteric adipose tissue around the inflamed and fibrotic intestine. In the current study, we explore whether microbial translocation in CD serves as a central cue for CrF development. We discovered a subset of mucosal-associated gut bacteria that consistently translocated and remained viable in CrF in CD ileal surgical resections, and identified Clostridium innocuum as a signature of this consortium with strain variation between mucosal and adipose isolates, suggesting preference for lipid-rich environments. Single-cell RNA sequencing characterized CrF as both pro-fibrotic and pro-adipogenic with a rich milieu of activated immune cells responding to microbial stimuli, which we confirm in gnotobiotic mice colonized with C. innocuum. Ex vivo validation of expression patterns suggests C. innocuum stimulates tissue remodeling via M2 macrophages, leading to an adipose tissue barrier that serves to prevent systemic dissemination of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie W Y Ha
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anthony Martin
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gregory D Sepich-Poore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Baochen Shi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Applied Genomics, Computation and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kenneth Gouin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Applied Genomics, Computation and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gregory Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karenina Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Gustaf Hendrick
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - J R Caldera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Christian Arias
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jacob E Moskowitz
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shannan J Ho Sui
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaohong Yang
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Matthew J Brady
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Simon Knott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Applied Genomics, Computation and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Michael J Steinbaugh
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dermot P B McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phillip Fleshner
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Suzanne Devkota
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Zmurchok C, Collette J, Rajagopal V, Holmes WR. Membrane Tension Can Enhance Adaptation to Maintain Polarity of Migrating Cells. Biophys J 2020; 119:1617-1629. [PMID: 32976760 PMCID: PMC7642449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory cells are known to adapt to environments that contain wide-ranging levels of chemoattractant. Although biochemical models of adaptation have been previously proposed, here, we discuss a different mechanism based on mechanosensing, in which the interaction between biochemical signaling and cell tension facilitates adaptation. We describe and analyze a model of mechanochemical-based adaptation coupling a mechanics-based physical model of cell tension coupled with the wave-pinning reaction-diffusion model for Rac GTPase activity. The mathematical analysis of this model, simulations of a simplified one-dimensional cell geometry, and two-dimensional finite element simulations of deforming cells reveal that as a cell protrudes under the influence of high stimulation levels, tension-mediated inhibition of Rac signaling causes the cell to polarize even when initially overstimulated. Specifically, tension-mediated inhibition of Rac activation, which has been experimentally observed in recent years, facilitates this adaptation by countering the high levels of environmental stimulation. These results demonstrate how tension-related mechanosensing may provide an alternative (and potentially complementary) mechanism for cell adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Zmurchok
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jared Collette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vijay Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William R Holmes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Mathematics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Quantitative Systems Biology Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
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237
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Koni M, Pinnarò V, Brizzi MF. The Wnt Signalling Pathway: A Tailored Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207697. [PMID: 33080952 PMCID: PMC7589708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the greatest public health challenges. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 9.6 million cancer deaths have been reported in 2018. The most common cancers include lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, skin (non-melanoma) and stomach cancer. The unbalance of physiological signalling pathways due to the acquisition of mutations in tumour cells is considered the most common cancer driver. The Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway is crucial for tissue development and homeostasis in all animal species and its dysregulation is one of the most relevant events linked to cancer development and dissemination. The canonical and the non-canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathways are known to control both physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. Herein, the impact of the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in driving cancers from different origin has been examined. Finally, based on the impact of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) on tumour growth, invasion and chemoresistance, and their role as tumour diagnostic and prognostic tools, an overview of the current knowledge linking EVs to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is also discussed.
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238
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Fogg KC, Miller AE, Li Y, Flanigan W, Walker A, O'Shea A, Kendziorski C, Kreeger PK. Ovarian cancer cells direct monocyte differentiation through a non-canonical pathway. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1008. [PMID: 33069212 PMCID: PMC7568422 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternatively-activated macrophages (AAMs), an anti-inflammatory macrophage subpopulation, have been implicated in the progression of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). Increased levels of AAMs are correlated with poor HGSOC survival rates, and AAMs increase the attachment and spread of HGSOC cells in vitro. However, the mechanism by which monocytes in the HGSOC tumor microenvironment are differentiated and polarized to AAMs remains unknown. METHODS Using an in vitro co-culture device, we cultured naïve, primary human monocytes with a panel of five HGSOC cell lines over the course of 7 days. An empirical Bayesian statistical method, EBSeq, was used to couple RNA-seq with observed monocyte-derived cell phenotype to explore which HGSOC-derived soluble factors supported differentiation to CD68+ macrophages and subsequent polarization towards CD163+ AAMs. Pathways of interest were interrogated using small molecule inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, and CRISPR knockout cell lines. RESULTS HGSOC cell lines displayed a wide range of abilities to generate AAMs from naïve monocytes. Much of this variation appeared to result from differential ability to generate CD68+ macrophages, as most CD68+ cells were also CD163+. Differences in tumor cell potential to generate macrophages was not due to a MCSF-dependent mechanism, nor variance in established pro-AAM factors. TGFα was implicated as a potential signaling molecule produced by tumor cells that could induce macrophage differentiation, which was validated using a CRISPR knockout of TGFA in the OVCAR5 cell line. CONCLUSIONS HGSOC production of TGFα drives monocytes to differentiate into macrophages, representing a central arm of the mechanism by which AAMs are generated in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C Fogg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrew E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Will Flanigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Alyssa Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Andrea O'Shea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pamela K Kreeger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 4553, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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239
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Gubieda AG, Packer JR, Squires I, Martin J, Rodriguez J. Going with the flow: insights from Caenorhabditis elegans zygote polarization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190555. [PMID: 32829680 PMCID: PMC7482210 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along a defined axis. Polarity relies on complex signalling networks between conserved patterning proteins, including the PAR (partitioning defective) proteins, which become segregated in response to upstream symmetry breaking cues. Although the mechanisms that drive the asymmetric localization of these proteins are dependent upon cell type and context, in many cases the regulation of actomyosin cytoskeleton dynamics is central to the transport, recruitment and/or stabilization of these polarity effectors into defined subcellular domains. The transport or advection of PAR proteins by an actomyosin flow was first observed in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote more than a decade ago. Since then a multifaceted approach, using molecular methods, high-throughput screens, and biophysical and computational models, has revealed further aspects of this flow and how polarity regulators respond to and modulate it. Here, we review recent findings on the interplay between actomyosin flow and the PAR patterning networks in the polarization of the C. elegans zygote. We also discuss how these discoveries and developed methods are shaping our understanding of other flow-dependent polarizing systems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Josana Rodriguez
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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240
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Chen Z, Zhou L, Liu L, Hou Y, Xiong M, Yang Y, Hu J, Chen K. Single-cell RNA sequencing highlights the role of inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5077. [PMID: 33033240 PMCID: PMC7545162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made in cancer biology and treatment, clinical outcomes of bladder carcinoma (BC) patients are still not satisfactory. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a potential target. Here, by single-cell RNA sequencing on 8 BC tumor samples and 3 para tumor samples, we identify 19 different cell types in the BC microenvironment, indicating high intra-tumoral heterogeneity. We find that tumor cells down regulated MHC-II molecules, suggesting that the downregulated immunogenicity of cancer cells may contribute to the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. We also find that monocytes undergo M2 polarization in the tumor region and differentiate. Furthermore, the LAMP3 + DC subgroup may be able to recruit regulatory T cells, potentially taking part in the formation of an immunosuppressive TME. Through correlation analysis using public datasets containing over 3000 BC samples, we identify a role for inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) in tumor progression, which is significantly related to poor prognosis. Additionally, we characterize a regulatory network depending on iCAFs. These results could help elucidate the protumor mechanisms of iCAFs. Our results provide deep insight into cancer immunology and provide an essential resource for drug discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lilong Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaxin Hou
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ming Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Junyi Hu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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241
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Wallner ES. The value of asymmetry: how polarity proteins determine plant growth and morphology. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:5733-5739. [PMID: 32687194 PMCID: PMC7888286 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is indispensable for forming complex multicellular organisms. Proteins that polarize at specific plasma membrane domains can either serve as scaffolds for effectors or coordinate intercellular communication and transport. Here, I give an overview of polarity protein complexes and their fundamental importance for plant development, and summarize novel mechanistic insights into their molecular networks. Examples are presented for proteins that polarize at specific plasma membrane domains to orient cell division planes, alter cell fate progression, control transport, direct cell growth, read global polarity axes, or integrate external stimuli into plant growth. The recent advances in characterizing protein polarity during plant development enable a better understanding of coordinated plant growth and open up intriguing paths that could provide a means to modulate plant morphology and adaptability in the future.
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242
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Kulich I, Vogler F, Bleckmann A, Cyprys P, Lindemeier M, Fuchs I, Krassini L, Schubert T, Steinbrenner J, Beynon J, Falter-Braun P, Längst G, Dresselhaus T, Sprunck S. ARMADILLO REPEAT ONLY proteins confine Rho GTPase signalling to polar growth sites. Nat Plants 2020; 6:1275-1288. [PMID: 33020609 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polar growth requires the precise tuning of Rho GTPase signalling at distinct plasma membrane domains. The activity of Rho of plant (ROP) GTPases is regulated by the opposing action of guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Whereas plant-specific ROPGEFs have been shown to be embedded in higher-level regulatory mechanisms involving membrane-bound receptor-like kinases, the regulation of GAPs has remained enigmatic. Here, we show that three Arabidopsis ARMADILLO REPEAT ONLY (ARO) proteins are essential for the stabilization of growth sites in root hair cells and trichomes. AROs interact with ROP1 enhancer GAPs (RENGAPs) and bind to the plasma membrane via a conserved polybasic region at the ARO amino terminus. The ectopic spreading of ROP2 in aro2/3/4 mutant root hair cells and the preferential interaction of AROs with active ROPs and anionic phospholipids suggests that AROs recruit RENGAPs into complexes with ROPs to confine ROP signalling to distinct membrane regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kulich
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank Vogler
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Bleckmann
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Cyprys
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maria Lindemeier
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fuchs
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Krassini
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Jens Steinbrenner
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
- Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jim Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, UK
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Microbe-Host Interactions, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Längst
- Biochemistry III, Biochemistry Centre Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Sprunck
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a diverse secondary messenger with a near-ubiquitous role in a vast array of cellular processes. Cilia are present on nearly every cell type in either a motile or non-motile form; motile cilia generate fluid flow needed for a variety of biological processes, such as left-right body patterning during development, while non-motile cilia serve as the signaling powerhouses of the cell, with vital singling receptors localized to their ciliary membranes. Much of the research currently available on Ca2+-dependent cellular actions and primary cilia are tissue-specific processes. However, basic stimuli-sensing pathways, such as mechanosensation, chemosensation, and electrical sensation (electrosensation), are complex processes entangled in many intersecting pathways; an overview of proposed functions involving cilia and Ca2+ interplay will be briefly summarized here. Next, we will focus on summarizing the evidence for their interactions in basic cellular activities, including the cell cycle, cell polarity and migration, neuronal pattering, glucose-mediated insulin secretion, biliary regulation, and bone formation. Literature investigating the role of cilia and Ca2+-dependent processes at a single-cellular level appears to be scarce, though overlapping signaling pathways imply that cilia and Ca2+ interact with each other on this level in widespread and varied ways on a perpetual basis. Vastly different cellular functions across many different cell types depend on context-specific Ca2+ and cilia interactions to trigger the correct physiological responses, and abnormalities in these interactions, whether at the tissue or the single-cell level, can result in diseases known as ciliopathies; due to their clinical relevance, pathological alterations of cilia function and Ca2+ signaling will also be briefly touched upon throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wissam AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (H.S.); (S.L.)
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Hebert L, Hillman P, Baker C, Brown M, Ashley-Koch A, Hixson JE, Morrison AC, Northrup H, Au KS. Burden of rare deleterious variants in WNT signaling genes among 511 myelomeningocele patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239083. [PMID: 32970752 PMCID: PMC7514064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes in the noncanonical WNT signaling pathway controlling planar cell polarity have been linked to the neural tube defect myelomeningocele. We hypothesized that some genes in the WNT signaling network have a higher mutational burden in myelomeningocele subjects than in reference subjects in gnomAD. Exome sequencing data from 511 myelomeningocele subjects was obtained in-house and data from 29,940 ethnically matched subjects was provided by version 2 of the publicly available Genome Aggregation Database. To compare mutational burden, we collapsed rare deleterious variants across each of 523 human WNT signaling genes in case and reference populations. Ten WNT signaling genes were disrupted with a higher mutational burden among Mexican American myelomeningocele subjects compared to reference subjects (Fishers exact test, P ≤ 0.05) and seven different genes were disrupted among individuals of European ancestry compared to reference subjects. Gene ontology enrichment analyses indicate that genes disrupted only in the Mexican American population play a role in planar cell polarity whereas genes identified in both populations are important for the regulation of canonical WNT signaling. In summary, evidence for WNT signaling genes that may contribute to myelomeningocele in humans is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hebert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Paul Hillman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Craig Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael Brown
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Department of Medicine and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - James E. Hixson
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Kit Sing Au
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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245
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Chen YC, Chang YP, Hsiao CC, Wu CC, Wang YH, Chao TY, Leung SY, Fang WF, Lee CP, Wang TY, Hsu PY, Lin MC. Blood M2a monocyte polarization and increased formyl peptide receptor 1 expression are associated with progression from latent tuberculosis infection to active pulmonary tuberculosis disease. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 101:210-219. [PMID: 32971238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to explore the role of M2a polarization and formyl peptide receptor (FPR) regulation in the reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. METHODS M1/M2a monocyte percentage and FPR1/2/3 protein expression of blood immune cells were measured in 38 patients with sputum culture (+) active pulmonary TB disease, 18 subjects with latent TB infection (LTBI), and 28 noninfected healthy subjects (NIHS) using flow cytometry method. RESULTS M1 percentage was decreased in active TB versus either NIHS or LTBI group, while M2a percentage and M2a/M1 percentage ratio were increased. FPR1 expression on M1/M2a, FPR2 expression on M1, and FPR3 expression of M1 were all decreased in active TB versus LTBI group, while FPR1 over FPR2 expression ratio on NK T cell was increased in active TB versus either NIHS or LTBI group. In 11 patients with active TB disease, M1 percentage became normal again after anti-TB treatment. In vitro Mtb-specific antigen stimulation of monocytic THP-1 cells resulted in M2a polarization in association with increased FPR2 expression on M2a. CONCLUSIONS Increased M2a and decreased M1 phenotypes of blood monocyte may serve as a marker for active TB disease, while decreased FPR1 on blood monocyte may indicate LTBI status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Chun Hsiao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Chien Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsi Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Ying Chao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Sum-Yee Leung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Feng Fang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Ping Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Ya Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Yuan Hsu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
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Gregory KJ, Morin SM, Kubosiak A, Ser‐Dolansky J, Schalet BJ, Jerry DJ, Schneider SS. The use of patient-derived breast tissue explants to study macrophage polarization and the effects of environmental chemical exposure. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:883-896. [PMID: 32713010 PMCID: PMC7754397 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo mammary explant systems are an excellent model to study interactions between epithelium and stromal cell types because they contain physiologically relevant heterotypic interactions in the background of genetically diverse patients. The intact human mammary tissue, termed patient-derived explant (PDE), can be used to investigate cellular responses to a wide variety of external stimuli in situ. For this study, we examined the impact of cytokines or environmental chemicals on macrophage phenotypes. We demonstrate that we can polarize macrophages within human breast tissue PDEs toward M1 or M2 through the addition of interferon-γ (IFNγ) + lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin (IL)-4 + IL-13, respectively. Elevated expression levels of M(IFNγ + LPS) markers (HLADRA and CXCL10) or M(IL-4 + IL-13) markers (CD209 and CCL18) were observed in cytokine-treated tissues. We also examined the impact of the endocrine-disrupting chemical, benzophenone-3, on PDEs and measured significant, yet varying effects on macrophage polarization. Furthermore, a subset of the PDEs respond to IL-4 + IL-13 through downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin which is reminiscent of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) changes. Finally, we were able to show immortalized nonmalignant breast epithelial cells can exhibit EMT characteristics when exposed to growth factors secreted by M(IL-4 + IL-13) macrophages. Taken together, the PDE model system is an outstanding preclinical model to study early tissue-resident immune responses and effects on epithelial and stromal responses to stimuli found both endogenously in the breast and exogenously as a result of exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Gregory
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences InstituteSpringfieldMA01199USA
- Biology DepartmentUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMA01003USA
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin J Schalet
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School/BaystateSpringfieldMA01199USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences InstituteSpringfieldMA01199USA
- Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMA01003USA
| | - Sallie S Schneider
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences InstituteSpringfieldMA01199USA
- Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMA01003USA
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School/BaystateSpringfieldMA01199USA
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247
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Ma M, Li H, Wu J, Zhang Y, Shen H, Li X, Wang Z, Chen G. Roles of Prokineticin 2 in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Early Brain Injury via Regulation of Phenotype Polarization in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3744-3758. [PMID: 32572760 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have postulated that neuroinflammation can induce two different types of reactive astrocytes, A1 and A2. A1 astrocytes may be harmful, whereas A2 astrocytes may be protective. Specifically, prokineticin 2 (PK2) has been shown to regulate neuron-astrocyte signaling mechanism by promoting an alternative A2-protective phenotype in astrocytes. This study aimed to examine the role of PK2 in early brain injury (EBI) caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH-induced astrocytic activation was confirmed by Western blotting. We confirmed C3 and PTX3 as appropriate reactivity markers for discriminating A1 and A2 astrocytes, respectively. We also observed SAH-induced astrocytic activation in SAH patients. The increase of PK2 in neurons after SAH in both humans and rats suggested a possible relationship between PK2 and SAH pathology. PK2 knockdown promoted an A1 astrocytic phenotype with upregulation of neurodegenerative indicators, while intravascular injection of recombinant PK2 (rPK2) promoted A2 astrocytic phenotype and reduced SAH-induced neuronal injury and behavioral dysfunction. Finally, we identified that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was sufficient to elevate the protein level of PK2 in neurons and enhance astrocytic activation in vitro. Moreover, rPK2 selectively promoted astrocytic polarization to an A2 phenotype under a TNF-α stimulus and induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), suggesting that SAH-induced increases in PK2 may function as an endogenous mechanism for self-repair. Collectively, our findings support that enhancing PK2 expression or administration of rPK2 may induce a selective modulation of astrocytic polarization to a protective phenotype following SAH-like stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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248
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Losurdo M, Pedrazzoli M, D'Agostino C, Elia CA, Massenzio F, Lonati E, Mauri M, Rizzi L, Molteni L, Bresciani E, Dander E, D'Amico G, Bulbarelli A, Torsello A, Matteoli M, Buffelli M, Coco S. Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles exerts immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in a 3xTg model of Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1068-1084. [PMID: 32496649 PMCID: PMC7445021 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of neuroinflammation in favoring and accelerating the pathogenic process in Alzheimer's disease (AD) increased the need to target the cerebral innate immune cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to slow down the disease progression. In this scenario, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have risen considerable interest thanks to their immunomodulatory properties, which have been largely ascribed to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), namely exosomes and microvesicles. Indeed, the beneficial effects of MSC-EVs in regulating the inflammatory response have been reported in different AD mouse models, upon chronic intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration. In this study, we use the triple-transgenic 3xTg mice showing for the first time that the intranasal route of administration of EVs, derived from cytokine-preconditioned MSCs, was able to induce immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in AD. MSC-EVs reached the brain, where they dampened the activation of microglia cells and increased dendritic spine density. MSC-EVs polarized in vitro murine primary microglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype suggesting that the neuroprotective effects observed in transgenic mice could result from a positive modulation of the inflammatory status. The possibility to administer MSC-EVs through a noninvasive route and the demonstration of their anti-inflammatory efficacy might accelerate the chance of a translational exploitation of MSC-EVs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Losurdo
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Matteo Pedrazzoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | | | - Chiara A. Elia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro CenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- CNR, Institute of NeuroscienceMilanoItaly
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Elena Lonati
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Mario Mauri
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Laura Molteni
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Erica Dander
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca, Fondazione MBBMMonzaItaly
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca, Fondazione MBBMMonzaItaly
| | - Alessandra Bulbarelli
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- NeuroMI‐Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilano (MI)Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro CenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve Emanuele (MI)Italy
| | - Mario Buffelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Silvia Coco
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- NeuroMI‐Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilano (MI)Italy
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249
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Grinhagens S, Dünkler A, Wu Y, Rieger L, Brenner P, Gronemeyer T, Mulaw MA, Johnsson N. A time-resolved interaction analysis of Bem1 reconstructs the flow of Cdc42 during polar growth. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e202000813. [PMID: 32737079 PMCID: PMC7409549 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc42 organizes cellular polarity and directs the formation of cellular structures in many organisms. By locating Cdc24, the source of active Cdc42, to the growing front of the yeast cell, the scaffold protein Bem1, is instrumental in shaping the cellular gradient of Cdc42. This gradient instructs bud formation, bud growth, or cytokinesis through the actions of a diverse set of effector proteins. To address how Bem1 participates in these transformations, we systematically tracked its protein interactions during one cell cycle to define the ensemble of Bem1 interaction states for each cell cycle stage. Mutants of Bem1 that interact with only a discrete subset of the interaction partners allowed to assign specific functions to different interaction states and identified the determinants for their cellular distributions. The analysis characterizes Bem1 as a cell cycle-specific shuttle that distributes active Cdc42 from its source to its effectors. It further suggests that Bem1 might convert the PAKs Cla4 and Ste20 into their active conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Grinhagens
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Dünkler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yehui Wu
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucia Rieger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp Brenner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronemeyer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie A Mulaw
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nils Johnsson
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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250
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Sun L, Li X, Ji W, Wei L. [Knockdown of Kruppel like factor 4 (KLF4) promotes RAW264.7 macrophages into M1 polarization]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020; 36:782-787. [PMID: 32967761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of Kruppel like factor 4 (KLF4) gene knockdown on the polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods KLF4 knockdown lentiviral vector was constructed by RNA interfering. The lentiviral vector was transfected into RAW264.7 cells to realize stable KLF4 gene silencing in RAW264.7 cells. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) was used to stimulate macrophages in wild type group, KLF4 knockdown group and negative control group. The mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and Arg1, IL-10, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) of the cells was detected by reverse transcription-PCR. Immunocytochemical staining was used to detect and localize iNOS and Arg1 protein in RAW264.7 cells. Results Levels of iNOS and IL-1β mRNA in RAW264.7 cells were significantly raised, while levels of Arg1, IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA were significantly reduced after KLF4 gene knockdown. Levels of KLF4, Arg1, IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA went up, while the relative levels of iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA went down in wild-type RAW264.7 cells after IL-4 intervention. After shKLF4 group was intervened by IL-4, levels of iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA in shKLF4 group (lentivirus group) were lower than those in wild-type group and higher than those in negative control group. Levels of Arg1, IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA in shKLF4 group after IL-4 treatment were higher than those in wild-type group, while Arg1 and IL-10 were lower than those in negative control group. Compared with wide-type group, the expression of iNOS protein significantly decreased, while Arg1 protein significantly increased in shKLF4 group 12 hours after IL-4 treatment. Conclusion Knockdown of KLF4 promotes the polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages into M1 as well as inhibits their polarization into M2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sun
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China. *Corresponding author, E-mail:
| | - Xin Li
- Third Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wenjie Ji
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Luqing Wei
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
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