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Castro ER, Perez R, Rodriguez S, Bassetti L, Negro R, Vidal R. Epidemiological and virological findings during an outbreak of equine influenza in Uruguay in 2018. REV SCI TECH OIE 2020; 38:737-749. [PMID: 32286570 DOI: 10.20506/rst.38.3.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine influenza is one of the major respiratory infectious diseases in horses. In 2018, equine influenza virus (EIV) was confirmed as the cause of outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses in Chile and Argentina. In the same year, for the first time in Uruguay, EIV infection was confirmed by isolation and molecular analysis to be the cause of respiratory disease among hundreds of clinically affected thoroughbred horses in training and racing facilities. The virus was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs by a pan-reactive influenza type A realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). The partial nucleotide sequence of the haemagglutinin 1 (HA1 ) gene (994 base pairs) was determined and analysed phylogenetically using MEGA X software. Amino acid sequence alignments were constructed, and serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis. The diagnosis of EIV was confirmed by rRT-PCR, virus isolation and serological testing. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial HA1 gene sequence of the isolated virus indicated that it belongs to clade 1 of the Florida sub-lineage of the American lineage and is closely related to viruses isolated in the recent past. Study of the HA1 region (331 amino acids) of the virus identified in horses in racing facilities in Uruguay displayed the highest amino acid sequence identity with viruses detected in Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom in 2018. The surveillance data reported illustrate the international spread of EIVs and support the recommendation of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Expert Surveillance Panel to include viruses of the Florida sub-lineage in vaccines.
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203
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Unusual presentation of cerebrocortical necrosis in cattle in Northern Ireland. Vet Rec 2019; 185:622-5. [PMID: 31757913 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l6641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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204
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Jaworska J, Tobolski D, Janowski T. Is similarity in Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) associated with the incidence of retained fetal membranes in draft mares? A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237765. [PMID: 32804960 PMCID: PMC7430710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of the maternal immune system to recognize fetal antigens and vice versa due to MHC similarity between the foal and its dam might result in the lack of placental separation during parturition in mares. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of MHC similarity between a mare and a foal on the incidence of retained fetal membranes (RFM) in post-partum mares. DNA was sampled from 43 draft mares and their foals. Mares which failed to expel fetal membranes within three hours after foal expulsion were considered the RFM group (n = 14) and mares that expelled fetal membranes during the above period were the control group (n = 29). Nine MHC microsatellites of MHC I and MHC II were amplified for all mares and foals. MHC compatibility and MHC genetic similarity between mares and their foals was determined based on MHC microsatellites. The inbreeding coefficient was also calculated for all horses. The incidence of RFM in the studied population was 33%. Compatibility in MHC I and MHC II did not increase the risk of RFM in the studied population of draft mares (P>0.05). Differences in MHC similarity at the genetic level were not observed between mare-foal pairs in RFM and control group (P>0.05). We suspect that RFM in draft mares may not be associated with MHC similarity between a foal and its dam. Despite the above, draft horses could be genetically predisposed to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jaworska
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Dawid Tobolski
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janowski
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract
With outbreaks of equine influenza continuing to be reported in the UK, Richard Newton and Fleur Whitlock of the Animal Health Trust discusses practical steps that vets can promote and practise to reduce the risk of the virus spreading.
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Abstract
Following the recent confirmation of cases of equine viral arteritis in stallions in south-west England, James Crabtree of Equine Reproductive Services (UK) discusses the disease and its potential routes of spread into and around the UK.
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208
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Equine disease surveillance: quarterly update. Vet Rec 2019; 184:761-5. [PMID: 31221916 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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209
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Chapuis RJJ, Ragno VM, Ariza CA, Movasseghi AR, Sayi S, Uehlinger FD, Montgomery JB. Septic fibrinous pericarditis in 4 horses in Saskatchewan following an outbreak of forest tent caterpillars in 2017. Can Vet J 2020; 61:724-730. [PMID: 32655155 PMCID: PMC7296872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 2017, 4 horses were diagnosed with septic fibrinous pericarditis at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon. This case series occurred after a significant outbreak of forest tent caterpillars (Malacosoma disstria) in the province during that spring. Three horses were immediately euthanized, and treatment was attempted in 1 mare. This is the first case series of pericarditis possibly associated with the ingestion of forest tent caterpillars to be reported in western Canada. Although cause-effect is not proven, it is prudent to prevent the ingestion of caterpillars by horses. Key clinical message: Septic fibrinous pericarditis, a rare condition in horses, has previously been linked to outbreaks of eastern tent caterpillars. A similar link might exist in this case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan J J Chapuis
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Chapuis); Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Chapuis, Ragno, Ariza, Uehlinger, Montgomery) and Prairie Diagnostic Services (Sayi), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 205 Ott Road Pullman, Washington 99164-7060, USA (Ariza); Charles River Laboratories, 445 Boulevard Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4B3 (Movasseghi)
| | - Valentina M Ragno
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Chapuis); Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Chapuis, Ragno, Ariza, Uehlinger, Montgomery) and Prairie Diagnostic Services (Sayi), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 205 Ott Road Pullman, Washington 99164-7060, USA (Ariza); Charles River Laboratories, 445 Boulevard Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4B3 (Movasseghi)
| | - Cristian A Ariza
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Chapuis); Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Chapuis, Ragno, Ariza, Uehlinger, Montgomery) and Prairie Diagnostic Services (Sayi), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 205 Ott Road Pullman, Washington 99164-7060, USA (Ariza); Charles River Laboratories, 445 Boulevard Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4B3 (Movasseghi)
| | - Ahmad R Movasseghi
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Chapuis); Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Chapuis, Ragno, Ariza, Uehlinger, Montgomery) and Prairie Diagnostic Services (Sayi), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 205 Ott Road Pullman, Washington 99164-7060, USA (Ariza); Charles River Laboratories, 445 Boulevard Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4B3 (Movasseghi)
| | - Soraya Sayi
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Chapuis); Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Chapuis, Ragno, Ariza, Uehlinger, Montgomery) and Prairie Diagnostic Services (Sayi), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 205 Ott Road Pullman, Washington 99164-7060, USA (Ariza); Charles River Laboratories, 445 Boulevard Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4B3 (Movasseghi)
| | - Fabienne D Uehlinger
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Chapuis); Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Chapuis, Ragno, Ariza, Uehlinger, Montgomery) and Prairie Diagnostic Services (Sayi), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 205 Ott Road Pullman, Washington 99164-7060, USA (Ariza); Charles River Laboratories, 445 Boulevard Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4B3 (Movasseghi)
| | - Julia B Montgomery
- Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies (Chapuis); Large Animal Clinical Sciences (Chapuis, Ragno, Ariza, Uehlinger, Montgomery) and Prairie Diagnostic Services (Sayi), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 205 Ott Road Pullman, Washington 99164-7060, USA (Ariza); Charles River Laboratories, 445 Boulevard Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4B3 (Movasseghi)
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210
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Baumann S, Gurtner C, Marti H, Borel N. Detection of Chlamydia species in 2 cases of equine abortion in Switzerland: a retrospective study from 2000 to 2018. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:542-548. [PMID: 32522107 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720932906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of genus Chlamydia are important pathogens of animals, with a worldwide distribution and broad host range. Some species, such as Chlamydia psittaci, also pose a zoonotic disease risk. Abortion is one of the many diseases that has been associated with chlamydial infections in animals, with most attention focused on the economic impacts to sheep production. The role of chlamydia in equine abortions is unknown. Using the family-specific 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Chlamydiaceae real-time PCR, we tested 169 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetal membrane samples from 162 equine abortion cases collected between 2000 and 2018 in Switzerland. Two equine abortion cases (1.2%) tested positive for Chlamydiaceae. Further analyses by the species-specific 23S rRNA ArrayMate microarray and sequencing of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene revealed C. abortus and C. psittaci. In both cases, equine herpesvirus 1 was also present, which might have been the abortion cause, alone or in synergy with Chlamydia. The prevalence of abortigenic chlamydial species in equine abortion cases in our study was significantly lower than rates described elsewhere. Zoonotic chlamydial agents present in equine fetal membranes nevertheless should be considered a potential risk to humans during foaling, abortion, or stillbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Baumann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Baumann, Marti, Borel)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Gurtner)
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Baumann, Marti, Borel)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Gurtner)
| | - Hanna Marti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Baumann, Marti, Borel)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Gurtner)
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Baumann, Marti, Borel)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (Gurtner)
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211
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Equine disease surveillance: quarterly update. Vet Rec 2020; 186:e18. [PMID: 32518125 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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212
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Equine disease surveillance: quarterly update. Vet Rec 2019; 184:338-42. [PMID: 30872438 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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213
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Abstract
Abigail McGlennon from the Animal Health Trust introduces a new project to gather information on cases of strangles in horses throughout the UK.
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214
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White muscle disease leads to deaths in housed bullocks in Northern Ireland. Vet Rec 2019; 184:308-12. [PMID: 30846639 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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215
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Solís-Hernández D, Saucedo-Gutiérrez KL, Meza-Lucas A, Gómez-de-Anda FR, Medina-Lerena MS, García-Rodea R, Corona-Souza MT, Pérez-Ramírez MÁ, Vega-Sánchez V, de-la-Rosa-Arana JL. Statistical approach to Trichinella infection in horses handled by rural slaughterhouses across five distinctive socioeconomic regions in Mexico. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 52:288-292. [PMID: 32507326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of Trichinella infection in horses (Equus ferus caballus) handled by rural slaughterhouses across five distinctive socioeconomic regions in Mexico. Serum samples were obtained by non-probabilistic convenience sampling in the Eastern, Southern Central and Western regions (100 samples of each). Additionally, muscle tissue samples were collected from the East (n=45), Southeastern (n=88), Southern Central (n=39) and Southwestern (n=11) regions. Antibodies were determined by Western blot and the muscle tissue was examined by artificial digestion. A global antibody prevalence of 2% was obtained. Regionally, a prevalence of 5% was observed in the East and 1% in the Southern Central region. No antibodies were detected in the West region and no larvae were found in the muscle tissue samples. These findings support the low presence of Trichinella in Mexican horses, which can positively impact the Mexican horse meat trade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Meza-Lucas
- Institute for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference, Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ricardo García-Rodea
- Institute for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference, Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | | | | | - Vicente Vega-Sánchez
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Mexico
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de Oliveira JCP, Reckziegel GH, Ramos CADN, Giannelli A, Alves LC, de Carvalho GA, Ramos RAN. Detection of Rickettsia felis in ectoparasites collected from domestic animals. Exp Appl Acarol 2020; 81:255-264. [PMID: 32472468 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ticks and fleas are arthropods widely distributed around the world involved in the transmission of various vector-borne diseases (VBDs), including Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF), Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome and the plague, with outstanding consequences for the public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp. and Yersinia pestis in arthropods collected from dogs, cats and horses living in the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. From January 2017 to April 2019, ectoparasites were collected, morphologically identified and molecularly analysed through PCR and sequencing. In total 401 specimens were collected from 86 animals, being 68% (n = 273) and 32% (n = 128) from rural and urban areas, respectively. The most commonly detected species were the ticks Dermacentor nitens, Amblyomma sculptum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), Rhipicephalus microplus, and Amblyomma ovale, and the fleas Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis. DNA of Rickettsia felis was detected in D. nitens collected from horses, and C. felis, and R. sanguineus s.l. collected from dogs. All samples scored negative for Borrelia spp. and Y. pestis DNA. This study provides valuable data on ectoparasite fauna from domestic animals and identifies the circulation of a zoonotic pathogen (i.e., R. felis) in the population of the arthropods assessed. Therefore, preventive measures should be adopted in order to reduce the risk of occurrence of neglected VBD caused by this pathogen in animal and human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Cardoso Pessoa de Oliveira
- Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Av. Bom Pastor, S/N, Boa Vista, Garanhuns, CEP 55292-270, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leucio Câmara Alves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gílcia Aparecida de Carvalho
- Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Av. Bom Pastor, S/N, Boa Vista, Garanhuns, CEP 55292-270, Brazil
| | - Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos
- Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Av. Bom Pastor, S/N, Boa Vista, Garanhuns, CEP 55292-270, Brazil.
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217
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Khusro A, Aarti C, Pliego AB, Cipriano-Salazar M. Hendra Virus Infection in Horses: A Review on Emerging Mystery Paramyxovirus. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103149. [PMID: 32684248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus which causes acute and deadly infection in horses (Equus caballus). It is a rare and unmanaged emerging viral infection in horses which is harbored by bats of the genus Pteropus (Australian flying foxes or fruit bats). The virus is pleomorphic in shape and its genome contains nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA with 18234 nucleotides in length. The virus is transmitted from flying foxes to horses, horse to horse, and horse to humans. Human-to-human transmission of HeV infection is not reported yet. The infection of HeV in horses is highly variable and shows broad range of signs and lesions including distinct respiratory and neurological disorders. Currently, there are no specific antiviral drugs available for the treatment of HeV infection in horses. Vaccination is considered as prime option to prevent HeV infection in horses. A subunit vaccine, called as "Equivac HeV vaccine" has been approved recently for preventing this viral infection in horses. In addition, a plethora of common preventive strategies could help restrict the inter- and intra-species transmission of HeV. Considering the scanty but severe fatality cases of this mystery virus as well as lack of proper attention by veterinary scientists, this review article spotlights not only on the clinical signs, transmission, epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of HeV but also the preventive managements of this uncommon infection in horses by vaccination and other precautious strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Khusro
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chirom Aarti
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alberto Barbabosa Pliego
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico.
| | - Moises Cipriano-Salazar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Cd. Altamirano, Guerrero, México
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218
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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and pneumonia in housed bullocks. Vet Rec 2020; 186:e12. [PMID: 32457235 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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219
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Olguin-Perglione C, Vissani MA, Alamos F, Tordoya MS, Barrandeguy M. Multifocal outbreak of equine influenza in vaccinated horses in Argentina in 2018: Epidemiological aspects and molecular characterisation of the involved virus strains. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:420-427. [PMID: 31494962 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine influenza is an important cause of respiratory disease of horses worldwide. The equine influenza virus (EIV) undergoes antigenic drift through the accumulation of amino acid substitutions in the viral proteins, which may lead to vaccine breakdown. OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiological findings and the molecular characteristics of the EIV detected during the multifocal outbreak that occurred in Argentina between March and July 2018 and evidence a vaccine breakdown. STUDY DESIGN Observational, descriptive study. METHODS Virus was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes were obtained from EIV positive nasopharyngeal swabs, and phylogenetic analysis was undertaken. Amino acid sequences were compared against the current World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)-recommended Florida clade 1 vaccine strain and strain components of vaccines used in Argentina. Serum samples were tested using haemagglutination inhibition test. RESULTS Equine influenza virus infection was confirmed using real-time RT-PCR and serological testing. The phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes revealed that all the EIV identified during the outbreak belong to the H3N8 subtype, Florida clade 1. Multiple amino acid changes, some of them at antigenic sites, were observed in the circulating virus when compared with the strains included in the most commonly used vaccine in Argentina. Seventy-six percent of the affected horses had been vaccinated with this vaccine, suggesting the occurrence of vaccine breakdown. MAIN LIMITATIONS The study does not include antigenic characterisation and full genome sequencing of Argentinian strains, that could provide additional information. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of this multifocal equine influenza outbreak in regularly vaccinated horses is a field evidence of vaccine breakdown, reinforcing the necessity of keeping vaccine strains updated according to OIE recommendations. It also underlines the importance of the implementation of appropriate quarantine measures and restriction of horse movement in the face of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olguin-Perglione
- Instituto de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M A Vissani
- Instituto de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Alamos
- Instituto de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M S Tordoya
- Instituto de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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220
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Hurtado C, Torres R, Pérez-Macchi S, Sagredo K, Uberti B, de Souza Zanatto DC, Machado RZ, André MR, Bittencourt P, Müller A. Serological and molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Thoroughbred horses from Chilean racecourses. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101441. [PMID: 32305236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA). This study aimed to perform serological and molecular surveys of A. phagocytophilum in thoroughbred horses from racecourses in Chile. Additionally, hematological findings related to A. phagocytophilum molecular positivity were addressed, and phylogenetic analysis of selected positive samples was performed. Complete blood count and msp2 gene real-time PCR were performed in 457 thoroughbred horses from three racecourses located in three different cities of Chile (Santiago, Viña del Mar and Concepción). Sera from horses in two racecourses (Santiago and Vina del Mar) were tested by Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) to detect IgG antibodies against A. phagocytophilum. The occurrence of A. phagocytophilum by real-time PCR was 13.6 % (62/457, 95 % CI: 10.8-16.3 %), with the highest occurrence observed in Santiago (26.5 %), followed by Concepción (9%), and the lowest in Viña del Mar (5%). The overall frequency of IgG antibodies to A. phagocytophilum was 7.9 % (23/290, 95 % CI: 4.8-12.7 %), with 9.9 % in Santiago and 6.5 % in Viña del Mar. Only three animals from Santiago Racecourse were positive in both real-time PCR and serology. PCR-positive horses from Santiago racecourse presented significantly lower hemoglobin, mean corpuscular value (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (CHCM), and higher eosinophil counts. Phylogenetic analysis based on the msp2 gene showed that A. phagocytophilum sequences found in the present study were closely related with A. phagocytophilum sequences from the USA and Europe. Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA is detected for the first time in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hurtado
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Reinaldo Torres
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sandra Pérez-Macchi
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Katherine Sagredo
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Benjamin Uberti
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego Carlos de Souza Zanatto
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCAV/UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Bittencourt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Ananda Müller
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Pusterla N, Bowers J, Barnum S, Hall JA. Molecular detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in face flies (Musca autumnalis) collected during a strangles outbreak on a Thoroughbred farm. Med Vet Entomol 2020; 34:120-122. [PMID: 31280485 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) (Lactobacillales: Streptococcaceae) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in flies collected from a farm with a documented outbreak of strangles. A total of 1856 face flies [Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae)] were collected using conventional fly traps. The flies were processed for nucleic acid purification and tested for the presence of S. equi by qPCR. A total of 10/1856 flies (0.54%) tested qPCR-positive for S. equi. The results may implicate the presence of face flies as a risk factor for the transmission of S. equi and highlight the need to institute proper husbandry measures, biosecurity protocols and fly control in order to reduce the potential for infection in at-risk horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - J Bowers
- Harris Farms Horse Division, Coalinga, CA, U.S.A
| | - S Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - J A Hall
- Zoetis, Inc., Parsippany, NJ, U.S.A
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222
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Li J, Li Y, Moumouni PFA, Lee SH, Galon EM, Tumwebaze MA, Yang H, Liu M, Guo H, Gao Y, Benedicto B, Zhang W, Fan X, Chahan B, Xuan X. First description of Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsia spp. infection and molecular detection of piroplasma co-infecting horses in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Parasitol Int 2019; 76:102028. [PMID: 31759172 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Q fever, spotted fever rickettsioses and equine piroplasmosis, are some of the most serious equine tick-borne diseases caused by Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia spp., Babesia caballi and/or Theileria equi. This study surveyed and molecularly characterized these pathogens infecting horses in ten ranches from XUAR, China using molecular technology. Among 200 horse blood samples, 163 (81.5%) were infected with at least one of the pathogens. Rickettsia spp. was the most prevalent pathogen (n = 114, 57.0%), followed by C. burnetii (n = 79, 39.5%), T. equi (n = 79, 39.5%) and B. caballi (n = 49, 24.5%). Co-infections were observed in 61.3% of positive samples in this study. Statistically significant differences were observed between the sampling regions for C. burnetii, B. caballi and T. equi, and also in different age group for C. burnetii and T. equi. The genotype analysis indicated that C. burnetii htpB, Rickettsia spp. ompA, B. caballi rap-1, B. caballi 18S rRNA, T. equi EMA-1 and T. equi 18S rRNA gene sequences from horses in XUAR were variable. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of C. burnetii and Rickettsia spp. infection and co-infected with piroplasma in horses in China. Overall, this study revealed the high infection rate of the pathogens in horses in XUAR, China. The current findings are expected to provide a basis for better tick-borne disease control in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixu Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yongchang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Maria Agnes Tumwebaze
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hongxia Yang
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Uygur, Xuar 830052, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Huanping Guo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yang Gao
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Byamukama Benedicto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Wei Zhang
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Uygur, Xuar 830052, China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Uygur, Xuar 830052, China
| | - Bayin Chahan
- Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Uygur, Xuar 830052, China.
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Badenhorst M, de Heus P, Auer A, Rümenapf T, Tegtmeyer B, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Steinmann E, Cavalleri JMV. No Evidence of Mosquito Involvement in the Transmission of Equine Hepacivirus (Flaviviridae) in an Epidemiological Survey of Austrian Horses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111014. [PMID: 31683893 PMCID: PMC6893842 DOI: 10.3390/v11111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence studies have demonstrated a global distribution of equine hepacivirus (EqHV), a member of the family Flaviviridae. However, apart from a single case of vertical transmission, natural routes of EqHV transmission remain elusive. Many known flaviviruses are horizontally transmitted between hematophagous arthropods and vertebrate hosts. This study represents the first investigation of potential EqHV transmission by mosquitoes. More than 5000 mosquitoes were collected across Austria and analyzed for EqHV ribonucleic acid (RNA) by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Concurrently, 386 serum samples from horses in eastern Austria were analyzed for EqHV-specific antibodies by luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) and for EqHV RNA by RT-qPCR. Additionally, liver-specific biochemistry parameters were compared between EqHV RNA-positive horses and EqHV RNA-negative horses. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted in comparison to previously published sequences from various origins. No EqHV RNA was detected in mosquito pools. Serum samples yielded an EqHV antibody prevalence of 45.9% (177/386) and RNA prevalence of 4.15% (16/386). EqHV RNA-positive horses had significantly higher glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) levels (p = 0.013) than control horses. Phylogenetic analysis showed high similarity between nucleotide sequences of EqHV in Austrian horses and EqHV circulating in other regions. Despite frequently detected evidence of EqHV infection in Austrian horses, no viral RNA was found in mosquitoes. It is therefore unlikely that mosquitoes are vectors of this flavivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcha Badenhorst
- University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Phebe de Heus
- University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Angelika Auer
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Birthe Tegtmeyer
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Medical School Hannover (MHH) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Building 14, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- University Equine Clinic - Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Porphyre T, Grewar JD. Assessing the potential of plains zebra to maintain African horse sickness in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222366. [PMID: 31671099 PMCID: PMC6822716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is a disease of equids that results in a non-tariff barrier to the trade of live equids from affected countries. AHS is endemic in South Africa except for a controlled area in the Western Cape Province (WCP) where sporadic outbreaks have occurred in the past 2 decades. There is potential that the presence of zebra populations, thought to be the natural reservoir hosts for AHS, in the WCP could maintain AHS virus circulation in the area and act as a year-round source of infection for horses. However, it remains unclear whether the epidemiology or the ecological conditions present in the WCP would enable persistent circulation of AHS in the local zebra populations. Here we developed a hybrid deterministic-stochastic vector-host compartmental model of AHS transmission in plains zebra (Equus quagga), where host populations are age- and sex-structured and for which population and AHS transmission dynamics are modulated by rainfall and temperature conditions. Using this model, we showed that populations of plains zebra present in the WCP are not sufficiently large for AHS introduction events to become endemic and that coastal populations of zebra need to be >2500 individuals for AHS to persist >2 years, even if zebras are infectious for more than 50 days. AHS cannot become endemic in the coastal population of the WCP unless the zebra population involves at least 50,000 individuals. Finally, inland populations of plains zebra in the WCP may represent a risk for AHS to persist but would require populations of at least 500 zebras or show unrealistic duration of infectiousness for AHS introduction events to become endemic. Our results provide evidence that the risk of AHS persistence from a single introduction event in a given plains zebra population in the WCP is extremely low and it is unlikely to represent a long-term source of infection for local horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Porphyre
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - John D. Grewar
- South African Equine Health & Protocols NPC, Paardevlei, Cape Town, South Africa
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225
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Frosth S, Lewerin SS. Survival of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi in Normal Saline Versus Phosphate-Buffered Saline and at Two Different Temperatures. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 83:102814. [PMID: 31791529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. equi causes strangles in horses. Sampling to detect carriers is important for the control of the disease, and maximizing the sensitivity of this procedure is necessary. To provide a basis for the choice of sampling solution and transport temperature for samples, comparisons were made between the survival of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi in normal saline versus phosphate-buffered saline and at two different temperatures (cold and room temperature). At present, normal saline is used to sample the nasopharynx as well as the guttural pouches, and the sampling solution is transported without special cooling. The results revealed no significant difference in bacterial concentration levels between the two sampling solutions, but a significantly higher concentration of viable bacteria in the samples kept cold compared with room temperature. Hence, a change of sampling solution is not warranted, but maintaining the cold chain during storage and transport to the laboratory may be important for clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Frosth
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Susanna Sternberg Lewerin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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226
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Nemoto M, Schofield W, Cullinane A. The First Detection of Equine Coronavirus in Adult Horses and Foals in Ireland. Viruses 2019; 11:E946. [PMID: 31615132 PMCID: PMC6832964 DOI: 10.3390/v11100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of equine coronavirus (ECoV) in clinical samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Ireland. A total of 424 clinical samples were examined from equids with enteric disease in 24 Irish counties between 2011 and 2015. A real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect ECoV RNA. Nucleocapsid, spike and the region from the p4.7 to p12.7 genes of positive samples were sequenced, and sequence and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Five samples (1.2%) collected in 2011 and 2013 tested positive for ECoV. Positive samples were collected from adult horses, Thoroughbred foals and a donkey foal. Sequence and/or phylogenetic analysis showed that nucleocapsid, spike and p12.7 genes were highly conserved and were closely related to ECoVs identified in other countries. In contrast, the region from p4.7 and the non-coding region following the p4.7 gene had deletions or insertions. The differences in the p4.7 region between the Irish ECoVs and other ECoVs indicated that the Irish viruses were distinguishable from those circulating in other countries. This is the first report of ECoV detected in both foals and adult horses in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare W91 RH93, Ireland.
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Warren Schofield
- Troytown Grey Abbey Equine Hospital, Green Road, Co. Kildare R51 YV04, Ireland.
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare W91 RH93, Ireland.
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227
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Gill GS, Singh BB, Dhand NK, Aulakh RS, Sandhu BS, Ward MP, Brookes VJ. Estimation of the incidence of animal rabies in Punjab, India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222198. [PMID: 31498815 PMCID: PMC6733466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a devastating zoonotic disease of mammals that causes encephalitis and death. It is endemic in India, with an estimated annual 20,000 human deaths (one-third of the global rabies burden). The magnitude of animal rabies incidence is unknown. Methods In four sub-districts of Punjab, India, we monitored canine and livestock populations from August 15, 2016 to August 14, 2017. Demographic, clinical and rabies diagnostic laboratory (RDL) data were collected from suspected cases of rabies. The annual incidence rate / 10,000 animal years at risk (95% CI) in each sub-district was estimated for each species. Results During 2016–2017, a total of 41 suspected rabies cases were detected in the four selected sub-districts in Punjab. Laboratory confirmed rabies (LCR) incidence was 2.03/10,000 dog years (0.69, 5.96) and 2.71/10,000 dog years (1.14, 6.43) in stray and pet dogs, respectively. The LCR incidence in farmed buffalo and cattle was 0.19/10,000 buffalo years (0.07, 0.57) and 0.23/10,000 cattle years (0.06, 0.88), respectively. The LCR incidence amongst equine was 4.28/10,000 equine years (0.48, 38.10). Stray cattle rabies incidence in the selected sub-districts was 9.49/10,000 cattle years (3.51, 25.67). If similar enhanced surveillance for rabies was conducted state-wide, we estimate that 98 (34–294) buffalo, 18 (2–156) equine, 56 (15–214) farmed cattle, 96 (35–259) stray cattle, 128 (54–303) pet dogs and 62 (21–182) stray dogs would be expected to be confirmed with rabies in Punjab annually. Conclusion These results indicate that rabies incidence in animals, particularly in dogs and stray cattle, is much higher than previously suspected. We recommend that statewide enhanced disease surveillance should be conducted to obtain more accurate estimates of rabies incidence in Punjab to facilitate better control of this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurlal S. Gill
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Balbir B. Singh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Rabinder S. Aulakh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder S. Sandhu
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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228
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Savage VL, Marr CM, Bailey M, Smith S. Prevalence of acute kidney injury in a population of hospitalized horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2294-2301. [PMID: 31436910 PMCID: PMC6766563 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans and dogs increases morbidity and nonsurvival. Azotemia at presentation has been associated with a poor outcome in horses; however, prevalence and consequences of hospital-acquired AKI are unreported. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of AKI in hospitalized horses, risk factors associated with AKI, and the effect of AKI on short-term survival. We hypothesized that the prevalence of AKI in horses is similar to that reported in other domestic mammalian species and would be associated with nonsurvival. ANIMALS Adult horses hospitalized for >2 days from which a minimum of 2 measurements of serum creatinine concentration were available. METHODS Retrospective cohort study. Clinical records were reviewed and horses grouped according to their baseline serum creatinine concentration and change in serum creatinine concentration from baseline. The associations between signalment, diagnosis, and treatment variables, and the presence of azotemia or AKI were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. The relationship between these conditions and survival to discharge was evaluated. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-five horses were included; 4.3% (14/325) had azotemia at baseline and 14.8% (48/325) developed AKI. There were no significant associations between investigated risk factors and development of AKI. The presence of azotemia and AKI did not significantly affect survival to discharge (P = .08 and .81, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The prevalence of AKI in this population of hospitalized horses is similar to that reported in dogs and humans; however, in this study population, there was less impact on morbidity and short-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L. Savage
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolLangfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Bailey
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolLangfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Smith
- Equine Referral Hospital, Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolLangfordUnited Kingdom
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229
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Myagmarsuren P, Sivakumar T, Enkhtaivan B, Davaasuren B, Zoljargal M, Narantsatsral S, Davkharbayar B, Mungun-Ochir B, Battur B, Inoue N, Igarashi I, Battsetseg B, Yokoyama N. A Seroepidemiological Survey of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Horses in Mongolia. J Parasitol 2019; 105:580-586. [PMID: 31414947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi is an economically important disease with a worldwide distribution. The objective of the present study was to investigate the seroepidemiology of T. equi and B. caballi in horses reared in various Mongolian provinces. Serum samples prepared from blood collected from horses in 19 Mongolian provinces were screened for antibodies specific to T. equi and B. caballi using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on recombinant forms of T. equi merozoite antigen-2 and the B. caballi 48-kDa merozoite rhoptry protein, respectively. Of 1,282 horses analyzed, 423 (33%) and 182 (14.2%) were sero-positive for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. Additionally, 518 (40.4%) were positive for at least 1 parasite species, of which 87 (16.8%) were co-infected with both parasites. Both T. equi and B. caballi were detected in all surveyed provinces, and on a per province basis the positive rates ranged from 19.0 to 74.2% and 4.5 to 39.8%, respectively. Theileria equi- and B. caballi-positive rates were comparable between male horses (31.9 and 14.1%, respectively) and female horses (34.5 and 14.3%, respectively). However, the positive rates were higher in the >3-yr-old age group (37.7 and 15.6%, respectively) compared with the 1-3-yr-old age group (19.4 and 10.0%, respectively). These findings confirmed that T. equi and B. caballi infections are widespread among horses all over Mongolia, and that horse age is a risk factor for infection in this country. Our results will be useful for designing appropriate control measures to minimize T. equi and B. caballi infections among Mongolian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punsantsogvoo Myagmarsuren
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- 2 National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Batsaikhan Enkhtaivan
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Myagmar Zoljargal
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sandagdorj Narantsatsral
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbold Davkharbayar
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bayasgalan Mungun-Ochir
- 3 Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Banzragch Battur
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- 4 Graduate School, Mongolian University of Life Science, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Noboru Inoue
- 5 Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- 2 National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- 2 National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Abstract
Francesca Martelli, Sue Kidd and Joanna Lawes of the APHA discuss surveillance findings relating to Salmonella isolates from horses, and also the antimicrobial resistance patterns being seen.
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Spence KL, O’Sullivan TL, Poljak Z, Greer AL. Descriptive analysis of horse movement networks during the 2015 equestrian season in Ontario, Canada. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219771. [PMID: 31295312 PMCID: PMC6622551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses are a highly mobile population, with many travelling locally, nationally, and internationally to participate in shows and sporting events. However, the nature and extent of these movements, as well as the potential impact they may have on disease introduction and spread, is not well documented. The objective of this study was to characterise the movement network of a sample of horses in Ontario, Canada, over a 7-month equestrian season. Horse owners (n = 141) documented their travel patterns with their horse(s) (n = 330) by completing monthly online questionnaires between May and November 2015. Directed networks were constructed to represent horse movements in 1-month time periods. A total of 1754 horse movements met the inclusion criteria for analysis. A variety of location types were included in each monthly network, with many including non-facilities such as parks, trails, and private farms. Only 34.3% of competitions attended by participants during the study period were regulated by an official equestrian organisation. Comparisons of the similarity between monthly networks indicated that participants did not travel to the same locations each month, and the most connected locations varied between consecutive months. While the findings should not be generalized to the wider horse population, they have provided greater insight into the nature and extent of observed horse movement patterns. The results support the need to better understand the variety of locations to which horses can travel in Ontario, as different types of locations may have different associated risks of disease introduction and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L. Spence
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terri L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy L. Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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de Oliveira PB, Harvey TV, Fehlberg HF, Rocha JM, Martins TF, da Acosta ICL, Labruna MB, Faccini JLH, Albuquerque GR. Serologic and molecular survey of Rickettsia spp. in dogs, horses and ticks from the Atlantic rainforest of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Exp Appl Acarol 2019; 78:431-442. [PMID: 31270640 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne spotted fever in Brazil is known to be caused by two agents, Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia parkeri. Nothing was known about these agents in one area of the Atlantic rainforest biome of Bahia state, where during March to June 2016, 356 rural dogs and 69 horses were sampled and their sera were processed through indirect immunofluorescence assay against antigens of R. rickettsii, R. parkeri, Rickettsia amblyommatis and Rickettsia bellii. Ticks collected from these dogs and horses were molecularly tested for the presence of rickettsial DNA. Overall, 16.4% (58/356) dogs and 24.6% (17/69) horses were seroreactive to Rickettsia spp. Five tick species, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), Amblyomma ovale, A. sculptum, R. microplus, and A. naponense, were collected from dogs, whereas horses were infested by A. sculptum and Dermacentor nitens. A total of 242 ticks from dogs and 62 from horses were analyzed by PCR targeting rickettsiae, which were detected in only 4/27 (14.8%) A. ovale. Fragments of the rickettsial gltA and ompA genes from these four ticks were 100% identical to the Atlantic rainforest strain of R. parkeri. The presence of A. ovale on dogs was positively associated with local canine seroreactivity to R. parkeri. Our results provide evidence for the transmission of R. parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest from A. ovale to domestic dogs within the rural area of Ilhéus, similarly to other areas of the Atlantic rainforest biome of Brazil, where human cases of R. parkeri-caused spotted fever have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe B de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiani V Harvey
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP: 45.662-900, Brazil
| | - Hllytchaikra F Fehlberg
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP: 45.662-900, Brazil
| | - Josiane M Rocha
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP: 45.662-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago F Martins
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor C L da Acosta
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João L H Faccini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - George R Albuquerque
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP: 45.662-900, Brazil.
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Onyiche TE, Suganuma K, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1736. [PMID: 31100920 PMCID: PMC6572709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- ThankGod E Onyiche
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, P. M. B. 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria.
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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Coleman MC, Belknap JK, Eades SC, Galantino-Homer HL, Hunt RJ, Geor RJ, McCue ME, McIlwraith CW, Moore RM, Peroni JF, Townsend HG, White NA, Cummings KJ, Ivanek-Miojevic R, Cohen ND. Case-control study of risk factors for pasture-and endocrinopathy-associated laminitis in North American horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 253:470-478. [PMID: 30058970 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.4.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate risk factors for the development of pasture- and endocrinopathy-associated laminitis (PEAL) in horses and ponies in North America. DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS 199 horses with incident cases of PEAL and 351 horses from 2 control populations (healthy horses [n = 198] and horses with lameness not caused by laminitis [153]) that were evaluated in North America between January 2012 and December 2015 by veterinarian members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. PROCEDURES North American members of the American Association of Equine Practitioners were contacted to participate in the study, and participating veterinarians provided historical data on incident cases of PEAL, each matched with a healthy control and a lameness control. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to compare data on PEAL-affected horses with data on horses from each set of controls. RESULTS Horses with an obese body condition (ie, body condition score ≥ 7), generalized or regional adiposity (alone or in combination), preexisting endocrinopathy, or recent (within 30 days) glucocorticoid administration had increased odds of developing PEAL, compared with horses that did not have these findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present study identified several risk factors for PEAL that may assist not only in managing and preventing this form of laminitis, but also in guiding future research into its pathogenesis.
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Salim B, Alanazi AD, Omori R, Alyousif MS, Alanazi IO, Katakura K, Nakao R. Potential role of dogs as sentinels and reservoirs for piroplasms infecting equine and cattle in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Acta Trop 2019; 193:78-83. [PMID: 30831114 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Canine tick-borne diseases have been considered emerging and re-emerging threats, given their increasing global prevalence. In this molecular survey, we aimed to detect and identify common tick-borne pathogens in dogs from Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia. Initially, the study included 36 dogs visiting private veterinary clinics. PCRs targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) of haemoparasites (Babesia, Theileria and Hepatozoon) and the 16S rDNA of Anaplasmataceae were performed. The results showed that 26 (72.2%) dogs were infected by some of the haemoparasites under investigation. The sequencing analysis of the amplicons confirmed the infections due to two parasite species Theileria equi and Theileria velifera. Further examination of guard dogs kept in the horse stables of the Riyadh Municipality revealed that the majority of the tested dogs (65.2%: 30 out of 46) were infected with either of the parasites. In addition, the genotypes of all the parasites in these dogs were identical to those of the parasites in the dogs from the veterinary clinics. Thus, it can be concluded that dogs are infected with these haemoparasites and serve as a reservoir for both T. equi and T. velifera in the study area; however, the clinical implication of this finding is to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Salim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 32, Khartoum-North, Sudan; Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Abdullah D Alanazi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi, 11911, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- Division of Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Mohamed S Alyousif
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim O Alanazi
- National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ken Katakura
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Hreinsdóttir I, Hreinsdóttir A, Eydal M, Tysnes KR, Robertson LJ. Anoplocephala perfoliata Infection in Horses in Iceland: Investigation of Associations Between Intensity of Infection and Lesions. J Parasitol 2019; 105:379-386. [PMID: 31038388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In Iceland, there is at least 1 horse for every 5 human inhabitants, mostly kept on uncultivated rangelands. Although the Icelandic horse is considered robust compared with other breeds, it is nevertheless susceptible to disease. Few studies have investigated the prevalence of intestinal parasites in horses in Iceland. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the tapeworm, Anoplocephala perfoliata, in horses in Iceland and to explore associations between intensity of infection and the severity of macroscopic pathological lesions in this population. In addition, the relationship between infection and geographical location in Iceland, horse age, and gender were investigated. The utility of a modified McMaster flotation method for identifying infected horses from fecal samples was also studied. The study sample consisted of 104 horses (aged 1-30 yr) slaughtered in 3 abattoirs in North and South Iceland during June and July 2016. The prevalence of A. perfoliata in the horses was 64.4%, with between 1-131 worms found in infected horses. The pathological changes in the horses associated with infection varied from mild (hyperemia in small areas) to severe (large ulcers and necrotic lesions coated with fibrin), and intensity of infection correlated with the size and type of pathological lesions in the intestines. No statistically significant associations between infection with A. perfoliata and geographical location, horse age, or horse gender were detected. The McMaster egg counting method used here was of very low sensitivity (7.4%) and was concluded to be inadequate for detection of A. perfoliata infection in horses. The prevalence of A. perfoliata in horses in Iceland in this study was found to be relatively high compared with results from many studies performed elsewhere in Europe. This may reflect the lack of treatment of horses in Iceland for this parasite, the environmental suitability for the intermediate mite host, and grazing management practices in Iceland. The high prevalence and association with pathology suggest that diagnosis of infection using a sensitive method, along with appropriate treatment, should be considered for horses in Iceland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Hreinsdóttir
- 1 Parasitology Lab., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
- 2 Present address: Västra Långgatan 35, 441 33 Alingsås, Sweden
| | - Audur Hreinsdóttir
- 1 Parasitology Lab., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
- 3 Present address: Rødstuveien 2, 0572 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthías Eydal
- 4 Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Kristoffer Relling Tysnes
- 1 Parasitology Lab., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- 1 Parasitology Lab., Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
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Raftery AG, Jallow S, Rodgers J, Sutton DGM. Safety and efficacy of three trypanocides in confirmed field cases of trypanosomiasis in working equines in The Gambia: a prospective, randomised, non-inferiority trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007175. [PMID: 30901321 PMCID: PMC6447232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, working equines have a continued and growing socioeconomic role in supporting the livelihoods of between 300–600 million people in low income countries which is rarely recognised at a national or international level. Infectious diseases have significant impact on welfare and productivity in this population and equine trypanosomiasis is a priority disease due to its severity and prevalence. Strategies are required to improve the prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment of trypanosomiasis in equines and more data are required on the efficacy and safety of current trypanocidal drugs. Methods A prospective randomised, open-label non-inferiority trial was performed in The Gambia on horses and donkeys that fulfilled 2/5 clinical inclusion criteria (anaemia, poor body condition, pyrexia, history of abortion, oedema). Following randomised trypanocidal treatment (diminazene diaceturate, melarsomine dihydrochloride or isometamidium chloride), animals were observed for immediate adverse drug reactions and follow-up assessment was performed at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood samples underwent PCR analysis with specific Trypanosoma sp. primers. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring changes in clinical parameters, clinicopathological results and PCR-status post-treatment after evaluating for bias. Using PCR status as the outcome variable, non-inferiority of isometamidium treatment was determined if the upper bound limit of a 2-sided 95% CI was less than 10%. Results There was a significant beneficial effect upon the Trypanosoma sp. PCR positive population following trypanocidal treatment for all groups. The findings of clinical evaluation and PCR status supported a superior treatment effect for isometamidium. Melarsomine dihydrochloride efficacy was inferior to isometamidium. There were immediate, self-limiting side effects to isometamidium in donkeys (26%). Diminazene had the longest duration of action as judged by PCR status. Conclusions The data support the continued use of isometamidium following careful dose titration in donkeys and diminazene for trypanosomiasis in equines using the doses and routes of administration reported. Equine trypanosomiasis is endemic in many areas of the world with high morbidity and mortality in affected populations. Trypanocides form an essential part of current treatment strategies but evidence regarding efficacy in equines is scarce. In order to inform disease management, the efficacy of three trypanocidal drugs was assessed in horses and donkeys that fulfilled 2/5 clinical inclusion criteria for trypanosomiasis in The Gambia. Selected equines received randomised treatment with either isometamidium, diminazene or melarsomine dihydrochloride and were observed for adverse drug reactions. Follow-up was performed at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood collected at each timepoint was analysed for Trypanosoma spp. using a PCR approach. Within the selected population 66% were PCR positive pre-treatment for Trypanosoma spp.. Trypanosome positive individuals responded favourably to each treatment, but clinical evaluation and PCR status post-treatment supported a superior effect for isometamidium. Melarsomine dihydrochloride had inferior efficacy to isometamidium. Immediate adverse side effects were only documented following isometamidium administration in donkeys (26%) and these were self-limiting. Diminazene had the longest duration of action as judged by PCR status. The data support the continued use of isometamidium and diminazene but not melarsomine dihydrochloride for trypanosomiasis in equines at the doses and routes of administration reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Raftery
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Science and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Saloum Jallow
- Gambia Horse and Donkey Trust, Sambel Kunda, Central River District, The Gambia
| | - Jean Rodgers
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David G. M. Sutton
- The Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, Large Animal Clinical Science and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Vieira TSWJ, Qurollo BA, Mongruel ACB, Baggio RA, Vidotto O, Breitschwerdt EB, Vieira RFC. Potentially Same Novel Ehrlichia Species in Horses in Nicaragua and Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:953. [PMID: 29664717 PMCID: PMC5938758 DOI: 10.3201/eid2405.172076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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239
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Abstract
A virus isolated from a sick horse from India in 2008 was confirmed by next-generation sequencing analysis to be equine encephalosis virus (EEV). EEV in India is concerning because several species of Culicoides midge, which play a major role in EEV natural maintenance and transmission, are present in this country.
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Léveillé AN, Bland SK, Carlton K, Larouche CB, Kenney DG, Brouwer ER, Lillie BN, Barta JR. Klossiella equi Infecting Kidneys of Ontario Horses: Life Cycle Features and Multilocus Sequence-Based Genotyping Confirm the Genus Klossiella Belongs In the Adeleorina (Apicomplexa: Coccidia). J Parasitol 2019; 105:29-40. [PMID: 30807709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Species in the genus Klossiella Smith and Johnson, 1902 are unique among the suborder Adeleorina because they are monoxenous in mammals exclusively, whereas all other reported members of the Adeleorina use invertebrates as definitive hosts. Unlike other coccidia, all members of the Adeleorina undergo syzygy, the association of microgamonts and macrogamonts before maturation to gametes and syngamy. After fertilization, many members of the Adeleorina produce thin-walled polysporocystic oocysts. Despite being biologically similar to other members of the Adeleorina, the phylogenetic placement of the genus Klossiella has been questioned based on its unique host affinity. In the present study, 2 cases of Klossiella equi were reported from the kidneys of horses in Ontario. Details of the life cycle as well as mitochondrial and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA ( 18S rDNA) sequences were analyzed to provide both morphological and molecular evidence for the phylogenetic placement of K. equi. Initially, various stages of the life cycle were identified in histological slides prepared from the kidney tissue, and DNA was isolated from the infected tissue. Polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing were used to generate a complete mitochondrial genome sequence (6,569 bp) and a partial 18S rDNA sequence (1,443 bp). The K. equi 18S rDNA sequence was aligned with various publicly available apicomplexan 18S rDNA sequences. This alignment was used to generate a phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian inference. Multiple K. equi stages were identified including meronts, microgamonts, and macrogamonts associating in syzygy as well as thin-walled oocysts in various stages of sporogonic development. The 18S rDNA sequence of K. equi positioned within the monophyletic Adeleorina clade. The mitochondrial genome of K. equi contained 3 coding sequences for cytochrome c oxidase I, cytochrome c oxidase III, and cytochrome b as well as various fragmented ribosomal sequences. These components were arranged in a unique order that has not been observed in other apicomplexan mitochondrial genomes sequenced to date. Overall, it was concluded that there were sufficient morphological and molecular data to confirm the placement of K. equi and the genus Klossiella among the Adeleorina. The biological and molecular data obtained from these cases may assist with future studies evaluating the prevalence and life history of this seemingly underreported parasite and better define the impact of K. equi on the health of domestic and wild equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre N Léveillé
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Susan Karlyn Bland
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Karen Carlton
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cédric B Larouche
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel G Kenney
- 2 Health Sciences Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emily R Brouwer
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John R Barta
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Rosanowski SM, Carpenter TE, Adamson D, Rogers CW, Pearce P, Burns M, Cogger N. An economic analysis of a contingency model utilising vaccination for the control of equine influenza in a non-endemic country. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210885. [PMID: 30677067 PMCID: PMC6345452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine influenza (EI) is an infectious respiratory disease of horses that has never been reported in New Zealand (NZ). However, the 2007 EI outbreak in Australia, previously EI free, spurred the NZ government and stakeholders into evaluating alternative EI control strategies in order to economically justify any future decision to eradicate or manage EI. To build on the policy debate, this paper presents an epinomic (epidemiologic and economic) modelling approach to evaluate alternative control strategies. An epidemiologic model to determine how alternative EI control strategies influence the distribution of EI. Model results were then input into a cost-benefit analysis framework, to identify the return and feasibility of alternative EI eradication strategies in NZ. Methods The article explores nine alternative eradication scenarios and two baseline strategies. The alternative scenarios consisted of three vaccination strategies (suppressive, protective or targeted) starting at three time points to reflect the commercial breeding-cycle. These alternatives were compared to two breeding-cycle adjusted baselines: movement restriction in the breeding season (August to January) or non-breeding season (February to July). The economic loss parameters were incursion response, impact to the commercial racing industry (breeding, sales and racing), horse morbidity and mortality, and compensation to industry participants. Results and conclusions Results suggest that the economic viability of the EI eradication programme is dependent on when within the breeding-cycle the EI outbreak occurs. If an outbreak were to occur, the return on each dollar invested for protective or suppressive vaccination strategies would be between NZD$3.67 to NZD$4.89 and between NZD$3.08 to NZD$3.50 in the breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively. Therefore, protective or suppressive vaccination strategies could be prioritised, regardless of season. As multiple industry stakeholders benefit from these strategies, the study will enable policy development and to better formulate a user-pays eradication programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Rosanowski
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Epicentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Tim E. Carpenter
- Epicentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Adamson
- The Centre for Global Food and Resources, Faculty of the Professions, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Epidemiology and Population Health, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris W. Rogers
- Equine Research Centre, Animal Production and Health Group, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patricia Pearce
- New Zealand Equine Health Association, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Martin Burns
- New Zealand Equine Health Association, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Naomi Cogger
- Epicentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Equine disease surveillance: quarterly update. Vet Rec 2019; 184:52-5. [PMID: 30635533 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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243
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Disease surveillance in England and Wales, October 2018. Vet Rec 2018; 183:524-7. [PMID: 30389870 DOI: 10.1136/vr.k4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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244
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Laing G, Christley R, Stringer A, Aklilu N, Ashine T, Newton R, Radford A, Pinchbeck G. Respiratory disease and sero-epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in the working horses of Ethiopia. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:793-799. [PMID: 29574904 PMCID: PMC6175379 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogens are frequently implicated in equine respiratory disease. In Ethiopia, respiratory disease is a frequent cause for presentation at veterinary clinics and a priority concern for users of working horses. However, there is little existing literature on possible aetiologies. OBJECTIVES Determine prevalence of respiratory signs and exposure to major respiratory pathogens through a serological survey. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Systematically selected horses from 19 sites in central Ethiopia were examined clinically and sampled once (August-December 2013). A face-to-face interview collected data on horses' management and history. Serological testing targeted equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesviruses-1 (EHV-1) and -4 (EHV-4), equine rhinitis viruses A (ERAV) and B (ERBV), equine arteritis virus (EAV) and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). RESULTS Owners reported a recent history of coughing in 38% of horses and nasal discharge in 7%. No animals were observed coughing during examination but 6% had a nasal discharge. Antibodies towards S. equi, were most prevalent (8%, 33/350). Antibodies to EAV were confirmed in one animal (0.3%). Low antibody titres to EHV-1/4 and ERA/BV suggested prior exposure but antibodies to EIV were not detected. Multivariable, multilevel logistic regression analysis for risk factors associated with S. equi serostatus showed higher odds of seropositivity in younger animals and those working less frequently. MAIN LIMITATIONS A single serological sample cannot describe dynamic changes in antibodies. Sampling horses at the place of work may result in healthy-worker bias. CONCLUSIONS S. equi may be endemic in this population and contributing, in part, to the occurrence of respiratory disease. Low prevalence of antibodies to viruses, with the exception of EIV, indicates these pathogens are present, but unlikely a predominant cause of respiratory signs and noninfectious causes of disease should also be investigated. Working horses in this region would be vulnerable to incursion of equine influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Laing
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - R. Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - A. Stringer
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - N. Aklilu
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad)Debre ZeitEthiopia
| | - T. Ashine
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad)Debre ZeitEthiopia
| | - R. Newton
- Animal Health TrustNewmarketSuffolkUK
| | - A. Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - G. Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Alanazi AD, Puschendorf R, Salim B, Alyousif MS, Alanazi IO, Al-shehri HR. Molecular detection of equine trypanosomiasis in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:942-945. [PMID: 30204053 PMCID: PMC6505846 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718798688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study to detect trypanosome infections of horses and donkeys in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia. DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 368 horses and 142 donkeys, and subjected to universal first ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1)-PCR followed by Trypanosoma evansi species-specific RoTat1.2-PCR. The universal ITS1-PCR revealed T. evansi infection in horses ( n = 12; 3.3%) and donkeys ( n = 4; 2.8%). There was no significant effect of sex or age on the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in horses or donkeys. Application of the RoTat1.2-PCR revealed that the RoTat1.2 VSG gene was absent from the positive ITS1-PCR samples of 3 horses and 1 donkey. This discrepancy could be explained by the circulation of T. evansi type B in Saudi Arabia; however, this suspicion requires confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Abdullah D. Alanazi, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Robert Puschendorf
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
| | - Bashir Salim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
| | - Mohamed S. Alyousif
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
| | - Ibrahim O. Alanazi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
| | - Hajri R. Al-shehri
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
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Quintero Vélez JC, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, Rodas JD, Arboleda M, Troyo A, Vega Aguilar F, Osorio Quintero L, Rojas Arbeláez C. Epidemiological characterization of incident cases of Rickettsia infection in rural areas of Urabá region, Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006911. [PMID: 30379820 PMCID: PMC6242695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Most of the studies related to rickettsial infection in Colombia are cross-sectional because of the challenge in conducting prospective studies on infectious disease that may have a difficult diagnosis. Although cross-sectional studies are essential to detect people exposed to rickettsiae, they are not suited to demonstrate the recent circulation of this pathogen in areas at risk of transmission. Objective To characterize the epidemiology of incident cases of Spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsial infection in humans and equines from rural areas of Urabá region in Colombia where outbreaks of rickettsiae previously occurred. Materials and methods A prospective study was conducted in the Alto de Mulatos and Las Changas in the Urabá region. Serum samples and socio-ecological information were collected from 597 people enrolled in 2015, and a second sample was collected from 273 people a year later. Indirect immune-fluorescence assays for detection of IgG antibody against rickettsiae were done using slides with Rickettsia rickettsii antigens. A titer ≥128 was considered positive. Incident cases were defined as (i) serological conversion of IgG titers from seronegative to seropositive or (ii) at least a four-fold increase in IgG end point titers in the second sample. Results The cumulative incidence of rickettsial infection was 6.23% (95%CI 3.67–9.78) in humans and 32.31% (21/65) of incident cases in equines. Incident cases were mostly females (82.35%), the median age of cases was 41.02 years (IQR 18.62–54.1), and 29.41% reported tick bites during the study period. Results from multivariate analysis showed that removal of ticks after working outdoors is a protective factor for rickettsial infection (RR 0.26, 95%CI 0.08–0.84) and that a higher incidence of infection occurred in people who reported fever in the last year (RR 4.26, 95%CI 1.15–9.31). Conclusions These results showed recent circulation of SFG rickettsiae in areas where previous lethal outbreaks have been reported, supporting the implementation of preventive measures to halt rickettsial transmission in the studied communities. On the northwestern coast of Colombia three lethal outbreaks of rickettsioses caused by the species Rickettsia rickettsii have been reported. The lack of an active epidemiological surveillance system in these areas makes difficult the detection and the timely treatment of the disease prompting a worse prognosis. In this study, new cases of rickettsial infection were detected in people and horses living in areas where outbreaks of the disease occurred in the previous decade. In addition, the results showed that nonspecific febrile syndromes are associated to rickettsial infection and protective measures such as tick removal from the body decrease the risk of infection. The design, evaluation and implementation of a surveillance program of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as rickettsioses, should be a priority in the country, especially in areas where such infections have proved to be lethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Quintero Vélez
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Juan David Rodas
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencias Veterinarias Centauro, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Margarita Arboleda
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical- CES, Apartadó, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Adriana Troyo
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Francisco Vega Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Lisardo Osorio Quintero
- Grupo Salud y Ambiente, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Rojas Arbeláez
- Grupo de Epidemiología, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Trimble AC, Blevins CA, Beard LA, Deforno AR, Davis EG. Seroprevalence, frequency of leptospiuria, and associated risk factors in horses in Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska from 2016-2017. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206639. [PMID: 30372498 PMCID: PMC6205653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide veterinary and public health concern, and well recognized infectious disease of horses. Seroprevalence rates vary with geography, but many studies have confirmed a high exposure rate. The correlation between seropositivity and shedding status has not been made in horses, however. The aims of this study were to use semi-nested PCR on urine from apparently healthy horses to determine period prevalence of leptospiral shedding and to correlate these findings with MAT results to establish associations with client based survey data regarding horse management and environment. Serum and free-catch urine were collected from 204 healthy horses between May 2016-December 2017. Serum was used to determine GGT, creatinine concentrations, and six serovar MAT. Urine samples were submitted for PCR testing of leptospiral 23S rRNA. Client consent and survey data were collected for all subjects. Potential risk factors included drinking water source, exposure to livestock and dogs, geographical location, season, and precipitation. Two horses were positive on urine PCR for leptospirosis (shedding prevalence 1%), yet only one had a high reciprocal MAT titer of ≥ 800. Both horses were negative on urine PCR one month later without treatment. Approximately 77% of horses (157/204) were seroreactive (MAT reciprocal titer ≥ 100) with titers to serogroup Australis detected more frequently than others (47.5%; (97/204)). Apparently healthy horses infrequently shed Leptospira spp. in urine, yet seroreactivity in clinically normal horses is high (77%), confirming high exposure rates to Leptospira spp. in the Central Midwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Trimble
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACT); (EGD)
| | - Christopher A. Blevins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Laurie A. Beard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Deforno
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth G. Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACT); (EGD)
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Abstract
Infection with equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and neurological disorders in horses. Molecular epidemiology studies have demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism (A2254/G2254) in the genome region of open reading frame 30 which results in an amino acid variation (N752/D752) of the EHV-1 DNA polymerase, is significantly associated with the neuropathogenic potential of naturally occurring strains. In recent years, an increase in the number of cases of equine neurological disease caused by neuropathogenic variants of EHV-1 has been observed in numerous countries. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of the viral genome of EHV-1 and equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes of 47 horses from various locations in Uruguay, obtained from a slaughterhouse, and to determine whether the EHV-1 genomes possessed the mutation associated with neuropathogenesis (G2254/D752). The genes encoding glycoprotein H (gH) of EHV-1 and glycoprotein B (gB) of EHV-4 were amplified by a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction. Of the samples analysed, 28% and 6% of lymph nodes contained the genes for gH and gB, respectively. The viral DNA polymerase gene was amplified and sequenced. Twelve of the 13 genomes sequenced presented the nucleotide G2254, while the remaining 1 showed both nucleotides, A2254 and G2254. The results confirm the presence of EHV-1 in Uruguay. Furthermore, there is evidence for the first time of the detection of EHV-4, and high-frequency detection of the neuropathogenic variant (G2254/D752) of EHV-1 in Uruguay. These findings provide new insights into the epidemiological situation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in that country.
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249
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Abstract
Cajsa Isgren and colleagues from the University of Liverpool discuss issues around the problem of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with horses and introduce a new surveillance initiative.
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250
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Equine disease surveillance: quarterly summary. Vet Rec 2018; 183:289-92. [PMID: 30194124 DOI: 10.1136/vr.k3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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