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Diop EA, Queiroz EF, Kicka S, Rudaz S, Diop T, Soldati T, Wolfender JL. Survey on medicinal plants traditionally used in Senegal for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and assessment of their antimycobacterial activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 216:71-78. [PMID: 29289797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In West Africa, populations are used to taking traditional medicine as a first aid against common health problems. In this aspect, many plants are claimed to be effective in the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB), which according to the World Health Organization (WHO) remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY The main aim of this study was to identify plants used to treat TB-symptoms by the population of Senegal and to evaluate their possible concomitant use with clinically approved TB-drugs. This approach allowed the selection of plants effectively used in traditional medicine. In order to verify if the usage of some of these plants can be rationalized, the activity of their traditional preparations was assessed with both an intracellular and extracellular antimycobacterial host-pathogen assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethnopharmacological survey conducted on 117 TB-patients and 30 healers in Senegal from March to May 2014. The questionnaires were focused on the use of medicinal plants to treat common TB -symptoms (cough longer than 2 weeks, fever, night sweats, weight loss and bloody sputum). Local plant names, utilized organs (herbal drugs) and traditional formulations of the plants were recorded. Extracts were prepared by mimicking the traditional decoction in boiling water and screened for their antimycobacterial activity using Mycobacterium marinum, as a validated TB surrogate, and an Acanthamoeba castellanii - M. marinum whole-cell based host-pathogen assay, to detect anti-infective activities. RESULTS By the end of the survey, nearly 30 plants were cited and the 12 most cited herbal drugs were collected and their usage documented by extensive literature search. Extracts of the chosen herbs were screened with the described assays; with a main focus on traditional formulas (mainly herbal decoctions). Two of the water extracts from Combretum aculeatum and Guiera senegalensis showed significant antimycobacterial activities when compared to the positive control drug (rifampin). These extracts showed no observable toxicity against amoeba host cells (Acanthamoeba castellanii). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that most of the patients do not concomitantly use plants and TB drugs (~90% of informants) but, instead, most are treated with medicinal plants before they are admitted to a hospital (41%). Interestingly, among the aqueous extracts assayed, two extracts (Combretum aculeatum (Combretaceae) and Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae)) collected within this survey demonstrate antimycobacterial activities on the validated whole-cell based host-pathogen assay. Both extracts showed significant activities against intracellular and extracellular - M. marinum growth presenting IC50 lower than 0.5mg/ml compared to the reference drug Rifampin (IC50 of 0.4 and 7µg/ml). No toxicity was observed for amoebae cells at concentration until 0.8mg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- ElHadji Assane Diop
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland; Biology Department, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Kicka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Quai Ansermet 30, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland
| | - Tahir Diop
- Biology Department, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Quai Ansermet 30, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland.
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202
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Gaikwad UN, Gaikwad NR. Modalities to monitor the treatment response in tuberculosis. Indian J Tuberc 2018; 65:109-117. [PMID: 29579423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering the global epidemic of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, early and accurate diagnosis as well as prompt initiation of antitubercular therapy (ATT) forms the mainstay of tuberculosis control programs. Patients on ATT may develop treatment failure due to diverse reasons including emergence of drug resistance in the host during the course of therapy. Monitoring the timely response to treatment in such cases has a significant role in rapid identification of drug resistant strains and institution of change of regimen to further decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Furthermore, availability of faster surrogate end points to assess treatment efficacy, disease activity, cure, and relapse is one of the crucial requirements for undertaking innovative clinical trials related to TB. The article presents here the compilation of currently available methods for monitoring the treatment response in pulmonary as well as extrapulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwala N Gaikwad
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, G. E. Road, Tatibandh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492099, India.
| | - Nitin R Gaikwad
- Additional Professor, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, G.E. Road, Tatibandh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492099, India
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203
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Beynon F, Theron G, Respeito D, Mambuque E, Saavedra B, Bulo H, Sanz S, Dheda K, Garcia-Basteiro AL. Correlation of Xpert MTB/RIF with measures to assess Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillary burden in high HIV burden areas of Southern Africa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5201. [PMID: 29581435 PMCID: PMC5980110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, smear microscopy has been used as a point-of-care measure of bacillary burden in tuberculosis patients to inform infection control and contact tracing. Xpert MTB/RIF has the potential to replace smear. However, data to support the use of its quantitative output [cycle threshold (CT)] as an alternate point-of-care measure of bacillary burden are limited. This study assessed the correlation (Spearman's) between CT, smear, culture time-to-positivity (TTP), and clinical factors in patients with Xpert-positive sputum from Mozambique (n = 238) and South Africa (n = 462). Mean CT and smear grade correlated well (ρ0.72); compared to TTP and smear (ρ0.61); and mean CT and TTP (ρ0.50). In multivariate analyses, lower CT (higher bacillary load) was associated with negative HIV serostatus and low BMI. A smear positivity rule-out (95% sensitivity) CT cut-off of 28.0 was identified, with 54.1% specificity, 2.07 positive likelihood ratio, 0.09 negative likelihood ratio and 79.0% correctly classified. Cut-offs were higher for HIV positive compared to HIV negative individuals for any set sensitivity level. This study suggests Xpert CT values correlate well with smear, both in HIV positive and negative individuals, and that CT cut-offs might be broadly applicable to multiple settings. Studies to directly assess the association of CT with infectiousness are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenella Beynon
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Grant Theron
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Durval Respeito
- Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça (CISM). Rua 12, Cambeve CP 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Edson Mambuque
- Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça (CISM). Rua 12, Cambeve CP 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Belen Saavedra
- Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça (CISM). Rua 12, Cambeve CP 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Helder Bulo
- Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça (CISM). Rua 12, Cambeve CP 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sergi Sanz
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Keertan Dheda
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Alberto L Garcia-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigação em Saude de Manhiça (CISM). Rua 12, Cambeve CP 1929, Maputo, Mozambique.
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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204
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Blanco-Guillot F, Castañeda-Cediel ML, Cruz-Hervert P, Ferreyra-Reyes L, Delgado-Sánchez G, Ferreira-Guerrero E, Montero-Campos R, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Martínez-Gamboa RA, Torres-González P, Téllez-Vazquez N, Canizales-Quintero S, Yanes-Lane M, Mongua-Rodríguez N, Ponce-de-León A, Sifuentes-Osornio J, García-García L. Genotyping and spatial analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes cases in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29534104 PMCID: PMC5849303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genotyping and georeferencing in tuberculosis (TB) have been used to characterize the distribution of the disease and occurrence of transmission within specific groups and communities. Objective The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that diabetes mellitus (DM) and pulmonary TB may occur in spatial and molecular aggregations. Material and methods Retrospective cohort study of patients with pulmonary TB. The study area included 12 municipalities in the Sanitary Jurisdiction of Orizaba, Veracruz, México. Patients with acid-fast bacilli in sputum smears and/or Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum cultures were recruited from 1995 to 2010. Clinical (standardized questionnaire, physical examination, chest X-ray, blood glucose test and HIV test), microbiological, epidemiological, and molecular evaluations were carried out. Patients were considered “genotype-clustered” if two or more isolates from different patients were identified within 12 months of each other and had six or more IS6110 bands in an identical pattern, or < 6 bands with identical IS6110 RFLP patterns and spoligotype with the same spacer oligonucleotides. Residential and health care centers addresses were georeferenced. We used a Jeep hand GPS. The coordinates were transferred from the GPS files to ArcGIS using ArcMap 9.3. We evaluated global spatial aggregation of patients in IS6110-RFLP/ spoligotype clusters using global Moran´s I. Since global distribution was not random, we evaluated “hotspots” using Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. Using bivariate and multivariate analysis we analyzed sociodemographic, behavioral, clinic and bacteriological conditions associated with “hotspots”. We used STATA® v13.1 for all statistical analysis. Results From 1995 to 2010, 1,370 patients >20 years were diagnosed with pulmonary TB; 33% had DM. The proportion of isolates that were genotyped was 80.7% (n = 1105), of which 31% (n = 342) were grouped in 91 genotype clusters with 2 to 23 patients each; 65.9% of total clusters were small (2 members) involving 35.08% of patients. Twenty three (22.7) percent of cases were classified as recent transmission. Moran`s I indicated that distribution of patients in IS6110-RFLP/spoligotype clusters was not random (Moran`s I = 0.035468, Z value = 7.0, p = 0.00). Local spatial analysis showed statistically significant spatial aggregation of patients in IS6110-RFLP/spoligotype clusters identifying “hotspots” and “coldspots”. GI* statistic showed that the hotspot for spatial clustering was located in Camerino Z. Mendoza municipality; 14.6% (50/342) of patients in genotype clusters were located in a hotspot; of these, 60% (30/50) lived with DM. Using logistic regression the statistically significant variables associated with hotspots were: DM [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 7.04, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 3.03–16.38] and attending the health center in Camerino Z. Mendoza (aOR18.04, 95% CI 7.35–44.28). Conclusions The combination of molecular and epidemiological information with geospatial data allowed us to identify the concurrence of molecular clustering and spatial aggregation of patients with DM and TB. This information may be highly useful for TB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francles Blanco-Guillot
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | | | - Pablo Cruz-Hervert
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Leticia Ferreyra-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Guadalupe Delgado-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Elizabeth Ferreira-Guerrero
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Rogelio Montero-Campos
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Miriam Bobadilla-del-Valle
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosa Areli Martínez-Gamboa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pedro Torres-González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Téllez-Vazquez
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Sergio Canizales-Quintero
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Mercedes Yanes-Lane
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Norma Mongua-Rodríguez
- Doctorado en Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Maestría en Ciencias Médicas con énfasis en Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-León
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- Dirección Médica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Lourdes García-García
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
- * E-mail:
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205
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Malm S, Maaß S, Schaible UE, Ehlers S, Niemann S. In vivo virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on a single homologue of the LytR-CpsA-Psr proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3936. [PMID: 29500450 PMCID: PMC5834633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
LytR-cpsA-Psr (LCP) domain containing proteins fulfil important functions in bacterial cell wall synthesis. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (Mtbc) strains, the causative agents of tuberculosis (TB), the genes Rv3484 and Rv3267 encode for LCP proteins which are putatively involved in arabinogalactan transfer to peptidoglycan. To evaluate the significance of Rv3484 for Mtbc virulence, we generated a deletion mutant in the Mtbc strain H37Rv and studied its survival in mice upon aerosol infection. The deletion mutant failed to establish infection demonstrating that Rv3484 is essential for growth in mice. Following an initial phase of marginal replication in the lungs until day 21, the Rv3484 deletion mutant was almost eliminated by day 180 post-infectionem. Interestingly, the mutant also showed higher levels of resistance to meropenem/clavulanate and lysozyme, both targeting peptidoglycan structure. We conclude that Rv3484 is essential for Mtbc virulence in vivo where its loss of function cannot be compensated by Rv3267.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Malm
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845, Borstel, Germany.
| | - S Maaß
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - U E Schaible
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - S Ehlers
- Molecular Inflammation Medicine, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - S Niemann
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Borstel Site, Borstel, Germany
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206
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Wilburn KM, Fieweger RA, VanderVen BC. Cholesterol and fatty acids grease the wheels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4931720. [PMID: 29718271 PMCID: PMC6251666 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a distinctive disease in which the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can persist in humans for decades by avoiding clearance from host immunity. During infection, M. tuberculosis maintains viability by extracting and utilizing essential nutrients from the host, and this is a prerequisite for all of the pathogenic activities that are deployed by the bacterium. In particular, M. tuberculosis preferentially acquires and metabolizes host-derived lipids (fatty acids and cholesterol), and the bacterium utilizes these substrates to cause and maintain disease. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of lipid utilization by M. tuberculosis, and we describe how these pathways promote pathogenesis to fuel metabolic processes in the bacillus. Finally, we highlight weaknesses in these pathways that potentially can be targeted for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley M Wilburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Rachael A Fieweger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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207
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Singh S, Maniakis‐Grivas G, Singh UK, Asher RM, Mauri F, Elkington PT, Friedland JS. Interleukin-17 regulates matrix metalloproteinase activity in human pulmonary tuberculosis. J Pathol 2018; 244:311-322. [PMID: 29210073 PMCID: PMC5838784 DOI: 10.1002/path.5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by extensive pulmonary matrix breakdown. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is key in host defence in TB but its role in TB-driven tissue damage is unknown. We investigated the hypothesis that respiratory stromal cell matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production in TB is regulated by T-helper 17 (TH -17) cytokines. Biopsies of patients with pulmonary TB were analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and patient bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) MMP and cytokine concentrations were measured by Luminex assays. Primary human airway epithelial cells were stimulated with conditioned medium from human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and TH -17 cytokines. MMP secretion, activity, and gene expression were determined by ELISA, Luminex assay, zymography, RT-qPCR, and dual luciferase reporter assays. Signalling pathways were examined using phospho-western analysis and siRNA. IL-17 is expressed in TB patient granulomas and MMP-3 is expressed in adjacent pulmonary epithelial cells. IL-17 had a divergent, concentration-dependent effect on MMP secretion, increasing epithelial secretion of MMP-3 (p < 0.001) over 72 h, whilst decreasing that of MMP-9 (p < 0.0001); mRNA levels were similarly affected. Both IL-17 and IL-22 increased fibroblast Mtb-dependent MMP-3 secretion but IL-22 did not modulate epithelial MMP-3 expression. Both IL-17 and IL-22, but not IL-23, were significantly up-regulated in BALF from TB patients. IL-17-driven MMP-3 was dependent on p38 MAP kinase and the PI3K p110α subunit. In summary, IL-17 drives airway stromal cell-derived MMP-3, a mediator of tissue destruction in TB, alone and with monocyte-dependent networks in TB. This is regulated by p38 MAP kinase and PI3K pathways. © 2017 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Singh
- Infectious Diseases and ImmunityImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Utpal K Singh
- Tuberculosis Unit, Department of MedicineNalanda University HospitalsAgam KuanPatnaIndia
| | - Radha M Asher
- Infectious Diseases and ImmunityImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Francesco Mauri
- Department of Histopathology, Hammersmith HospitalsImperial College LondonUK
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208
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Shanley CA, Henao-Tamayo MI, Bipin C, Mugasimangalam R, Verma D, Ordway DJ, Streicher EM, Orme IM. Biology of clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with varying levels of transmission. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 109:123-133. [PMID: 29559116 PMCID: PMC5884417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli from one individual to another is the basis of the disease process. While considerable emphasis has been placed on the role of host mechanisms of resistance in establishing or preventing new infection, far less has been expended on understanding possible factors operative at the bacterial level. In this study we established a panel of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis strains obtained from the Western Cape region of South Africa, each of which had been carefully tracked in terms of their degree of transmission in the community. Each of the panel were used to infect guinea pigs with 15-20 bacilli by aerosol exposure and the course of the infection then determined. Strains with different degrees of transmission could not be distinguished in terms of their capacity to grow in the main target organs of infected animals. However, rather surprisingly, while strains with no evidence of transmission [NOT] in general caused moderate to severe lung damage, this parameter in animals infected with highly transmitted [HT] strains was mostly mild. In terms of TH1 immunity these signals were strongest in these latter animals, as was IL-17 gene expression, whereas minimal signals for regulatory molecules including IL-10 and FoxP3 were seen across the entire panel. In terms of T cell numbers, responses of both CD4 and CD8 were both far faster and far higher in animals infected with the HT strains. At the gene expression level we observed a major three-fold difference [both up and down] between NOT and HT strains, but in terms of proteins of key interest only a few [including PD-L1 and HIF-3] showed major differences between the two groups. Overall, it was apparent that NOT strains were far more inflammatory that HT strains, and appeared to trigger a much larger number of genes, possibly explaining the observed damage to the lungs and progressive pathology. In contrast, the HT strains, while equally virulent, were more immunogenic and developed much stronger T cell responses, while keeping lung damage to a minimum. Hence, in terms of trying to explain the capacity of these strains to cause transmission, these results are clearly paradoxical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Shanley
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marcela I Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Chand Bipin
- Genotypic Technology Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Deepshika Verma
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Diane J Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Streicher
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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209
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Sharan R, Yang HJ, Sule P, Cirillo JD. Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence. J Vis Exp 2018:56801. [PMID: 29553533 PMCID: PMC5931367 DOI: 10.3791/56801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by fluorescence or bioluminescence. We utilize BlaC, an enzyme expressed constitutively by all M. tuberculosis strains. REF allows rapid quantification of bacteria in lungs of infected mice. The same group of mice can be imaged at many time points, greatly reducing costs, enumerating bacteria more quickly, allowing novel observations in host-pathogen interactions, and increasing statistical power, since more animals per group are readily maintained. REF is extremely sensitive due to the catalytic nature of the BlaC enzymatic reporter and specific due to the custom flourescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorogenic substrates used. REF does not require recombinant strains, ensuring normal host-pathogen interactions. We describe the imaging of M. tuberculosis infection using a FRET substrate with maximal emission at 800 nm. The wavelength of the substrate allows sensitive deep tissue imaging in mammals. We will outline aerosol infection of mice with M. tuberculosis, anesthesia of mice, administration of the REF substrate, and optical imaging. This method has been successfully applied to evaluating host-pathogen interactions and efficacy of antibiotics targeting M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center
| | - Hee-Jeong Yang
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Preeti Sule
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center;
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Lopez-Lopez N, Martinez AGR, Garcia-Hernandez MH, Hernandez-Pando R, Castañeda-Delgado JE, Lugo-Villarino G, Cougoule C, Neyrolles O, Rivas-Santiago B, Valtierra-Alvarado MA, Rubio-Caceres M, Enciso-Moreno JA, Serrano CJ. Type-2 diabetes alters the basal phenotype of human macrophages and diminishes their capacity to respond, internalise, and control Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170326. [PMID: 29513874 PMCID: PMC5851047 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for the development of tuberculosis (TB), although the associated mechanisms are not known. OBJECTIVES To study the association between T2D and the basal phenotype of macrophages, and their immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. METHODS We evaluated the influence of T2D on the response of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) to Mtb in patients with T2D (n = 10) compared to healthy subjects (n = 9), before and after infection with Mtb clinical isolates bearing different degrees of virulence. The levels of cell surface markers for activation secreted cytokines and chemokines, bacterial association, and intracellular bacterial growth were evaluated. FINDINGS The expression levels of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 were low while those of of PD-L1 were high in uninfected MDMs derived from patients with diabetes; as a result of Mtb infection, changes were only observed in the expression levels of PD-L1. The levels of cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12) and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1, MIG, and RANTES) are perturbed in MDMs derived from patients with diabetes, both before infection and in response to Mtb infection. In response to the more virulent Mtb strains, the levels of association and bacterial clearance were diminished in MDMs derived from patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS T2D affects the basal activation state of the macrophages and its capacity to respond and control Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely Lopez-Lopez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Escuela de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunología, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Ana Gabriela Ramos Martinez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Escuela de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunología, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Rogelio Hernandez-Pando
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Departamento de Patología, Sección de Patología Experimental, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Julio Enrique Castañeda-Delgado
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Y Tecnología-CONACyT, Cátedras CONACyT, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Zacatecas, México
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Université Paul Sabatier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Monica Alejandra Valtierra-Alvarado
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Escuela de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunología, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Marisela Rubio-Caceres
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 4, Guadalupe, Zacatecas, México
| | | | - Carmen Judith Serrano
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
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211
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Yoshida Y, Tanaka K. Cytosolic N-Glycans: Triggers for Ubiquitination Directing Proteasomal and Autophagic Degradation: Molecular Systems for Monitoring Cytosolic N-Glycans as Signals for Unwanted Proteins and Organelles. Bioessays 2018; 40. [PMID: 29436721 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proteins on the cell surface and secreted proteins are modified with sugar chains that generate and modulate biological complexity and diversity. Sugar chains not only contribute physically to the conformation and solubility of proteins, but also exert various functions via sugar-binding proteins (lectins) that reside on the cell surface or in organelles of the secretory pathway. However, some glycosidases and lectins are found in the cytosol or nucleus. Recent studies of cytosolic sugar-related molecules have revealed that sugar chains on proteins in the cytosol act as signals of adverse cellular conditions. In this review, we summarize recent reports that cytosolic sugar chains can trigger ubiquitination, followed by proteasomal and autophagic degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis. In addition, we discuss the functions of sugar-binding proteins revealed to date, along with possibilities not yet explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yoshida
- Ubiquitin Project Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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212
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Zhai X, Luo T, Peng X, Ma P, Wang C, Zhang C, Suo J, Bao L. The truncated Rv2820c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing family augments intracellular survival of M. smegmatis by altering cytokine profile and inhibiting NO generation. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 59:75-83. [PMID: 29407192 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations among genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may be associated with antigenic variation and immune evasion, which complicates the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. The hyper-virulent M. tuberculosis Beijing strains harbored several large sequence deletions, among which RD207 attributed to the deletion of CRISPR loci and several Cas genes. RD207 also gave rise to a truncated gene Rv2820c-Bj with 60% deletion in length at the 3'-end and a new 3'-end of five amino acid mutations. It has been reported that Rv2820c-Bj correlated with enhanced intracellular survival of M. smegmatis in macrophages when compared to its full-length counterpart Rv2820c in M. tuberculosis, however, the respective contribution of the truncation and the new 3'-end of Rv2820c-Bj to this enhancement was unclear. Here, by infecting THP-1 macrophages with Ms_Rv2820c-Bj, Ms_Rv2820c and MS_Rv2820c-Tr (expressing the truncated Rv2820c without five amino acid mutations at 3'-end), we found only Ms_Rv2820c-Bj was responsible for the enhancement of survival of M. smegmatis in macrophages. Furthermore, we detected that Ms_Rv2820c-Tr and Ms_Rv2820c-Bj induced similar cytokine profile and NO production after infection of macrophages, which was distinctly different from Ms_Rv2820c. However, Ms_Rv2820c-Bj evoked higher levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and lower levels of interleukin- 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) in infected THP-1 macrophages than Ms_Rv2820c-Tr. Accordingly, we concluded that the new 3'-end of Rv2820c-Bj was important to dampen host defense and enhance the intracellular survival of M. smegmatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhai
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xuan Peng
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengjiao Ma
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuhan Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunxi Zhang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Suo
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lang Bao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Ufimtseva E, Eremeeva N, Petrunina E, Umpeleva T, Karskanova S, Bayborodin S, Vakhrusheva D, Kravchenko M, Skornyakov S. Ex vivo expansion of alveolar macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the resected lungs of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191918. [PMID: 29401466 PMCID: PMC5798839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as the causative agent, remains to be a serious world health problem. Traditional methods used for the study of Mtb in the lungs of TB patients do not provide information about the number and functional status of Mtb, especially if Mtb are located in alveolar macrophages. We have developed a technique to produce ex vivo cultures of cells from different parts of lung tissues surgically removed from patients with pulmonary TB and compared data on the number of cells with Mtb inferred by the proposed technique to the results of bacteriological and histological analyses used for examination of the resected lungs. The ex vivo cultures of cells obtained from the resected lungs of all patients were largely composed of CD14-positive alveolar macrophages, foamy or not, with or without Mtb. Lymphocytes, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and multinucleate Langhans giant cells were also observed. We found alveolar macrophages with Mtb in the ex vivo cultures of cells from the resected lungs of even those TB patients, whose sputum smears and lung tissues did not contain acid-fast Mtb or reveal growing Mtb colonies on dense medium. The detection of alveolar macrophages with Mtb in ex vivo culture as soon as 16-18 h after isolation of cells from the resected lungs of all TB patients suggests that the technique proposed for assessing the level of infection in alveolar macrophages of TB patients has higher sensitivity than do prolonged bacteriological or pathomorphological methods. The proposed technique allowed us to rapidly (in two days after surgery) determine the level of infection with Mtb in the cells of the resected lungs of TB patients and, by the presence or absence of Mtb colonies, including those with cording morphology, the functional status of the TB agent at the time of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ufimtseva
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Research Institute of Biochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Natalya Eremeeva
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Petrunina
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Umpeleva
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Karskanova
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Bayborodin
- Shared Center for Microscopic Analysis of Biological Objects, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Diana Vakhrusheva
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Marionella Kravchenko
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Skornyakov
- Scientific Department, Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Gago G, Diacovich L, Gramajo H. Lipid metabolism and its implication in mycobacteria-host interaction. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 41:36-42. [PMID: 29190491 PMCID: PMC5862736 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The complex lipids present in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) act as major effector molecules that actively interact with the host, modulating its metabolism and stimulating the immune response, which in turn affects the physiology of both, the host cell and the bacilli. Lipids from the host are also nutrient sources for the pathogen and define the fate of the infection by modulating lipid homeostasis. Although new technologies and experimental models of infection have greatly helped understanding the different aspects of the host-pathogen interactions at the lipid level, the impact of this interaction in the Mtb lipid regulation is still incipient, mainly because of the low background knowledge in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gago
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lautaro Diacovich
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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215
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Tonganibeia A, Harries AD, Merilles OEA, Tarataake T, Tiira T, Kienene T. Impact of Laboratory Practice Changes on the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis with the Introduction of Xpert MTB/RIF in Kiribati. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2018; 77:30-34. [PMID: 29435388 PMCID: PMC5801526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Republic of Kiribati, Central Pacific, has the largest tuberculosis epidemic in the region. There is a national tuberculosis control program, which has used smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli as the main diagnostic tool for many years. In 2015, an Xpert MTB/RIF machine was procured and became functional within the tuberculosis hospital. The aim of this cross-sectional study, using routinely collected data, was to determine the effects of introducing Xpert MTB/RIF on laboratory smear microscopy practices and the pattern of registered tuberculosis cases. Between February 2015 and January 2016, there were 220 Xpert MTB/RIF assays performed with 6.4% errors and 15% detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: one patient showed rifampicin-resistance. One year before and after introducing Xpert MTB/RIF, the number of presumptive tuberculosis patients increased by 9% from 2,138 to 2,322. There were no changes in demographic characteristics, smear-positive results, or acid-fast bacilli grade between the two periods. The number of specimens cultured for Mycobacterium tuberculosis significantly declined from 638 to zero, with 76 positive MTB cultures before and none after introducing Xpert MTB/RIF. There was a significant change in the profile of registered tuberculosis cases with more children (34% versus 21%) and fewer bacteriologically-confirmed cases (29% versus 43%) - P < .001. Since the deployment of Xpert MTB/RIF in Kiribati, there have been a small number of assays performed and this has been associated with no adverse effects on smear microscopy, a stoppage in mycobacterial cultures, and a change in the types and categories of diagnosed tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Tonganibeia
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Kiribati (AT, TTarataake, TTiira, TK)
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (ADH)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia (OEAM)
| | - Anthony D Harries
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Kiribati (AT, TTarataake, TTiira, TK)
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (ADH)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia (OEAM)
| | - Onofre Edwin A Merilles
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Kiribati (AT, TTarataake, TTiira, TK)
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (ADH)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia (OEAM)
| | - Tekaibeti Tarataake
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Kiribati (AT, TTarataake, TTiira, TK)
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (ADH)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia (OEAM)
| | - Teatao Tiira
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Kiribati (AT, TTarataake, TTiira, TK)
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (ADH)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia (OEAM)
| | - Takeieta Kienene
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Kiribati (AT, TTarataake, TTiira, TK)
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (ADH)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia (OEAM)
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216
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Laencina L, Dubois V, Le Moigne V, Viljoen A, Majlessi L, Pritchard J, Bernut A, Piel L, Roux AL, Gaillard JL, Lombard B, Loew D, Rubin EJ, Brosch R, Kremer L, Herrmann JL, Girard-Misguich F. Identification of genes required for Mycobacterium abscessus growth in vivo with a prominent role of the ESX-4 locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1002-E1011. [PMID: 29343644 PMCID: PMC5798338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713195115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus, a rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) and an opportunistic human pathogen, is responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from pulmonary to skin and soft tissue infections. This intracellular organism can resist the bactericidal defense mechanisms of amoebae and macrophages, an ability that has not been observed in other RGM. M. abscessus can up-regulate several virulence factors during transient infection of amoebae, thereby becoming more virulent in subsequent respiratory infections in mice. Here, we sought to identify the M. abscessus genes required for replication within amoebae. To this end, we constructed and screened a transposon (Tn) insertion library of an M. abscessus subspecies massiliense clinical isolate for attenuated clones. This approach identified five genes within the ESX-4 locus, which in M. abscessus encodes an ESX-4 type VII secretion system that exceptionally also includes the ESX conserved EccE component. To confirm the screening results and to get further insight into the contribution of ESX-4 to M. abscessus growth and survival in amoebae and macrophages, we generated a deletion mutant of eccB4 that encodes a core structural element of ESX-4. This mutant was less efficient at blocking phagosomal acidification than its parental strain. Importantly, and in contrast to the wild-type strain, it also failed to damage phagosomes and showed reduced signs of phagosome-to-cytosol contact, as demonstrated by a combination of cellular and immunological assays. This study attributes an unexpected and genuine biological role to the underexplored mycobacterial ESX-4 system and its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Laencina
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Violaine Dubois
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Vincent Le Moigne
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Justin Pritchard
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Audrey Bernut
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Piel
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Anne-Laure Roux
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Ile de France Ouest, Ambroise Paré, Boulogne and Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Jean-Louis Gaillard
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Ile de France Ouest, Ambroise Paré, Boulogne and Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Bérengère Lombard
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse protéomique, Institut Curie, Paris Science and Letters Research University, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse protéomique, Institut Curie, Paris Science and Letters Research University, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Roland Brosch
- Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 34293 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, INSERM UMR1173, 78000 Versailles, France;
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Ile de France Ouest, Ambroise Paré, Boulogne and Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
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217
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Knight M, Braverman J, Asfaha K, Gronert K, Stanley S. Lipid droplet formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages requires IFN-γ/HIF-1α signaling and supports host defense. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006874. [PMID: 29370315 PMCID: PMC5800697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) formation occurs during infection of macrophages with numerous intracellular pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is believed that M. tuberculosis and other bacteria specifically provoke LD formation as a pathogenic strategy in order to create a depot of host lipids for use as a carbon source to fuel intracellular growth. Here we show that LD formation is not a bacterially driven process during M. tuberculosis infection, but rather occurs as a result of immune activation of macrophages as part of a host defense mechanism. We show that an IFN-γ driven, HIF-1α dependent signaling pathway, previously implicated in host defense, redistributes macrophage lipids into LDs. Furthermore, we show that M. tuberculosis is able to acquire host lipids in the absence of LDs, but not in the presence of IFN-γ induced LDs. This result uncouples macrophage LD formation from bacterial acquisition of host lipids. In addition, we show that IFN-γ driven LD formation supports the production of host protective eicosanoids including PGE2 and LXB4. Finally, we demonstrate that HIF-1α and its target gene Hig2 are required for the majority of LD formation in the lungs of mice infected with M. tuberculosis, thus demonstrating that immune activation provides the primary stimulus for LD formation in vivo. Taken together our data demonstrate that macrophage LD formation is a host-driven component of the adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis, and suggest that macrophage LDs are not an important source of nutrients for M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Knight
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Braverman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaleb Asfaha
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Stanley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zondervan NA, van Dam JCJ, Schaap PJ, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Suarez-Diez M. Regulation of Three Virulence Strategies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Success Story. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E347. [PMID: 29364195 PMCID: PMC5855569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the deadliest diseases. Emergence of drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains makes treating tuberculosis increasingly challenging. In order to develop novel intervention strategies, detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the success of this pathogen is required. Here, we review recent literature to provide a systems level overview of the molecular and cellular components involved in divalent metal homeostasis and their role in regulating the three main virulence strategies of M. tuberculosis: immune modulation, dormancy and phagosomal rupture. We provide a visual and modular overview of these components and their regulation. Our analysis identified a single regulatory cascade for these three virulence strategies that respond to limited availability of divalent metals in the phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels A Zondervan
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jesse C J van Dam
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Markelstrasse 38, 12163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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219
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Eun DH, Kim JY, Choi YH, Jang YH. Long-standing Verrucous Plaques on the Buttocks: A Quiz. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis. Acta Derm Venereol 2018; 98:161-162. [PMID: 28902949 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyuk Eun
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 130, Dongduk-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea. *E-mail:
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220
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Harrington-Kandt R, Stylianou E, Eddowes LA, Lim PJ, Stockdale L, Pinpathomrat N, Bull N, Pasricha J, Ulaszewska M, Beglov Y, Vaulont S, Drakesmith H, McShane H. Hepcidin deficiency and iron deficiency do not alter tuberculosis susceptibility in a murine M.tb infection model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191038. [PMID: 29324800 PMCID: PMC5764373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the macrophage-tropic pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a highly prevalent infectious disease. Since an immune correlate of protection or effective vaccine have yet to be found, continued research into host-pathogen interactions is important. Previous literature reports links between host iron status and disease outcome for many infections, including TB. For some extracellular bacteria, the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin is essential for protection against infection. Here, we investigated hepcidin (encoded by Hamp1) in the context of murine M.tb infection. Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with M.tb Erdman via aerosol. Hepatic expression of iron-responsive genes was measured by qRT-PCR and bacterial burden determined in organ homogenates. We found that hepatic Hamp1 mRNA levels decreased post-infection, and correlated with a marker of BMP/SMAD signalling pathways. Next, we tested the effect of Hamp1 deletion, and low iron diets, on M.tb infection. Hamp1 knockout mice did not have a significantly altered M.tb mycobacterial load in either the lungs or spleen. Up to 10 weeks of dietary iron restriction did not robustly affect disease outcome despite causing iron deficiency anaemia. Taken together, our data indicate that unlike with many other infections, hepcidin is decreased following M.tb infection, and show that hepcidin ablation does not influence M.tb growth in vivo. Furthermore, because even severe iron deficiency did not affect M.tb mycobacterial load, we suggest that the mechanisms M.tb uses to scavenge iron from the host must be extremely efficient, and may therefore represent potential targets for drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Stylianou
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A. Eddowes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pei Jin Lim
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Naomi Bull
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Pasricha
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yulia Beglov
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- Institut Cochin, INSERM 567, CNRS 8104, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HD); (HMcS)
| | - Helen McShane
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HD); (HMcS)
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221
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Schnettger L, Rodgers A, Repnik U, Lai RP, Pei G, Verdoes M, Wilkinson RJ, Young DB, Gutierrez MG. A Rab20-Dependent Membrane Trafficking Pathway Controls M. tuberculosis Replication by Regulating Phagosome Spaciousness and Integrity. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:619-628.e5. [PMID: 28494243 PMCID: PMC5432432 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lives within phagosomes and also disrupts these organelles to access the cytosol. The host pathways and mechanisms that contribute to maintaining Mtb phagosome integrity have not been investigated. Here, we examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of Mtb-containing phagosomes and identified an interferon-gamma-stimulated and Rab20-dependent membrane trafficking pathway in macrophages that maintains Mtb in spacious proteolytic phagolysosomes. This pathway functions to promote endosomal membrane influx in infected macrophages, and is required to preserve Mtb phagosome integrity and control Mtb replication. Rab20 is specifically and significantly upregulated in the sputum of human patients with active tuberculosis. Altogether, we uncover an immune-regulated cellular pathway of defense that promotes maintenance of Mtb within intact membrane-bound compartments for efficient elimination. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the M. tuberculosis (Mtb) phagosome were investigated A Rab20-dependent pathway regulates endocytic influx into Mtb phagosomes Mtb avoids targeting to Rab20-positive phagosomes through its ESX-1 system Rab20 is required to maintain Mtb phagosome integrity and for control of Mtb replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schnettger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions In Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Angela Rodgers
- Mycobacterial Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rachel P Lai
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gang Pei
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein 26/28, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Douglas B Young
- Mycobacterial Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions In Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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Abstract
SummaryDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can develop infrequently in patients with tuberculosis and has a very high mortality rate. We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the incidence of tuberculosis-induced DIC and to investigate the clinical manifestation, outcome, and prognostic factors of such patients. From January 2002 to December 2003, all culture-proven tuberculosis patients who developed DIC before starting anti-tuberculosis treatments were selected for this study. Patients who had other clinical conditions or were infected by other pathogens that may have been responsible for their DIC were excluded. Survival analysis was performed for each variable with possible prognostic significance. Our results showed that 27 (3.2%) out of the 833 patients with culture-proven tuberculosis had tuberculosis-induced DIC with a mortality rate of 63.0%. The most common clinical manifestations were fever (63.0%) and multiple patches of pulmonary consolidation (59.3%). Seven (25.9%) patients had disseminated tuberculosis. Twelve (44.4%) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and three (11.1%) were associated with hemophagocytosis. Twenty-four (88.9%) patients had findings that were unusual for an acute bacterial infection, such as positive acid-fast smear, miliary pulmonary lesions, lymphocytotic exudative pleural effusion, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Early anti-tuberculosis treatment significantly improved survival. In conclusion, tuberculosis can cause DIC. Patients with non-miliary, non-disseminated tuberculosis could also develop the rare clinical manifestation. Since the prognosis was very poor in patients not treated at an early stage, a high index of suspicion is required, especially in those with clinical findings suggestive of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jann-Yuan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chun Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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223
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Lohrasbi V, Talebi M, Bialvaei AZ, Fattorini L, Drancourt M, Heidary M, Darban-Sarokhalil D. Trends in the discovery of new drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis therapy with a glance at resistance. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 109:17-27. [PMID: 29559117 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the low expensive and effective four-drug treatment regimen (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) was introduced 40 years ago, TB continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. In 2015, the WHO estimated a total of 10.4 million new tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide. Currently, the increased number of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB), extensively-drug resistant (XDR-TB) and in some recent reports, totally drug-resistant TB (TDR-TB) cases raises concerns about this disease. MDR-TB and XDR-TB have lower cure rates and higher mortality levels due to treatment problems. Novel drugs and regimens for all forms of TB have emerged in recent years. Moreover, scientific interest has recently increased in the field of host-directed therapies (HDTs) in order to identify new treatments for MDR-TB. In this review, we offer an update on the discovery of new drugs for TB therapy with a glance at molecular mechanisms leading to drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Lohrasbi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abed Zahedi Bialvaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lanfranco Fattorini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Institut Hospital-Universitaire (IHU) Mediterranée Infection, AP-HM, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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224
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Shukla R, Shukla H, Tripathi T. Activity loss by H46A mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isocitrate lyase is due to decrease in structural plasticity and collective motions of the active site. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017. [PMID: 29523315 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis isocitrate lyase (MtbICL) is a crucial enzyme of the glyoxylate cycle and is a validated anti-tuberculosis drug target. Structurally distant, non-active site mutation (H46A) in MtbICL has been found to cause loss of enzyme activity. The aim of the present work was to explore the structural alterations induced by H46A mutation that caused the loss of enzyme activity. The structural and dynamic consequences of H46A mutation were studied using multiple computational methods such as docking, molecular dynamics simulation and residue interaction network analysis (RIN). Principal component analysis and cross correlation analysis revealed the difference in conformational flexibility and collective modes of motions between the wild-type and mutant enzyme, particularly in the active site region. RIN analysis revealed that the active site geometry was disturbed in the mutant enzyme. Thus, the dynamic perturbation of the active site led to enzyme transition from its active form to inactive form upon mutation. The computational analyses elucidated the mutant-specific conformational alterations, differential dominant motions, and anomalous residue level interactions that contributed to the abrogated function of mutant MtbICL. An understanding of interactions of mutant enzymes may help in modifying the existing drugs and designing improved drugs for successful control of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Harish Shukla
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Timir Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
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225
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He J, Ou Q, Liu C, Shi L, Zhao C, Xu Y, Kong SK, Loo J, Li B, Gu D. Differential expression of long non-coding RNAs in patients with tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:73-79. [PMID: 29050775 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major worldwide health problem and has caused millions of deaths in the past few years. Current diagnostic methods, such as sputum smear microscopy and sputum culture, are time-consuming and cannot prevent the rapid spreading of TB during the diagnostic period. In this connection, detecting biomarkers specific to TB at molecular level in plasma of patients will provide a rapid means for diagnosis. In this study, we first evaluated the differential expression of the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the plasma from patients with TB (TB positive), community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and healthy individuals (CG) using lncRNA microarray scanning. It was found that there were 2116 specific lncRNAs differentially expressed in the TB positive samples (1102 up-regulated and 1014 down-regulated), which accounted for 6.96% of total lncRNAs. Twelve differentially expressed lncRNAs discovered in microarray were subsequently validated by using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Two lncRNAs (ENST00000354432 and ENST00000427151) were further validated with more Tuberculosis samples. These results suggested the expression level of lncRNAs and the two validated lncRNAs in plasma could be the potential molecular biomarkers for the rapid diagnosis of Tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan He
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, Shenzhen International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, 518033, PR China; Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen, 518010, PR China
| | - Qingye Ou
- Zhuhai Center for Chronic Disease Control, Zhuhai, 519000, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, Shenzhen International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, 518033, PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, Shenzhen International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, 518033, PR China
| | - Chunzhong Zhao
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, Shenzhen International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, 518033, PR China
| | - Yunqing Xu
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, Shenzhen International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, 518033, PR China
| | - Siu Kai Kong
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jacky Loo
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Boan Li
- 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, 100039, PR China.
| | - Dayong Gu
- Central Laboratory of Health Quarantine, Shenzhen International Travel Health Care Center, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shenzhen, 518033, PR China; Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen, 518010, PR China.
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226
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Liu Y, Ou Q, Liu Q, Gao Y, Wu J, Zhang B, Weng X, Shao L, Zhang W. The expressions and roles of different forms of IL-22 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:95-103. [PMID: 29050778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence suggesting an anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis effector function of CD4+ T cells that produce and retain IL-22 in macaques, the general role of IL-22 in tuberculosis infection is still poorly characterized. To explore the immune mechanism in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in humans, here we evaluated different forms of IL-22 in populations with different tuberculosis infection statuses. We enrolled 156 subjects including 49 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 27 patients with tuberculous pleurisy (TPE), 38 individuals with latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) and 42 healthy controls (HC). We found significantly higher IL-22 levels at the tuberculosis infection site than in the peripheral blood as well as higher antigen-specific IL-22 levels in the culture supernatant for patients with active tuberculosis than in healthy controls. The proportions of IL-22 + CD4+ T and IL-22 + CD8+ T cells in patients with active tuberculosis were significantly higher than those in the latent tuberculosis infection group and the healthy control group, based on intracellular cytokine staining. However, surprisingly, we found membrane-bound IL-22+ T cells, including CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, by surface staining, especially in patients with active tuberculosis. Furthermore, the expression of membrane-bound IL-22 significantly decreased after drug therapy. In conclusion, our results suggest that IL-22 has various roles in tuberculosis immune responses. In particular, membrane-bound IL-22+ T cells may play important roles in the human immune response to Mycobacterium.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Interleukins/blood
- Interleukins/immunology
- Latent Tuberculosis/blood
- Latent Tuberculosis/drug therapy
- Latent Tuberculosis/immunology
- Latent Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/blood
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pleural/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/blood
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Young Adult
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qinfang Ou
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuxi No. 5 People's Hospital, Wuxi 214005, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bingyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xinhua Weng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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227
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Gupta VK, Kumar MM, Bisht D, Kaushik A. Plants in our combating strategies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: progress made and obstacles met. Pharm Biol 2017; 55:1536-1544. [PMID: 28385088 PMCID: PMC6130758 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1309440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Traditionally used plants for treating chest-related problems/tuberculosis (TB) have not been evaluated in detail and hence a thorough study is needed in this regard. This knowledge may find application in developing new anti-TB drugs. OBJECTIVE This article elaborates on studying the activity of medicinal plants against different forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) using different model strains, in vitro and ex vivo assays for studying the tuberculocidal activity and discusses the results from different studies on the activity against different forms of Mtb and human immunodeficiency virus-tuberculosis (HIV-TB) co-infection. METHODS Scientific databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, Google scholar, were used to retrieve the information from 86 research articles (published from 1994 to 2016) related to the topic of this review. RESULTS Twenty-three plant species have been reported to possess active molecules against multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates of Mtb. Seven plants were found to be active against intracellular Mtb and six against dormant bacilli. Seven plants were synergistically effective when combined with anti-TB drugs. Six studies suggest that the beneficial effects of plant extracts are due to their wide array of immuno-modulatory effects manifested by the higher expression of cytokines. Some studies have also shown the dual activity (anti-HIV and anti-TB) of plants. CONCLUSION We emphasize on identifying plants based on traditional uses and testing their extracts/phytomolecules against MDR strains, intracellular Mtb as well as against dormant Mtb. This will help in future to shorten the current therapeutic regimens for TB and also for treating HIV-TB co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - M. Madhan Kumar
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Anupam Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
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228
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Carcelén M, Abascal E, Herranz M, Santantón S, Zenteno R, Ruiz Serrano MJ, Bouza E, Pérez-Lago L, García-de-Viedma D. Optimizing and accelerating the assignation of lineages in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using novel alternative single-tube assays. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186956. [PMID: 29091913 PMCID: PMC5665510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The assignation of lineages in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) provides valuable information for evolutionary and phylogeographic studies and makes for more accurate knowledge of the distribution of this pathogen worldwide. Differences in virulence have also been found for certain lineages. MTB isolates were initially assigned to lineages based on data obtained from genotyping techniques, such as spoligotyping or MIRU-VNTR analysis, some of which are more suitable for molecular epidemiology studies. However, since these methods are subject to a certain degree of homoplasy, other criteria have been chosen to assign lineages. These are based on targeting robust and specific SNPs for each lineage. Here, we propose two newly designed multiplex targeting methods—both of which are single-tube tests—to optimize the assignation of the six main lineages in MTB. The first method is based on ASO-PCR and offers an inexpensive and easy-to-implement assay for laboratories with limited resources. The other, which is based on SNaPshot, enables more refined standardized assignation of lineages for laboratories with better resources. Both methods performed well when assigning lineages from cultured isolates from a control panel, a test panel, and a problem panel from an unrelated population, Mexico, which included isolates in which standard genotyping was not able to classify lineages. Both tests were also able to assign lineages from stored isolates, without the need for subculture or purification of DNA, and even directly from clinical specimens with a medium-high bacilli burden. Our assays could broaden the contexts where information on lineages can be acquired, thus enabling us to quickly update data from retrospective collections and to merge data with those obtained at the time of diagnosis of a new TB case.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carcelén
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Abascal
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Herranz
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, CIBERES, Spain
| | - Sheila Santantón
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Zenteno
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - María Jesús Ruiz Serrano
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, CIBERES, Spain
| | - Emilio Bouza
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, CIBERES, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Lago
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, CIBERES, Spain
- * E-mail: (DGV); (LPL)
| | - Darío García-de-Viedma
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, CIBERES, Spain
- * E-mail: (DGV); (LPL)
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Rice JP, Seifert M, Moser KS, Rodwell TC. Performance of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampin resistance in a low-incidence, high-resource setting. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186139. [PMID: 29016684 PMCID: PMC5633176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Performance of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay, designed to simultaneously detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and rifampin (RIF) resistance, has been well documented in low-resource settings with high TB-incidence. However, few studies have assessed its accuracy in low TB incidence settings. We evaluated the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF using clinical sputum specimens routinely collected from suspect pulmonary TB patients over a 4-year time period in San Diego County, California. Xpert MTB/RIF results were compared to acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture, and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST). Of 751 sputum specimens, 134 (17.8%) were MTBC culture-positive and 2 (1.5%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). For the detection of MTBC, Xpert MTB/RIF sensitivity was 89.6% (97.7% and 74.5% in smear-positive and -negative sputa, respectively) and specificity was 97.2%; while AFB smear sensitivity and specificity were 64.9% and 77.8%, respectively. Xpert MTB/RIF detected 35 of 47 smear-negative culture-positive specimens, and excluded 124 of 137 smear-positive culture-negative specimens. Xpert MTB/RIF also correctly excluded 99.2% (121/122) of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) specimens, including all 33 NTM false-positives by smear microscopy. For the detection of RIF resistance, Xpert MTB/RIF sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 98.3%, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that Xpert MTB/RIF is able to accurately detect MTBC and RIF resistance in routinely collected respiratory specimens in a low TB-incidence setting, with comparable performance to that achieved in high-incidence settings; and suggest that under these conditions the assay has particular utility in detecting smear-negative TB cases, excluding smear-positive patients without MTBC disease, and differentiating MTBC from NTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Rice
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marva Seifert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen S. Moser
- Tuberculosis Control and Refugee Health Program, County of San Diego Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Rodwell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
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230
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Singh P, Sinha R, Tyagi G, Sharma NK, Saini NK, Chandolia A, Prasad AK, Varma-Basil M, Bose M. PDIM and SL1 accumulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with mce4A expression. Gene 2017; 642:178-187. [PMID: 28988960 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism forms the heart and soul of Mycobacterium tuberculosis life cycle. Starting from macrophage invasion at cholesterol rich micro-domains to a sustainable survival for infection by utilizing cholesterol, Mycobacterium displays the nexus of metabolic pathways around host derived lipids. mce4 operon acts as cholesterol import system in M. tuberculosis and here we demonstrate role of mce4A gene of this operon in cholesterol catabolism. Here M. tuberculosis H37Rv overexpressing Rv3499c (mce4A) recombinant was used as a model to decipher the metabolic flux during intake and utilization of host lipids by mycobacteria. We analysed the impact of mce4A expression on carbon shift initiated during cholesterol utilization necessary for long term survival of mycobacterium. Through transcriptional analysis, upregulation in methylcitrate cycle (MCC) and methylmalonyl pathway (MMP) genes was observed in Rv3499c overexpressing recombinants of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Up-regulation of methylmalonyl pathway associated enzyme encoding genes increased accumulation of virulence associated mycobacterial lipids phthiocerol dimycocerates (PDIM) and sulfolipid (SL1). We demonstrate that MCC and MMP associated enzyme encoding genes are upregulated upon mce4A overexpression and lead to enhanced accumulation of PDIM and SL1 which are responsible for pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Department of Microbiology, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Chatra Marg, Delhi, India; Public Health research Institute, New Jersey Medical School - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rajesh Sinha
- Department of Microbiology, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Chatra Marg, Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Chatra Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Tyagi
- Department of Microbiology, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Chatra Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Chatra Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj K Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amita Chandolia
- Department of Microbiology, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Chatra Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Bioorganic Laboratory, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mandira Varma-Basil
- Department of Microbiology, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Chatra Marg, Delhi, India
| | - Mridula Bose
- Department of Microbiology, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Chatra Marg, Delhi, India.
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231
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Bae HJ, Lee HN, Baek MN, Park EJ, Eom CY, Ko IJ, Kang HY, Oh JI. Inhibition of the DevSR Two-Component System by Overexpression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknB in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Mol Cells 2017; 40:632-642. [PMID: 28843272 PMCID: PMC5638771 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The DevSR (DosSR) two-component system, which is a major regulatory system involved in oxygen sensing in mycobacteria, plays an important role in hypoxic induction of many genes in mycobacteria. We demonstrated that overexpression of the kinase domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) PknB inhibited transcriptional activity of the DevR response regulator in Mycobacterium smegmatis and that this inhibitory effect was exerted through phosphorylation of DevR on Thr180 within its DNA-binding domain. Moreover, the purified kinase domain of Mtb PknB significantly phosphorylated RegX3, NarL, KdpE, TrcR, DosR, and MtrA response regulators of Mtb that contain the Thr residues corresponding to Thr180 of DevR in their DNA-binding domains, implying that transcriptional activities of these response regulators might also be inhibited when the kinase domain of PknB is overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Mi-Na Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Chi-Yong Eom
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02855,
Korea
| | - In-Jeong Ko
- Korea Science Academy of KAIST, Busan 47162,
Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
Korea
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232
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Michael Dunne W, Pouseele H, Monecke S, Ehricht R, van Belkum A. Epidemiology of transmissible diseases: Array hybridization and next generation sequencing as universal nucleic acid-mediated typing tools. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 63:332-345. [PMID: 28943408 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of interest in the epidemiology of transmissible human diseases is reflected in the vast number of tools and methods developed recently with the expressed purpose to characterize and track evolutionary changes that occur in agents of these diseases over time. Within the past decade a new suite of such tools has become available with the emergence of the so-called "omics" technologies. Among these, two are exponents of the ongoing genomic revolution. Firstly, high-density nucleic acid probe arrays have been proposed and developed using various chemical and physical approaches. Via hybridization-mediated detection of entire genes or genetic polymorphisms in such genes and intergenic regions these so called "DNA chips" have been successfully applied for distinguishing very closely related microbial species and strains. Second and even more phenomenal, next generation sequencing (NGS) has facilitated the assessment of the complete nucleotide sequence of entire microbial genomes. This technology currently provides the most detailed level of bacterial genotyping and hence allows for the resolution of microbial spread and short-term evolution in minute detail. We will here review the very recent history of these two technologies, sketch their usefulness in the elucidation of the spread and epidemiology of mostly hospital-acquired infections and discuss future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Dunne
- Data Analytics Unit, bioMerieux, 100 Rodolphe Street, Durham, NC 27712, USA.
| | - Hannes Pouseele
- Data Analytics Unit, bioMerieux, 100 Rodolphe Street, Durham, NC 27712, USA; Applied Maths NV, Keistraat 120, 9830 Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium.
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany.
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Data Analytics Unit, bioMérieux, 3, Route de Port Michaud, 38390 La Balme Les Grottes, France.
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Carranza-Rosales P, Carranza-Torres IE, Guzmán-Delgado NE, Lozano-Garza G, Villarreal-Treviño L, Molina-Torres C, Villarreal JV, Vera-Cabrera L, Castro-Garza J. Modeling tuberculosis pathogenesis through ex vivo lung tissue infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:126-132. [PMID: 29050759 PMCID: PMC7106348 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Several in vitro and in vivo experimental models have been used to study TB pathogenesis and induction of immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Precision cut lung tissue slices (PCLTS) is an experimental model, in which all the usual cell types of the organ are found, the tissue architecture and the interactions amongst the different cells are maintained. PCLTS in good physiological conditions, monitored by MTT assay and histology, were infected with either virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv or the TB vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Histological analysis showed that bacilli infecting lung tissue slices were observed in the alveolar septa, alveolar light spaces, near to type II pneumocytes, and inside macrophages. Mycobacterial infection of PCLTS induced TNF-α production, which is consistent with previous M. tuberculosis in vitro and in vivo studies. This is the first report of using PCLTS as a system to study M. tuberculosis infection. The PCLTS model provides a useful tool to evaluate the innate immune responses and other aspects during the early stages of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Irma Edith Carranza-Torres
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Pedro de Alba y Manuel L, Barragán s/n, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Nancy Elena Guzmán-Delgado
- Departamento de Patología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad # 34, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, N.L. 64730, Mexico.
| | - Gerardo Lozano-Garza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Pedro de Alba y Manuel L, Barragán s/n, Cd. Universitaria, 66450, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Carmen Molina-Torres
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Javier Vargas Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Lucio Vera-Cabrera
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario "José E. González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Jorge Castro-Garza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2 de Abril 501 ote, Col. Independencia, 64720, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
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234
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Dong H, Lv Y, Sreevatsan S, Zhao D, Zhou X. Differences in pathogenicity of three animal isolates of Mycobacterium species in a mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183666. [PMID: 28837698 PMCID: PMC5570376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal mycobacterioses are among the most important zoonoses worldwide. These are generally caused by either Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), M. bovis (MBO) or M. avium (MAV). To test the hypothesis that different species of pathogenic mycobacteria isolated from varied anatomic locations or animal species differ in virulence and pathogenicity, we performed experiments with three mycobacteria strains (NTSE-3(MTB), NTSE-4(MBO) and NTSE-5 (MAV)) obtained from animal species. Spoligotyping analysis was used to confirm both MTB and MBO strains while the MAV strain was confirmed by 16s rDNA sequencing. BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with the three strains at low and high CFU doses to evaluate variations in pathogenicity. Clinical and pathological parameters were assessed. Infected mice were euthanized at 80 days post-inoculation (dpi). Measures of lung and body weights indicated that the MBO infected group had higher mortality, more weight loss, higher bacterial burden and more severe lesions in lungs than the other two groups. Cytokine profiles showed higher levels of TNF-α for MBO versus MTB, while MAV had the highest amounts of IFN-β in vitro and in vivo. In vitro levels of other cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, and IFN-β showed that Th1 cells had the strongest response in MBO infected mice and that Th2 cells were inhibited. We found that the level of virulence among the three isolates decreased in the following order MBO>MTB>MAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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235
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Leisching G, Pietersen RD, van Heerden C, van Helden P, Wiid I, Baker B. RNAseq reveals hypervirulence-specific host responses to M. tuberculosis infection. Virulence 2017; 8:848-858. [PMID: 27763806 PMCID: PMC5626229 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1250994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinguishing factors that characterize the host response to infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) are largely confounding. We present an infection study with 2 genetically closely related M.tb strains that have vastly different pathogenic characteristics. The early host response to infection with these detergent-free cultured strains was analyzed through RNAseq in an attempt to provide information on the subtleties which may ultimately contribute to the virulent phenotype. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were infected with either a hyper- (R5527) or hypovirulent (R1507) Beijing M. tuberculosis clinical isolate. RNAseq revealed 69 differentially expressed host genes in BMDMs during comparison of these 2 transcriptomes. Pathway analysis revealed activation of the stress-induced and growth inhibitory Gadd45 signaling pathway in hypervirulent infected BMDMs. Upstream regulators of interferon activation such as and IRF3 and IRF7 were predicted to be upregulated in hypovirulent-infected BMDMs. Additional analysis of the host immune response through ELISA and qPCR included the use of human THP-1 macrophages where a robust proinflammatory response was observed after infection with the hypervirulent strain. RNAseq revealed 2 early-response genes (ier3 and saa3) and 2 host-defense genes (oasl1 and slpi) that were significantly upregulated by the hypervirulent strain. The role of these genes under M.tb infection conditions are largely unknown but here we provide validation of their presence with use of qPCR and Western blot. Further analysis into their biological role during infection with virulent M.tb is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Leisching
- SA MRC Center for TB Research, DST/NRF Center of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Pietersen
- SA MRC Center for TB Research, DST/NRF Center of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Carel van Heerden
- Central Analytical Facility (CAF), DNA Sequencing Unit, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Paul van Helden
- SA MRC Center for TB Research, DST/NRF Center of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ian Wiid
- SA MRC Center for TB Research, DST/NRF Center of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- SA MRC Center for TB Research, DST/NRF Center of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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236
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Pienaar E, Sarathy J, Prideaux B, Dietzold J, Dartois V, Kirschner DE, Linderman JJ. Comparing efficacies of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin in tuberculosis granulomas using a multi-scale systems pharmacology approach. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005650. [PMID: 28817561 PMCID: PMC5560534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomas are complex lung lesions that are the hallmark of tuberculosis (TB). Understanding antibiotic dynamics within lung granulomas will be vital to improving and shortening the long course of TB treatment. Three fluoroquinolones (FQs) are commonly prescribed as part of multi-drug resistant TB therapy: moxifloxacin (MXF), levofloxacin (LVX) or gatifloxacin (GFX). To date, insufficient data are available to support selection of one FQ over another, or to show that these drugs are clinically equivalent. To predict the efficacy of MXF, LVX and GFX at a single granuloma level, we integrate computational modeling with experimental datasets into a single mechanistic framework, GranSim. GranSim is a hybrid agent-based computational model that simulates granuloma formation and function, FQ plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and is based on extensive in vitro and in vivo data. We treat in silico granulomas with recommended daily doses of each FQ and compare efficacy by multiple metrics: bacterial load, sterilization rates, early bactericidal activity and efficacy under non-compliance and treatment interruption. GranSim reproduces in vivo plasma pharmacokinetics, spatial and temporal tissue pharmacokinetics and in vitro pharmacodynamics of these FQs. We predict that MXF kills intracellular bacteria more quickly than LVX and GFX due in part to a higher cellular accumulation ratio. We also show that all three FQs struggle to sterilize non-replicating bacteria residing in caseum. This is due to modest drug concentrations inside caseum and high inhibitory concentrations for this bacterial subpopulation. MXF and LVX have higher granuloma sterilization rates compared to GFX; and MXF performs better in a simulated non-compliance or treatment interruption scenario. We conclude that MXF has a small but potentially clinically significant advantage over LVX, as well as LVX over GFX. We illustrate how a systems pharmacology approach combining experimental and computational methods can guide antibiotic selection for TB. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and kills 1.5 million people each year. TB requires at least 6 months of treatment with up to four drugs, and is characterized by formation of granulomas in patient lungs. Granulomas are spherical collections of host cells and bacteria. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a class of drug that could help shorten TB treatment. Three FQs that are used to treat TB are: moxifloxacin (MXF), levofloxacin (LVX) or gatifloxacin (GFX). To date, it is unclear if one FQ is better than the others at treating TB, in part because little is known about how these drugs distribute and work inside the lung granulomas. We use computer simulations of Mtb infection and FQ treatment within granulomas to predict which FQ is better and why. Our computer model is calibrated to multiple experimental data sets. We compare the three FQs by multiple metrics, and predict that MXF is better than LVX and GFX because it kills bacteria more quickly, and it works better when patients miss doses. However, all three FQs are unable to kill a part of the bacterial population living in the center of granulomas. Our results can now inform future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsje Pienaar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jansy Sarathy
- Public Health Research Institute and New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Public Health Research Institute and New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jillian Dietzold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute and New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Denise E. Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Thompson EG, Du Y, Malherbe ST, Shankar S, Braun J, Valvo J, Ronacher K, Tromp G, Tabb DL, Alland D, Shenai S, Via LE, Warwick J, Aderem A, Scriba TJ, Winter J, Walzl G, Zak DE. Host blood RNA signatures predict the outcome of tuberculosis treatment. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:48-58. [PMID: 29050771 PMCID: PMC5658513 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers for tuberculosis treatment outcome will assist in guiding individualized treatment and evaluation of new therapies. To identify candidate biomarkers, RNA sequencing of whole blood from a well-characterized TB treatment cohort was performed. Application of a validated transcriptional correlate of risk for TB revealed symmetry in host gene expression during progression from latent TB infection to active TB disease and resolution of disease during treatment, including return to control levels after drug therapy. The symmetry was also seen in a TB disease signature, constructed from the TB treatment cohort, that also functioned as a strong correlate of risk. Both signatures identified patients at risk of treatment failure 1–4 weeks after start of therapy. Further mining of the transcriptomes revealed an association between treatment failure and suppressed expression of mitochondrial genes before treatment initiation, leading to development of a novel baseline (pre-treatment) signature of treatment failure. These novel host responses to TB treatment were integrated into a five-gene real-time PCR-based signature that captures the clinically relevant responses to TB treatment and provides a convenient platform for stratifying patients according to their risk of treatment failure. Furthermore, this 5-gene signature is shown to correlate with the pulmonary inflammatory state (as measured by PET-CT) and can complement sputum-based Gene Xpert for patient stratification, providing a rapid and accurate alternative to current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Du
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanus T Malherbe
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Smitha Shankar
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jackie Braun
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joe Valvo
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Mater Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David L Tabb
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Alland
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shubhada Shenai
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Warwick
- Western Cape Academic Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography Centre, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alan Aderem
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jill Winter
- Catalysis Foundation for Health, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel E Zak
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Adetifa IMO, Kendall L, Donkor S, Lugos MD, Hammond AS, Owiafe PK, Ota MOC, Brookes RH, Hill PC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Close Childhood Contacts of Adults with Pulmonary Tuberculosis is Increased by Secondhand Exposure to Tobacco. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:429-432. [PMID: 28722570 PMCID: PMC5544071 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). Secondhand smoke (SHS) is also a risk factor for TB and to a lesser extent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without disease. We investigated the added risk of M. tuberculosis infection due to SHS exposure in childhood contacts of TB cases in The Gambia. Participants were childhood household contacts aged ≤ 14 years of newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (PTB) cases. The intensity of exposure to the case was categorized according to whether contacts slept in the same room, same house, or a different house as the case. Contacts were tested with an enzyme-linked immunospot interferon gamma release assay. In multivariate regression models, M. tuberculosis infection was associated with increasing exposure to a case (odds ratios [OR]: 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.11-71.4, P < 0.001]) and with male gender (OR: 1.5 [95% CI: 1.12-2.11], P = 0.008). Tobacco use caused a 3-fold increase in the odds of M. tuberculosis infection in children who slept closest to a case who smoked within the same home compared with a nonsmoking case (OR: 8.0 [95% CI: 2.74-23.29] versus 2.4 [95% CI: 1.17-4.92], P < 0.001). SHS exposure as an effect modifier appears to greatly increase the risk of M. tuberculosis infection in children exposed to PTB cases. Smoking cessation campaigns may be important for reducing transmission of M. tuberculosis to children within households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifedayo M. O. Adetifa
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Lindsay Kendall
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Simon Donkor
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Moses D. Lugos
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Jos, Plateau, Nigeria
| | - Abdulrahman S. Hammond
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Patrick K. Owiafe
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Martin O. C. Ota
- World Health Organization-Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Roger H. Brookes
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip C. Hill
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Centre for International Health and the Otago International Health Research Network, University of Otago School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand
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239
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Orme IM. Pillars Article: The Kinetics of Emergence and Loss of Mediator T Lymphocytes Acquired in Response to Infection with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 1987. 138: 293-298. J Immunol 2017; 199:833-838. [PMID: 28739593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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240
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Ennassiri W, Jaouhari S, Cherki W, Charof R, Filali-Maltouf A, Lahlou O. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in Morocco. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 11:75-80. [PMID: 28743645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has recently been identified as a major global health threat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of XDR-TB among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Morocco and its association with demographic, clinical and epidemiological features. METHODS A total of 524 patients from the Moroccan National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, representative of all of the geographic regions, were subject to first-line drug susceptibility testing (DST). Subsequently, 155 isolates found to be multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) underwent second-line DST. Moreover, to enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of these drug-resistant strains, drug resistance-associated mutations were investigated in isolates either identified as pre-XDR- and XDR-TB or suspected resistant using the GenoType® MTBDRsl V1.0 assay. RESULTS In this study, 4 (2.6%) XDR-TB and 18 (11.6%) pre-XDR-TB isolates were identified. Agreement between the MTBDRsl assay results and phenotypic DST was 95.2% for ofloxacin, 81.0% for kanamycin and 95.2% for amikacin. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the frequency of XDR-TB in Morocco. These results highlight the need to reinforce the TB management policy in Morocco with regard to control and detection strategies in order to prevent further spread of XDR-TB isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wifak Ennassiri
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sanae Jaouhari
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Wafa Cherki
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Reda Charof
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafae Lahlou
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco.
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241
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Mai TQ, Van Anh NT, Hien NT, Lan NH, Giang DC, Hang PTT, Lan NTN, Marais BJ, Sintchenko V. Drug resistance and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain diversity in TB/HIV co-infected patients in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 10:154-160. [PMID: 28743648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain diversity and drug resistance among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Vietnam have not been described previously. METHODS We examined M. tuberculosis isolates from TB/HIV co-infected patients in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Drug susceptibility testing (DST), spoligotyping and 24-locus Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit (MIRU-24 typing) were performed, and the rpoB, katG, inhA and inhA promoter, rpsL, rrs and embB genes were sequenced in all drug resistant isolates identified. RESULTS In total, 84/200 (42.0%) strains demonstrated "any drug resistance"; 17 (8.5%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Streptomycin resistance was present in 80 (40.0%) isolates; 95.2% (80/84) with "any drug resistance" and 100% with MDR. No rifampicin monoresistance was detected. Of the rifampicin resistant strains 16/18 (88.9%) had mutations in the 81-bp Rifampicin Resistance Defining Region (RRDR) of the rpoB gene. Isoniazid resistance was mostly associated with Ser315Thr mutations in the katG gene (15/17; 88.2%). Beijing (49.0%) and East African Indian (EAI) lineage strains (35.0%; 56/70 EAI-5) were most common. CONCLUSION TB/HIV co-infection in Vietnam was associated with high rates of TB drug resistance, although we were unable to differentiate new from retreatment cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Quynh Mai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Sydney Medical School and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia; Centre for Infectious Disease and Microbiology - Public Health, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | - Nguyen Huu Lan
- Pham Ngoc Thach TB and Lung Disease Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Do Chau Giang
- Pham Ngoc Thach TB and Lung Disease Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Thi Thu Hang
- Pham Ngoc Thach TB and Lung Disease Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | - Ben J Marais
- Sydney Medical School and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Sydney Medical School and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia; Centre for Infectious Disease and Microbiology - Public Health, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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242
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Shin HJ, Kim TO, Oh HJ, Park HY, Chang JS, Ahn S, Kim YI, Lim SC, Kwon YS. Impact of diabetes mellitus on indeterminate results of the QuantiFERON TB Gold In-Tube test: A propensity score matching analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181887. [PMID: 28732078 PMCID: PMC5521843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sensitivity of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection could be affected by conditions of immune dysregulation. For this reason, diabetes mellitus (DM) may increase the frequency of indeterminate results of IGRAs. However, there have been inconsistent reports of role of DM on indeterminate IGRA results. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube testing (QFT-GIT) at Chonnam National University Hospital. We collected the clinical and laboratory data of these patients. Results Of all 3,391 subjects, 1,265 (37.3%) had a positive QFT-GIT result, 266 (7.8%) had an indeterminate result, and 1,860 (54.9%) had a negative result. The mean age was 54.8 ± 18.1 years and 55.0% of the patients were male. There were 512 (15.1%) patients with DM. Multivariable analysis revealed that systemic corticosteroid use, tuberculosis, lymphocytopenia, low serum albumin, and high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results. However, DM was not associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results (adjusted odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–1.41; P = 0.939). After propensity score matching, DM was not associated with indeterminate results of QFT-GIT. Conclusion In this large cohort study, DM does not affect the incidence of indeterminate results of QFT-GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Joon Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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243
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du Plessis J, Cloete R, Burchell L, Sarkar P, Warren RM, Christoffels A, Wigneshweraraj S, Sampson SL. Exploring the potential of T7 bacteriophage protein Gp2 as a novel inhibitor of mycobacterial RNA polymerase. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 106:82-90. [PMID: 28802409 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past six decades, there has been a decline in novel therapies to treat tuberculosis, while the causative agent of this disease has become increasingly resistant to current treatment regimens. Bacteriophages (phages) are able to kill bacterial cells and understanding this process could lead to novel insights for the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Phages inhibit bacterial gene transcription through phage-encoded proteins which bind to RNA polymerase (RNAP), thereby preventing bacterial transcription. Gp2, a T7 phage protein which binds to the beta prime (β') subunit of RNAP in Escherichia coli, has been well characterized in this regard. Here, we aimed to determine whether Gp2 is able to inhibit RNAP in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as this may provide new possibilities for inhibiting the growth of this deadly pathogen. Results from an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and in vitro transcription assay revealed that Gp2 binds to mycobacterial RNAP and inhibits transcription; however to a much lesser degree than in E. coli. To further understand the molecular basis of these results, a series of in silico techniques were used to assess the interaction between mycobacterial RNAP and Gp2, providing valuable insight into the characteristics of this protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J du Plessis
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - R Cloete
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), SA Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - L Burchell
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Faculty of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College, United Kingdom.
| | - P Sarkar
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Faculty of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College, United Kingdom.
| | - R M Warren
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - A Christoffels
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), SA Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - S Wigneshweraraj
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Faculty of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College, United Kingdom.
| | - S L Sampson
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SA MRC Centre for TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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Montoya-Rosales A, Provvedi R, Torres-Juarez F, Enciso-Moreno JA, Hernandez-Pando R, Manganelli R, Rivas-Santiago B. lysX gene is differentially expressed among Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with different levels of virulence. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 106:106-117. [PMID: 28802397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are mainly produced by epithelial cells and macrophages to eliminate infecting mycobacteria through direct antimicrobial activity and immunomodulation. Indeed, it has been described that this line of defense is essential to control infection. However, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has developed mechanisms to avoid AMPs activity, for instance lysX adds lysine residues to surface phospholipids changing their net charge, leading to the repelling of the AMPs. In the present study, we determined that lysX gene is differentially expressed among Mtb strains. To achieve this aim we used several well-characterized Mtb clinical isolates, lysX mutated strains and reference strains. Our results showed that in the presence of AMPs, lysX expression increased significantly. Strains with higher lysX expression showed increased levels of intracellular survival in vivo and in vitro and induced more severe lesion related with pneumonia. Results showed that ability of Mtb to replicate intracellularly was directly correlated to the level of lysX expression showing that the amount of lysX produced by the bacterial cell is an important variable for the modulation of Mtb virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Montoya-Rosales
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | | | - Flor Torres-Juarez
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Jose A Enciso-Moreno
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernandez-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán", México City, Mexico
| | | | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico.
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Loo J, Kwok HC, Leung CCH, Wu SY, Law ILG, Cheung YK, Cheung YY, Chin ML, Kwan P, Hui M, Kong SK, Ho HP. Sample-to-answer on molecular diagnosis of bacterial infection using integrated lab--on--a--disc. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 93:212-219. [PMID: 27660018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis by bacterial infection causes high mortality in patients in intensive care unit (ICU). Rapid identification of bacterial infection is essential to ensure early appropriate administration of antibiotics to save lives of patients, yet the present benchtop molecular diagnosis is time-consuming and labor-intensive, which limits the treatment efficiency especially when the number of samples to be tested is extensive. Therefore, we hereby report a microfluidic platform lab-on-a-disc (LOAD) to provide a sample-to-answer solution. Our LOAD customized design of microfluidic channels allows automation to mimic sequential analytical steps in benchtop environment. It relies on a simple but controllable centrifugation force for the actuation of samples and reagents. Our LOAD system performs three major functions, namely DNA extraction, isothermal DNA amplification and real-time signal detection, in a predefined sequence. The disc is self-contained for conducting sample heating with chemical lysis buffer and silica microbeads are employed for DNA extraction from clinical specimens. Molecular diagnosis of specific target bacteria DNA sequences is then performed using a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) with SYTO-9 as the signal reporter. Our LOAD system capable of bacterial identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and Acinetobacter baumanii (Ab) with the detection limits 103cfu/mL TB in sputum and 102cfu/mL Ab in blood within 2h after sample loading. The reported LOAD based on an integrated approach should address the growing needs for rapid point-of-care medical diagnosis in ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Loo
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - H C Kwok
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - C C H Leung
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - S Y Wu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - I L G Law
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Y K Cheung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Y Y Cheung
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - M L Chin
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - P Kwan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - M Hui
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - S K Kong
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - H P Ho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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Costa-Gouveia J, Pancani E, Jouny S, Machelart A, Delorme V, Salzano G, Iantomasi R, Piveteau C, Queval CJ, Song OR, Flipo M, Deprez B, Saint-André JP, Hureaux J, Majlessi L, Willand N, Baulard A, Brodin P, Gref R. Combination therapy for tuberculosis treatment: pulmonary administration of ethionamide and booster co-loaded nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5390. [PMID: 28710351 PMCID: PMC5511234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious cause of death worldwide. The use of ethionamide (ETH), a main second line anti-TB drug, is hampered by its severe side effects. Recently discovered "booster" molecules strongly increase the ETH efficacy, opening new perspectives to improve the current clinical outcome of drug-resistant TB. To investigate the simultaneous delivery of ETH and its booster BDM41906 in the lungs, we co-encapsulated these compounds in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), overcoming the bottlenecks inherent to the strong tendency of ETH to crystallize and the limited water solubility of this Booster. The efficacy of the designed formulations was evaluated in TB infected macrophages using an automated confocal high-content screening platform, showing that the drugs maintained their activity after incorporation in NPs. Among tested formulations, "green" β-cyclodextrin (pCD) based NPs displayed the best physico-chemical characteristics and were selected for in vivo studies. The NPs suspension, administered directly into mouse lungs using a Microsprayer®, was proved to be well-tolerated and led to a 3-log decrease of the pulmonary mycobacterial load after 6 administrations as compared to untreated mice. This study paves the way for a future use of pCD NPs for the pulmonary delivery of the [ETH:Booster] pair in TB chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Inhalation
- Animals
- Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Compounding/methods
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
- Ethionamide/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer/chemistry
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Solubility
- Treatment Outcome
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- beta-Cyclodextrins/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Costa-Gouveia
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Elisabetta Pancani
- University of Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8214 - Institute for Molecular Sciences of Orsay (ISMO), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Samuel Jouny
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Delorme
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- University of Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8214 - Institute for Molecular Sciences of Orsay (ISMO), 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Raffaella Iantomasi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Christophe J Queval
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ok-Ryul Song
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marion Flipo
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - José Hureaux
- University Hospital Center of Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Département de Génomes et Génétique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Willand
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alain Baulard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- University of Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8214 - Institute for Molecular Sciences of Orsay (ISMO), 91405, Orsay, France.
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247
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Meyer AJ, Atuheire C, Worodria W, Kizito S, Katamba A, Sanyu I, Andama A, Ayakaka I, Cattamanchi A, Bwanga F, Huang L, Davis JL. Sputum quality and diagnostic performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF among smear-negative adults with presumed tuberculosis in Uganda. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180572. [PMID: 28686705 PMCID: PMC5501569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Introduction of GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) assay has constituted a major breakthrough for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics. Several patient factors may influence diagnostic performance of Xpert including sputum quality. OBJECTIVE We carried out a prospective, observational, cross-sectional study to determine the effect of sputum quality on diagnostic performance of Xpert among presumed TB patients in Uganda. METHODS We collected clinical and demographic information and two sputum samples from participants. Staff recorded sputum quality and performed LED fluorescence microscopy and mycobacterial culture on each sample. If both smear examinations were negative, Xpert testing was performed. We calculated diagnostic yield, sensitivity, specificity, and other indicators for Xpert for each stratum of sputum quality in reference to a standard of mycobacterial culture. RESULTS Patients with salivary sputum showed a trend towards a substantially higher proportion of samples that were Xpert-positive (54/286, 19%, 95% CI 15-24) compared with those with all other sputum sample types (221/1496, 15%, 95% CI 13-17). Blood-stained sputum produced the lowest sensitivity (28%; 95% CI 12-49) and salivary sputum the highest (66%; 95% CI 53-77). Specificity didn't vary meaningfully by sample types. Salivary sputum was significantly more sensitive than mucoid sputum (+13%, 95% CI +1 to +26), while blood-stained sputum was significantly less sensitive (-24%, 95% CI -42 to -5). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the need to exercise caution in collecting sputum for Xpert and in interpreting results because sputum quality may impact test yield and sensitivity. In particular, it may be wise to pursue additional testing should blood-stained sputum test negative while salivary sputum should be readily accepted for Xpert testing given its higher sensitivity and potentially higher yield than other sample types. These findings challenge conventional recommendations against collecting salivary sputum for TB diagnosis and could inform new standards for sputum quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Meyer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Collins Atuheire
- Department of Health Sciences & Special Education, Africa Renewal University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - William Worodria
- Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Kizito
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Achilles Katamba
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ingvar Sanyu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alfred Andama
- Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Irene Ayakaka
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Laurence Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J. Lucian Davis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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248
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Duncan C, Jamieson FB, Troudt J, Izzo L, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Izzo A, Mehaffy C. Whole transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of an isogenic M. tuberculosis clinical strain with a naturally occurring 15 Kb genomic deletion. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28650996 PMCID: PMC5484546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the most difficult to control infectious diseases in the world. Many different factors contribute to the complexity of this disease. These include the ability of the host to control the infection which may directly relate to nutritional status, presence of co-morbidities and genetic predisposition. Pathogen factors, in particular the ability of different Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to respond to the harsh environment of the host granuloma, which includes low oxygen and nutrient availability and the presence of damaging radical oxygen and nitrogen species, also play an important role in the success of different strains to cause disease. In this study we evaluated the impact of a naturally occurring 12 gene 15 Kb genomic deletion on the physiology and virulence of M. tuberculosis. The strains denominated ON-A WT (wild type) and ON-A NM (natural mutant) were isolated from a previously reported TB outbreak in an inner city under-housed population in Toronto, Canada. Here we subjected these isogenic strains to transcriptomic (via RNA-seq) and proteomic analyses and identified several gene clusters with differential expression in the natural mutant, including the DosR regulon and the molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis genes, both of which were found in lower abundance in the natural mutant. We also demonstrated lesser virulence of the natural mutant in the guinea pig animal model. Overall, our findings suggest that the ON-A natural mutant is less fit to cause disease, but nevertheless has the potential to cause extended transmission in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frances B. Jamieson
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - JoLynn Troudt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Linda Izzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Angelo Izzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Carolina Mehaffy
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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249
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Sobota RS, Stein CM, Kodaman N, Maro I, Wieland-Alter W, Igo RP, Magohe A, Malone LL, Chervenak K, Hall NB, Matee M, Mayanja-Kizza H, Joloba M, Moore JH, Scott WK, Lahey T, Boom WH, von Reyn CF, Williams SM, Sirugo G. A chromosome 5q31.1 locus associates with tuberculin skin test reactivity in HIV-positive individuals from tuberculosis hyper-endemic regions in east Africa. PLoS Genet 2017. [PMID: 28628665 PMCID: PMC5495514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One in three people has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and the risk for MTB infection in HIV-infected individuals is even higher. We hypothesized that HIV-positive individuals living in tuberculosis-endemic regions who do not get infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis are genetically resistant. Using an “experiment of nature” design that proved successful in our previous work, we performed a genome-wide association study of tuberculin skin test positivity using 469 HIV-positive patients from prospective study cohorts of tuberculosis from Tanzania and Uganda to identify genetic loci associated with MTB infection in the context of HIV-infection. Among these individuals, 244 tested were tuberculin skin test (TST) positive either at enrollment or during the >8 year follow up, while 225 were not. We identified a genome-wide significant association between a dominant model of rs877356 and binary TST status in the combined cohort (Odds ratio = 0.2671, p = 1.22x10-8). Association was replicated with similar significance when examining TST induration as a continuous trait. The variant lies in the 5q31.1 region, 57kb downstream from IL9. Two-locus analyses of association of variants near rs877356 showed a haplotype comprised of rs877356 and an IL9 missense variant, rs2069885, had the most significant association (p = 1.59x10-12). We also replicated previously linked loci on chromosomes 2, 5, and 11. IL9 is a cytokine produced by mast cells and TH2 cells during inflammatory responses, providing a possible link between airway inflammation and protection from MTB infection. Our results indicate that studying uninfected, HIV-positive participants with extensive exposure increases the power to detect associations in complex infectious disease. Approximately one-third of the world’s population has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. A small number of those infected develop active disease; however, there is a substantial portion of exposed people who do not even show evidence of an immunological response. These people who appear to resist infection, as measured by a negative tuberculin skin test, represent a subpopulation from which we can learn about resistance. We used a genome-wide approach to study the genetic basis of this resistance in unique cohorts of hypervulnerable, HIV-positive individuals from Uganda and Tanzania, in which exposure was virtually assured. We identified one locus that was highly significantly associated and conferred more than 70% protection from infection. The most significant variant, rs8773656, was near IL9 and SLC25A48, and a haplotype including this variant and a missense mutation in IL9 was even more significantly associated with negative skin tests. Although it is impossible based solely on our data to determine the causal variant or genes, IL9 is an attractive candidate as its product has previously been associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness, thereby providing a possible link between inflammation and protection from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal S. Sobota
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nuri Kodaman
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Isaac Maro
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Albert Magohe
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - LaShaunda L. Malone
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Keith Chervenak
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Noemi B. Hall
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mecky Matee
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences Makerere University and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses Joloba
- Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences Makerere University and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jason H. Moore
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William K. Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Timothy Lahey
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - W. Henry Boom
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - C. Fordham von Reyn
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy
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250
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Jensen C, Lindebo Holm L, Svensson E, Aagaard C, Ruhwald M. Optimisation of a murine splenocyte mycobacterial growth inhibition assay using virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2830. [PMID: 28588268 PMCID: PMC5460210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of a validated correlate of protection or robust animal models for human tuberculosis, Mycobacterial growth inhibition assays (MGIAs) aim to assess vaccines ability to inhibit mycobacterial growth in-vitro. We optimised a reproducible murine splenocyte MGIA based on in-vitro infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) Erdman. We identified splenocyte viability as a problem in state-of-art MGIA protocols, which can be improved by simple changes in culture conditions (viability increase from 21% to 46% at last day of culture). The growth inhibitory potential in mice immunised with either BCG, H56:CAF01 or H56:CAF01 administered side-by-side with BCG was significantly better compared to placebo in all groups (0.3 log10 CFU [±0.2, p = 0.049], 0.5 [±0.2, p = 0.016] and 0.6 [±0.1, p = 0.0007], respectively) corresponding to the levels of in-vivo protection. Unexpectedly the CAF01 adjuvant control group also induced significant growth inhibition of 0.3 log10 CFU (±0.2, p = 0.047). Finally, we explored vaccine-associated T cell effector functions. Despite presence of high levels of vaccine-specific T cells, we found no increase in CD4+ T cell number or cytokine expression profile, nor a difference in cytokine levels in the supernatant after four days culture with or without M.tb. Spontaneous IFN-γ release correlated with growth inhibition levels (p = 0.02), however the cellular source was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Lindebo Holm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospitals, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Svensson
- International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagaard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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