101
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Lane BR, Strieter RM, Coffey MJ, Markovitz DM. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-induced GRO-alpha production stimulates HIV-1 replication in macrophages and T lymphocytes. J Virol 2001; 75:5812-22. [PMID: 11390582 PMCID: PMC114296 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.13.5812-5822.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the early effects of infection by CCR5-using (R5 human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) and CXCR4-using (X4 HIV) strains of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) on chemokine production by primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). While R5 HIV, but not X4 HIV, replicated in MDM, we found that the production of the C-X-C chemokine growth-regulated oncogene alpha (GRO-alpha) was markedly stimulated by X4 HIV and, to a much lesser extent, by R5 HIV. HIV-1 gp120 engagement of CXCR4 initiated the stimulation of GRO-alpha production, an effect blocked by antibodies to CXCR4. GRO-alpha then fed back and stimulated HIV-1 replication in both MDM and lymphocytes, and antibodies that neutralize GRO-alpha or CXCR2 (the receptor for GRO-alpha) markedly reduced viral replication in MDM and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, activation of MDM by HIV-1 gp120 engagement of CXCR4 initiates an autocrine-paracrine loop that may be important in disease progression after the emergence of X4 HIV.
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102
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Yang J, Richmond A. Constitutive IkappaB kinase activity correlates with nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human melanoma cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61:4901-9. [PMID: 11406569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive IKK activity associated with increased IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation contribute to the high level of endogenous nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in Hs294T melanoma cells as compared with RPE cells (R. L. Shattuck-Brandt and A. Richmond, Cancer Res., 57: 3032-3039, 1997; M. N. Devalaraja et al., Cancer Res., 59: 1372-1377, 1999). To determine whether this endogenous NF-kappaB activation was characteristic of melanoma, we examined the level of constitutive activation of NF-kappaB in a number of melanoma cell lines. We demonstrate here that eight melanoma cell lines exhibit increased IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity, enhanced phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and p65, and enhanced nuclear localization of p65/p50 in comparison to normal human epidermal melanocytes. The chemokines, CXC ligand 1 (CXCL1) and CXCL8, but not CXCL5, are highly expressed in most of the melanoma cell lines, suggesting that the constitutive production of chemokines is highly correlated to endogenous NF-kappaB activity. Our failure to observe a direct relationship between the fold activation of IKK, CXCL1, or CXCL8 mRNA levels and secretion of these chemokines into the culture medium suggest that regulation of chemokine expression also occurs at the posttranscription level of mRNA stability and/or translational control. Moreover, recombinant CXCL1 can directly induce IKK activity in normal human epidermal melanocytes in a concentration-dependent manner after up-modulation of CXCL1 protein expression, whereas inhibition of IKKbeta activity results in down-modulation of CXCL1 protein expression. Finally, CXCL1 antibody blocks IKK activity and inhibits the proliferation of melanoma cells to further support the concept that the constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and autocrine effects of CXCL1 play an important role in the pathogenesis of melanoma.
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103
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Bautista AP, Wang E. Chronic ethanol intoxication enhances the production of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 by hepatocytes after human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120 vaccination. Alcohol 2001; 24:35-44. [PMID: 11524180 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(01)00140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Thus, this work examined the regulation of chemokines --i.e., cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2)--produced by hepatocytes after HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120) vaccination in Wistar rats fed with ethanol for 30 weeks. HIV-1 gp120 in complete Freund's adjuvant was given by intrainguinal route at a dose of 5 g/kg, followed by two booster shots in incomplete Freund's adjuvant at a weekly interval. Samples were taken 1 week after the last injection was given. Results show that anti-HIV-1 gp120 antibody titer was suppressed by 40% in the ethanol-fed rats, compared with findings in the parallel controls. However, serum CINC and MIP-2 levels were more elevated in the ethanol-fed rats than in the pair-fed group. The likely sources of these chemokines are the hepatocytes. After HIV-1 gp120 treatment, isolated hepatocytes obtained from the ethanol-fed group produced more CINC and MIP-2 than did those of pair-fed rats. Concomitantly, mRNA expression for these two chemokines and hepatic sequestration of neutrophils were upregulated. Ethanol feeding alone suppressed chemokine release, but it did not alter mRNA expression in isolated hepatocytes. Administration of Freund's adjuvant (without HIV-1 gp120) did not induce chemokine release in vivo and did not prime isolated hepatocytes for enhanced chemokine production in vitro. These results show that chronic ethanol intoxication affects the ability of the host to respond to HIV-1 gp120 vaccination.
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104
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Zernecke A, Weber KS, Erwig LP, Kluth DC, Schröppel B, Rees AJ, Weber C. Combinatorial model of chemokine involvement in glomerular monocyte recruitment: role of CXC chemokine receptor 2 in infiltration during nephrotoxic nephritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5755-62. [PMID: 11313419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A sequential model involving chemokines has been proposed for leukocyte extravasation into areas of inflammation; however, site-specific aspects remain to be elucidated. Hence, we studied the role of chemokines produced by mesangial (MC) or glomerular endothelial cells (GEC) and their receptors in glomerular recruitment of monocytes. Stimulation of MC with TNF-alpha up-regulated mRNA and protein of CC and CXC chemokines but not constitutive expression of the CX(3)C chemokine fractalkine. While growth-related activity (GRO)-alpha was immobilized to MC proteoglycans, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 was secreted into the soluble phase. Firm adhesion and sequestration of monocytes on activated MC was supported by the GRO-alpha receptor CXCR2 and to a lesser extent by CX(3)CR, whereas the MCP-1 receptor CCR2 contributed to their transendothelial chemotaxis toward activated MC. In contrast, fractalkine mRNA and protein was induced by TNF-alpha in transformed rat GEC, and both CXCR2 and CX(3)CR mediated monocyte arrest on GEC in shear flow. The relevance of these mechanisms was confirmed in a rat nephrotoxic nephritis model where acute glomerular macrophage recruitment was profoundly inhibited by blocking CXCR2 or CCR2. In conclusion, our results epitomize a combinatorial model in which chemokines play specialized roles in driving glomerular monocyte recruitment and emphasize an important role for CXCR2 in macrophage infiltration during early phases of nephrotoxic nephritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemokine CX3CL1
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokines, CX3C/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chemotactic Factors/biosynthesis
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Diffusion Chambers, Culture
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Glomerular Mesangium/immunology
- Glomerular Mesangium/metabolism
- Glomerular Mesangium/pathology
- Glomerulonephritis/immunology
- Glomerulonephritis/pathology
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Kidney Glomerulus/blood supply
- Kidney Glomerulus/immunology
- Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism
- Kidney Glomerulus/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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105
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Guo RF, Lentsch AB, Warner RL, Huber-Lang M, Sarma JV, Hlaing T, Shi MM, Lukacs NW, Ward PA. Regulatory effects of eotaxin on acute lung inflammatory injury. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5208-18. [PMID: 11290805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eotaxin, which is a major mediator for eosinophil recruitment into lung, has regulatory effects on neutrophil-dependent acute inflammatory injury triggered by intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes in rats. In this model, eotaxin mRNA and protein were up-regulated during the inflammatory response, resulting in eotaxin protein expression in alveolar macrophages and in alveolar epithelial cells. Ab-induced blockade of eotaxin in vivo caused enhanced NF-kappaB activation in lung, substantial increases in bronchoalveolar lavage levels of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), and increased MIP-2 and CINC mRNA expression in alveolar macrophages. In contrast, TNF-alpha levels were unaffected, and IL-10 levels fell. Under these experimental conditions, lung neutrophil accumulation was significantly increased, and vascular injury, as reflected by extravascular leak of (125)I-albumin, was enhanced. Conversely, when recombinant eotaxin was administered in the same inflammatory model of lung injury, bronchoalveolar lavage levels of MIP-2 were reduced, as was neutrophil accumulation and the intensity of lung injury. In vitro stimulation of rat alveolar macrophages with IgG immune complexes greatly increased expression of mRNA and protein for MIP-2, CINC, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta. In the copresence of eotaxin, the increased levels of MIP-2 and CINC mRNAs were markedly diminished, whereas MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta expression of mRNA and protein was not affected. These data suggest that endogenous eotaxin, which is expressed during the acute lung inflammatory response, plays a regulatory role in neutrophil recruitment into lung and the ensuing inflammatory damage.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/immunology
- Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic/pathology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/pharmacology
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokine CXCL2
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines, CC
- Chemokines, CXC
- Chemotactic Factors/biosynthesis
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- Cytokines/administration & dosage
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/physiology
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Injections, Intravenous
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Intubation, Intratracheal
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Male
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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106
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Segawa Y, Itokazu Y, Inoue N, Saito T, Suzuki K. Possible changes in expression of chemotaxin LECT2 mRNA in mouse liver after concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:425-8. [PMID: 11305608 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The functions of leukocyte-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2), a novel liver-specific protein, are not well defined, especially after hepatic injury. The changes in expression of LECT2 mRNA were investigated after concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatic injury in mice. Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (s-GPT) activity and the percentage of liver DNA fragmentation, an indicator of hepatic apoptosis, increased 8 h after intravenous administration of Con A (13 mg/kg). Expression of LECT2 mRNA was reduced from 8-24 h after injection of Con A, but was detected again 48 h after recovery from hepatic injury. Expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA was observed in liver 2 h after Con A injection. Z-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-CH2F (Z-VAD-FMK), a caspase inhibitor, was administered to mice to investigate whether LECT2 was involved in apoptosis of liver cells after Con A injection. Z-VAD-FMK inhibited s-GPT activity and DNA fragmentation in the liver 8 h after Con A-induced hepatic injury, but did not prevent the reduction of LECT2 mRNA, or induction of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA expression. When the relation between expression of LECT2, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNAs was examined 8 h after Con A injection in wild-type or immunodeficient (nu-/nu-) mice, the increase in TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA expression was found to be closely related to a reduction in LECT2 mRNA expression. These results suggest that the reduction in expression of LECT2 mRNA is not directly involved in apoptosis and may be inversely related to the expression of TNF-alpha and/or IFN-gamma mRNA in the injured liver.
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107
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Olszyna DP, De Jonge E, Dekkers PE, van Deventer SJ, van der Poll T. Induction of cell-associated chemokines after endotoxin administration to healthy humans. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2736-8. [PMID: 11254644 PMCID: PMC98216 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.4.2736-2738.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes express the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines. Endotoxin injection into humans induced high levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), growth-related oncogene alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in circulating erythrocytes. IL-8 was also recovered from mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. Cell-associated chemokines may more accurately reflect their production than plasma concentrations.
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108
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Castagliuolo I, Karalis K, Valenick L, Pasha A, Nikulasson S, Wlk M, Pothoulakis C. Endogenous corticosteroids modulate Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G539-45. [PMID: 11254479 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.4.g539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of glucocorticoids in acute inflammatory diarrhea mediated by Clostridium difficile toxin A. Toxin A (5 microg) or buffer was injected in rat ileal loops, and intestinal responses were measured after 30 min to 4 h. Ileal toxin A administration increased plasma glucocorticoids after 1 h, at which time the toxin-stimulated secretion was not significant. Administration of the glucocorticoid analog dexamethasone inhibited toxin A-induced intestinal secretion and inflammation and downregulated toxin A-mediated increase of macrophage inflammatory protein-2. Adrenalectomy followed by replacement with glucocorticoids at various doses suggested that intestinal responses to toxin A were related to circulating levels of glucocorticoids. Administration of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486 enhanced toxin A-mediated intestinal secretion and inflammation. We conclude that C. difficile toxin A causes increased secretion of endogenous glucocorticoids, which diminish the intestinal secretory and inflammatory effects of toxin A.
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109
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Knott PG, Gater PR, Dunford PJ, Fuentes ME, Bertrand CP. Rapid up-regulation of CXC chemokines in the airways after Ag-specific CD4+ T cell activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1233-40. [PMID: 11145706 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag-specific activation of CD4(+) T cells is known to be causative for the cytokine production associated with lung allergy. Chemokine-induced leukocyte recruitment potentially represents a critical early event in Ag-induced lung inflammation. Whether Ag-specific, lung CD4(+) T cell activation is important in lung chemokine production is currently not clear. Using alphabeta-TCR transgenic BALB/c DO11.10 mice, we investigated the ability of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell activation to induce lung chemokine production and leukocyte recruitment. Within 1 h of exposure of DO11. 10 mice to OVA aerosol, lung mRNA and protein for the neutrophil chemokines KC and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 were greatly increased. Accordingly, neutrophils in the airways increased by >50-fold, and KC and MIP-2 proved to be functional because their neutralization significantly reduced airway neutrophilia. CD4(+) T cell activation was critical because CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cell depletion reduced KC production, which correlated well with the previously observed inhibition of neutrophil influx after CD4(+) T cell depletion. In vitro studies confirmed that OVA-induced KC and MIP-2 production was conditional upon the interaction of CD4(+) T cells with APCs. A likely secondary mediator was TNF-alpha, and a probable source of these chemokines in the lung was alveolar macrophages. Thus, Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell activation in the lung leads to rapid up-regulation of neutrophil chemokines and the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of Ag exposure. This may be a key early event in the pathogenesis of Ag-induced lung inflammation.
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110
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Zhang P, Bagby GJ, Kolls JK, Welsh DA, Summer WR, Andresen J, Nelson S. The effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and neutrophil recruitment on the pulmonary chemokine response to intratracheal endotoxin. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:458-65. [PMID: 11123324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although G-CSF has been shown to increase neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte, PMN) recruitment into the lung during pulmonary infection, relatively little is known about the local chemokine profiles associated with this enhanced PMN delivery. We investigated the effects of G-CSF and PMN recruitment on the pulmonary chemokine response to intratracheal LPS. Rats pretreated twice daily for 2 days with an s.c. injection of G-CSF (50 microg/kg) were sacrificed at either 90 min or 4 h after intratracheal LPS (100 microg) challenge. Pulmonary recruitment of PMNs was not observed at 90 min post LPS challenge. Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were similar in animals pretreated with or without G-CSF at this time. G-CSF pretreatment enhanced pulmonary recruitment of PMNs (5-fold) and greatly reduced MIP-2 and CINC levels in BAL fluid at 4 h after LPS challenge. In vitro, the presence of MIP-2 and CINC after LPS stimulation of alveolar macrophages was decreased by coculturing with circulating PMNs but not G-CSF. G-CSF had no direct effect on LPS-induced MIP-2 and CINC mRNA expression by alveolar macrophages. Pulmonary recruited PMNs showed a significant increase in cell-associated MIP-2 and CINC. Cell-associated MIP-2 and CINC of circulating PMNs were markedly increased after exposure of these cells to the BAL fluid of LPS-challenged lungs. These data suggest that recruited PMNs are important cells in modulating the local chemokine response. G-CSF augments PMN recruitment and, thereby, lowers local chemokine levels, which may be one mechanism resulting in the subsidence of the host proinflammatory response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokine CXCL2
- Chemokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Chemotactic Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemotactic Factors/biosynthesis
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors/metabolism
- Coculture Techniques
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Intubation, Intratracheal
- Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Male
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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111
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Spanbroek R, Hildner M, Steinhilber D, Fusenig N, Yoneda K, Rådmark O, Samuelsson B, Habenicht AJ. 5-lipoxygenase expression in dendritic cells generated from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors and in lymphoid organs. Blood 2000; 96:3857-65. [PMID: 11090070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway in human CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells, which were induced to differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs) by cytokines in vitro and in DCs of lymphoid tissues in situ, was examined. Extracts prepared from HPCs contained low levels of 5-LO or 5-LO-activating protein. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoted DC differentiation and induced a strong rise in 5-LO and FLAP expression. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analyses identified a major DC population coexpressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR/CD80 and monocytic or Langerhans cell markers. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta-1), added to support DC maturation, strongly promoted the appearance of CD1a(+)/Lag(+) Langerhans-type cells as well as mature CD83(+) DCs. TGF-beta-1 further increased 5-LO and FLAP expression, recruited additional cells into the 5-LO(+) DC population, and promoted production of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B(4) in response to calcium (Ca(++)) ionophore A23187. These in vitro findings were corroborated by 5-LO expression in distinct DC phenotypes in vivo. Scattered 5-LO and FLAP in situ hybridization signals were recorded in cells of paracortical T-lymphocyte-rich areas and germinal centers (GCs) of lymph nodes (LNs) and tonsil and in cells of mucosae overlying the Waldeyer tonsillar ring. 5-LO protein localized to both CD1a(+) immature DCs and to CD83(+) mature interdigitating DCs of T-lymphocyte-rich areas of LNs and tonsil. As DCs have the unique ability to initiate naive lymphocyte activation, our data support the hypothesis that leukotrienes act at proximal steps of adaptive immune responses. (Blood. 2000;96:3857-3865)
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112
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Xie L, Guo J, Qian X, Chen W. [Multiple types of chemokines expressed in mouse thymic stromal cell lines]. ZHONGGUO YI XUE KE XUE YUAN XUE BAO. ACTA ACADEMIAE MEDICINAE SINICAE 2000; 22:498-501. [PMID: 12903388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate semi-quantitative mRNA expression of SDF-1 alpha, IP-10, KC, MCP-1, and RANTES in thymic stromal cell lines of MTEC1, MTDC, D2SC, MTECB, TEC 1C8, TNC as well as in the primary thymic stromal cell cultures. The chemotactic activities of recombinant SDF-1 alpha, IP-10, MCP-1, and RANTES to mouse thymocytes were detected. METHODS Using beta-actin as internal control, the mRNA of the chemokines listed above were amplified for 30 cycles with RT-PCR. The amplified products were observed by agarose electrophoresis, and each band was analyzed with integrated optical density. With the method of Boyden chamber assay, the chemotactic activities of recombinant SDF-1 alpha, IP-10, MCP-1, and RANTES were detected to thymocytes, and the chemotactic indices were calculated. RESULTS The expression intensity of SDF-1 alpha, IP-10, KC, MCP-1, and RANTES varied from each other in the stromal cell lines detected. The PCR products of SDF-1 alpha and MCP-1 were not seen in D2SC or TEC 1C8, nor was the band of KC observed in TEC 1C8 either. The chemotactic indices of recombinant SDF-1 alpha, IP-10, MCP-1, and RANTES to thymocytes were 3.7, 4.5, 6.2, and 2.6, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Different thymic stromal cell lines could express different types of chemokines with different expression intensities. To thymocytes, recombinant SDF-1 alpha, MCP-1, and IP-10 showed strong chemotactic activities, while the chemotactic activity of RANTES was very weak.
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113
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Liu D, Rudland PS, Sibson DR, Platt-Higgins A, Barraclough R. Expression of calcium-binding protein S100A2 in breast lesions. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:1473-9. [PMID: 11076656 PMCID: PMC2363420 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A suppression subtraction cDNA library representing mRNAs expressed at a higher level in a benign breast tumour-derived cell line relative to the malignant MCF-7A cell line contained cDNAs corresponding to mRNAs for plasminogen activator inhibitor I, annexin VIII and the EF-hand protein S100A2. S100A2 protein has previously been shown to be expressed in normal human breast epithelium, but not in human breast carcinoma cell lines. Using a PCR-based assay and in situ hybridization on histological sections of human breast specimens, the mRNA for S100A2 was shown to be present in all benign breast lesions examined as well as in normal epithelium. S100A2 mRNA was detectable in 37% of specimens of carcinoma in situ, but in less than 15% of carcinoma specimens. The results suggest that the loss of S100A2 is associated with the development of malignant cells and is not associated with early tumour development.
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114
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Witowski J, Pawlaczyk K, Breborowicz A, Scheuren A, Kuzlan-Pawlaczyk M, Wisniewska J, Polubinska A, Friess H, Gahl GM, Frei U, Jörres A. IL-17 stimulates intraperitoneal neutrophil infiltration through the release of GRO alpha chemokine from mesothelial cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:5814-21. [PMID: 11067941 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is a newly discovered cytokine implicated in the regulation of hemopoiesis and inflammation. Because IL-17 production is restricted to activated T lymphocytes, the effects exerted by IL-17 may help one to understand the contribution of T cells to the inflammatory response. We investigated the role of IL-17 in leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity. Leukocyte infiltration in vivo was assessed in BALB/Cj mice. Effects of IL-17 on chemokine generation in vitro were examined in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC). Administration of IL-17 i.p. resulted in a selective recruitment of neutrophils into the peritoneum and increased levels of KC chemokine (murine homologue of human growth-related oncogene alpha (GROalpha). Pretreatment with anti-KC Ab significantly reduced the IL-17-driven neutrophil accumulation. Primary cultures of HPMC expressed IL-17 receptor mRNA. Exposure of HPMC to IL-17 led to a dose- and time-dependent induction of GROalpha mRNA and protein. Combination of IL-17 together with TNF-alpha resulted in an increased stability of GROalpha mRNA and synergistic release of GROalpha protein. Anti-IL-17 Ab blocked the effects of IL-17 in vitro and in vivo. IL-17 is capable of selectively recruiting neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity via the release of neutrophil-specific chemokines from the peritoneal mesothelium.
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115
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Zimpfer U, Dichmann S, Termeer CC, Simon JC, Schröder JM, Norgauer J. Human dendritic cells are a physiological source of the chemotactic arachidonic acid metabolite 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid. Inflamm Res 2000; 49:633-8. [PMID: 11131304 DOI: 10.1007/s000110050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The arachidonic acid metabolite, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), is a potent chemotaxin for neutrophils and eosinophils. The aim of this study was to identify physiological conditions and stimulators of 5-oxo-ETE synthesis, because no such conditions have yet been identified. METHODS Human neutrophils and monocyte-derived dendritic cells were prepared and 5-oxo-ETE synthesis analyzed using precolumn/reversed-phase HPLC under different conditions and with several physiological and unphysiological stimuli. RESULTS Incubation of neutrophils with 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) resulted in the synthesis of about 3.4 nM 5-oxo-ETE per 10(6) cells in 1 ml under optimal conditions. The synthesis was enhanced about 8-fold with the unphysiological stimuli calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). No significant effect was observed with different physiological activators. Under optimal conditions, human dendritic cells produced about 50 nM 5-oxo-ETE per 10(6) cells in 1 ml. The synthesis could be increased with PMA and A23187 by about 50%. Again, no effect could be observed with physiological agents for dendritic cells such as complement fragment C5a, platelet activating factor, N-formyl peptides and interleukin-5. CONCLUSIONS These data identified dendritic cells as the only yet known physiological source of relevant amounts of 5-oxo-ETE. This suggests a regulatory function of dendritic cells in the induction of inflammatory neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration caused by 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid.
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116
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Takahashi S, Fujita T, Yamamoto A. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in Helicobacter pylori- induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 279:G791-8. [PMID: 11005767 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.4.g791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression is induced in the gastric mucosa of Helicobacter pylori-infected patients, but its role remains unclear. We examined the effects of NS-398 and indomethacin on gastric pathology in H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils. COX-1 was detected in both normal and H. pylori-infected mucosa, whereas COX-2 was expressed only in the infected mucosa. PGE(2) production was elevated by H. pylori infection, and the increased production was reduced by NS-398, which did not affect PGE(2) production in normal mucosa. Indomethacin inhibited PGE(2) production in both normal and infected mucosa. Hemorrhagic erosions, neutrophil infiltration, lymphoid follicles, and epithelium damage were induced by H. pylori infection. NS-398 and indomethacin aggravated these pathological changes but did not increase viable H. pylori number. H. pylori-increased production of neutrophil chemokine and interferon-gamma was potentiated by NS-398 and indomethacin. Neither NS-398 nor indomethacin caused any pathological changes or cytokine production in normal animals. These results indicate that COX-2 as well as COX-1 might play anti-inflammatory roles in H. pylori-induced gastritis.
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117
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Schultz MJ, Olszyna DP, de Jonge E, Verbon A, van Deventer SJ, van der Poll T. Reduced ex vivo chemokine production by polymorphonuclear cells after in vivo exposure of normal humans to endotoxin. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:1264-7. [PMID: 10979931 DOI: 10.1086/315840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2000] [Revised: 07/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes from patients with sepsis have a reduced capacity to produce cytokines, a state referred to as immunoparalysis. To determine whether polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) can be rendered hyporesponsive, PMNL from 6 healthy volunteers intravenously challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 4 ng/kg) were stimulated ex vivo with heat-killed bacteria or LPS, and the release of the CXC chemokines interleukin-8, epithelial-derived neutrophil attractant-78, and growth-related oncogen-alpha was measured. At 1 and 2 h after LPS administration in vivo, PMNL produced fewer CXC chemokines after stimulation with bacteria or LPS (all P<.05). Serum obtained 2 h after in vivo administration of LPS did not influence chemokine production by PMNL from 6 healthy volunteers not previously exposed to LPS. Thus, intravenous injection of LPS induces a refractory state of PMNL that is not caused by soluble factors produced in response to in vivo exposure to LPS.
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118
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Wang D, Yang W, Du J, Devalaraja MN, Liang P, Matsumoto K, Tsubakimoto K, Endo T, Richmond A. MGSA/GRO-mediated melanocyte transformation involves induction of Ras expression. Oncogene 2000; 19:4647-59. [PMID: 11030154 PMCID: PMC2667445 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The MGSA/GRO protein is endogenously expressed in almost 70% of the melanoma cell lines and tumors, but not in normal melanocytes. We have previously demonstrated that over-expression of human MGSA/GROalpha, beta or gamma in immortalized murine melanocytes (melan-a cells) enables these cells to form tumors in SCID and nude mice. To examine the possibility that the MGSA/GRO effect on melanocyte transformation requires expression of other genes, differential display was performed. One of the mRNA's identified in the screen as overexpressed in MGSA/GRO transformed melan-a clones was the newly described M-Ras or R-Ras3 gene, a member of the Ras gene superfamily. Over-expression of MGSA/GRO upregulates M-Ras expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, and this induction requires an intact glutamine-leucine-arginine (ELR)-motif in the MGSA/GRO protein. Western blot examination of Ras expression revealed that K- and N-Ras proteins are also elevated in MGSA/GRO-expressing melan-a clones, leading to an overall increase in the amount of activated Ras. MGSA/GRO-expressing melan-a clones exhibited enhanced AP-1 activity. The effects of MGSA/GRO on AP-1 activation could be mimicked by over-expression of wild-type M-Ras or a constitutively activated M-Ras mutant in control melan-a cells as monitored by an AP-1-luciferase reporter, while expression of a dominant negative M-Ras blocked AP-1-luciferase activity in MGSA/GRO-transformed melan-a clones. In the in vitro transformation assay, over-expression of M-Ras mimicked the effects of MGSA/GRO by inducing cellular transformation in control melan-a cells, while over-expression of dominant negative M-Ras in MGSA/GROalpha-expressing melan-a-6 cells blocked transformation. These data suggest that MGSA/GRO-mediated transformation requires Ras activation in melanocytes.
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119
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Lauriola L, Michetti F, Maggiano N, Galli J, Cadoni G, Schäfer BW, Heizmann CW, Ranelletti FO. Prognostic significance of the Ca(2+) binding protein S100A2 in laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2000. [PMID: 10956408 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000720)89:4%3c345::aid-ijc5%3e3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated by immunocytochemistry the expression of the Ca(2+) binding protein S100A2 in 62 cases of laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). S100A2 was detected in 18/19 (95%) low-grade tumors and in 22/43 (51%) high-grade tumors, which were partially keratinizing. The remaining 21/43 (49%) high-grade tumors were non-keratinizing, anaplastic tumors and clearly S100A2-negative. In normal laryngeal squamous epithelium and in laryngeal SCC, S100A2 expression was strictly associated with that of cytokeratins 14 (P = 0.0002) and 17 (P = 0.0021), suggesting an association of S100A2 expression and cell commitment to squamous differentiation. A correlation was found between S100A2 tumor positivity and longer relapse-free (P = 0.0005) and overall (P = 0.0095) survival.
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120
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Crippen TL, Klasing KC, Hyde DM. Regulation of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in rat bone marrow-derived macrophages by inflammatory mediators. Pathobiology 2000; 66:293-301. [PMID: 9769476 DOI: 10.1159/000028036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of inflammation, macrophages are highly influenced by their local environment and changes in the cytokine milieu. Exposure of macrophages to various factors during different phases of the inflammatory response may have a strong influence on the pattern of gene expression, which a macrophage exhibits. We examined how these mediators affect the regulation of the expression and production of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC). Our study demonstrates that CINC can be induced in bone marrow-derived macrophages by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and interferon-gamma/TNF alpha. These mediators are factors which a macrophage would be expected to encounter early in an inflammatory process. In contrast, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta), which is expressed late in the inflammatory process during mesenchymal cell proliferation and tissue repair, did not induce detectable amounts of CINC and functioned to suppress CINC production stimulated by early inflammatory mediators. Suppression of CINC production occurred whether TGF beta was added simultaneously, 12 or 24 h prior to the stimulus.
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121
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Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Strieter RM, Hermanson JR, Fegeding KV, Murphy WJ, Farrell CL, Lacey DL, Blazar BR. Induction of monocyte- and T-cell-attracting chemokines in the lung during the generation of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome following allogeneic murine bone marrow transplantation. Blood 2000; 96:834-9. [PMID: 10910893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) is a significant complication following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We have developed a murine model in which severe IPS is induced by pre-BMT conditioning and allogeneic T cells and is characterized by the recruitment of host monocytes and donor T cells into the lung by day 7 post-BMT. Chemokines regulate cellular recruitment and the migration of cells into inflammatory lesions. In this study, we examined the profiles of chemokines produced locally in the lung (parenchyma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) and systemically (serum) during the generation of IPS in the peri-BMT period. Protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of CC chemokines (monocyte/lymphocyte attractants), especially monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted), and C10, were preferentially induced in the lung by day 7 postallogeneic BMT. In addition, there was an increase in mRNA for IP-10 (a monocyte and Th1-cell chemoattractant). The CXC chemokines MIP-2 and KC, known neutrophil attractants, were moderately elevated. For the most part, these increases in chemokines were dependent on the coinfusion of allogeneic T cells with the BM inoculum. Ribonuclease protection assay and in situ hybridization analyses post-BMT showed that the lung was a major producer of MCP-1, a potent inducer of monocyte chemotaxis. Increases in MCP-1 levels in the lung preceded host APC influx whereas MIP-1alpha levels accompanied donor T-cell infiltration. In summary, we have shown that monocyte- and T-cell-attracting chemokines are associated with monocyte and T-cell recruitment during IPS.
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Naked GM, Florido MP, Ferreira de Paula P, Vinet AM, Inostroza JS, Isaac L. Deficiency of human complement factor I associated with lowered factor H. Clin Immunol 2000; 96:162-7. [PMID: 10900163 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies of factor I and/or factor H result in an increased consumption of C3 and higher susceptibility to recurrent infections. Here we describe a case of human factor I deficiency and lowered factor H levels. C3 concentration was 50% lower than normal, the classical pathway-dependent hemolytic activity was reduced to almost 30% of normal, and alternative pathway-dependent activity was completely absent. The killing by peripheral leukocytes of Candida albicans treated with deficient serum and the production of complement-dependent chemotactic factors were reduced in the proband's serum when compared with normal serum. Finally, we observed that C3 antigen present in the proband's serum has a different electrophoretic mobility than native C3 (most likely C3b), confirming the deregulation of complement activation due to the lack of regulatory proteins factors I and H. The impaired complement system described in this case, the first of its kind described in a Chile, explains the higher susceptibility to infections found in the proband.
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Loukinova E, Dong G, Enamorado-Ayalya I, Thomas GR, Chen Z, Schreiber H, Van Waes C. Growth regulated oncogene-alpha expression by murine squamous cell carcinoma promotes tumor growth, metastasis, leukocyte infiltration and angiogenesis by a host CXC receptor-2 dependent mechanism. Oncogene 2000; 19:3477-86. [PMID: 10918606 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Growth Regulated Oncogene-alpha (GRO-alpha) is an autocrine growth factor in melanoma and is a member of the C-X-C family of chemokines which promote chemotaxis of granulocytes and endothelia through binding to CXC Receptor 2. We found previously that variants of murine squamous cell carcinoma PAM 212 which grow and metastasize more rapidly in vivo constitutively express increased levels of murine GRO-alpha, designated mGRO-alpha, or KC. We have examined the possible role of mGRO-alpha expression in malignant progression of squamous cell carcinoma PAM 212 in homologous BALB/c and BALB CXC Receptor-2 deficient mice. Transfection of the PAM 212 cell line which exhibits low expression of GRO-alpha and malignant potential with a pActin-KC vector encoding mGRO-alpha enabled isolation of PAM-KC expressing cell lines. These PAM-KC transfectants displayed an increased rate of growth and metastasis in BALB/c mice, similar to the highly malignant phenotype observed in spontaneously occurring metastatic variants. Furthermore, the PAM-KC tumors showed an increase in infiltration of host leukocytes and CD31+ blood vessels, consistent with increased CXC chemokine activity. The increased growth of PAM-KC cells was attenuated in CXCR-2 deficient mice, indicating that the increased growth was dependent in part upon host cells responsive to the CXC chemokine. Together, these results show that a CXC chemokine such as GRO-alpha can promote malignant growth of murine squamous cell carcinoma by a host CXCR-2 dependent pathway. Oncogene (2000) 19, 3477 - 3486
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokines, CXC
- Chemotactic Factors/biosynthesis
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Metastasis/physiopathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Lauriola L, Michetti F, Maggiano N, Galli J, Cadoni G, Schäfer BW, Heizmann CW, Ranelletti FO. Prognostic significance of the Ca(2+) binding protein S100A2 in laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2000; 89:345-9. [PMID: 10956408 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000720)89:4<345::aid-ijc5>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated by immunocytochemistry the expression of the Ca(2+) binding protein S100A2 in 62 cases of laryngeal squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). S100A2 was detected in 18/19 (95%) low-grade tumors and in 22/43 (51%) high-grade tumors, which were partially keratinizing. The remaining 21/43 (49%) high-grade tumors were non-keratinizing, anaplastic tumors and clearly S100A2-negative. In normal laryngeal squamous epithelium and in laryngeal SCC, S100A2 expression was strictly associated with that of cytokeratins 14 (P = 0.0002) and 17 (P = 0.0021), suggesting an association of S100A2 expression and cell commitment to squamous differentiation. A correlation was found between S100A2 tumor positivity and longer relapse-free (P = 0.0005) and overall (P = 0.0095) survival.
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125
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Xu K, Geczy CL. IFN-gamma and TNF regulate macrophage expression of the chemotactic S100 protein S100A8. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:4916-23. [PMID: 10779802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The murine calcium-binding protein S100A8 is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and monocytes in vivo and in vitro but may also play a protective role. We show that the kinetics of induction of S100A8 mRNA in elicited murine macrophages (Mac) by LPS, IFN-gamma, and TNF were distinct from the C-C chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and RANTES. Monomeric S100A8 was predominantly secreted. IFN substantially increased S100A8 mRNA levels after 1 h with optimal induction after 12 h; induction by TNF was slower and more sustained. TNF did not up-regulate MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha mRNA in these cells. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that LPS and IFN induce S100A8 gene transcription and mRNA in LPS-treated Mac showed little decay over 16 h, whereas transcripts induced by IFN and TNF were markedly less stable. Newly synthesized proteins may be required for mRNA transcription and stabilization in response to LPS. S100A9 associates with A8 in neutrophils, but was not coinduced with S100A8. S100A8 gene induction in Mac stimulated with LPS and IFN may be modulated by mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ concentration from distinct intracellular stores and/or the extracellular compartment and by distinct pathways involving protein kinase C and leading to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase.
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