1
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Yin S, Ma XY, Sun YF, Yin YQ, Long Y, Zhao CL, Ma JW, Li S, Hu Y, Li MT, Hu G, Zhou JW. RGS5 augments astrocyte activation and facilitates neuroinflammation via TNF signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:203. [PMID: 37674228 PMCID: PMC10481574 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to chronic neuroinflammation in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common movement disorder. However, the precise role of astrocytes in neuroinflammation remains incompletely understood. Herein, we show that regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (RGS5) promotes neurodegenerative process through augmenting astrocytic tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signaling. We found that selective ablation of Rgs5 in astrocytes caused an inhibition in the production of cytokines resulting in mitigated neuroinflammatory response and neuronal survival in animal models of PD, whereas overexpression of Rgs5 had the opposite effects. Mechanistically, RGS5 switched astrocytes from neuroprotective to pro-inflammatory property via binding to the receptor TNFR2. RGS5 also augmented TNFR signaling-mediated pro-inflammatory response by interacting with the receptor TNFR1. Moreover, interrupting RGS5/TNFR interaction by either RGS5 aa 1-108 or small molecular compounds feshurin and butein, suppressed astrocytic cytokine production. We showed that the transcription of astrocytic RGS5 was controlled by transcription factor early B cell factor 1 whose expression was reciprocally influenced by RGS5-modulated TNF signaling. Thus, our study indicates that beyond its traditional role in G-protein coupled receptor signaling, astrocytic RGS5 is a key modulator of TNF signaling circuit with resultant activation of astrocytes thereby contributing to chronic neuroinflammation. Blockade of the astrocytic RGS5/TNFR interaction is a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin-Yue Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Feng Sun
- Center for Brain Disorders Research, Center of Parkinson's Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ying Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Lai Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jun-Wei Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sen Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function, Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ming-Tao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function, Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jia-Wei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science, Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Pereira MJ, Ayana R, Holt MG, Arckens L. Chemogenetic manipulation of astrocyte activity at the synapse- a gateway to manage brain disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1193130. [PMID: 37534103 PMCID: PMC10393042 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1193130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). Initially regarded as supportive cells, it is now recognized that this highly heterogeneous cell population is an indispensable modulator of brain development and function. Astrocytes secrete neuroactive molecules that regulate synapse formation and maturation. They also express hundreds of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that, once activated by neurotransmitters, trigger intracellular signalling pathways that can trigger the release of gliotransmitters which, in turn, modulate synaptic transmission and neuroplasticity. Considering this, it is not surprising that astrocytic dysfunction, leading to synaptic impairment, is consistently described as a factor in brain diseases, whether they emerge early or late in life due to genetic or environmental factors. Here, we provide an overview of the literature showing that activation of genetically engineered GPCRs, known as Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs), to specifically modulate astrocyte activity partially mimics endogenous signalling pathways in astrocytes and improves neuronal function and behavior in normal animals and disease models. Therefore, we propose that expressing these genetically engineered GPCRs in astrocytes could be a promising strategy to explore (new) signalling pathways which can be used to manage brain disorders. The precise molecular, functional and behavioral effects of this type of manipulation, however, differ depending on the DREADD receptor used, targeted brain region and timing of the intervention, between healthy and disease conditions. This is likely a reflection of regional and disease/disease progression-associated astrocyte heterogeneity. Therefore, a thorough investigation of the effects of such astrocyte manipulation(s) must be conducted considering the specific cellular and molecular environment characteristic of each disease and disease stage before this has therapeutic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Pereira
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rajagopal Ayana
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Laboratory of Synapse Biology, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lutgarde Arckens
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Peng W, Liu X, Ma G, Wu Z, Wang Z, Fei X, Qin M, Wang L, Li Y, Zhang S, Xu M. Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep-wake cycle by astrocyte activity. Cell Discov 2023; 9:16. [PMID: 36746933 PMCID: PMC9902472 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a crucial role in regulating sleep-wake behavior, and adenosine signaling is generally thought to be involved. Here we show multiple lines of evidence supporting that modulation of the sleep-wake behavior by astrocyte Ca2+ activity could occur without adenosine signaling. In the basal forebrain and the brainstem, two brain regions that are known to be essential for sleep-wake regulation, chemogenetically-induced astrocyte Ca2+ elevation significantly modulated the sleep-wake cycle. Although astrocyte Ca2+ level positively correlated with the amount of extracellular adenosine, as revealed by a genetically encoded adenosine sensor, we found no detectable change in adenosine level after suppressing astrocyte Ca2+ elevation, and transgenic mice lacking one of the major extracellular ATP-adenosine conversion enzymes showed similar extracellular adenosine level and astrocyte Ca2+-induced sleep modulation. Furthermore, astrocyte Ca2+ is dependent primarily on local neuronal activity, causing brain region-specific regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Thus, neural activity-dependent astrocyte activity could regulate the sleep-wake behavior independent of adenosine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guofen Ma
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofa Wu
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Qin
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhao Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shangha, China.
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4
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Shi J, Xiao Y, Zhang N, Jiao M, Tang X, Dai C, Wang C, Xu Y, Tan Z, Gong F, Zheng F. HMGB1 from Astrocytes Promotes EAE by Influencing the Immune Cell Infiltration-Associated Functions of BMECs in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1303-1314. [PMID: 35697993 PMCID: PMC9672173 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been reported to play an important role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Astrocytes are important components of neurovascular units and tightly appose the endothelial cells of microvessels by their perivascular endfeet and directly regulate the functions of the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes express more HMGB1 during EAE while the exact roles of astrocytic HMGB1 in EAE have not been well elucidated. Here, using conditional-knockout mice, we found that astrocytic HMGB1 depletion decreased morbidity, delayed the onset time, and reduced the disease score and demyelination of EAE. Meanwhile, there were fewer immune cells, especially pathogenic T cells infiltration in the central nervous system of astrocytic HMGB1 conditional-knockout EAE mice, accompanied by up-regulated expression of the tight-junction protein Claudin5 and down-regulated expression of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1 in vivo. In vitro, HMGB1 released from astrocytes decreased Claudin5 while increased ICAM1 and VCAM1 expressed by brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) through TLR4 or RAGE. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HMGB1 derived from astrocytes aggravates EAE by directly influencing the immune cell infiltration-associated functions of BMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yifan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mengya Jiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xuhuan Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chan Dai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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5
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Ribeiro M, Ayupe AC, Beckedorff FC, Levay K, Rodriguez S, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK, Nascimento-Dos-Santos G, Park KK. Retinal ganglion cell expression of cytokine enhances occupancy of NG2 cell-derived astrocytes at the nerve injury site: Implication for axon regeneration. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114147. [PMID: 35738417 PMCID: PMC10648309 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Following injury in the central nervous system, a population of astrocytes occupy the lesion site, form glial bridges and facilitate axon regeneration. These astrocytes originate primarily from resident astrocytes or NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. However, the extent to which these cell types give rise to the lesion-filling astrocytes, and whether the astrocytes derived from different cell types contribute similarly to optic nerve regeneration remain unclear. Here we examine the distribution of astrocytes and NG2+ cells in an optic nerve crush model. We show that optic nerve astrocytes partially fill the injury site over time after a crush injury. Viral mediated expression of a growth-promoting factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promotes axon regeneration without altering the lesion size or the degree of lesion-filling GFAP+ cells. Strikingly, using inducible NG2CreER driver mice, we found that CNTF overexpression in RGCs increases the occupancy of NG2+ cell-derived astrocytes in the optic nerve lesion. An EdU pulse-chase experiment shows that the increase in NG2 cell-derived astrocytes is not due to an increase in cell proliferation. Lastly, we performed RNA-sequencing on the injured optic nerve and reveal that CNTF overexpression in RGCs results in significant changes in the expression of distinct genes, including those that encode chemokines, growth factor receptors, and immune cell modulators. Even though CNTF-induced axon regeneration has long been recognized, this is the first evidence of this procedure affecting glial cell fate at the optic nerve crush site. We discuss possible implication of these results for axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Ribeiro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, AA7103 MCN/VUIIS, 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ana C Ayupe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Felipe C Beckedorff
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Human Genetics, Biomedical Research Building, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Room 715, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Konstantin Levay
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sara Rodriguez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jae K Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gabriel Nascimento-Dos-Santos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Kevin K Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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6
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Lee JM, Sa M, An H, Kim JMJ, Kwon J, Yoon BE, Lee CJ. Generation of Astrocyte-Specific MAOB Conditional Knockout Mouse with Minimal Tonic GABA Inhibition. Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:158-172. [PMID: 35786639 PMCID: PMC9272118 DOI: 10.5607/en22016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) is a key enzyme for GABA production in astrocytes in several brain regions. To date, the role of astrocytic MAOB has been studied in MAOB null knockout (KO) mice, although MAOB is expressed throughout the body. Therefore, there has been a need for genetically engineered mice in which only astrocytic MAOB is targeted. Here, we generated an astrocyte-specific MAOB conditional KO (cKO) mouse line and characterized it in the cerebellar and striatal regions of the brain. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technique, we generated Maob floxed mice (B6-Maobem1Cjl/Ibs) which have floxed exons 2 and 3 of Maob with two loxP sites. By crossing these mice with hGFAP-CreERT2, we obtained Maob floxed::hGFAP-CreERT2 mice which have a property of tamoxifen-inducible ablation of Maob under the human GFAP (hGFAP) promoter. When we treated Maob floxed::hGFAP-CreERT2 mice with tamoxifen for 5 consecutive days, MAOB and GABA immunoreactivity were significantly reduced in striatal astrocytes as well as in Bergmann glia and lamellar astrocytes in the cerebellum, compared to sunflower oil-injected control mice. Moreover, astrocyte-specific MAOB cKO led to a 74.6% reduction in tonic GABA currents from granule cells and a 76.8% reduction from medium spiny neurons. Our results validate that astrocytic MAOB is a critical enzyme for the synthesis of GABA in astrocytes. We propose that this new mouse line could be widely used in studies of various brain diseases to elucidate the pathological role of astrocytic MAOB in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Moo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Moonsun Sa
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Heeyoung An
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | | | - Jea Kwon
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - C. Justin Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
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7
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Adhikari AS, Sullivan T, Bargaje R, Lu L, O’Sullivan TN, Song Y, Van Dyke T. Abrogation of Rb Tumor Suppression Initiates GBM in Differentiated Astrocytes by Driving a Progenitor Cell Program. Front Oncol 2022; 12:904479. [PMID: 35814428 PMCID: PMC9263358 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.904479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains lethal with no effective treatments. Despite the comprehensive identification of commonly perturbed molecular pathways, little is known about the disease’s etiology, particularly in early stages. Several studies indicate that GBM is initiated in neural progenitor and/or stem cells. Here, we report that differentiated astrocytes are susceptible to GBM development when initiated by perturbation of the RB pathway, which induces a progenitor phenotype. In vitro and in vivo inactivation of Rb tumor suppression (TS) induces cortical astrocytes to proliferate rapidly, express progenitor markers, repress differentiation markers, and form self-renewing neurospheres that are susceptible to multi-lineage differentiation. This phenotype is sufficient to cause grade II astrocytomas which stochastically progress to GBM. Together with previous findings, these results demonstrate that cell susceptibility to GBM depends on the initiating driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Adhikari
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Amit S. Adhikari,
| | - Teresa Sullivan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | - Lucy Lu
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - T Norene O’Sullivan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yurong Song
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
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8
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Rimmele TS, Li S, Andersen JV, Westi EW, Rotenberg A, Wang J, Aldana BI, Selkoe DJ, Aoki CJ, Dulla CG, Rosenberg PA. Neuronal Loss of the Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 Promotes Excitotoxic Injury in the Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:788262. [PMID: 35035352 PMCID: PMC8752461 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.788262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GLT-1, the major glutamate transporter in the mammalian central nervous system, is expressed in presynaptic terminals that use glutamate as a neurotransmitter, in addition to astrocytes. It is widely assumed that glutamate homeostasis is regulated primarily by glutamate transporters expressed in astrocytes, leaving the function of GLT-1 in neurons relatively unexplored. We generated conditional GLT-1 knockout (KO) mouse lines to understand the cell-specific functions of GLT-1. We found that stimulus-evoked field extracellular postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) recorded in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were normal in the astrocytic GLT-1 KO but were reduced and often absent in the neuronal GLT-1 KO at 40 weeks. The failure of fEPSP generation in the neuronal GLT-1 KO was also observed in slices from 20 weeks old mice but not consistently from 10 weeks old mice. Using an extracellular FRET-based glutamate sensor, we found no difference in stimulus-evoked glutamate accumulation in the neuronal GLT-1 KO, suggesting a postsynaptic cause of the transmission failure. We hypothesized that excitotoxicity underlies the failure of functional recovery of slices from the neuronal GLT-1 KO. Consistent with this hypothesis, the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK801, when present in the ACSF during the recovery period following cutting of slices, promoted full restoration of fEPSP generation. The inclusion of an enzymatic glutamate scavenging system in the ACSF conferred partial protection. Excitotoxicity might be due to excess release or accumulation of excitatory amino acids, or to metabolic perturbation resulting in increased vulnerability to NMDA receptor activation. Previous studies have demonstrated a defect in the utilization of glutamate by synaptic mitochondria and aspartate production in the synGLT-1 KO in vivo, and we found evidence for similar metabolic perturbations in the slice preparation. In addition, mitochondrial cristae density was higher in synaptic mitochondria in the CA1 region in 20–25 weeks old synGLT-1 KO mice in the CA1 region, suggesting compensation for loss of axon terminal GLT-1 by increased mitochondrial efficiency. These data suggest that GLT-1 expressed in presynaptic terminals serves an important role in the regulation of vulnerability to excitotoxicity, and this regulation may be related to the metabolic role of GLT-1 expressed in glutamatergic axon terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa S Rimmele
- Department of Neurology and the F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jens Velde Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil W Westi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology and the F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jianlin Wang
- Department of Neurology and the F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chiye J Aoki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY, United States.,Neuroscience Institute NYU Langone Medical Center, NY, United States
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul Allen Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and the F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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9
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Ragab N, Bauer J, Botermann DS, Uhmann A, Hahn H. Oncogenic NRAS Accelerates Rhabdomyosarcoma Formation When Occurring within a Specific Time Frame during Tumor Development in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413377. [PMID: 34948179 PMCID: PMC8703790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Ptch+/- mouse model for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS), we recently showed that oncogenic (onc) H-, K- or NRAS mutations do not influence tumor growth when induced at the advanced, full-blown tumor stage. However, when induced at the invisible ERMS precursor stage at 4 weeks of age, tumor development was enforced upon oncHRAS and oncKRAS but not by oncNRAS, which instead initiated tumor differentiation. These data indicate that oncRAS-associated processes differ from each other in dependency on the isoform and their occurrence during tumor development. Here, we investigated the outcome of oncNRAS induction at an earlier ERMS precursor stage at 2 weeks of age. In this setting, oncNRAS accelerates tumor growth because it significantly shortens the ERMS-free survival and increases the ERMS incidence. However, it does not seem to alter the differentiation of the tumors. It is also not involved in tumor initiation. Together, these data show that oncNRAS mutations can accelerate tumor growth when targeting immature ERMS precursors within a specific time window, in which the precursors are permissive to the mutation and show that oncNRAS-associated processes differ from each other in dependency on their occurrence during tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Heidi Hahn
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)551-3914010
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10
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Saitta KS, Lercher LD, Sainato DM, Patel A, Huang Y, McAuliffe WG, Dreyfus CF. CHPG enhances BDNF and myelination in cuprizone-treated mice through astrocytic metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Glia 2021; 69:1950-1965. [PMID: 33811383 PMCID: PMC9847144 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognized that astrocytes can produce factors known to affect the myelination process. One such factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), can enhance the differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells following a demyelinating lesion. Our previous work indicated that enhancing astrocyte-derived BDNF via injection of a general agonist of Group I/II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) into the lesion increased myelin proteins in the cuprizone model of demyelination after 4 hr. To determine if this observation has potential therapeutic significance, we now use a more specific mGluR agonist, 2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG), which binds to mGluR5, to examine effects on myelination through the clinically relevant approach of a peripheral injection. In initial studies, intraperitoneal injection of CHPG resulted in an increase in myelin proteins within the lesioned corpus callosum. These effects were blocked when either BDNF or the CHPG receptor, mGluR5, was deleted from glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes or when the BDNF receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), was deleted from proteolipid protein (PLP)+ oligodendrocytes. Moreover, injection of CHPG over 2 weeks not only elevated BDNF and myelin proteins, but also enhanced myelination and reversed behavioral deficits. Interestingly, effects on myelin and myelin proteins were not seen in the control animals, indicating that a lesion is critical in eliciting effects. Taken together, the data suggest that the mGluR agonist CHPG may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating demyelinating diseases and that it works by enhancing the release of BDNF from astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. Saitta
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Lauren D. Lercher
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Danielle M. Sainato
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Yangyang Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - W. Geoffrey McAuliffe
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Cheryl F. Dreyfus
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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11
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Zhou M, Tao X, Sui M, Cui M, Liu D, Wang B, Wang T, Zheng Y, Luo J, Mu Y, Wan F, Zhu LQ, Zhang B. Reprogramming astrocytes to motor neurons by activation of endogenous Ngn2 and Isl1. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1777-1791. [PMID: 34171285 PMCID: PMC8282467 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system injury and neurodegenerative diseases cause irreversible loss of neurons. Overexpression of exogenous specific transcription factors can reprogram somatic cells into functional neurons for regeneration and functional reconstruction. However, these practices are potentially problematic due to the integration of vectors into the host genome. Here, we showed that the activation of endogenous genes Ngn2 and Isl1 by CRISPRa enabled reprogramming of mouse spinal astrocytes and embryonic fibroblasts to motor neurons. These induced neurons showed motor neuronal morphology and exhibited electrophysiological activities. Furthermore, astrocytes in the spinal cord of the adult mouse can be converted into motor neurons by this approach with high efficiency. These results demonstrate that the activation of endogenous genes is sufficient to induce astrocytes into functional motor neurons in vitro and in vivo. This direct neuronal reprogramming approach may provide a novel potential therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ming Sui
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mengge Cui
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yunjie Zheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Juan Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yangling Mu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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12
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Sherwood MW, Oliet SHR, Panatier A. NMDARs, Coincidence Detectors of Astrocytic and Neuronal Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7258. [PMID: 34298875 PMCID: PMC8307462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is an extensively studied cellular correlate of learning and memory in which NMDARs play a starring role. One of the most interesting features of NMDARs is their ability to act as a co-incident detector. It is unique amongst neurotransmitter receptors in this respect. Co-incident detection is possible because the opening of NMDARs requires membrane depolarisation and the binding of glutamate. Opening of NMDARs also requires a co-agonist. Although the dynamic regulation of glutamate and membrane depolarization have been well studied in coincident detection, the role of the co-agonist site is unexplored. It turns out that non-neuronal glial cells, astrocytes, regulate co-agonist availability, giving them the ability to influence synaptic plasticity. The unique morphology and spatial arrangement of astrocytes at the synaptic level affords them the capacity to sample and integrate information originating from unrelated synapses, regardless of any pre-synaptic and post-synaptic commonality. As astrocytes are classically considered slow responders, their influence at the synapse is widely recognized as modulatory. The aim herein is to reconsider the potential of astrocytes to participate directly in ongoing synaptic NMDAR activity and co-incident detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Sherwood
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France;
| | | | - Aude Panatier
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, F-3300 Bordeaux, France;
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13
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Lotun A, Gessler DJ, Gao G. Canavan Disease as a Model for Gene Therapy-Mediated Myelin Repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661928. [PMID: 33967698 PMCID: PMC8102781 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific and therapeutic fields for rare, genetic central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as leukodystrophies, or white matter disorders, have expanded significantly in part due to technological advancements in cellular and clinical screenings as well as remedial therapies using novel techniques such as gene therapy. However, treatments aimed at normalizing the pathological changes associated with leukodystrophies have especially been complicated due to the innate and variable effects of glial abnormalities, which can cause large-scale functional deficits in developmental myelination and thus lead to downstream neuronal impairment. Emerging research in the past two decades have depicted glial cells, particularly oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, as key, regulatory modulators in constructing and maintaining myelin function and neuronal viability. Given the significance of myelin formation in the developing brain, myelin repair in a time-dependent fashion is critical in restoring homeostatic functionality to the CNS of patients diagnosed with white matter disorders. Using Canavan Disease (CD) as a leukodystrophy model, here we review the hypothetical roles of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), one of the brain's most abundant amino acid derivatives, in Canavan disease's CNS myelinating pathology, as well as discuss the possible functions astrocytes serve in both CD and other leukodystrophies' time-sensitive disease correction. Through this analysis, we also highlight the potential remyelinating benefits of gene therapy for other leukodystrophies in which alternative CNS cell targeting for white matter disorders may be an applicable path for reparative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushka Lotun
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Dominic J Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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14
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Hippocampal astrocytic neogenin regulating glutamate uptake, a critical pathway for preventing epileptic response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022921118. [PMID: 33850017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022921118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a common neurological disorder, is featured with recurrent seizures. Its underlying pathological mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence for loss of neogenin (NEO1), a coreceptor for multiple ligands, including netrins and bone morphological proteins, in the development of epilepsy. NEO1 is reduced in hippocampi from patients with epilepsy based on transcriptome and proteomic analyses. Neo1 knocking out (KO) in mouse brains displays elevated epileptiform spikes and seizure susceptibility. These phenotypes were undetectable in mice, with selectively depleted NEO1 in excitatory (NeuroD6-Cre+) or inhibitory (parvalbumin+) neurons, but present in mice with specific hippocampal astrocytic Neo1 KO. Additionally, neurons in hippocampal dentate gyrus, a vulnerable region in epilepsy, in mice with astrocyte-specific Neo1 KO show reductions in inhibitory synaptic vesicles and the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current(mIPSC), but increase of the duration of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current and tonic NMDA receptor currents, suggesting impairments in both GABAergic transmission and extracellular glutamate clearance. Further proteomic and cell biological analyses of cell-surface proteins identified GLAST, a glutamate-aspartate transporter that is marked reduced in Neo1 KO astrocytes and the hippocampus. NEO1 interacts with GLAST and promotes GLAST surface distribution in astrocytes. Expressing NEO1 or GLAST in Neo1 KO astrocytes in the hippocampus abolishes the epileptic phenotype. Taken together, these results uncover an unrecognized pathway of NEO1-GLAST in hippocampal GFAP+ astrocytes, which is critical for GLAST surface distribution and function, and GABAergic transmission, unveiling NEO1 as a valuable therapeutic target to protect the brain from epilepsy.
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15
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Gao X, Zhang Z, Mashimo T, Shen B, Nyagilo J, Wang H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Mulgaonkar A, Hu XL, Piccirillo SGM, Eskiocak U, Davé DP, Qin S, Yang Y, Sun X, Fu YX, Zong H, Sun W, Bachoo RM, Ge WP. Gliomas Interact with Non-glioma Brain Cells via Extracellular Vesicles. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2489-2500.e5. [PMID: 32101730 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that crosstalk between glioma cells and the brain microenvironment may influence brain tumor growth. To date, known reciprocal interactions among these cells have been limited to the release of paracrine factors. Combining a genetic strategy with longitudinal live imaging, we find that individual gliomas communicate with distinct sets of non-glioma cells, including glial cells, neurons, and vascular cells. Transfer of genetic material is achieved mainly through extracellular vesicles (EVs), although cell fusion also plays a minor role. We further demonstrate that EV-mediated communication leads to the increase of synaptic activity in neurons. Blocking EV release causes a reduction of glioma growth in vivo. Our findings indicate that EV-mediated interaction between glioma cells and non-glioma brain cells alters the tumor microenvironment and contributes to glioma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Gao
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Tomoyuki Mashimo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bo Shen
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - James Nyagilo
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yihui Wang
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 4300030, China
| | - Zhida Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aditi Mulgaonkar
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiao-Ling Hu
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sara G M Piccirillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ugur Eskiocak
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Digant P Davé
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hui Zong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Wenzhi Sun
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Robert M Bachoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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16
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Yao LL, Hu JX, Li Q, Lee D, Ren X, Zhang JS, Sun D, Zhang HS, Wang YG, Mei L, Xiong WC. Astrocytic neogenin/netrin-1 pathway promotes blood vessel homeostasis and function in mouse cortex. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6490-6509. [PMID: 32853179 DOI: 10.1172/jci132372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have multiple functions in the brain, including affecting blood vessel (BV) homeostasis and function. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence that astrocytic neogenin (NEO1), a member of deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) family netrin receptors, is involved in blood vessel homeostasis and function. Mice with Neo1 depletion in astrocytes exhibited clustered astrocyte distribution and increased BVs in their cortices. These BVs were leaky, with reduced blood flow, disrupted vascular basement membranes (vBMs), decreased pericytes, impaired endothelial cell (EC) barrier, and elevated tip EC proliferation. Increased proliferation was also detected in cultured ECs exposed to the conditioned medium (CM) of NEO1-depleted astrocytes. Further screening for angiogenetic factors in the CM identified netrin-1 (NTN1), whose expression was decreased in NEO1-depleted cortical astrocytes. Adding NTN1 into the CM of NEO1-depleted astrocytes attenuated EC proliferation. Expressing NTN1 in NEO1 mutant cortical astrocytes ameliorated phenotypes in blood-brain barrier (BBB), EC, and astrocyte distribution. NTN1 depletion in astrocytes resulted in BV/BBB deficits in the cortex similar to those in Neo1 mutant mice. In aggregate, these results uncovered an unrecognized pathway, astrocytic NEO1 to NTN1, not only regulating astrocyte distribution, but also promoting cortical BV homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Yao
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jin-Xia Hu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Daehoon Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiao Ren
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Shi Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yong-Gang Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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17
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Neural Cadherin Plays Distinct Roles for Neuronal Survival and Axon Growth under Different Regenerative Conditions. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0325-20.2020. [PMID: 32967889 PMCID: PMC7688304 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0325-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing axons in the CNS often migrate along specific pathways to reach their targets. During embryonic development, this migration is guided by different types of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) present on the surface of glial cells or other neurons, including the neural cadherin (NCAD). Axons in the adult CNS can be stimulated to regenerate, and travel long distances. Crucially, however, while a few axons are guided effectively through the injured nerve under certain conditions, most axons never migrate properly. The molecular underpinnings of the variable growth, and the glial CAMs that are responsible for CNS axon regeneration remain unclear. Here we used optic nerve crush to demonstrate that NCAD plays multifaceted functions in facilitating CNS axon regeneration. Astrocyte-specific deletion of NCAD dramatically decreases regeneration induced by phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) ablation in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Consistent with NCAD’s tendency to act as homodimers, deletion of NCAD in RGCs also reduces regeneration. Deletion of NCAD in astrocytes neither alters RGCs’ mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity nor lesion size, two factors known to affect regeneration. Unexpectedly, however, we find that NCAD deletion in RGCs reduces PTEN-deletion-induced RGC survival. We further show that NCAD deletion, in either astrocytes or RGCs, has negligible effects on the regeneration induced by ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), suggesting that other CAMs are critical under this regenerative condition. Consistent with this notion, CNTF induces expression various integrins known to mediate cell adhesion. Together, our study reveals multilayered functions of NCAD and a molecular basis of variability in guided axon growth.
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18
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Nam MH, Han KS, Lee J, Won W, Koh W, Bae JY, Woo J, Kim J, Kwong E, Choi TY, Chun H, Lee SE, Kim SB, Park KD, Choi SY, Bae YC, Lee CJ. Activation of Astrocytic μ-Opioid Receptor Causes Conditioned Place Preference. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1154-1166.e5. [PMID: 31365861 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of how positive emotional valence (e.g., pleasure) causes preference of an associated context is poorly understood. Here, we show that activation of astrocytic μ-opioid receptor (MOR) drives conditioned place preference (CPP) by means of specific modulation of astrocytic MOR, an exemplar endogenous Gi protein-coupled receptor (Gi-GPCR), in the CA1 hippocampus. Long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by a subthreshold stimulation with the activation of astrocytic MOR at the Schaffer collateral pathway accounts for the memory acquisition to induce CPP. This astrocytic MOR-mediated LTP induction is dependent on astrocytic glutamate released upon activation of the astrocytic MOR and the consequent activation of the presynaptic mGluR1. The astrocytic MOR-dependent LTP and CPP were recapitulated by a chemogenetic activation of astrocyte-specifically expressed Gi-DREADD hM4Di. Our study reveals that the transduction of inhibitory Gi-signaling into augmented excitatory synaptic transmission through astrocytic glutamate is critical for the acquisition of contextual memory for CPP.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Memory
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Nam
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Seok Han
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Department of Neuroscience, Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jaekwang Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Woojin Won
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Wuhyun Koh
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Department of Neuroscience, Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Jin Young Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Junsung Woo
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Department of Neuroscience, Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Elliot Kwong
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Choi
- Department of Physiology and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Heejung Chun
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Virus Facility, Research Animal Resource Center, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea.
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Department of Neuroscience, Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea.
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19
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A Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 4 (LRP4) in Astrocytic Aβ Clearance. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5347-5361. [PMID: 32457076 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0250-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition occurs years before cognitive symptoms appear and is considered a cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The imbalance of Aβ production and clearance leads to Aβ accumulation and Aβ deposition. Increasing evidence indicates an important role of astrocytes, the most abundant cell type among glial cells in the brain, in Aβ clearance. We explored the role of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), a member of the LDLR family, in AD pathology. We show that Lrp4 is specifically expressed in astrocytes and its levels in astrocytes were higher than those of Ldlr and Lrp1, both of which have been implicated in Aβ uptake. LRP4 was reduced in postmortem brain tissues of AD patients. Genetic deletion of the Lrp4 gene augmented Aβ plaques in 5xFAD male mice, an AD mouse model, and exacerbated the deficits in neurotransmission, synchrony between the hippocampus and PFC, and cognition. Mechanistically, LRP4 promotes Aβ uptake by astrocytes likely by interacting with ApoE. Together, our study demonstrates that astrocytic LRP4 plays an important role in Aβ pathology and cognitive function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study investigates how astrocytes, a type of non-nerve cells in the brain, may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. We demonstrate that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) is reduced in the brain of AD patients. Mimicking the reduced levels in an AD mouse model exacerbates cognitive impairment and increases amyloid aggregates that are known to damage the brain. We show that LRP4 could promote the clearance of amyloid protein by astrocytes. Our results reveal a previously unappreciated role of LRP4 in AD development.
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20
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Hu NY, Chen YT, Wang Q, Jie W, Liu YS, You QL, Li ZL, Li XW, Reibel S, Pfrieger FW, Yang JM, Gao TM. Expression Patterns of Inducible Cre Recombinase Driven by Differential Astrocyte-Specific Promoters in Transgenic Mouse Lines. Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:530-544. [PMID: 31828740 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They provide trophic support for neurons, modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity, and contribute to neuronal dysfunction. Many transgenic mouse lines have been generated to obtain astrocyte-specific expression of inducible Cre recombinase for functional studies; however, the expression patterns of inducible Cre recombinase in these lines have not been systematically characterized. We generated a new astrocyte-specific Aldh1l1-CreERT2 knock-in mouse line and compared the expression pattern of Cre recombinase between this and five widely-used transgenic lines (hGfap-CreERT2 from The Jackson Laboratory and The Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, Glast-CreERT2, Cx30-CreERT2, and Fgfr3-iCreERT2) by crossing with Ai14 mice, which express tdTomato fluorescence following Cre-mediated recombination. In adult Aldh1l1-CreERT2:Ai14 transgenic mice, tdTomato was detected throughout the CNS, and five novel morphologically-defined types of astrocyte were described. Among the six evaluated lines, the specificity of Cre-mediated recombination was highest when driven by Aldh1l1 and lowest when driven by hGfap; in the latter mice, co-staining between tdTomato and NeuN was observed in the hippocampus and cortex. Notably, evident leakage was noted in Fgfr3-iCreERT2 mice, and the expression level of tdTomato was low in the thalamus when Cre recombinase expression was driven by Glast and in the capsular part of the central amygdaloid nucleus when driven by Cx30. Furthermore, tdTomato was clearly expressed in peripheral organs in four of the lines. Our results emphasize that the astrocyte-specific CreERT2 transgenic lines used in functional studies should be carefully selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ya-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wei Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yi-Si Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiang-Long You
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ze-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Sophie Reibel
- Chronobiotron - UMS 3415, University of Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frank W Pfrieger
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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21
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Yilmaz C, Karali K, Fodelianaki G, Gravanis A, Chavakis T, Charalampopoulos I, Alexaki VI. Neurosteroids as regulators of neuroinflammation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100788. [PMID: 31513776 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a physiological protective response in the context of infection and injury. However, neuroinflammation, especially if chronic, may also drive neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), display inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes. Intriguingly, the central nervous system (CNS) is a highly steroidogenic environment synthesizing steroids de novo, as well as metabolizing steroids deriving from the circulation. Neurosteroid synthesis can be substantially affected by neuroinflammation, while, in turn, several steroids, such as 17β-estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and allopregnanolone, can regulate neuroinflammatory responses. Here, we review the role of neurosteroids in neuroinflammation in the context of MS, AD, PD and TBI and describe underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, we introduce the concept that synthetic neurosteroid analogues could be potentially utilized for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canelif Yilmaz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kanelina Karali
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Fodelianaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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22
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Wood TE, Barry J, Yang Z, Cepeda C, Levine MS, Gray M. Mutant huntingtin reduction in astrocytes slows disease progression in the BACHD conditional Huntington's disease mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:487-500. [PMID: 30312396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal and non-neuronal cells express the huntingtin (HTT) protein, yet neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) is largely selective, affecting most prominently striatal medium spiny neurons and cortical pyramidal neurons. Selective toxicity of full-length human mutant HTT (fl-mHTT) may be due in part to its expression in non-neuronal cells. While studies suggest neuronal-glial interactions are important in HD and fl-mHTT is expressed in astrocytes, it has not been determined whether the expression of fl-mHTT in astrocytes is necessary for HD pathogenesis. To directly assess the necessity of fl-mHTT in astrocytes for HD pathogenesis, we used a mouse genetic approach and bred the conditional mHTT-expressing BACHD mouse model with GFAP-CreERT2 mice. We show that GFAP-CreERT2 expression in these mice is highly selective for astrocytes, and we are able to significantly reduce the expression of fl-mHTT protein in the striatum and cortex of BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice. We performed behavioral, electrophysiological and neuropathological analyses of BACHD and BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice. Behavioral analyses of BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice demonstrate significant improvements in motor and psychiatric-like phenotypes. We observe improvements in neuropathological and electrophysiological phenotypes in BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice compared to BACHD mice. We observed a restoration of the normal level αB-crystallin in the striatum of the BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2 mice, indicating a cell autonomous effect of mHTT on its expression. Taken together, this work indicates that astrocytes are important contributors to the progression of the behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes observed in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Wood
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua Barry
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhenquin Yang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Gray
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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23
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Kirkley KS, Popichak KA, Hammond SL, Davies C, Hunt L, Tjalkens RB. Genetic suppression of IKK2/NF-κB in astrocytes inhibits neuroinflammation and reduces neuronal loss in the MPTP-Probenecid model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:193-209. [PMID: 30818064 PMCID: PMC6588478 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory activation of glia is considered a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and is seen in both human PD patients and in animal models of PD; however, the relative contributions of these cell types, especially astrocytes, to the progression of disease is not fully understood. The transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), is an important regulator of inflammatory gene expression in glia and is activated by multiple cellular stress signals through the kinase complex, IKK2. We sought to determine the role of NFκB in modulating inflammatory activation of astrocytes in a model of PD by generating a conditional knockout mouse (hGfapcre/Ikbk2F/F) in which IKK2 is specifically deleted in astrocytes. Measurements of IKK2 revealed a 70% deletion rate of IKK2 within astrocytes, as compared to littermate controls (Ikbk2F/F). Use of this mouse in a subacute, progressive model of PD through exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and probenecid (MPTPp) revealed significant protection in exposed mice to direct and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). hGfapcre/Ikbk2F/F mice were also protected against MPTPp-induced loss in motor activity, loss of striatal proteins, and genomic alterations in nigral NFκB gene expression, but were not protected from loss of striatal catecholamines. Neuroprotection in hGfapcre/Ikbk2F/F mice was associated with inhibition of MPTPp-induced astrocytic expression of inflammatory genes and protection against nitrosative stress and apoptosis in neurons. These data indicate that deletion of IKK2 within astrocytes is neuroprotective in the MPTPp model of PD and suggests that reactive astrocytes directly contribute the potentiation of dopaminergic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Kirkley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Katriana A Popichak
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Sean L Hammond
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Cecilia Davies
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Lindsay Hunt
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523; Program in Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523.
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24
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Obernier K, Cebrian-Silla A, Thomson M, Parraguez JI, Anderson R, Guinto C, Rodas Rodriguez J, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Adult Neurogenesis Is Sustained by Symmetric Self-Renewal and Differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 22:221-234.e8. [PMID: 29395056 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells have been identified in multiple adult tissues. Whether self-renewal occurs symmetrically or asymmetrically is key to understanding long-term stem cell maintenance and generation of progeny for cell replacement. In the adult mouse brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) (B1 cells) are retained in the walls of the lateral ventricles (ventricular-subventricular zone [V-SVZ]). The mechanism of B1 cell retention into adulthood for lifelong neurogenesis is unknown. Using multiple clonal labeling techniques, we show that the vast majority of B1 cells divide symmetrically. Whereas 20%-30% symmetrically self-renew and can remain in the niche for several months before generating neurons, 70%-80% undergo consuming divisions generating progeny, resulting in the depletion of B1 cells over time. This cellular mechanism decouples self-renewal from the generation of progeny. Limited rounds of symmetric self-renewal and consuming symmetric differentiation divisions can explain the levels of neurogenesis observed throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Obernier
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arantxa Cebrian-Silla
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Matthew Thomson
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - José Ignacio Parraguez
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rio Anderson
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cristina Guinto
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - José Rodas Rodriguez
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - José-Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease that results in motor, cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction. It is caused by a polyglutamine repeat expansion mutation in the widely expressed HTT protein. The clinical manifestations of HD have been largely attributed to the neurodegeneration of specific neuronal cell types in the brain. However, it has become clear that other cell types, including astrocytes, play important roles in the pathogenesis of HD. The mutant HTT (mHTT) protein is present in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types throughout the nervous system. Studies designed to understand the contribution of mHTT expression in non-neuronal cell types to HD pathogenesis has lagged considerably behind those focused on neurons. However, the role of astrocytes in HD has received more attention over the last 5-10 years. In this chapter we present an overview of HD and our current understanding of astrocytic involvement in this disease. We describe the neuropathological features of HD and provide evidence of morphological and molecular changes in mHTT expressing astrocytes. We review data from animal models and HD patients that implicate mHTT expressing astrocytes to the progression of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gray
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave S, CIRC 425B, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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26
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Park YM, Chun H, Shin JI, Lee CJ. Astrocyte Specificity and Coverage of hGFAP-CreERT2 [Tg(GFAP-Cre/ERT2)13Kdmc] Mouse Line in Various Brain Regions. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:508-525. [PMID: 30636902 PMCID: PMC6318562 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.6.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system and its importance has been increasingly recognized in the brain pathophysiology. To study in vivo function of astrocyte, astrocyte-specific gene-targeting is regarded as a powerful approach. Especially, hGFAP-CreERT2, which expresses tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under the human GFAP promoter, has been developed and characterized from several research groups. However, one of these mouse lines, [Tg(GFAP-Cre/ERT2)13Kdmc] from Ken McCarthy group has not been quantitatively analyzed, despite its frequent use. Here, we performed comprehensive characterization of this mouse line with quantitative analysis. By crossing this mouse line with Ai14 (RCL-tdTomato), a very sensitive Cre reporter mouse line, we visualized the Cre-expressing cells in various brain regions. For quantitative analysis, we immunostained S100β as an astrocytic marker and NeuN, tyrosine hydroxylase or calbindin as a neuronal marker in different brain regions. We calculated ‘astrocyte specificity’ as the proportion of co-labelled S100β and tdTomato positive cells in the total number of tdTomato positive cells and the ‘astrocyte coverage’ as the proportion of co-labelled S100β and tdTomato positive cells in the total number of S100β positive cells. Interestingly, we found varying degree of astrocyte specificity and coverage in each brain region. In cortex, hypothalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta and cerebellar Purkinje layer, we observed high astrocyte specificity (over 89%) and relatively high astrocyte coverage (over 70%). In striatum, hippocampal CA1 layer, dentate gyrus and cerebellar granule layer, we observed high astrocyte specificity (over 80%), but relative low astrocyte coverage (50–60%). However, thalamus and amygdala showed low astrocyte specificity (about 65%) and significant neuron specificity (over 30%). This hGFAP-CreERT2 mouse line can be useful for genetic modulations of target gene either in gain-of-function or loss-of-function studies in the brain regions with high astrocyte specificity and coverage. However, the use of this mouse line should be restricted to gain-of-function studies in the brain regions with high astrocyte specificity but low coverage. In conclusion, hGFAP-CreERT2 mouse line could be a powerful tool for gene-targeting of astrocytes in cortex, striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta and cerebellum, but not in thalamus and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Mason Park
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Department of Neuroscience, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.,Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.,Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Heejung Chun
- Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.,Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Shin
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Department of Neuroscience, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.,Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.,Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Department of Neuroscience, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.,Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.,Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
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27
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Leiton CV, Chen E, Cutrone A, Conn K, Mellanson K, Malik DM, Klingener M, Lamm R, Cutrone M, Petrie J, Sheikh J, DiBua A, Cohen B, Floyd TF. Astrocyte HIF-2α supports learning in a passive avoidance paradigm under hypoxic stress. HYPOXIA (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2018; 6:35-56. [PMID: 30519596 PMCID: PMC6234990 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s173589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain is extensively vascularized, useŝ20% of the body's oxygen, and is highly sensitive to changes in oxygen. While synaptic plasticity and memory are impaired in healthy individuals by exposure to mild hypoxia, aged individuals appear to be even more sensitive. Aging is associated with progressive failure in pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, exposing the aged to both chronic and superimposed acute hypoxia. The HIF proteins, the "master regulators" of the cellular response to hypoxia, are robustly expressed in neurons and astrocytes. Astrocytes support neurons and synaptic plasticity via complex metabolic and trophic mechanisms. The activity of HIF proteins in the brain is diminished with aging, and the increased exposure to chronic and acute hypoxia with aging combined with diminished HIF activity may impair synaptic plasticity. PURPOSE Herein, we test the hypothesis that astrocyte HIF supports synaptic plasticity and learning upon hypoxia. MATERIALS AND METHODS An Astrocyte-specific HIF loss-of-function model was employed, where knock-out of HIF-1α or HIF-2α in GFAP expressing cells was accomplished by cre-mediated recombination. Animals were tested for behavioral (open field and rotarod), learning (passive avoidance paradigm), and electrophysiological (long term potentiation) responses to mild hypoxic challenge. RESULTS In an astrocyte-specific HIF loss-of-function model followed by mild hypoxia, we identified that the depletion of HIF-2α resulted in an impaired passive avoidance learning performance. This was accompanied by an attenuated response to induction in long-term potentiation (LTP), suggesting that the hippocampal circuitry was perturbed upon hypoxic exposure following HIF-2α loss in astrocytes, and not due to hippocampal cell death. We investigated HIF-regulated trophic and metabolic target genes and found that they were not regulated by HIF-2α, suggesting that these specific targets may not be involved in mediating the phenotypes observed. CONCLUSION Together, these results point to a role for HIF-2α in the astrocyte's regulatory role in synaptic plasticity and learning under hypoxia and suggest that even mild, acute hypoxic challenges can impair cognitive performance in the aged population who harbor impaired HIF function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy V Leiton
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Elyssa Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alissa Cutrone
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristy Conn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kennelia Mellanson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Dania M Malik
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Klingener
- Department of Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Lamm
- Department of General Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Cutrone
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John Petrie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joher Sheikh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adriana DiBua
- Department of Chemistry, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Betsy Cohen
- Computer Science Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Thomas F Floyd
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA,
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA,
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA,
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Sun D, Sun XD, Zhao L, Lee DH, Hu JX, Tang FL, Pan JX, Mei L, Zhu XJ, Xiong WC. Neogenin, a regulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, prevents depressive-like behavior. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:8. [PMID: 29311593 PMCID: PMC5849041 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a complex, but precisely controlled process. Dysregulation of this event contributes to multiple neurological disorders, including major depression. Thus, it is of considerable interest to investigate how adult hippocampal neurogenesis is regulated. Here, we present evidence for neogenin, a multifunctional transmembrane receptor, to regulate adult mouse hippocampal neurogenesis. Loss of neogenin in adult neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural progenitor cells (NPCs) impaired NSCs/NPCs proliferation and neurogenesis, whereas increased their astrocytic differentiation. Mechanistic studies revealed a role for neogenin to positively regulate Gli1, a crucial downstream transcriptional factor of sonic hedgehog, and expression of Gli1 into neogenin depleted NSCs/NPCs restores their proliferation. Further morphological and functional studies showed additional abnormities, including reduced dendritic branches and spines, and impaired glutamatergic neuro-transmission, in neogenin-depleted new-born DG neurons; and mice with depletion of neogenin in NSCs/NPCs exhibited depressive-like behavior. These results thus demonstrate unrecognized functions of neogenin in adult hippocampal NSCs/NPCs-promoting NSCs/NPCs proliferation and neurogenesis and preventing astrogliogenesis and depressive-like behavior, and suggest neogenin regulation of Gli1 signaling as a possible underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.,Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Sun
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.,Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Dae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jin-Xia Hu
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Department of Neurology, The affiliated hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221002, China
| | - Fu-Lei Tang
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jin-Xiu Pan
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Co-Activation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 3 and Beta-Adrenergic Receptors Modulates Cyclic-AMP and Long-Term Potentiation, and Disrupts Memory Reconsolidation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2553-2566. [PMID: 28664928 PMCID: PMC5686489 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) enhances both the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and hippocampal-dependent cognitive function. Interestingly, previous studies reveal that coincident activation of group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors with βARs in the hippocampal astrocytes induces a large increase in cyclic-AMP (cAMP) accumulation and release of adenosine. Adenosine then acts on A1 adenosine receptors at neighboring excitatory Schaffer collateral terminals, which could counteract effects of activation of neuronal βARs on excitatory transmission. On the basis of this, we postulated that activation of the specific mGlu receptor subtype that mediates this response could inhibit βAR-mediated effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Using novel mGlu receptor subtype-selective allosteric modulators along with knockout mice we now report that the effects of mGlu2/3 agonists on βAR-mediated increases in cAMP accumulation are exclusively mediated by mGlu3. Furthermore, mGlu3 activation inhibits the ability of the βAR agonist isoproterenol to enhance hippocampal LTP, and this effect is absent in slices treated with either a glial toxin or an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist. Finally, systemic administration of the mGlu2/3 agonist LY379268 disrupted contextual fear memory in a manner similar to the effect of the βAR antagonist propranolol, and this effect was reversed by the mGlu3-negative allosteric modulator VU0650786. Taken together, these data suggest that mGlu3 can influence astrocytic signaling and modulate βAR-mediated effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function.
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30
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Zou J, Zhang B, Gutmann DH, Wong M. Postnatal reduction of tuberous sclerosis complex 1 expression in astrocytes and neurons causes seizures in an age-dependent manner. Epilepsia 2017; 58:2053-2063. [PMID: 29023667 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is one of the most prominent symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder, and may be related to developmental defects resulting from impaired TSC1 or TSC2 gene function in astrocytes and neurons. Inactivation of the Tsc1 gene driven by a glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter during embryonic brain development leads to widespread pathologic effects on astrocytes and neurons, culminating in severe, progressive epilepsy in mice (Tsc1GFAP-Cre mice). However, the developmental timing and cellular specificity relevant to epileptogenesis in this model has not been well defined. The present study evaluates the effect of postnatal Tsc1 gene inactivation on pathologic features of astrocytes and neurons and development of epilepsy. METHODS An inducible Tsc1 knock-out mouse was created utilizing a tamoxifen-driven GFAP-CreER line (Tsc1GFAP-CreER mice) with TSC1 reduction induced postnatally at 2 and 6 weeks of age, and compared to conventional Tsc1GFAP-Cre mice with prenatal TSC1 reduction. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, histology, and video-electroencephalography (EEG) assessed mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation, astrogliosis, neuronal organization, and spontaneous seizures, respectively. RESULTS Tsc1 gene inactivation at 2 weeks of age was sufficient to cause astrogliosis and mild epilepsy in Tsc1GFAP-CreER mice, but the phenotype was much less severe than that observed with prenatal Tsc1 gene inactivation in Tsc1GFAP-Cre mice. Both astrocytes and neurons were affected by prenatal and postnatal Tsc1 gene activation to a degree similar to the severity of epilepsy, suggesting that both cellular types may contribute to epileptogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE These findings support a model in which the developmental timing of TSC1 loss dictates the severity of neuronal and glial abnormalities and resulting epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zou
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Michael Wong
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
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Rao M, Rastelli D, Dong L, Chiu S, Setlik W, Gershon MD, Corfas G. Enteric Glia Regulate Gastrointestinal Motility but Are Not Required for Maintenance of the Epithelium in Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1068-1081.e7. [PMID: 28711628 PMCID: PMC5623141 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS When the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter is used to express cellular toxins that eliminate glia in mice, intestinal epithelial permeability and proliferation increase; this led to the concept that glia are required for maintenance of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Many enteric glia, however, particularly in the mucosa, do not express GFAP. In contrast, virtually all enteric glia express proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1). We investigated whether elimination of PLP1-expressing cells compromises epithelial maintenance or gastrointestinal motility. METHODS We generated mice that express tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under control of the Plp1 promoter and carry the diptheria toxin subunit A (DTA) transgene in the Rosa26 locus (Plp1CreER;Rosa26DTA mice). In these mice, PLP1-expressing glia are selectively eliminated without affecting neighboring cells. We measured epithelial barrier function and gastrointestinal motility in these mice and littermate controls, and analyzed epithelial cell proliferation and ultrastructure from their intestinal tissues. To compare our findings with those from previous studies, we also eliminated glia with ganciclovir in GfapHSV-TK mice. RESULTS Expression of DTA in PLP1-expressing cells selectively eliminated enteric glia from the small and large intestines, but caused no defects in epithelial proliferation, barrier integrity, or ultrastructure. In contrast, administration of ganciclovir to GfapHSV-TK mice eliminated fewer glia but caused considerable non-glial toxicity and epithelial cell death. Elimination of PLP1-expressing cells did not reduce survival of neurons in the intestine, but altered gastrointestinal motility in female, but not male, mice. CONCLUSIONS Using the Plp1 promoter to selectively eliminate glia in mice, we found that enteric glia are not required for maintenance of the intestinal epithelium, but are required for regulation of intestinal motility in females. Previous observations supporting the concept that maintenance of the intestinal epithelium requires enteric glia can be attributed to non-glial toxicity in GfapHSV-TK mice and epithelial-cell expression of GFAP. Contrary to widespread notions, enteric glia are therefore not required for epithelial homeostasis. However, they regulate intestinal motility in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Daniella Rastelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophia Chiu
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University
| | - Wanda Setlik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University
| | | | - Gabriel Corfas
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Perez EJ, Tapanes SA, Loris ZB, Balu DT, Sick TJ, Coyle JT, Liebl DJ. Enhanced astrocytic d-serine underlies synaptic damage after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3114-3125. [PMID: 28714867 DOI: 10.1172/jci92300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), glial cells have both beneficial and deleterious roles in injury progression and recovery. However, few studies have examined the influence of reactive astrocytes in the tripartite synapse following TBI. Here, we have demonstrated that hippocampal synaptic damage caused by controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in mice results in a switch from neuronal to astrocytic d-serine release. Under nonpathological conditions, d-serine functions as a neurotransmitter and coagonist for NMDA receptors and is involved in mediating synaptic plasticity. The phasic release of neuronal d-serine is important in maintaining synaptic function, and deficiencies lead to reductions in synaptic function and plasticity. Following CCI injury, hippocampal neurons downregulated d-serine levels, while astrocytes enhanced production and release of d-serine. We further determined that this switch in the cellular source of d-serine, together with the release of basal levels of glutamate, contributes to synaptic damage and dysfunction. Astrocyte-specific elimination of the astrocytic d-serine-synthesizing enzyme serine racemase after CCI injury improved synaptic plasticity, brain oscillations, and learning behavior. We conclude that the enhanced tonic release of d-serine from astrocytes after TBI underlies much of the synaptic damage associated with brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmanuel J Perez
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen A Tapanes
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Zachary B Loris
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Darrick T Balu
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J Sick
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph T Coyle
- Laboratory of Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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33
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Brulet R, Matsuda T, Zhang L, Miranda C, Giacca M, Kaspar BK, Nakashima K, Hsieh J. NEUROD1 Instructs Neuronal Conversion in Non-Reactive Astrocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1506-1515. [PMID: 28506534 PMCID: PMC5470076 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, all methods for converting non-neuronal cells into neurons involve injury to the brain; however, whether neuronal transdifferentiation can occur long after the period of insult remains largely unknown. Here, we use the transcription factor NEUROD1, previously shown to convert reactive glial cells to neurons in the cortex, to determine whether astrocyte-to-neuron transdifferentiation can occur under physiological conditions. We utilized adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9), which crosses the blood-brain barrier without injury, to deliver NEUROD1 to astrocytes through an intravascular route. Interestingly, we found that a small, but significant number of non-reactive astrocytes converted to neurons in the striatum, but not the cortex. Moreover, astrocytes cultured to minimize their proliferative potential also exhibited limited neuronal transdifferentiation with NEUROD1 expression. Our results show that a single transcription factor can induce astrocyte-to-neuron conversion under physiological conditions, potentially facilitating future clinical approaches long after the acute injury phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Brulet
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Taito Matsuda
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ling Zhang
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carlos Miranda
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Mauro Giacca
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Brian K Kaspar
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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34
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Howarth C, Sutherland B, Choi HB, Martin C, Lind BL, Khennouf L, LeDue JM, Pakan JMP, Ko RWY, Ellis-Davies G, Lauritzen M, Sibson NR, Buchan AM, MacVicar BA. A Critical Role for Astrocytes in Hypercapnic Vasodilation in Brain. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2403-2414. [PMID: 28137973 PMCID: PMC5354350 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0005-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is controlled by arterial blood pressure, arterial CO2, arterial O2, and brain activity and is largely constant in the awake state. Although small changes in arterial CO2 are particularly potent to change CBF (1 mmHg variation in arterial CO2 changes CBF by 3%-4%), the coupling mechanism is incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that astrocytic prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) plays a key role for cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity, and that preserved synthesis of glutathione is essential for the full development of this response. We combined two-photon imaging microscopy in brain slices with in vivo work in rats and C57BL/6J mice to examine the hemodynamic responses to CO2 and somatosensory stimulation before and after inhibition of astrocytic glutathione and PgE2 synthesis. We demonstrate that hypercapnia (increased CO2) evokes an increase in astrocyte [Ca2+]i and stimulates COX-1 activity. The enzyme downstream of COX-1 that synthesizes PgE2 (microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1) depends critically for its vasodilator activity on the level of glutathione in the brain. We show that, when glutathione levels are reduced, astrocyte calcium-evoked release of PgE2 is decreased and vasodilation triggered by increased astrocyte [Ca2+]iin vitro and by hypercapnia in vivo is inhibited. Astrocyte synthetic pathways, dependent on glutathione, are involved in cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 Reductions in glutathione levels in aging, stroke, or schizophrenia could lead to dysfunctional regulation of CBF and subsequent neuronal damage.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal activity leads to the generation of CO2, which has previously been shown to evoke cerebral blood flow (CBF) increases via the release of the vasodilator PgE2 We demonstrate that hypercapnia (increased CO2) evokes increases in astrocyte calcium signaling, which in turn stimulates COX-1 activity and generates downstream PgE2 production. We demonstrate that astrocyte calcium-evoked production of the vasodilator PgE2 is critically dependent on brain levels of the antioxidant glutathione. These data suggest a novel role for astrocytes in the regulation of CO2-evoked CBF responses. Furthermore, these results suggest that depleted glutathione levels, which occur in aging and stroke, will give rise to dysfunctional CBF regulation and may result in subsequent neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Howarth
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Cancer Research United Kingdom and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, United Kingdom
| | - Brad Sutherland
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Hyun B Choi
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Chris Martin
- Cancer Research United Kingdom and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Lykke Lind
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lila Khennouf
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey M LeDue
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Janelle M P Pakan
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rebecca W Y Ko
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Graham Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10028, and
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Cancer Research United Kingdom and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair M Buchan
- Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom,
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada,
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Gessler DJ, Li D, Xu H, Su Q, Sanmiguel J, Tuncer S, Moore C, King J, Matalon R, Gao G. Redirecting N-acetylaspartate metabolism in the central nervous system normalizes myelination and rescues Canavan disease. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90807. [PMID: 28194442 PMCID: PMC5291725 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canavan disease (CD) is a debilitating and lethal leukodystrophy caused by mutations in the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene and the resulting defect in N-acetylaspartate (NAA) metabolism in the CNS and peripheral tissues. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and widely transduce the CNS. We developed a rAAV-based and optimized gene replacement therapy, which achieves early, complete, and sustained rescue of the lethal disease phenotype in CD mice. Our treatment results in a super-mouse phenotype, increasing motor performance of treated CD mice beyond that of WT control mice. We demonstrate that this rescue is oligodendrocyte independent, and that gene correction in astrocytes is sufficient, suggesting that the establishment of an astrocyte-based alternative metabolic sink for NAA is a key mechanism for efficacious disease rescue and the super-mouse phenotype. Importantly, the use of clinically translatable high-field imaging tools enables the noninvasive monitoring and prediction of therapeutic outcomes for CD and might enable further investigation of NAA-related cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J. Gessler
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine
- Ruprecht-Karls University, Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danning Li
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- University of Science and Technology of Kunming, China
| | - Qin Su
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julio Sanmiguel
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Constance Moore
- Center for Comparative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean King
- Center for Comparative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Guangping Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Astrocytic transporters in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem J 2017; 474:333-355. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a fundamental role in maintaining the health and function of the central nervous system. Increasing evidence indicates that astrocytes undergo both cellular and molecular changes at an early stage in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). These changes may reflect a change from a neuroprotective to a neurotoxic phenotype. Given the lack of current disease-modifying therapies for AD, astrocytes have become an interesting and viable target for therapeutic intervention. The astrocyte transport system covers a diverse array of proteins involved in metabolic support, neurotransmission and synaptic architecture. Therefore, specific targeting of individual transporter families has the potential to suppress neurodegeneration, a characteristic hallmark of AD. A small number of the 400 transporter superfamilies are expressed in astrocytes, with evidence highlighting a fraction of these are implicated in AD. Here, we review the current evidence for six astrocytic transporter subfamilies involved in AD, as reported in both animal and human studies. This review confirms that astrocytes are indeed a viable target, highlights the complexities of studying astrocytes and provides future directives to exploit the potential of astrocytes in tackling AD.
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37
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Tamoxifen dosing for Cre-mediated recombination in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Transgenic Res 2016; 26:165-170. [PMID: 27730498 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common complication of preterm birth characterized by blunted post-natal lung development. BPD can be modelled in mice by exposure of newborn mouse pups to elevated oxygen levels. Little is known about the mechanisms of perturbed lung development associated with BPD. The advent of transgenic mice, where genetic rearrangements can be induced in particular cell-types at particular time-points during organogenesis, have great potential to explore the pathogenic mechanisms at play during arrested lung development. Many inducible, conditional transgenic technologies available rely on the application of the estrogen-receptor modulator, tamoxifen. While tamoxifen is well-tolerated and has been widely employed in adult mice, or in healthy developing mice; tamoxifen is not well-tolerated in combination with hyperoxia, in the most widely-used mouse model of BPD. To address this, we set out to establish a safe and effective tamoxifen dosing regimen that can be used in newborn mouse pups subjected to injurious stimuli, such as exposure to elevated levels of environmental oxygen. Our data reveal that a single intraperitoneal dose of tamoxifen of 0.2 mg applied to newborn mouse pups in 10 μl Miglyol vehicle was adequate to successfully drive Cre recombinase-mediated genome rearrangements by the fifth day of life, in a murine model of BPD. The number of recombined cells was comparable to that observed in regular tamoxifen administration protocols. These findings will be useful to investigators where tamoxifen dosing is problematic in the background of injurious stimuli and mouse models of human and veterinary disease.
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Sun XD, Li L, Liu F, Huang ZH, Bean JC, Jiao HF, Barik A, Kim SM, Wu H, Shen C, Tian Y, Lin TW, Bates R, Sathyamurthy A, Chen YJ, Yin DM, Xiong L, Lin HP, Hu JX, Li BM, Gao TM, Xiong WC, Mei L. Lrp4 in astrocytes modulates glutamatergic transmission. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1010-8. [PMID: 27294513 PMCID: PMC4961622 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmission requires precise control of neurotransmitter release from axon terminals. This process is regulated by glial cells; however, underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report that glutamate release in the brain is impaired in mice lacking low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (Lrp4), a protein critical for neuromuscular junction formation. Electrophysiological studies indicate compromised release probability in astrocyte-specific Lrp4 knockout mice. Lrp4 mutant astrocytes suppress glutamate transmission by enhancing the release of ATP, whose levels are elevated in the hippocampus of Lrp4 mutant mice. Consequently, the mutant mice are impaired in locomotor activity and spatial memory and are resistant to seizure induction. These impairments could be ameliorated by adenosine A1 receptor antagonist. The results reveal a critical role of Lrp4, in response to agrin, in modulating astrocytic ATP release and synaptic transmission. Our study provides insight into the interaction between neurons and astrocytes for synaptic homeostasis and/or plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Dong Sun
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhi-Hui Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan C Bean
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui-Feng Jiao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Arnab Barik
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Seon-Myung Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Chengyong Shen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Thiri W Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Ryan Bates
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Anupama Sathyamurthy
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Dong-Min Yin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Lei Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui-Ping Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Jin-Xia Hu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Bao-Ming Li
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA.,Charlie Norwood Virginia Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA.,Center for Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Charlie Norwood Virginia Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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39
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Sciolino NR, Plummer NW, Chen YW, Alexander GM, Robertson SD, Dudek SM, McElligott ZA, Jensen P. Recombinase-Dependent Mouse Lines for Chemogenetic Activation of Genetically Defined Cell Types. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2563-73. [PMID: 27264177 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemogenetic technologies, including the mutated human Gq-coupled M3 muscarinic receptor (hM3Dq), have greatly facilitated our ability to directly link changes in cellular activity to altered physiology and behavior. Here, we extend the hM3Dq toolkit with recombinase-responsive mouse lines that permit hM3Dq expression in virtually any cell type. These alleles encode a fusion protein designed to increase effective expression levels by concentrating hM3Dq to the cell body and dendrites. To illustrate their broad utility, we targeted three different genetically defined cell populations: noradrenergic neurons of the compact, bilateral locus coeruleus and two dispersed populations, Camk2a+ neurons and GFAP+ glia. In all three populations, we observed reproducible expression and confirmed that activation of hM3Dq is sufficient to dose-dependently evoke phenotypic changes, without extreme phenotypes associated with hM3Dq overexpression. These alleles offer the ability to non-invasively control activity of diverse cell types to uncover their function and dysfunction at any developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale R Sciolino
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nicholas W Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yu-Wei Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Georgia M Alexander
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sabrina D Robertson
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Serena M Dudek
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Zoe A McElligott
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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40
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Danbolt NC, Furness DN, Zhou Y. Neuronal vs glial glutamate uptake: Resolving the conundrum. Neurochem Int 2016; 98:29-45. [PMID: 27235987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neither normal brain function nor the pathological processes involved in neurological diseases can be adequately understood without knowledge of the release, uptake and metabolism of glutamate. The reason for this is that glutamate (a) is the most abundant amino acid in the brain, (b) is at the cross-roads between several metabolic pathways, and (c) serves as the major excitatory neurotransmitter. In fact most brain cells express glutamate receptors and are thereby influenced by extracellular glutamate. In agreement, brain cells have powerful uptake systems that constantly remove glutamate from the extracellular fluid and thereby limit receptor activation. It has been clear since the 1970s that both astrocytes and neurons express glutamate transporters. However the relative contribution of neuronal and glial transporters to the total glutamate uptake activity, however, as well as their functional importance, has been hotly debated ever since. The present short review provides (a) an overview of what we know about neuronal glutamate uptake as well as an historical description of how we got there, and (b) a hypothesis reconciling apparently contradicting observations thereby possibly resolving the paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Danbolt
- The Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - D N Furness
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffs. ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Y Zhou
- The Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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41
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Rimmele TS, Rosenberg PA. GLT-1: The elusive presynaptic glutamate transporter. Neurochem Int 2016; 98:19-28. [PMID: 27129805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Historically, glutamate uptake in the CNS was mainly attributed to glial cells for three reasons: 1) none of the glutamate transporters were found to be located in presynaptic terminals of excitatory synapses; 2) the putative glial transporters, GLT-1 and GLAST are expressed at high levels in astrocytes; 3) studies of the constitutive GLT-1 knockout as well as pharmacological studies demonstrated that >90% of glutamate uptake into forebrain synaptosomes is mediated by the operation of GLT-1. Here we summarize the history leading up to the recognition of GLT-1a as a presynaptic glutamate transporter. A major issue now is understanding the physiological and pathophysiological significance of the expression of GLT-1 in presynaptic terminals. To elucidate the cell-type specific functions of GLT-1, a conditional knockout was generated with which to inactivate the GLT-1 gene in different cell types using Cre/lox technology. Astrocytic knockout led to an 80% reduction of GLT-1 expression, resulting in intractable seizures and early mortality as seen also in the constitutive knockout. Neuronal knockout was associated with no obvious phenotype. Surprisingly, synaptosomal uptake capacity (Vmax) was found to be significantly reduced, by 40%, in the neuronal knockout, indicating that the contribution of neuronal GLT-1 to synaptosomal uptake is disproportionate to its protein expression (5-10%). Conversely, the contribution of astrocytic GLT-1 to synaptosomal uptake was much lower than expected. In contrast, the loss of uptake into liposomes prepared from brain protein from astrocyte and neuronal knockouts was proportionate with the loss of GLT-1 protein, suggesting that a large portion of GLT-1 in astrocytic membranes in synaptosomal preparations is not functional, possibly because of a failure to reseal. These results suggest the need to reinterpret many previous studies using synaptosomal uptake to investigate glutamate transport itself as well as changes in glutamate homeostasis associated with normal functions, neurodegeneration, and response to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa S Rimmele
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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42
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Irvin DM, McNeill RS, Bash RE, Miller CR. Intrinsic Astrocyte Heterogeneity Influences Tumor Growth in Glioma Mouse Models. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:36-50. [PMID: 26762242 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of cellular origin on glioma pathogenesis remains elusive. We previously showed that mutations inactivating Rb and Pten and activating Kras transform astrocytes and induce tumorigenesis throughout the adult mouse brain. However, it remained unclear whether astrocyte subpopulations were susceptible to these mutations. We therefore used genetic lineage tracing and fate mapping in adult conditional, inducible genetically engineered mice to monitor transformation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) astrocytes and immunofluorescence to monitor cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment over time. Because considerable regional heterogeneity exists among astrocytes, we also examined the influence of brain region on tumor growth. GFAP astrocyte transformation induced uniformly rapid, regionally independent tumor growth, but transformation of GLAST astrocytes induced slowly growing tumors with significant regional bias. Transformed GLAST astrocytes had reduced proliferative response in culture and in vivo and malignant progression was delayed in these tumors. Recruited glial cells, including proliferating astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia, were the majority of GLAST, but not GFAP astrocyte-derived tumors and their abundance dynamically changed over time. These results suggest that intrinsic astrocyte heterogeneity, and perhaps regional brain microenvironment, significantly contributes to glioma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Irvin
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert S McNeill
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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43
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Faiz M, Sachewsky N, Gascón S, Bang KWA, Morshead CM, Nagy A. Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Subventricular Zone Give Rise to Reactive Astrocytes in the Cortex after Stroke. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:624-34. [PMID: 26456685 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes (RAs) have been reported to convert to multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of neurosphere (NS) formation and multilineage differentiation in vitro. Using genetic tagging, we determined that subventricular zone (SVZ) NSCs give rise to NSs derived from the stroke-injured cortex. We demonstrate that these cells can be isolated from the cortex in two different models of stroke and from different stroke-lesioned cortical regions. Interestingly, SVZ NSCs give rise to a subpopulation of RAs in the cortex that contribute to astrogliosis and scar formation. Last, we show that these SVZ derived RAs can be converted to neurons in vivo by forced expression of Ascl1. Identifying the contribution of cells originating from the SVZ to injury repair has implications for neural regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Faiz
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Nadia Sachewsky
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Sergio Gascón
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 12, Munich D-80336, Germany; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg/Munich D-85764, Germany
| | - K W Annie Bang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada.
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3H7, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada.
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44
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Ge WP, Jia JM. Local production of astrocytes in the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 2015; 323:3-9. [PMID: 26343293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the largest glial population in the mammalian brain. Astrocytes in the cerebral cortex are reportedly generated from four sources, namely radial glia, progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ progenitors), locally proliferating glia, and NG2 glia; it remains an open question, however, as to what extent these four cell types contribute to the substantial increase in astrocytes that occurs postnatally in the cerebral cortex. Here we summarize all possible sources of astrocytes and discuss their roles in this postnatal increase. In particular, we focus on astrocytes derived from local proliferation within the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-P Ge
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - J-M Jia
- Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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45
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Rottkamp DM, Rudenko IA, Maier MT, Roshanbin S, Yulyaningsih E, Perez L, Valdearcos M, Chua S, Koliwad SK, Xu AW. Leptin potentiates astrogenesis in the developing hypothalamus. Mol Metab 2015; 4:881-9. [PMID: 26629411 PMCID: PMC4632125 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proper establishment of hypothalamic feeding circuits during early development has a profound influence on energy homeostasis, and perturbing this process could predispose individuals to obesity and its associated consequences later in life. The maturation of hypothalamic neuronal circuitry in rodents takes place during the initial postnatal weeks, and this coincides with a dramatic surge in the circulating level of leptin, which is known to regulate the outgrowth of key neuronal projections in the maturing hypothalamus. Coincidently, this early postnatal period also marks the rapid proliferation and expansion of astrocytes in the brain. Methods Here we examined the effects of leptin on the proliferative capacity of astrocytes in the developing hypothalamus by treating postnatal mice with leptin. Mutant mice were also generated to conditionally remove leptin receptors from glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing cells in the postnatal period. Results and conclusions We show that GFAP-expressing cells in the periventricular zone of the 3rd ventricle were responsive to leptin during the initial postnatal week. Leptin enhanced the proliferation of astrocytes in the postnatal hypothalamus and conditional removal of leptin receptors from GFAP-expressing cells during early postnatal period limited astrocyte proliferation. While increasing evidence demonstrates a direct role of leptin in regulating astrocytes in the adult brain, and given the essential function of astrocytes in modulating neuronal function and connectivity, our study indicates that leptin may exert its metabolic effects, in part, by promoting hypothalamic astrogenesis during early postnatal development. GFAP-expressing cells in the periventricular zone of 3rd ventricle are leptin-responsive during the initial postnatal week. Leptin enhances the proliferation of astrocytes in the postnatal hypothalamus. Conditional removal of leptin receptors in GFAP-expressing cells in early postnatal period reduces astrocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M Rottkamp
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ivan A Rudenko
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew T Maier
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sahar Roshanbin
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Luz Perez
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Martin Valdearcos
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Streamson Chua
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Allison W Xu
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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46
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Do stars govern our actions? Astrocyte involvement in rodent behavior. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:535-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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47
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Conditional deletion of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 reveals that astrocytic GLT-1 protects against fatal epilepsy while neuronal GLT-1 contributes significantly to glutamate uptake into synaptosomes. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5187-201. [PMID: 25834045 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4255-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GLT-1 (EAAT2; slc1a2) is the major glutamate transporter in the brain, and is predominantly expressed in astrocytes, but at lower levels also in excitatory terminals. We generated a conditional GLT-1 knock-out mouse to uncover cell-type-specific functional roles of GLT-1. Inactivation of the GLT-1 gene was achieved in either neurons or astrocytes by expression of synapsin-Cre or inducible human GFAP-CreERT2. Elimination of GLT-1 from astrocytes resulted in loss of ∼80% of GLT-1 protein and of glutamate uptake activity that could be solubilized and reconstituted in liposomes. This loss was accompanied by excess mortality, lower body weight, and seizures suggesting that astrocytic GLT-1 is of major importance. However, there was only a small (15%) reduction that did not reach significance of glutamate uptake into crude forebrain synaptosomes. In contrast, when GLT-1 was deleted in neurons, both the GLT-1 protein and glutamate uptake activity that could be solubilized and reconstituted in liposomes were virtually unaffected. These mice showed normal survival, weight gain, and no seizures. However, the synaptosomal glutamate uptake capacity (Vmax) was reduced significantly (40%). In conclusion, astrocytic GLT-1 performs critical functions required for normal weight gain, resistance to epilepsy, and survival. However, the contribution of astrocytic GLT-1 to glutamate uptake into synaptosomes is less than expected, and the contribution of neuronal GLT-1 to synaptosomal glutamate uptake is greater than expected based on their relative protein expression. These results have important implications for the interpretation of the many previous studies assessing glutamate uptake capacity by measuring synaptosomal uptake.
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48
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Role of Astrocytes in Leptin Signaling. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:829-839. [PMID: 25687329 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that astrocytic leptin signaling induces an overall potentiation of the neuronal response to leptin, we generated a new line of astrocyte-specific leptin receptor knockout (ALKO-Δ1) mice in which no leptin receptor is expressed in astrocytes. Corresponding to cell-specific Cre recombinase expression in hypothalamic astrocytes but not neurons, this new strain of ALKO mice had attenuated pSTAT3 signaling in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus 30 min after intracerebroventricular delivery of leptin. In response to high-fat diet for 2 months, the ALKO mice showed a greater increase of percent fat and blood leptin concentration. This coincided with a mild reactive gliosis in the hypothalamus. Overall, the absence of leptin receptors in astrocytes attenuated hypothalamic pSTAT3 signaling, induced a mild reactive morphology, and promoted the development of diet-induced obesity. We conclude that leptin signaling in astrocytes is essential for the homeostasis of neuroendocrine regulation in obesity.
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49
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Chew LJ, DeBoy CA, Senatorov VV. Finding degrees of separation: experimental approaches for astroglial and oligodendroglial cell isolation and genetic targeting. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 236:125-47. [PMID: 25169049 PMCID: PMC4171043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of CNS glial cell function requires experimental methods to detect, purify, and manipulate each cell population with fidelity and specificity. With the identification and cloning of cell- and stage-specific markers, glial cell analysis techniques have grown beyond physical methods of tissue dissociation and cell culture, and become highly specific with immunoselection of cell cultures in vitro and genetic targeting in vivo. The unique plasticity of glial cells offers the potential for cell replacement therapies in neurological disease that utilize neural cells derived from transplanted neural stem and progenitor cells. In this mini-review, we outline general physical and genetic approaches for macroglial cell generation. We summarize cell culture methods to obtain astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and their precursors, from developing and adult tissue, as well as approaches to obtain human neural progenitor cells through the establishment of stem cells. We discuss popular targeting rodent strains designed for cell-specific detection, selection and manipulation of neuroglial cell progenitors and their committed progeny. Based on shared markers between astrocytes and stem cells, we discuss genetically modified mouse strains with overlapping expression, and highlight SOX-expressing strains available for targeting of stem and progenitor cell populations. We also include recently established mouse strains for detection, and tag-assisted RNA and miRNA analysis. This discussion aims to provide a brief overview of the rapidly expanding collection of experimental approaches and genetic resources for the isolation and targeting of macroglial cells, their sources, progeny and gene products to facilitate our understanding of their properties and potential application in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chew
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Cynthia A DeBoy
- Biology Department, Trinity Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Vladimir V Senatorov
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Astrocyte-derived BDNF supports myelin protein synthesis after cuprizone-induced demyelination. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8186-96. [PMID: 24920623 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4267-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that BDNF may enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation following a demyelinating lesion, however, the endogenous sources of BDNF that may be harnessed to reverse deficits associated with such lesions are poorly defined. Here, we investigate roles of astrocytes in synthesizing and releasing BDNF. These cells are known to express BDNF following injury in vivo. In culture, they increase BDNF synthesis and release in response to glutamate metabotropic stimulation. Following cuprizone-elicited demyelination in mice, astrocytes contain BDNF and increase levels of metabotropic receptors. The metabotropic agonist, trans-(1S,3R)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (ACPD), was therefore injected into the demyelinating lesion. Increases in BDNF, as well as myelin proteins, were observed. Effects of ACPD were eliminated by coinjection of trkB-Fc to locally deplete BDNF and by deletion of astrocyte-derived BDNF. The data indicate that astrocyte-derived BDNF may be a source of trophic support that can be used to reverse deficits elicited following demyelination.
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