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Chmiel J, Gladka A, Leszek J. The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4455. [PMID: 37892530 PMCID: PMC10610104 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Introduction: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe, debilitating disease with high incidence and high mortality. The methods of treatment used so far are moderately effective. Evidence from neuroimaging studies helps to design modern methods of therapy. One of them is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive brain neuromodulation technique. (2) Methods: The purpose of this narrative review is to bring together all studies investigating the use of tDCS in the treatment of AN and to evaluate its effect and efficiency. Searches were conducted in the Pubmed/Medline, Research Gate, and Cochrane databases. (3) Results: The literature search resulted in five articles. These studies provide preliminary evidence that tDCS has the potential to alter eating behaviour, body weight, and food intake. Additionally, tDCS reduced symptoms of depression. Throughout all trials, stimulation targeted the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Although the number of studies included is limited, attempts were made to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying tDCS action in individuals with AN. Recommendations for future tDCS research in AN were issued. (4) Conclusions: The included studies have shown that tDCS stimulation of the left DLPFC has a positive effect on AN clinical symptoms and may improve them, as measured by various assessment measures. It is important to conduct more in-depth research on the potential benefits of using tDCS for treating AN. This should entail well-designed studies incorporating advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI. The aim is to gain a better understanding of how tDCS works in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chmiel
- Institute of Neurofeedback and tDCS Poland, 70-393 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Gladka
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, 54-235 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszek
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University, 54-235 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Barakat S, McLean SA, Bryant E, Le A, Marks P, Touyz S, Maguire S. Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:8. [PMID: 36650572 PMCID: PMC9847054 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors represent a range of complex variables associated with the onset, development, and course of eating disorders. Understanding these risk factors is vital for the refinement of aetiological models, which may inform the development of targeted, evidence-based prevention, early intervention, and treatment programs. This Rapid Review aimed to identify and summarise research studies conducted within the last 12 years, focusing on risk factors associated with eating disorders. METHODS The current review forms part of a series of Rapid Reviews to be published in a special issue in the Journal of Eating Disorders, funded by the Australian Government to inform the development of the National Eating Disorder Research and Translation Strategy 2021-2031. Three databases were searched for studies published between 2009 and 2021, published in English, and comprising high-level evidence studies (meta-analyses, systematic reviews, moderately sized randomised controlled studies, moderately sized controlled-cohort studies, or population studies). Data pertaining to risk factors for eating disorders were synthesised and outlined in the current paper. RESULTS A total of 284 studies were included. The findings were divided into nine main categories: (1) genetics, (2) gastrointestinal microbiota and autoimmune reactions, (3) childhood and early adolescent exposures, (4) personality traits and comorbid mental health conditions, (5) gender, (6) socio-economic status, (7) ethnic minority, (8) body image and social influence, and (9) elite sports. A substantial amount of research exists supporting the role of inherited genetic risk in the development of eating disorders, with biological risk factors, such as the role of gut microbiota in dysregulation of appetite, an area of emerging evidence. Abuse, trauma and childhood obesity are strongly linked to eating disorders, however less conclusive evidence exists regarding developmental factors such as role of in-utero exposure to hormones. Comorbidities between eating disorders and mental health disorders, including personality and mood disorders, have been found to increase the severity of eating disorder symptomatology. Higher education attainment, body image-related factors, and use of appearance-focused social media are also associated with increased risk of eating disorder symptoms. CONCLUSION Eating disorders are associated with multiple risk factors. An extensive amount of research has been conducted in the field; however, further studies are required to assess the causal nature of the risk factors identified in the current review. This will assist in understanding the sequelae of eating disorder development and in turn allow for enhancement of existing interventions and ultimately improved outcomes for individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Barakat
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), InsideOut Institute, University of Sydney, Level 2, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Siân A McLean
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Bryant
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anvi Le
- Healthcare Management Advisors, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peta Marks
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen Touyz
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Maguire
- InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
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Strumila R, Lengvenyte A, Olie E, Courtet P, Guillaume S. Escitalopram should be investigated in anorexia nervosa: Rationale and review of mechanisms. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1016-1019. [PMID: 36003008 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221118340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest ambitions in the field of anorexia nervosa (AN) research is to find a reliable and effective pharmacological treatment. The fact that currently no pharmacological treatment is safe and effective in this disease is worrying and also challenging. On the basis of the progress in our understanding of AN neurobiology, we propose that escitalopram, a widely available drug, might be a safe and effective option that needs to be investigated. Escitalopram is the only selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, without any catecholaminergic effect. As studies have shown decreased serotonergic and increased dopaminergic transmission in AN, we hypothesized that an ideal drug for AN management should boost serotonin levels to increase serotonergic and decrease dopaminergic transmission, the two main features of escitalopram action. Here, we present a short overview of pharmacological research in AN and discuss the theoretical rationale for escitalopram use in AN. We also call for double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials to test whether this theoretical framework translates into clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Strumila
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Urgent and Post Urgent Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aiste Lengvenyte
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Urgent and Post Urgent Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Emilie Olie
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Urgent and Post Urgent Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Urgent and Post Urgent Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sebastien Guillaume
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Urgent and Post Urgent Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Birla M, Choudhary C, Singh G, Gupta S, Bhawana, Vavilala P. The Advent of Nutrigenomics: A Narrative Review with an Emphasis on Psychological Disorders. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:150-164. [PMID: 35919568 PMCID: PMC9309077 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A new research field is emerging that combines nutrition and genetics at the molecular level, namely nutrigenomics. Several aspects of nutrigenomics are examined in this review, with a particular focus on psychological disorders. The origin of this field in the 20th century and its modern developments have been investigated. Various studies have reported the impact of genetic factors and diet on various chronic disorders, elucidating how the deficiency of several macronutrients results in significant ailments, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and others. Furthermore, the application of nutrigenomics to diet and its impact on the global disease rate and quality of life have been discussed. The relationship between diet and gene expression can facilitate the classification of diet-gene interactions and the diagnosis of polymorphisms and anomalies. Numerous databases and research tools for the study of nutrigenomics are essential to the medical application of this field. The nutrition-gene interrelationships can be utilized to study brain development, impairment, and diseases, which could be a significant medical breakthrough. It has also been observed that psychological conditions are exacerbated by the interaction between gut microbes and the prevalence of malnutrition. This article focuses on the impact of nutrition on genes involved in various psychological disorders and the potential application of nutrigenomics as a revolutionary treatment method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Birla
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Chanchal Choudhary
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Garima Singh
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Salvi Gupta
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Bhawana
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Pratyusha Vavilala
- Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110096, India
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Keeler JL, Treasure J, Juruena MF, Kan C, Himmerich H. Ketamine as a Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:4158. [PMID: 34836413 PMCID: PMC8625822 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a highly complex disorder to treat, especially in severe and enduring cases. Whilst the precise aetiology of the disorder is uncertain, malnutrition and weight loss can contribute to reductions in grey and white matter of the brain, impairments in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis and difficulties with cognitive flexibility, memory and learning. Depression is highly comorbid in AN and may be a barrier to recovery. However, traditional antidepressants are often ineffective in alleviating depressive symptoms in underweight patients with AN. There is an urgent need for new treatment approaches for AN. This review gives a conceptual overview for the treatment of AN with ketamine. Ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects, which are hypothesised to occur via increases in glutamate, with sequelae including increased neuroplasticity, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. This article provides an overview of the use of ketamine for common psychiatric comorbidities of AN and discusses particular safety concerns and side effects. Potential avenues for future research and specific methodological considerations are explored. Overall, there appears to be ample theoretical background, via several potential mechanisms, that warrant the exploration of ketamine as a treatment for adults with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Louise Keeler
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (J.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (J.T.); (H.H.)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham BR3 3BX, UK;
| | - Mario F. Juruena
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham BR3 3BX, UK;
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Carol Kan
- Eating Disorder Service, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, 1 Nightingale Place, Kensington & Chelsea, London SW10 9NG, UK;
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (J.T.); (H.H.)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham BR3 3BX, UK;
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6
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Miozzo R, Eaton WW, Bienvenu OJ, Samuels J, Nestadt G. The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (SLC6A4) and risk for psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity in the Baltimore ECA follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 102:152199. [PMID: 32911381 PMCID: PMC8442947 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human serotonin transporter (SERT) gene polymorphism (5HTTLPR) has been associated with multiple psychiatric disorders, including major depression, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. This study investigated the association between 5HTTLPR and psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity in a psychiatrist-examined population sample. METHODS 628 participants, mean age 48.3 years old, were assessed by psychiatrists using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Associations between 5HTTLPR and the prevalence, comorbidity, and time-to-diagnoses for 16 psychiatric conditions were evaluated, using several analytical approaches. RESULTS The SERT S allele was significantly associated with an increased lifetime prevalence of panic disorder. There was a "protective" association between SERT gene S allele carrier status and the risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in time-to-event analysis. Carriers of the S allele had a significant increased risk of two specific comorbid disorder pairs: major depressive disorder (MDD) and social phobia, and MDD and agoraphobia. Overall, there was no increased risk of receiving an initial or an additional diagnosis for a mental disorder in the SERT S allele carriers CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the S allele carrier status is associated with an increased prevalence of panic disorder in a community sample. There was an increased risk for comorbidity in a more homogeneous subgroup of cases with MDD and social phobia, as well as or agoraphobia. Our findings suggest a specific effect of the SERT promoter gene polymorphism on a subgroup of individuals identifiable by their comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Miozzo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America; Graduate Training Program in Clinic Investigation, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States of America.
| | - William W Eaton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD 21205,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - O Joseph Bienvenu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD 21205,Graduate Training Program in Clinic Investigation, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore, MD 21205,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jack Samuels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD 21205,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD 21205,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore, MD 21205
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Wiss D, Brewerton T. Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2937. [PMID: 32992768 PMCID: PMC7600542 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from both animal and human studies have implicated hedonic eating as a driver of both binge eating and obesity. The construct of food addiction has been used to capture pathological eating across clinical and non-clinical populations. There is an ongoing debate regarding the value of a food addiction "diagnosis" among those with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa binge/purge-type, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Much of the food addiction research in eating disorder populations has failed to account for dietary restraint, which can increase addiction-like eating behaviors and may even lead to false positives. Some have argued that the concept of food addiction does more harm than good by encouraging restrictive approaches to eating. Others have shown that a better understanding of the food addiction model can reduce stigma associated with obesity. What is lacking in the literature is a description of a more comprehensive approach to the assessment of food addiction. This should include consideration of dietary restraint, and the presence of symptoms of other psychiatric disorders (substance use, posttraumatic stress, depressive, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity) to guide treatments including nutrition interventions. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians identify the symptoms of food addiction (true positives, or "the signal") from the more classic eating pathology (true negatives, or "restraint") that can potentially elevate food addiction scores (false positives, or "the noise"). Three clinical vignettes are presented, designed to aid with the assessment process, case conceptualization, and treatment strategies. The review summarizes logical steps that clinicians can take to contextualize elevated food addiction scores, even when the use of validated research instruments is not practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wiss
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Timothy Brewerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
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Hernández-Muñoz S, Camarena-Medellin B, González-Macías L, Aguilar-García A, Flores-Flores G, Luna Dominguez D, Azaola-Espinosa A, Flores-Ramos M, Caballero-Romo A. Sequence analysis of five exons of SLC6A4 gene in Mexican patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Gene 2020; 748:144675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Steiger H, Booij L. Eating Disorders, Heredity and Environmental Activation: Getting Epigenetic Concepts into Practice. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051332. [PMID: 32375223 PMCID: PMC7291135 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are believed to link environmental exposures to alterations in gene expression, and in so doing, to provide a physical substrate for the activation of hereditary potentials by life experiences. In keeping with this idea, accumulating data suggest that epigenetic processes are implicated in eating-disorder (ED) etiology. This paper reviews literature on putative links between epigenetic factors and EDs, and examines ways in which epigenetic programming of gene expression could account for gene-environment interactions acting in the EDs. The paper also presents evidence suggesting that epigenetic processes link malnutrition and life stresses (gestational, perinatal, childhood, and adult) to risk of ED development. Drawing from empirical evidence and clinical experience, we propose that an epigenetically informed understanding of ED etiology can benefit patients, caregivers, and clinicians alike, in the sense that the perspective can reduce judgmental or blameful attitudes on the part of clinicians and caregivers, and increase self-acceptance and optimism about recovery on the part of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Steiger
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas University Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- Douglas Institute Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (L.B.)
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A real world study on the genetic, cognitive and psychopathological differences of obese patients clustered according to eating behaviours. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 48:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundConsidering that specific genetic profiles, psychopathological conditions and neurobiological systems underlie human behaviours, the phenotypic differentiation of obese patients according to eating behaviours should be investigated. The aim of this study was to classify obese patients according to their eating behaviours and to compare these clusters in regard to psychopathology, personality traits, neurocognitive patterns and genetic profiles.MethodsA total of 201 obese outpatients seeking weight reduction treatment underwent a dietetic visit, psychological and psychiatric assessment and genotyping for SCL6A2 polymorphisms. Eating behaviours were clustered through two-step cluster analysis, and these clusters were subsequently compared.ResultsTwo groups emerged: cluster 1 contained patients with predominantly prandial hyperphagia, social eating, an increased frequency of the long allele of the 5-HTTLPR and low scores in all tests; and cluster 2 included patients with more emotionally related eating behaviours (emotional eating, grazing, binge eating, night eating, post-dinner eating, craving for carbohydrates), dysfunctional personality traits, neurocognitive impairment, affective disorders and increased frequencies of the short (S) allele and the S/S genotype.ConclusionsAside from binge eating, dysfunctional eating behaviours were useful symptoms to identify two different phenotypes of obese patients from a comprehensive set of parameters (genetic, clinical, personality and neuropsychology) in this sample. Grazing and emotional eating were the most important predictors for classifying obese patients, followed by binge eating. This clustering overcomes the idea that ‘binging’ is the predominant altered eating behaviour, and could help physicians other than psychiatrists to identify whether an obese patient has an eating disorder. Finally, recognising different types of obesity may not only allow a more comprehensive understanding of this illness, but also make it possible to tailor patient-specific treatment pathways.
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Sullivan GA, Gervais SJ, Brock RL, Stoltenberg SF. Social Responsiveness and Objectification: The Moderating Roles of Serotonin Transporter and Serotonin Receptor 2A Genotypes in an Objectification Theory Model of Disordered Eating. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nedic Erjavec G, Svob Strac D, Tudor L, Konjevod M, Sagud M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers in Psychiatry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:53-93. [PMID: 31705490 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as addiction (substance use and addictive disorders), depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are severe, complex, multifactorial mental disorders that carry a high social impact, enormous public health costs, and various comorbidities as well as premature morbidity. Their neurobiological foundation is still not clear. Therefore, it is difficult to uncover new set of genes and possible genetic markers of these disorders since the understanding of the molecular imbalance leading to these disorders is not complete. The integrative approach is needed which will combine genomics and epigenomics; evaluate epigenetic influence on genes and their influence on neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, and hormones; examine gene × gene and gene × environment interplay; and identify abnormalities contributing to development of these disorders. Therefore, novel genetic approaches based on systems biology focused on improvement of the identification of the biological underpinnings might offer genetic markers of addiction, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and PTSD. These markers might be used for early prediction, detection of the risk to develop these disorders, novel subtypes of the diseases and tailored, personalized approach to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Nedic Erjavec
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Tudor
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marcela Konjevod
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 2, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Nyarko JNK, Quartey MO, Heistad RM, Pennington PR, Poon LJ, Knudsen KJ, Allonby O, El Zawily AM, Freywald A, Rauw G, Baker GB, Mousseau DD. Glycosylation States of Pre- and Post-synaptic Markers of 5-HT Neurons Differ With Sex and 5-HTTLPR Genotype in Cortical Autopsy Samples. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:545. [PMID: 30147642 PMCID: PMC6096231 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) transporter (5-HTT) gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is thought to alter 5-HT signaling and contribute to behavioral and cognitive phenotypes in depression as well as Alzheimer disease (AD). We explored how well the short (S) and long (L) alleles of the 5-HTTLPR align with serotoninergic indices in 60 autopsied cortical samples from early-onset AD/EOAD and late-onset AD/LOAD donors, and age- and sex-matched controls. Stratifying data by either diagnosis-by-genotype or by sex-by-genotype revealed that the donor's 5-HTTLPR genotype, i.e., L/L, S/L, or S/S, did not affect 5-HTT mRNA or protein expression. However, the glycosylation of 5-HTT was significantly higher in control female (vs. male) samples and tended to decrease in female EOAD/LOAD samples, but remained unaltered in male LOAD samples. Glycosylated forms of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) were lower in both male and female AD samples, while a sex-by-genotype stratification revealed a loss of VMAT2 glycosylation specifically in females with an L/L genotype. VMAT2 and 5-HTT glycosylation were correlated in male samples and inversely correlated in female samples in both stratification models. The S/S genotype aligned with lower levels of 5-HT turnover in females (but not males) and with an increased glycosylation of the post-synaptic 5-HT2C receptor. Interestingly, the changes in presynaptic glycosylation were evident primarily in female carriers of the APOE ε4 risk factor for AD. Our data do not support an association between 5-HTTLPR genotype and 5-HTT expression, but they do reveal a non-canonical association of 5-HTTLPR genotype with sex-dependent glycosylation changes in pre- and post-synaptic markers of serotoninergic neurons. These patterns of change suggest adaptive responses in 5-HT signaling and could certainly be contributing to the female prevalence in risk for either depression or AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N K Nyarko
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Maa O Quartey
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ryan M Heistad
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Paul R Pennington
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lisa J Poon
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kaeli J Knudsen
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Odette Allonby
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amr M El Zawily
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Gail Rauw
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Glen B Baker
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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14
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Oreland L, Lagravinese G, Toffoletto S, Nilsson KW, Harro J, Robert Cloninger C, Comasco E. Personality as an intermediate phenotype for genetic dissection of alcohol use disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:107-130. [PMID: 28054193 PMCID: PMC5754455 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental interactive influences on predisposition to develop alcohol use disorder (AUD) account for the high heterogeneity among AUD patients and make research on the risk and resiliency factors complicated. Several attempts have been made to identify the genetic basis of AUD; however, only few genetic polymorphisms have consistently been associated with AUD. Intermediate phenotypes are expected to be in-between proxies of basic neuronal biological processes and nosological symptoms of AUD. Personality is likely to be a top candidate intermediate phenotype for the dissection of the genetic underpinnings of different subtypes of AUD. To date, 38 studies have investigated personality traits, commonly assessed by the Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) or Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), in relation to polymorphisms of candidate genes of neurotransmitter systems in alcohol-dependent patients. Particular attention has been given to the functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), however, leading to contradictory results, whereas results with polymorphisms in other candidate monoaminergic genes (e.g., tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin receptors, monoamine oxidases, dopamine receptors and transporter) are sparse. Only one genome-wide association study has been performed so far and identified the ABLIM1 gene of relevance for novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence in alcohol-dependent patients. Studies investigating genetic factors together with personality could help to define more homogenous subgroups of AUD patients and facilitate treatment strategies. This review also urges the scientific community to combine genetic data with psychobiological and environmental data to further dissect the link between personality and AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Oreland
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gianvito Lagravinese
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone Toffoletto
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kent W Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Counci, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erika Comasco
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Prokofieva M, Karadima G, Koukia E, Michou V, Kyprianidou C, Papageorgiou CV, Alexiadis E, Constantoulakis P, Dikeos D. Association of 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism with the Nursing Diagnoses and the Achievement of Nursing Outcomes in Patients with Major Depression. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2017; 38:798-804. [PMID: 29016262 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2017.1364811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether a 44-base-pair insertion/deletion polymorphism in the upstream regulatory region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is associated with the nursing diagnoses and the achievement of the desired nursing outcomes in inpatients with major depression. Thirty five patients were evaluated. The nursing diagnoses of risk for suicide and imbalanced nutrition are reported less often in homozygotes of the high-expressing gene (LA). Carriers of the low-expressing genes (LG or S) have a worse response to interventions which aim to increase low self-esteem, indicating that they may need more intensive care in order to achieve the desired outcome. Genetics in psychiatric nursing could help refine personalized care, however further studies with large sample sizes and multiple gene evaluations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Prokofieva
- a Psychiatric Hospital of Attica , Fourth Department of Psychiatry , Athens , Greece
| | - Georgia Karadima
- b National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Medical School, Eginition Hospital , First Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, Athens , Greece
| | - Evmorfia Koukia
- c National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing , Athens , Greece
| | - Vassiliki Michou
- d Locus Medicus SA , Department of Molecular Pathology and Genetics , Athens , Greece
| | - Chrysoula Kyprianidou
- d Locus Medicus SA , Department of Molecular Pathology and Genetics , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Alexiadis
- e BioAnalytica Genotype SA , Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Dikeos
- f National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Medical School, Eginition Hospital, First Department of Psychiatry , Athens , Greece
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic factors contribute to the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN). This review synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the genetic etiology of AN, provides directions for future research, and discusses clinical implications for this research. RECENT FINDINGS Candidate gene meta-analyses indicate serotonin genes may be involved in the genetic etiology of AN. Three genome-wide association studies have been conducted and one genome-wide significant locus was identified. Cross-disorder analyses suggest shared genetic risk between AN and several psychiatric, educational, and medical phenotypes. Much has been learned about the genetic etiology of AN over the past 3 decades. However, to fully understand the genetic architecture, we must consider all aspects including common variation, cross-disorder analysis, rare variation, copy number variation, and gene-environment interplay. Findings have important implications for the development of treatment and prevention approaches and for how AN, and psychiatric and medical diseases in general, are conceptualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H. Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Baker, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7160, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, Voice: 984-974-3794 Fax: 984-974-3780,
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17
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Lloyd EC, Frampton I, Verplanken B, Haase AM. How extreme dieting becomes compulsive: A novel hypothesis for the role of anxiety in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa. Med Hypotheses 2017; 108:144-150. [PMID: 29055388 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The US National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (NIMH RDoC) advocates the study of features common to psychiatric conditions. This transdiagnostic approach has recently been adopted into the study of anorexia nervosa (AN), an illness that can be considered compulsive in nature. This has led to the development of an account of AN that identifies key roles for the heightened reinforcement of starvation, leading to its excessive repetition, and goal-directed system dysfunction. Considering models of illness in other compulsive disorders, we extend the existing account to explain the emergence of reinforcement and goal-directed system abnormalities in AN, proposing that anxiety is central to both processes. As such we emphasise the particular importance of the anxiolytic effects of starvation, over other reinforcing outcomes, in encouraging the continuation of starvation within a model that proposes a number of mechanisms by which anxiety operates in the development and maintenance of AN. We suggest the psychopathology of AN mediates the relationship between the anxiolytic effects of starvation and excessive repetition of starvation, and that compulsive starvation has reciprocal effects on its determinants. We thus account for the emergence of symptoms of AN other than compulsive starvation, and for the relationship between different features of the disorder. By extending and adapting an existing explanation of AN, we provide a richer aetiological model that invites new research questions and could inform novel approaches to prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Lloyd
- School of Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TZ, UK.
| | - I Frampton
- Department of Psychology, Washington Singer Laboratories, University of Exeter, Perry Road, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - B Verplanken
- Department of Psychology, 10 West, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - A M Haase
- School of Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TZ, UK.
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18
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Bonnet G, Gómez-Abellán P, Vera B, Sánchez-Romera JF, Hernández-Martínez AM, Sookoian S, Pirola CJ, Garaulet M. Serotonin-transporter promoter polymorphism modulates the ability to control food intake: Effect on total weight loss. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28766852 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The biggest challenge for losing weight is the ability to control the amount of food eaten; the tendency to overeat is called disinhibition. Our aims were to determine whether (a) the SLC6A4-promoter variant (5-HTTLPR) relates to disinhibition; (b) this association could affect total weight-loss during a behavioral/dietary treatment for obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 2961 subjects attended voluntarily five weight-loss clinics; a subsample (n = 624) was recruited for SLC6A4 genotyping. Total weight-loss, emotional-eating-score and disinhibition-score were examined. We observed that: (a) the reduced ability to control food intake (disinhibition) is implicated in the impairment to lose weight; (b) SLC6A4-promoter variant is implicated in disinhibition. S carriers (low-expressing) of the SLC6A4-promoter variant had a lower inhibition capacity and showed more failure (1.6 times) to control the amount of food eaten than LL (p < 0.05); other factors such as eating while bored, overeating after work at night, or craving for specific foods were associated to the SLC6A4 genotype (p < 0.05); (c) The combination of disinhibition (high disinhibition) and genetics (S carrier) had a higher impact on total weight loss than each factor separately. CONCLUSIONS SLC6A4-promoter variant is associated with the ability to control food intake and interacts with emotional eating to modulate total weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Bonnet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Vera
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research, A. Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-CONCET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Jose Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research, A. Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires-CONCET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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19
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Rozenblat V, Ryan J, Wertheim EH, King R, Olsson CA, Krug I. Investigating Direct Links between Depression, Emotional Control, and Physical Punishment with Adolescent Drive for Thinness and Bulimic Behaviors, Including Possible Moderation by the Serotonin Transporter 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1361. [PMID: 28848475 PMCID: PMC5552700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To examine the relationship between psychological and social factors (depression, emotional control, sexual abuse, and parental physical punishment) and adolescent drive for Thinness and Bulimic behaviors in a large community sample, and to investigate possible genetic moderation. Method: Data were drawn from the Australian Temperament Project (ATP), a population-based cohort study that has followed a representative sample of 2443 participants from infancy to adulthood across 16 waves since 1983. A subsample of 650 participants (50.2% female) of Caucasian descent who provided DNA were genotyped for a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR). Adolescent disordered eating attitudes and behaviors were assessed using the Bulimia and Drive for Thinness scales of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (15–16 years). Depression and emotional control were examined at the same age using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and an ATP-devised measure of emotional control. History of sexual abuse and physical punishment were assessed retrospectively (23–24 years) in a subsample of 467 of those providing DNA. Results: EDI-2 scores were associated with depression, emotional control, and retrospectively reported parental physical punishment. Although there was statistically significant moderation of the relationship between parental physical punishment and bulimic behaviors by 5-HTTLPR (p = 0.0048), genotypes in this subsample were not in Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium. No other G×E interactions were significant. Conclusion: Findings from this study affirm the central importance of psychosocial processes in disordered eating patterns in adolescence. Evidence of moderation by 5-HTTLPR was not conclusive; however, genetic moderation observed in a subsample not in Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Rozenblat
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Eleanor H Wertheim
- School of Psychology and Public Health, Faculty of Health, La Trobe University, MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Ross King
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, GeelongVIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, GeelongVIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Isabel Krug
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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20
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Rozenblat V, Ong D, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Akkermann K, Collier D, Engels RCME, Fernandez-Aranda F, Harro J, Homberg JR, Karwautz A, Kiive E, Klump KL, Larson CL, Racine SE, Richardson J, Steiger H, Stoltenberg SF, van Strien T, Wagner G, Treasure J, Krug I. A systematic review and secondary data analysis of the interactions between the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and environmental and psychological factors in eating disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 84:62-72. [PMID: 27701012 PMCID: PMC5125869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize and synthesize the growing gene x environment (GxE) research investigating the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) in the eating disorders (ED) field, and overcome the common limitation of low sample size, by undertaking a systematic review followed by a secondary data meta-analysis of studies identified by the review. METHOD A systematic review of articles using PsycINFO, PubMed, and EMBASE was undertaken to identify studies investigating the interaction between 5-HTTLPR and an environmental or psychological factor, with an ED-related outcome variable. Seven studies were identified by the systematic review, with complete data sets of five community (n = 1750, 64.5% female) and two clinical (n = 426, 100% female) samples combined to perform four secondary-data analyses: 5-HTTLPR x Traumatic Life Events to predict ED status (n = 909), 5-HTTLPR x Sexual and Physical Abuse to predict bulimic symptoms (n = 1097), 5-HTTLPR x Depression to predict bulimic symptoms (n = 1256), and 5-HTTLPR x Impulsiveness to predict disordered eating (n = 1149). RESULTS Under a multiplicative model, the low function (s) allele of 5-HTTLPR interacted with traumatic life events and experiencing both sexual and physical abuse (but not only one) to predict increased likelihood of an ED and bulimic symptoms, respectively. However, under an additive model there was also an interaction between sexual and physical abuse considered independently and 5-HTTLPR, and no interaction with traumatic life events. No other GxE interactions were significant. CONCLUSION Early promising results should be followed-up with continued cross-institutional collaboration in order to achieve the large sample sizes necessary for genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Rozenblat
- Department of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Deborah Ong
- Department of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | | | - Kirsti Akkermann
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - David Collier
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge - IDIBELL, 08907, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Karwautz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Kiive
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, United States
| | - Christine L Larson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, United States
| | - Jodie Richardson
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada; Psychiatry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Howard Steiger
- Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Institute, Montreal, Canada; Psychiatry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Scott F Stoltenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Tatjana van Strien
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Wagner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Janet Treasure
- The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Krug
- Department of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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21
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Dalle Molle R, Fatemi H, Dagher A, Levitan RD, Silveira PP, Dubé L. Gene and environment interaction: Is the differential susceptibility hypothesis relevant for obesity? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 73:326-339. [PMID: 28024828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The differential susceptibility model states that a given genetic variant is associated with an increased risk of pathology in negative environments but greater than average resilience in enriched ones. While this theory was first implemented in psychiatric-genetic research, it may also help us to unravel the complex ways that genes and environments interact to influence feeding behavior and obesity. We reviewed evidence on gene vs. environment interactions that influence obesity development, aiming to support the applicability of the differential susceptibility model for this condition, and propose that various environmental "layers" relevant for human development should be considered when bearing the differential susceptibility model in mind. Mother-child relationship, socioeconomic status and individual's response are important modifiers of BMI and food intake when interacting with gene variants, "for better and for worse". While only a few studies to date have investigated obesity outcomes using this approach, we propose that the differential susceptibility hypothesis is in fact highly applicable to the study of genetic and environmental influences on feeding behavior and obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Dalle Molle
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Hajar Fatemi
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Stokes Street, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Douglas Institute, Perry Pavilion, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Laurette Dubé
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Bronfman Building, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada
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22
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Riva G. Neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa: Serotonin Dysfunctions Link Self-Starvation with Body Image Disturbances through an Impaired Body Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:600. [PMID: 27932968 PMCID: PMC5121233 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) is still unclear, despite that it is a critical and potentially mortal illness. A recent neurobiological model considers AN as the outcome of dysfunctions in the neuronal processes related to appetite and emotionality (Kaye et al., 2009, 2013). However, this model still is not able to answer a critical question: What is behind body image disturbances (BIDs) in AN? The article starts its analysis from reviewing some of the studies exploring the effects of the serotonin systems in memory (episodic, working, and spatial) and its dysfunctions. The review suggests that serotonin disturbances may: (a) facilitate the encoding of third person (allocentric) episodic memories; (b) facilitate the consolidation of emotional episodic memories (e.g., teasing), if preceded by repeated stress; (c) reduce voluntary inhibition of mnestic contents; (d) impair allocentric spatial memory. If we discuss these results within the interpretative frame suggested by the “Allocentric Lock Hypothesis” (Riva, 2012, 2014), we can hypothesize that altered serotoninergic activity in AN patients: (i) improves their ability to store and consolidate negative autobiographical memories, including those of their body, in allocentric perspective; (ii) impairs their ability to trigger voluntary inhibition of the previously stored negative memory of the body; (iii) impairs their capacity to retrieve/update allocentric information. Taken together, these points suggest a possible link between serotonin dysfunctions, memory impairments and BIDs: the impossibility of updating a disturbed body memory using real time experiential data—I'm locked to a wrong body stored in long term memory—pushes AN patients to control body weight and shape even when underweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan, Italy; Centro Studi e Ricerche di Psicologia della Comunicazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilano, Italy
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Solmi M, Gallicchio D, Collantoni E, Correll CU, Clementi M, Pinato C, Forzan M, Cassina M, Fontana F, Giannunzio V, Piva I, Siani R, Salvo P, Santonastaso P, Tenconi E, Veronese N, Favaro A. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism in eating disorders: Data from a new biobank and META-analysis of previous studies. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:244-57. [PMID: 26895183 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1126675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Objectives Growing interest focuses on the association between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and eating disorders (ED), but published findings have been conflicting. Methods The Italian BIO.VE.D.A. biobank provided 976 samples (735 ED patients and 241 controls) for genotyping. We conducted a literature search of studies published up to 1 April 2015, including studies reporting on 5HTTLPR genotype and allele frequencies in obesity and/or ED. We ran a meta-analysis, including data from BIO.VE.D.A. - comparing low and high-functioning genotype and allele frequencies in ED vs. CONTROLS Results Data from 21 studies, plus BIO.VE.D.A., were extracted providing information from 3,736 patients and 2,707 controls. Neither low- nor high-functioning genotype frequencies in ED patients, with both bi- and tri-allelic models, differed from controls. Furthermore, neither low- nor high-functioning allele frequencies in ED or in BN, in both bi- and triallelic models, differed from control groups. After sensitivity analysis, results were the same in AN vs. CONTROLS Results remained unaltered when investigating recessive and dominant models. Conclusions 5HTTLPR does not seem to be associated with ED in general, or with AN or BN in particular. Future studies in ED should explore the role of ethnicity and psychiatric comorbidity as a possible source of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solmi
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy ;,g Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova , Italy
| | - D Gallicchio
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy ;,g Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova , Italy
| | - E Collantoni
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy ;,g Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova , Italy
| | - C U Correll
- c The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, NorthShore - Long Island Jewish Health System , Glen Oaks , New York , USA ;,d Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine , Hempstead , New York , USA ;,e The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset , New York , USA ;,f Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , New York , USA
| | - M Clementi
- h Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health , University of Padova
| | - C Pinato
- h Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health , University of Padova
| | - M Forzan
- h Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health , University of Padova
| | - M Cassina
- h Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health , University of Padova
| | - F Fontana
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy
| | - V Giannunzio
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy ;,g Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova , Italy
| | - I Piva
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy
| | - R Siani
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy
| | - P Salvo
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy
| | - P Santonastaso
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy ;,g Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova , Italy ;,i Centro Neuroscience Cognitive (CNC), University of Padova , Italy
| | - E Tenconi
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy ;,g Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova , Italy ;,i Centro Neuroscience Cognitive (CNC), University of Padova , Italy
| | - N Veronese
- b Department of Medicine- DIMED , Geriatrics Section, University of Padova , Italy
| | - A Favaro
- a BIO.VE.D.A. Group (BIObanca VEneta per I Disturbi Dell'alimentazione: Biobank of the Veneto Region Eating Disorders Units) , Veneto Region , Italy ;,g Department of Neuroscience , University of Padova , Italy ;,i Centro Neuroscience Cognitive (CNC), University of Padova , Italy
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Shih PAB, Woodside DB. Contemporary views on the genetics of anorexia nervosa. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:663-73. [PMID: 26944296 PMCID: PMC4801707 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious mental illness characterized by severe dietary restriction that leads to high rates of morbidity, chronicity, and mortality. Unfortunately, effective treatment is lacking and few options are available. High rates of familial aggregation and significant heritability suggested that the complex etiology of AN is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. In this paper, we review studies that reported common and rare genetic variation that influence susceptibility of AN through candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, and sequencing-based studies. We also discuss gene expression, methylation, imaging genetics, and pharmacogenetics to demonstrate that these studies have collectively advanced our knowledge of how genetic variation contributes to AN susceptibility and clinical course. Lastly, we highlight the importance of gene by environment interactions (G×E) and share our enthusiasm for the use of nutritional genomic approaches to elucidate the interaction among nutrients, metabolic intermediates, and genetic variation in AN. A deeper understanding of how nutrition alters genome stability, how genetic variation influences uptake and metabolism of nutrients, and how response to food components affects disordered eating, will lead to personalized dietary interventions and effective nutraceutical and pharmacological treatments for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-an Betty Shih
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0664, La Jolla, CA 92093-0664, USA.
| | - D Blake Woodside
- Inpatient Eating Disorders Service, Toronto General Hospital, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Hypovitaminosis D3, Leukopenia, and Human Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8046479. [PMID: 26903713 PMCID: PMC4745338 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8046479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 has been described to have different extraskeletal roles by acting as parahormone in obesity, diabetes, cancer, cognitive impairment, and dementia and to have important regulatory functions in innate immunity. There are no studies showing extraskeletal changes associated with hypovitaminosis D3 in eating disorders. Methods. We have analyzed the blood of 18 patients affected by anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa collected over a 15-month period. We performed a panel of chemical and clinical analyses: the assay of vitamin D3, the immunoblotting of vitamin D receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and the genotyping of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter linked polymorphic region. Results. We choose 18 patients with a normal blood test profile such as thyroid hormones, hepatic and renal parameters, triglycerides, proteins, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Among these emerged the case of a woman with long-term anorexia nervosa and the case of a woman with long-term bulimia nervosa both complicated by anxiety and depression, severe hypovitaminosis D3, decrease of vitamin D receptor, leukopenia, and 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter linked polymorphic region short allele. Conclusion. The results induce hypothesising that the severe hypovitaminosis D3 might be responsible for the lack of the inflammatory response and the depressive symptoms in patients with long-term eating disorders.
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Kibitov АО, Мazo GE. [Genetic aspects of binge eating disorder Part 2. Molecular genetics and pharmacogenetic approaches]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2016. [PMID: 28635745 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201611681102-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic risk of binge eating disorder (ВЕD) is a consequence of joint participation of many genes, the contribution of each one is small, but the total (additive) effect is significant and greatly influences the age at onset, clinical dynamics and the level of treatment resistance. It is assumed that the carriers of different polymorphic variants of genes and their combinations have different levels of genetic risk. No Genom Wide Association studies of ВЕD has been performed and the analysis of the results of candidate genes studies gives reason to believe that pathogenetically substantiated panel of genes, including serotonin system, BDNF and, especially dopamine and endogenous opioid system, would be most useful, taking into account the mechanism of action of drugs for the ВЕD treatment. Genetic studies with this panel if using evidence-based design, detailed and quantitative analysis of the family history of binge eating can give good results for: 1) assessment of the genetic risk of ВЕD for primary prevention programs; 2) identification of the specific clinical forms of development and course of ВЕD with significant genetic influence; 3) identification of the specific genetic variants that increase the effectiveness of personalized pharmacotherapy of ВЕD within pharmacogenetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- А О Kibitov
- Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - G E Мazo
- Bekhterev St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Abstract
This narrative review provides an overview of the epidemiology of binge eating disorder (BED), highlighting the medical history of this disorder and its entry as an independent condition in the Feeding and Eating Disorders section of the recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Estimates of prevalence are provided, as well as recognition that the female to male ratio is lower in BED than in other eating disorders. Evidence is also provided of the most common comorbidities of BED, including mood and anxiety disorders and a range of addiction disorders. In addition, discussion of the viewpoint that BED itself may be an addiction - at least in severe cases - is presented. Although the genetic study of BED is still in its infancy, current research is reviewed with a focus on certain neurotransmitter genes that regulate brain reward mechanisms. To date, a focal point of this research has been on the dopamine and the μ-opioid receptor genes. Preliminary evidence suggests that a predisposing risk factor for BED may be a heightened sensitivity to reward, which could manifest as a strong dopamine signal in the brain's striatal region. Caution is encouraged, however, in the interpretation of current findings, since samples are relatively small in much of the research. To date, no genome-wide association studies have focused exclusively on BED.
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Brandys MK, de Kovel CGF, Kas MJ, van Elburg AA, Adan RAH. Overview of genetic research in anorexia nervosa: The past, the present and the future. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:814-25. [PMID: 26171770 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the evidence supporting the presence of a heritable component in the aetiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) is strong, the underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. The recent publication of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of AN (Boraska, Mol Psychiatry, 2014) was an important step in genetic research in AN. OBJECTIVE To briefly sum up strengths and weaknesses of candidate-gene and genome-wide approaches, to discuss the genome-wide association studies of AN and to make predictions about the genetic architecture of AN by comparing it to that of schizophrenia (since the diseases share some similarities and genetic research in schizophrenia is more advanced). METHOD Descriptive literature review. RESULTS Despite remarkable efforts, the gene-association studies in AN did not advance our knowledge as much as had been hoped, although some results still await replication. DISCUSSION Continuous effort of participants, clinicians and researchers remains necessary to ensure that genetic research in AN follows a similarly successful path as in schizophrenia. Identification of genetic susceptibility loci provides a basis for follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek K Brandys
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Utrecht Research Group for Eating Disorders, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien G F de Kovel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J Kas
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Utrecht Research Group for Eating Disorders, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie A van Elburg
- Utrecht Research Group for Eating Disorders, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department Clinical and Health Psychology, Fac. of Social Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Rintveld, Center for Eating Disorders, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Utrecht Research Group for Eating Disorders, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Rintveld, Center for Eating Disorders, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Culbert KM, Racine SE, Klump KL. Research Review: What we have learned about the causes of eating disorders - a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:1141-64. [PMID: 26095891 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders with a complex etiology involving transactions among sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences. Most research and reviews, however, focus on only one level of analysis. To address this gap, we provide a qualitative review and summary using an integrative biopsychosocial approach. METHODS We selected variables for which there were available data using integrative methodologies (e.g., twin studies, gene-environment interactions) and/or data at the biological and behavioral level (e.g., neuroimaging). Factors that met these inclusion criteria were idealization of thinness, negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency, inhibitory control, cognitive inflexibility, serotonin, dopamine, ovarian hormones. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed. Variables were classified as risk factors or correlates of eating disorder diagnoses and disordered eating symptoms using Kraemer et al.'s (1997) criteria. FINDINGS Sociocultural idealization of thinness variables (media exposure, pressures for thinness, thin-ideal internalization, thinness expectancies) and personality traits (negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency) attained 'risk status' for eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms. Other factors were identified as correlates of eating pathology or were not classified given limited data. Effect sizes for risk factors and correlates were generally small-to-moderate in magnitude. CONCLUSIONS Multiple biopsychosocial influences are implicated in eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms and several can now be considered established risk factors. Data suggest that psychological and environmental factors interact with and influence the expression of genetic risk to cause eating pathology. Additional studies that examine risk variables across multiple levels of analysis and that consider specific transactional processes amongst variables are needed to further elucidate the intersection of sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences on eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Racine
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (i.e., DSM-5) currently recognizes three primary eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. The origins of eating disorders are complex and remain poorly understood. However, emerging research highlights a dimensional approach to understanding the multifactorial etiology of eating disorders as a means to inform assessment, prevention, and treatment efforts. Guided by research published since 2011, this review summarizes recent findings elucidating risk factors for the development of eating disorders across the lifespan in three primary domains: (1) genetic/biological, (2) psychological, and (3) socio-environmental. Prospective empirical research in clinical samples with full-syndrome eating disorders is emphasized with added support from cross-sectional studies, where relevant. The developmental stages of puberty and the transition from adolescence to young adulthood are discussed as crucial periods for the identification and prevention of eating disorders. The importance of continuing to elucidate the mechanisms underlying gene by environmental interactions in eating disorder risk is also discussed. Finally, controversial topics in the field of eating disorder research and the clinical implications of this research are summarized.
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Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are serious psychiatric conditions influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. A better understanding of the genetics of these complex traits and the development of more sophisticated molecular biology tools have advanced our understanding of the etiology of EDs. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the literature on the genetic research conducted on three major EDs: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). We will first review the diagnostic criteria, clinical features, prevalence, and prognosis of AN, BN, and BED, followed by a review of family, twin, and adoption studies. We then review the history of genetic studies of EDs covering linkage analysis, candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies, and the study of rare variants in EDs. Our review also incorporates a translational perspective by covering animal models of ED-related phenotypes. Finally, we review the nascent field of epigenetics of EDs and a look forward to future directions for ED genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Andrew Hardaway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Markus CR, Jonkman LM, Capello A, Leinders S, Hüsch F. Sucrose preload reduces snacking after mild mental stress in healthy participants as a function of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene promoter polymorphism. Stress 2015; 18:149-59. [PMID: 25423193 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.990880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) dysfunction is considered to promote food intake and eating-related disturbances, especially under stress or negative mood. Vulnerability for 5-HT disturbances is considered to be genetically determined, including a short (S) allele polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) that is associated with lower serotonin function. Since 5-HT function may be slightly increased by carbohydrate consumption, S-allele 5-HTTLPR carriers in particular may benefit from a sugar-preload due to their enhanced 5-HT vulnerability. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a sugar-containing preload may reduce appetite and energy intake after exposure to stress to induce negative mood, depending on genetic 5-HT vulnerability. From a population of 771 healthy young male and female genotyped college students 31 S/S carriers (8 males, 23 females) and 26 long allele (L/L) carriers (9 males, 17 females) (mean ± S.D. 22 ± 1.6 years; body mass index, BMI, 18-33 kg/m(2)) were monitored for changes in appetite and snacking behavior after stress exposure. Results revealed an increased energy intake after mild mental stress (negative mood) mainly for high-fat sweet foods, which was significantly greater in S/S carriers, and only in these genotypes this intake was significantly reduced by a sucrose-containing preload. Although alternative explanations are possible, it is suggested that S/S participants may have enhanced brain (hypothalamic) 5-HT responsiveness to food that makes them more susceptible to the beneficial satiation effects of a sucrose-preload as well as to the negative effects of mild mental stress on weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rob Markus
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience and
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Hernández-Muñoz S, Camarena-Medellin B. [Role of Serotonin Transporter Gene in Eating Disorders]. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 43:218-224. [PMID: 26574079 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotoninergic system has been implicated in mood and appetite regulation, and the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) is a commonly studied candidate gene for eating disorders. However, most studies have focused on a single polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in SLC6A4. OBJECTIVE We present the studies published on the association between eating disorders (ED) and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). METHOD Search of databases: MEDLINE, ISI, and PubMed for SLC6A4 and ED. CONCLUSIONS From a review of 37 original articles, it was suggested that carriers of S allele is a risk factor for eating disorders, especially for AN. However, BN did not show any association. Also, BMI, impulsivity, anxiety, depression, and age of onset have been associated with S allele in ED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Genética Psiquiátrica, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México, D.F., México
| | - Beatriz Camarena-Medellin
- Departamento de Genética Psiquiátrica, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México, D.F., México.
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Gressier F, Calati R, Balestri M, Marsano A, Alberti S, Antypa N, Serretti A. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. J Trauma Stress 2013; 26:645-53. [PMID: 24222274 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Variation in the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene has been hypothesized to affect risk for PTSD. With the aim of investigating this association, we conducted a meta-analysis to shed light on prior controversial results and increase statistical power to detect smaller effect sizes. PubMed and ISI databases were searched for studies published until December 2012. Twelve studies have been included, all based on trauma-exposed samples. Data were analyzed with Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager Software (Version 5). Quality and publication bias were assessed. Metaregressions were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, Version 2. Taking into account all studies, no association was found between 5-HTTLPR and PTSD (p = .10), with evidence of between-study heterogeneity, which could be partly explained by gender differences. In sensitivity analyses, we found an association between SS genotype and PTSD in high trauma-exposed participants (p < .001). To be a carrier of the SS genotype seems to represent a risk factor for PTSD in high trauma exposure. Further studies focusing on Gene × Environment interactions are needed to better understand the role of this polymorphism in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gressier
- InsermU669, Department of Psychiatry, Univ Paris Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre University Hospital, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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Abstract
Disordered eating behavior is the core symptom of the complex disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Twin and family studies derive high heritability estimates. Hence, substantial genetic influences on the etiology can be assumed for both. Initially, candidate gene studies pertaining to the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems and to body weight regulation comprised the core of the genetic analyses. Unfortunately, confirmed, solid findings substantiated in meta-analyses are rare, so that eventually none of these associations is unequivocal. Thus, systematic, genome-wide approaches emerged to identify genes with no a priori evidence for their involvement in eating disorders. Genome-wide association studies have hinted to formerly unknown genetic regions. However, significant genome-wide findings have not yet been reported.
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36
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Polymorphism in serotonin receptor 3B is associated with pain catastrophizing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78889. [PMID: 24244382 PMCID: PMC3823944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain catastrophizing, a coping style characterized by excessively negative thoughts and emotions in relation to pain, is one of the psychological factors that most markedly predicts variability in the perception of pain; however, only little is known about the underlying neurobiology. The aim of this study was to test for associations between psychological variables, such as pain catastrophizing, anxiety and depression, and selected polymorphisms in genes related to monoaminergic neurotransmission, in particular serotonin pathway genes. Three hundred seventy-nine healthy participants completed a set of psychological questionnaires: the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck’s Depression Inventory, and were genotyped for 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine genes. The SNP rs1176744 located in the serotonin receptor 3B gene (5-HTR3B) was found to be associated with pain catastrophizing scores: both the global score and the subscales of magnification and helplessness. This is the first study to show an association between 5-HTR3B and PCS scores, thus suggesting a role of the serotonin pathway in pain catastrophizing. Since 5-HTR3B has previously been associated with descending pain modulation pathways, future studies will be of great interest to elucidate the molecular pathways involved in the relation between serotonin, its receptors and pain catastrophizing.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, considerable advances have been made in understanding genetic influences on eating pathology. Eating disorders aggregate in families, and twin studies reveal that additive genetic factors account for approximately 40% to 60% of liability to anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). Molecular genetics studies have been undertaken to identify alterations in deoxyribonucleic acid sequence and/or gene expression that may be involved in the pathogenesis of disordered eating behaviors, symptoms, and related disorders and to uncover potential genetic variants that may contribute to variability of treatment response. This article provides an in-depth review of the scientific literature on the genetics of AN, BN, and BED including extant studies, emerging hypotheses, future directions, and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Trace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Kourmouli N, Samakouri M, Mamatsiou A, Trypsianis G, Livaditis M, Veletza S. Effect of BDNF Val66Met and serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms on psychopathological characteristics in a sample of university students. Psychiatr Genet 2013; 23:188-97. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283643629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Calati R, Gressier F, Balestri M, Serretti A. Genetic modulation of borderline personality disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1275-87. [PMID: 23810197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder with high morbidity and mortality. Early theories ascribed an environmental etiology of BPD, but growing evidence supports a genetic vulnerability as well. The primary aim of this study was to systematically review genetic association studies focused on BPD. PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies published until December 2012. Meta-analyses were also performed when three or more studies reported genetic data on the same polymorphism. Data were analyzed with Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager Software (RevMan, version 5.0). Quality and publication bias were assessed. The systematic review of association studies examining genetic polymorphisms and BPD produced conflicting results. Meta-analyses were performed for three serotonergic polymorphisms: two common polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), the promoter insertion/deletion (5-HTTLPR) and the intron 2 VNTR (STin2 VNTR), and the rs1800532 (A218C) polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 gene (TPH1), all showing no association. No direct role of genetic polymorphisms was found in BPD. However, a few studies only are present in literature to draw definite conclusions. Further studies focusing on gene × gene and gene × environment interactions are needed to more deeply dissect the genetic role in the modulation of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Calati
- IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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Horjales-Araujo E, Demontis D, Lund EK, Vase L, Finnerup NB, Brglum AD, Jensen TS, Svensson P. Emotional modulation of muscle pain is associated with polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene. Pain 2013; 154:1469-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Boys' serotonin transporter genotype affects maternal behavior through self-control: a case of evocative gene-environment correlation. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:151-62. [PMID: 23398759 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941200096x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Self-control, involving processes such as delaying gratification, concentrating, planning, following instructions, and adapting emotions and behavior to situational requirements and social norms, may have a profound impact on children's adjustment. The importance of self-control suggests that parents are likely to modify their parenting based on children's ability for self-control. We study the effect of children's self-control, a trait partially molded by genetics, on their mothers' parenting, a process of evocative gene-environment correlation. Israeli 3.5-year-old twins (N = 320) participated in a lab session in which their mothers' parenting was observed. DNA was available from most children (N = 228). Mothers described children's self-control in a questionnaire. Boys were lower in self-control and received less positive parenting from their mothers, in comparison with girls. For boys, and not for girls, the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region gene predicted mothers' levels of positive parenting, an effect mediated by boys' self-control. The implications of this evocative gene-environment correlation and the observed sex differences are discussed.
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Mandelli L, Serretti A. Gene environment interaction studies in depression and suicidal behavior: An update. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2375-97. [PMID: 23886513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of both heritable and environmental risk factors in major depression (MD) and suicidal behavior (SB). Studies investigating gene-environment interaction (G × E) may be useful for elucidating the role of biological mechanisms in the risk for mental disorders. In the present paper, we review the literature regarding the interaction between genes modulating brain functions and stressful life events in the etiology of MD and SB and discuss their potential added benefit compared to genetic studies only. Within the context of G × E investigation, thus far, only a few reliable results have been obtained, although some genes have consistently shown interactive effects with environmental risk in MD and, to a lesser extent, in SB. Further investigation is required to disentangle the direct and mediated effects that are common or specific to MD and SB. Since traditional G × E studies overall suffer from important methodological limitations, further effort is required to develop novel methodological strategies with an interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mandelli
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Vicario CM. Inborn mechanisms of food preference and avoidance: the role of polymorphisms in neuromodulatory systems. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:16. [PMID: 23847466 PMCID: PMC3701865 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo M Vicario
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Tanofsky-Kraff M, Engel S, Yanovski JA, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Pediatric disinhibited eating: toward a research domain criteria framework. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:451-5. [PMID: 23658090 PMCID: PMC3695480 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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Abstract
Several lines of research have found that genes in the serotonergic system may cause susceptibility to eating disorders (EDs). In particular, functional polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) have been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of eating disorders. Several studies have examined the association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and bulimia nervosa (BN). The results of these investigations have been unclear. The aims of this meta-analysis were to clarify the association between BN and 5-HTTLPR using statistical models not used by previous meta-analyses, and extend upon previous meta-analyses by including new samples. PsychINFO, ISI, and PubMed databases were searched for studies published up to May 2011. Ultimately, six case-control samples were included. Data were pooled using dominant and additive models. Both models showed a nonsignificant association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and BN. However, this does not detract from recent research suggesting that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may be responsible for the phenotypic variability in the psychopathological symptoms observed in patients with BN. Future research should examine the association of BN with 5-HTTLPR using the recently proposed triallelic model.
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Chen C, Chen W, Chen C, Moyzis R, He Q, Lei X, Li J, Wang Y, Liu B, Xiu D, Zhu B, Dong Q. Genetic variations in the serotoninergic system contribute to body-mass index in Chinese adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58717. [PMID: 23554917 PMCID: PMC3598805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity has become a worldwide health problem in the past decades. Human and animal studies have implicated serotonin in appetite regulation, and behavior genetic studies have shown that body mass index (BMI) has a strong genetic component. However, the roles of genes related to the serotoninergic (5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT) system in obesity/BMI are not well understood, especially in Chinese subjects. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN With a sample of 478 healthy Chinese volunteers, this study investigated the relation between BMI and genetic variations of the serotoninergic system as characterized by 136 representative polymorphisms. We used a system-level approach to identify SNPs associated with BMI, then estimated their overall contribution to BMI by multiple regression and verified it by permutation. RESULTS We identified 12 SNPs that made statistically significant contributions to BMI. After controlling for gender and age, four of these SNPs accounted for 7.7% additional variance of BMI. Permutation analysis showed that the probability of obtaining these findings by chance was low (p = 0.015, permuted for 1000 times). CONCLUSION These results showed that genetic variations in the serotoninergic system made a moderate contribution to individual differences in BMI among a healthy Chinese sample, suggesting that a similar approach can be used to study obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Moyzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qinghua He
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xuemei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Daiming Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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47
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Markus CR, Capello AE. Contribution of the 5-HTTLPR gene by neuroticism on weight gain in male and female participants. Psychiatr Genet 2012; 22:279-85. [DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e328358632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Stoltenberg SF, Anderson C, Nag P, Anagnopoulos C. Association between the serotonin transporter triallelic genotype and eating problems is moderated by the experience of childhood trauma in women. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:492-500. [PMID: 22271509 PMCID: PMC3397386 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated a potential interaction between the triallelic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) promoter and the experience of childhood trauma on the number of problem eating behaviors. METHOD The study sample was comprised of 439 (64.7% female) Caucasian college students (mean age = 22.49, SD = 6.12). Participants completed questionnaires that assessed eating problems and experience of trauma in childhood (ages 0-12) and donated cheek cells for 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 genotyping. RESULTS Women carrying a lower expressing allele (i.e., L(G) or S) who were exposed to higher levels of childhood trauma reported significantly higher mean numbers of eating problems (gender × genotype × trauma interaction, p = .006). DISCUSSION These results are consistent with findings that the lower expressing alleles of the SLC6A4 promoter are associated with increased sensitivity to the negative impact of childhood stressors on adult behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F. Stoltenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
,Correspondence to: Scott F. Stoltenberg, 238 Burnett Hall, PO Box 880308, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0308;
| | - Cynthia Anderson
- Department of Biology, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, South Dakota
| | - Parthasarathi Nag
- Department of Mathematics, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, South Dakota
| | - Cheryl Anagnopoulos
- Department of Psychology, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, South Dakota
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Munn-Chernoff MA, McQueen MB, Stetler GL, Haberstick BC, Rhee SH, Sobik LE, Corley RP, Smolen A, Hewitt JK, Stallings MC. Examining associations between disordered eating and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:556-61. [PMID: 22271047 PMCID: PMC3323686 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serotonin system has been implicated in mood and appetite regulation, and the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) is a commonly studied candidate gene for eating pathology. However, most studies have focused on a single polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in SLC6A4; little research has utilized multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate associations between SLC6A4 and eating pathology more comprehensively. METHOD Family-based association tests were conducted for seven polymorphisms in or near SLC6A4, using families from the Colorado Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence. Data were available for 135 families, with phenotypic data available for female twins and female nontwin siblings. Seven items assessed two disordered eating characteristics: weight and shape concerns and behaviors (WSCB) and binge eating (BE). RESULTS No significant associations were found between any genetic variant and the two disordered eating characteristics. DISCUSSION This study suggests that utilizing polymorphisms in and near SLC6A4, including 5-HTTLPR, may not be useful in identifying genetic risk factors for disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Munn-Chernoff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO 80503; Phone: 303-492-2817; Fax: 303-492-8063;
| | - Matthew B. McQueen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Gary L. Stetler
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | - Robin P. Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Andrew Smolen
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Michael C. Stallings
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO,Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
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Promoter methylation of serotonin transporter gene is associated with obesity measures: a monozygotic twin study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:140-5. [PMID: 22290534 PMCID: PMC3539149 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Epigenetic mechanisms are increasingly being recognized as an important factor for obesity. The serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has a critical role in regulating food intake, body weight and energy balance. This study examines the potential association between SLC6A4 promoter methylation and obesity measures in a monozygotic (MZ) twin sample. Methods: We studied 84 MZ twin pairs drawn from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Obesity measures include body mass index (BMI), body weight, waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). The SLC6A4 promoter methylation profile in peripheral blood leukocytes was quantified by bisulfite pyrosequencing. The association between methylation variation and obesity parameters was examined by mixed-model regression and matched pair analysis, adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and total daily energy intake. Multiple testing was controlled using the adjusted false discovery rate (q-value). Results: Mean methylation level was positively correlated with BMI (r=0.29; P=0.0002), body weight (r=0.31; P<0.0001) and WC (r=0.20; P=0.009), but not WHR. Intra-pair differences in mean methylation were significantly correlated with intra-pair differences in BMI, body weight and WC, but not WHR. On average, a 1% increase in mean methylation was associated with 0.33 kg m−2 increase in BMI (95% CI: 0.02–0.65; P=0.03), 1.16 kg increase in body weight (95% CI, 0.16–2.16; P=0.02) and 0.78 cm increase in WC (95% CI, 0.05–1.50; P=0.03) after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusions: SLC6A4 promoter hypermethylation is significantly associated with an increased prevalence of obesity within a MZ twin study.
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