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Zeng C, Lu Y, Wei X, Sun L, Wei L, Ou S, Huang Q, Wu Y. Parvalbumin Regulates GAD Expression through Calcium Ion Concentration to Affect the Balance of Glu-GABA and Improve KA-Induced Status Epilepticus in PV-Cre Transgenic Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1951-1966. [PMID: 38696478 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims: the study aimed to (i) use adeno-associated virus technology to modulate parvalbumin (PV) gene expression, both through overexpression and silencing, within the hippocampus of male mice and (ii) assess the impact of PV on the metabolic pathway of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Methods: a status epilepticus (SE) mouse model was established by injecting kainic acid into the hippocampus of transgenic mice. When the seizures of mice reached SE, the mice were killed at that time point and 30 min after the onset of SE. Hippocampal tissues were extracted and the mRNA and protein levels of PV and the 65 kDa (GAD65) and 67 kDa (GAD67) isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. The concentrations of glutamate and GABA were detected with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the intracellular calcium concentration was detected using flow cytometry. Results: we demonstrate that the expression of PV is associated with GAD65 and GAD67 and that PV regulates the levels of GAD65 and GAD67. PV was correlated with calcium concentration and GAD expression. Interestingly, PV overexpression resulted in a reduction in calcium ion concentration, upregulation of GAD65 and GAD67, elevation of GABA concentration, reduction in glutamate concentration, and an extension of seizure latency. Conversely, PV silencing induced the opposite effects. Conclusion: parvalbumin may affect the expression of GAD65 and GAD67 by regulating calcium ion concentration, thereby affecting the metabolic pathways associated with glutamate and GABA. In turn, this contributes to the regulation of seizure activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yuling Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lanfeng Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Sijie Ou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road,Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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Riva A, Sahin E, Volpedo G, Petretto A, Lavarello C, Di Sapia R, Barbarossa D, Zaniani NR, Craparotta I, Barbera MC, Sezerman U, Vezzani A, Striano P, Ravizza T. Identification of an epilepsy-linked gut microbiota signature in a pediatric rat model of acquired epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 194:106469. [PMID: 38485093 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A dysfunctional gut microbiota-brain axis is emerging as a potential pathogenic mechanism in epilepsy, particularly in pediatric forms of epilepsy. To add new insights into gut-related changes in acquired epilepsy that develops early in life, we used a multi-omics approach in a rat model with a 56% incidence of epilepsy. The presence of spontaneous seizures was assessed in adult rats (n = 46) 5 months after status epilepticus induced by intra-amygdala kainate at postnatal day 13, by 2 weeks (24/7) ECoG monitoring. Twenty-six rats developed epilepsy (Epi) while the remaining 20 rats (No-Epi) did not show spontaneous seizures. At the end of ECoG monitoring, all rats and their sham controls (n = 20) were sacrificed for quantitative histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of the gut structure, glia and macrophages, as well as RTqPCR analysis of inflammation/oxidative stress markers. By comparing Epi, No-Epi rats, and sham controls, we found structural, cellular, and molecular alterations reflecting a dysfunctional gut, which were specifically associated with epilepsy. In particular, the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio and number of Goblet cells were reduced in the duodenum of Epi rats vs both No-Epi rats and sham controls (p < 0.01). Villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.01) were increased in No-Epi vs both Epi and sham controls. We also detected enhanced Iba1-positive macrophages, together with increased IL1b and NFE2L2 transcripts and TNF protein, in the small intestine of Epi vs both No-Epi and sham control rats (p < 0.01), denoting the presence of inflammation and oxidative stress. Astroglial GFAP-immunostaining was similar in all experimental groups. Metagenomic analysis in the feces collected 5 months after status epilepticus showed that the ratio of two dominant phyla (Bacteroidota-to-Firmicutes) was similarly increased in Epi and No-Epi rats vs sham control rats. Notably, the relative abundance of families, genera, and species associated with SCFA production differed in Epi vs No-Epi rats, describing a bacterial imprint associated with epilepsy. Furthermore, Epi rats showed a blood metabolic signature characterized by changes in lipid metabolism compared to both No-Epi and sham control rats. Our study provides new evidence of long-term gut alterations, along with microbiota-related metabolic changes, occurring specifically in rats that develop epilepsy after brain injury early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Riva
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Eray Sahin
- Acıbadem University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Greta Volpedo
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Barbarossa
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Nasibeh Riahi Zaniani
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Craparotta
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Barbera
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Uğur Sezerman
- Acıbadem University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Acute Brain and Cardiovascular Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
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3
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Li Q, Liu S, Zheng T, Li M, Qi B, Zhou L, Liu B, Ma D, Zhao C, Chen Z. Grafted human-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells combined with human umbilical vein endothelial cells contribute to functional recovery following spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:35. [PMID: 38321505 PMCID: PMC10848469 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease that causes extensive damage to oligodendrocytes and neurons leading to demyelination and axonal degeneration. In this study, we co-transplanted cell grafts containing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) combined with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which were reported to promote OPCs survival and migration, into rat contusion models to promote functional recovery after SCI. METHODS OPCs were derived from iPSCs and identified by immunofluorescence at different time points. Functional assays in vitro were performed to evaluate the effect of HUVECs on the proliferation, migration, and survival of OPCs by co-culture and migration assay, as well as on the neuronal axonal growth. A combination of OPCs and HUVECs was transplanted into the rat contusive model. Upon 8 weeks, immunofluorescence staining was performed to test the safety of transplanted cells and to observe the neuronal repairment, myelination, and neural circuit reconstruction at the injured area; also, the functional recovery was assessed by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan open-field scale, Ladder climb, SEP, and MEP. Furthermore, the effect of HUVECs on grafts was also determined in vivo. RESULTS Data showed that HUVECs promote the proliferation, migration, and survival of OPCs both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, 8 weeks upon engraftment, the rats with OPCs and HUVECs co-transplantation noticeably facilitated remyelination, enhanced functional connection between the grafts and the host and promoted functional recovery. In addition, compared with the OPCs-alone transplantation, the co-transplantation generated more sensory neurons at the lesion border and significantly improved the sensory functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that transplantation of OPCs combined with HUVECs significantly enhances both motor and sensory functional recovery after SCI. No significance was observed between OPCs combined with HUVECs group and OPCs-alone group in motor function recovery, while the sensory function recovery was significantly promoted in OPCs combined with HUVECs groups compared with the other two groups. These findings provide novel insights into the field of SCI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Sumei Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tianqi Zheng
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mo Li
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Boling Qi
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bochao Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Translational Medicine Research Group (TMRG), Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Zielewicz LJ, Wang J, Ndaru E, Maney B, Yu X, Albers T, Grewer C. Design and Characterization of Prodrug-like Inhibitors for Preventing Glutamate Efflux through Reverse Transport. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4252-4263. [PMID: 37994790 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate transporters are responsible for active transport of the major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate across the cell membrane, regulating the extracellular glutamate concentration in the mammalian brain. Extracellular glutamate levels in the brain are usually in the submicromolar range but can increase by exocytosis, inhibition of cellular uptake, or through glutamate release by reverse transport, as well as other mechanisms, which can lead to neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death. Such conditions can be encountered upon energy deprivation during an ischemic stroke. Here, we developed acetoxymethyl (AM) ester prodrug-like derivatives of excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) inhibitors that permeate the cell membrane and are activated, most likely through hydrolysis by endogenous cellular esterases, to form the active EAAT inhibitor. Upon increase in external K+ concentration, the inhibitors block glutamate efflux by EAAT reverse transport. Using a novel high-affinity fluorescent prodrug-like inhibitor, dl-threo-9-anthracene-methoxy-aspartate (TAOA) AM ester, we demonstrate that the precursor rapidly accumulates inside cells. Electrophysiological methods and fluorescence assays utilizing the iGluSnFR external glutamate sensor were used to demonstrate the efficacy of AM ester-protected inhibitors in inhibiting K+-mediated glutamate release. Together, our results provide evidence for a novel method to potentially prevent glutamate release by reverse transport under pathophysiological conditions in a model cell system, as well as in human astrocytes, while leaving glutamate uptake under physiological conditions operational. This method could have wide-ranging applications in the prevention of glutamate-induced neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Zielewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Elias Ndaru
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Brien Maney
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Xiaozhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Thomas Albers
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Christof Grewer
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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5
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Chen H, Zheng K, Qiu M, Yang J. Preparation of astrocytes by directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and somatic cell transdifferentiation. Dev Neurobiol 2023; 83:282-292. [PMID: 37789524 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes (ACs) are the most widely distributed cells in the mammalian central nervous system, which are essential for the function and homeostasis of nervous system. Increasing evidence indicates that ACs also participate in the development of many neurological diseases and repair after nerve injury. ACs cultured in vitro provide a cellular model for studying astrocytic development, function, and the pathogenesis of associated diseases. The preparation of primary ACs (pACs) faces many limitations, so it is important to obtain high-quality ACs by the differentiation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC) or somatic cell transdifferentiation. Initially, researchers mainly tried to induce embryonic stem cells to differentiate into ACs via embryoid body (EB) and then turned to employ induced PSCs as seed cells to explore more simple and efficient directed differentiation strategies, and serum-free culture was delved to improve the quality of induced ACs. While exploring the induction of ACs by the overexpression of AC-specific transcription factors, researchers also began to investigate small molecule-mediated somatic cell transdifferentiation. Here, we provide an updated review on the research progresses in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjie Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junlin Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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6
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Leung WL, Dill LK, Perucca P, O'Brien TJ, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Semple BD. Inherent Susceptibility to Acquired Epilepsy in Selectively Bred Rats Influences the Acute Response to Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2174-2192. [PMID: 37221897 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often causes seizures associated with a neuroinflammatory response and neurodegeneration. TBI responses may be influenced by differences between individuals at a genetic level, yet this concept remains understudied. Here, we asked whether inherent differences in one's vulnerability to acquired epilepsy would determine acute physiological and neuroinflammatory responses acutely after experimental TBI, by comparing selectively bred "seizure-prone" (FAST) rats with "seizure-resistant" (SLOW) rats, as well as control parental strains (Long Evans and Wistar rats). Eleven-week-old male rats received a moderate-to-severe lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) or sham surgery. Rats were assessed for acute injury indicators and neuromotor performance, and blood was serially collected. At 7 days post-injury, brains were collected for quantification of tissue atrophy by cresyl violet (CV) histology, and immunofluorescent staining of activated inflammatory cells. FAST rats showed an exacerbated physiological response acutely post-injury, with a 100% seizure rate and mortality within 24 h. Conversely, SLOW rats showed no acute seizures and a more rapid neuromotor recovery compared with controls. Brains from SLOW rats also showed only modest immunoreactivity for microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the injured hemisphere compared with controls. Further, group differences were apparent between the control strains, with greater neuromotor deficits observed in Long Evans rats compared with Wistars post-TBI. Brain-injured Long Evans rats also showed the most pronounced inflammatory response to TBI across multiple brain regions, whereas Wistar rats showed the greatest extent of regional brain atrophy. These findings indicate that differential genetic predisposition to develop acquired epilepsy (i.e., FAST vs. SLOW rat strains) determines acute responses after experimental TBI. Differences in the neuropathological response to TBI between commonly used control rat strains is also a novel finding, and an important consideration for future study design. Our results support further investigation into whether genetic predisposition to acute seizures predicts the chronic outcomes after TBI, including the development of post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Lam Leung
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Larissa K Dill
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Piero Perucca
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Bladin-Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Zhang YM, Qi YB, Gao YN, Chen WG, Zhou T, Zang Y, Li J. Astrocyte metabolism and signaling pathways in the CNS. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1217451. [PMID: 37732313 PMCID: PMC10507181 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1217451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes comprise half of the cells in the central nervous system and play a critical role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Metabolic dysfunction in astrocytes has been indicated as the primary cause of neurological diseases, such as depression, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy. Although the metabolic functionalities of astrocytes are well known, their relationship to neurological disorders is poorly understood. The ways in which astrocytes regulate the metabolism of glucose, amino acids, and lipids have all been implicated in neurological diseases. Metabolism in astrocytes has also exhibited a significant influence on neuron functionality and the brain's neuro-network. In this review, we focused on metabolic processes present in astrocytes, most notably the glucose metabolic pathway, the fatty acid metabolic pathway, and the amino-acid metabolic pathway. For glucose metabolism, we focused on the glycolysis pathway, pentose-phosphate pathway, and oxidative phosphorylation pathway. In fatty acid metabolism, we followed fatty acid oxidation, ketone body metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. For amino acid metabolism, we summarized neurotransmitter metabolism and the serine and kynurenine metabolic pathways. This review will provide an overview of functional changes in astrocyte metabolism and provide an overall perspective of current treatment and therapy for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-mei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-bei Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-nan Gao
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-gang Chen
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Horino-Shimizu A, Moriyama K, Mori T, Kohyama K, Nishito Y, Sakuma H. Lipocalin-2 production by astrocytes in response to high concentrations of glutamate. Brain Res 2023; 1815:148463. [PMID: 37328088 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is mainly mediated by neuronal NMDA receptors; however, it is unclear how astrocytes are involved in this phenomenon. This study aimed to explore the effects of excess glutamate on astrocytes both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS We used astrocyte-enriched cultures (AECs), in which microglia were removed from mixed glial cultures, to investigate the effects of extracellular glutamate on these cells by microarray, quantitative PCR, ELISA, and immunostaining. We also examined the production of lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) by immunohistochemistry in the brains of mice after status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine and by ELISA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients characterised by status epilepticus. RESULTS Microarray analysis identified Lcn2 as a factor upregulated in AECs by excess glutamate; glutamate addition increased Lcn2 in the cytoplasm of astrocytes and AECs released Lcn2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Lcn2 production was reduced by chemical inhibition of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 or siRNA knockdown. Furthermore, Lcn2 was increased in the astrocytes of a status epilepticus mouse model and in the CSF of human patients. CONCLUSION These results indicate that astrocytes stimulate Lcn2 production via metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 in response to high concentrations of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Horino-Shimizu
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Course of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kengo Moriyama
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mori
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniko Kohyama
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakuma
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Course of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan.
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9
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Jiang J, Yang M, Tian M, Chen Z, Xiao L, Gong Y. Intertwined associations between oxytocin, immune system and major depressive disorder. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114852. [PMID: 37163778 PMCID: PMC10165244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prominent psychiatric disorder with a high prevalence rate. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the already high prevalence of MDD. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of patients are unresponsive to conventional treatments, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. Oxytocin, an endogenous neuropeptide, has emerged as a promising candidate with anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. Oxytocin has been shown to alleviate emotional disorders by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the central immune system. The dysfunction of the immune system has been strongly linked to the onset and progression of depression. The central immune system is believed to be a key target of oxytocin in ameliorating emotional disorders. In this review, we examine the evidence regarding the interactions between oxytocin, the immune system, and depressive disorder. Moreover, we summarize and speculate on the potential roles of the intertwined association between oxytocin and the central immune system in treating emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaoxian Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| | - Lei Xiao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Vizuete AFK, Leal MB, Moreira AP, Seady M, Taday J, Gonçalves CA. Arundic acid (ONO-2506) downregulates neuroinflammation and astrocyte dysfunction after status epilepticus in young rats induced by Li-pilocarpine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110704. [PMID: 36565981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells, have several metabolic functions, including ionic, neurotransmitter and energetic homeostasis for neuronal activity. Reactive astrocytes and their dysfunction have been associated with several brain disorders, including the epileptogenic process. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) are astrocyte biomarkers associated with brain injury. We hypothesize that arundic acid (ONO-2506), which is known as an inhibitor of S100B synthesis and secretion, protects the hippocampal tissue from neuroinflammation and astrocyte dysfunction after status epileptics (SE) induction by Li-pilocarpine in young rats. Herein, we investigated the effects of arundic acid treatment, at time points of 6 or 24 h after the induction of SE by Li-pilocarpine, in young rats. In SE animals, arundic acid was able to prevent the damage induced by Li-pilocarpine in the hippocampus, decreasing neuroinflammatory signaling (reducing IL-1β, COX2, TLR4 and RAGE contents), astrogliosis (decreasing GFAP and S100B) and astrocytic dysfunction (recovering levels of GSH, glutamine synthetase and connexin-43). Furthermore, arundic acid improved glucose metabolism and reduced the glutamate excitotoxicity found in epilepsy. Our data reinforce the role of astrocytes in epileptogenesis development and the neuroprotective role of arundic acid, which modulates astrocyte function and neuroinflammation in SE animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Fernanda K Vizuete
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Miriara B Leal
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Moreira
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Seady
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Taday
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Calcium-Binding Proteins in CNS, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Pos Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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11
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Huang YJ, Hung CC, Hsu PC, Lee PY, Tsai YA, Hsin YC, Lee XT, Chou CC, Chen ML, Tarng DC, Lee YH. Astrocytic aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates chronic kidney disease-associated mental disorders involving GLT1 hypofunction and neuronal activity enhancement in the mouse brain. Glia 2023; 71:1057-1080. [PMID: 36573349 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated mental disorders have been attributed to the excessive accumulation of hemodialysis-resistant indoxyl-3-sulfate (I3S) in the brain. I3S not only induces oxidative stress but is also a potent endogenous agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Here, we investigated the role of AhR in CKD-induced brain disorders using a 5/6 nephrectomy-induced CKD mouse model, which showed increased I3S concentration in both blood and brain, anxiety and impaired novelty recognition, and AhR activation in the anterior cortex. GFAP+ reactive astrocytes were increased accompanied with the reduction of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) on perineuronal astrocytic processes (PAPs) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in CKD mice, and these alterations were attenuated in both neural lineage-specific and astrocyte-specific Ahr conditional knockout mice (nAhrCKO and aAhrCKO). By using chronic I3S treatment in primary astrocytes and glia-neuron (GN) mix cultures to mimic the CKD brain microenvironment, we also found significant reduction of GLT1 expression and activity in an AhR-dependent manner. Chronic I3S treatment induced AhR-dependent pro-oxidant Nox1 and AhR-independent anti-oxidant HO-1 expressions. Notably, AhR mediates chronic I3S-induced neuronal activity enhancement and synaptotoxicity in GN mix, not neuron-enriched cortical culture. In CKD mice, neuronal activity enhancement was observed in ACC and hippocampal CA1, and these responses were abrogated by both nAhrCKO and aAhrCKO. Finally, intranasal AhR antagonist CH-223191 administration significantly ameliorated the GLT1/PAPs reduction, increase in c-Fos+ neurons, and memory impairment in the CKD mice. Thus, astrocytic AhR plays a crucial role in the CKD-induced disturbance of neuron-astrocyte interaction and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Huang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hung
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chien Hsu
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yi Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-An Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiao Hsin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xie-Ting Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Chou
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Briyal S, Ranjan AK, Gulati A. Oxidative stress: A target to treat Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Neurochem Int 2023; 165:105509. [PMID: 36907516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been established as a well-known pathological condition in several neurovascular diseases. It starts with increased production of highly oxidizing free-radicals (e.g. reactive oxygen species; ROS and reactive nitrogen species; RNS) and becomes too high for the endogenous antioxidant system to neutralize them, which results in a significantly disturbed balance between free-radicals and antioxidants levels and causes cellular damage. A number of studies have evidently shown that oxidative stress plays a critical role in activating multiple cell signaling pathways implicated in both progression as well as initiation of neurological diseases. Therefore, oxidative stress continues to remain a key therapeutic target for neurological diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the brain, oxidative stress, and pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the scope of antioxidant therapies for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Briyal
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Amaresh K Ranjan
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Anil Gulati
- College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA; Pharmazz Inc. Research and Development, Willowbrook, IL, USA
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13
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Quincozes-Santos A, Bobermin LD, Costa NLF, Thomaz NK, Almeida RRDS, Beys-da-Silva WO, Santi L, Rosa RL, Capra D, Coelho-Aguiar JM, DosSantos MF, Heringer M, Cirne-Lima EO, Guimarães JA, Schuler-Faccini L, Gonçalves CA, Moura-Neto V, Souza DO. The role of glial cells in Zika virus-induced neurodegeneration. Glia 2023. [PMID: 36866453 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a strongly neurotropic flavivirus whose infection has been associated with microcephaly in neonates. However, clinical and experimental evidence indicate that ZIKV also affects the adult nervous system. In this regard, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the ability of ZIKV to infect glial cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells are represented by astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) constitutes a highly heterogeneous group of cells (Schwann cells, satellite glial cells, and enteric glial cells) spread through the body. These cells are critical in both physiological and pathological conditions; as such, ZIKV-induced glial dysfunctions can be associated with the development and progression of neurological complications, including those related to the adult and aging brain. This review will address the effects of ZIKV infection on CNS and PNS glial cells, focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms, including changes in the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ and glutamate homeostasis, neural metabolism, and neuron-glia communication. Of note, preventive and therapeutic strategies that focus on glial cells may emerge to delay and/or prevent the development of ZIKV-induced neurodegeneration and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Naithan Ludian Fernandes Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalie K Thomaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Rodrigo de Souza Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Lucélia Santi
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Rosa
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Capra
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Coelho-Aguiar
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fabio DosSantos
- Laboratório de Propriedades Mecânicas e Biologia Celular, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Manoela Heringer
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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Gu G, Ren J, Zhu B, Shi Z, Feng S, Wei Z. Multiple mechanisms of curcumin targeting spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114224. [PMID: 36641925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an irreversible disease process with a high disability and mortality rate. After primary spinal cord injury, the secondary injury may occur in sequence, which is composed of ischemia and hypoxia, excitotoxicity, calcium overload, oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting in massive death of parenchymal cells in the injured area, followed by the formation of syringomyelia. Effectively curbing the process of secondary injury can promote nerve repair and improve functional prognosis. As the main active ingredient in turmeric, curcumin can play an important role in reducing inflammation and oxidation, protecting the neurons, and ultimately reducing spinal cord injury. This article reviews the effects of curcumin on the repair of nerve injury, with emphasis on the various mechanisms by which curcumin promotes the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Gu
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Ren
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongju Shi
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhijian Wei
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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15
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Sarlo GL, Kao A, Holton KF. Investigation of the low glutamate diet as an adjunct treatment for pediatric epilepsy: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Seizure 2023; 106:138-147. [PMID: 36867910 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current dietary therapies for epilepsy have side effects and are low in nutrients, which would make an alternative dietary treatment, which addresses these issues, advantageous. One potential option is the low glutamate diet (LGD). Glutamate is implicated in seizure activity. Blood brain barrier permeability in epilepsy could enable dietary glutamate to reach the brain and contribute to ictogenesis. OBJECTIVE to assess the LGD as an adjunct treatment for pediatric epilepsy. METHODS This study was a nonblinded, parallel, randomized clinical trial. The study was conducted virtually due to COVID-19 and registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04545346). Participants were eligible if they were between the ages of 2 and 21 with ≥4 seizures per month. Baseline seizures were assessed for 1-month, then participants were allocated via block randomization to the intervention month (N=18), or a wait-listed control month followed by the intervention month (N=15). Outcome measures included seizure frequency, caregiver global impression of change (CGIC), non-seizure improvements, nutrient intake, and adverse events. RESULTS Nutrient intake significantly increased during the intervention. No significant differences in seizure frequency were observed between intervention and control groups. However, efficacy was assessed at 1-month compared to the standard 3-months in diet research. Additionally, 21% of participants were observed to be clinical responders to the diet. Overall health (CGIC) significantly improved in 31%, 63% experienced ≥1 non-seizure improvements, and 53% experienced adverse events. Clinical response likelihood decreased with increasing age (0.71 [0.50-0.99], p=0.04), as did the likelihood of overall health improvement (0.71 [0.54-0.92], p=0.01). DISCUSSION This study provides preliminary support for the LGD as an adjunct treatment before epilepsy becomes drug resistant, which is in contrast to the role of current dietary therapies in drug resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle L Sarlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Behavior, Cognition and Neuroscience Program, American University, Washington DC, United States; Children's National Research Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amy Kao
- Division of Neurophysiology, Epilepsy, and Critical Care, Center for Neuroscience and Behavioral Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Division of Neurology 2, Office of Neuroscience, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Kathleen F Holton
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington DC, United States; Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington DC, United States; Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington DC, United States.
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16
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Zayed AA, Seleem MM, Darwish HA, Shaheen AA. Role of long noncoding RNAs; BDNF-AS and 17A and their relation to GABAergic dysfunction in Egyptian epileptic patients. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1193-1204. [PMID: 36807083 PMCID: PMC10110666 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Lately, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been increasingly appreciated as regulators of epilepsy-related processes, however, their functional role in its pathogenesis is still to be explored. This study investigated the expression levels of lncRNAs; BDNF-AS and 17A in the sera of Egyptian patients with idiopathic generalized and symptomatic focal epilepsy and correlated their levels with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated cAMP reaction element -binding protein (p-CREB), gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, to underline their related molecular mechanism. A total of 70 epileptic patients were divided into two clinical types, besides 30 healthy controls of matched age and sex. The expression levels of both lncRNAs were markedly upregulated in epileptic groups versus the healthy control group with predominance in the symptomatic focal one. Epileptic patients showed significantly lower levels of BDNF, p-CREB, GABA along with significant increase of glutamate levels and glutamate/ GABA ratio, especially in symptomatic focal versus idiopathic generalized epileptic ones. The obtained data raised the possibility that these lncRNAs might be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy via inhibition of GABA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway. The study shed light on the putative role of these lncRNAs in better diagnosis of epilepsy, particularly symptomatic focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya A Zayed
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mae M Seleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah A Darwish
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amira A Shaheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Zeng C, Lei D, Lu Y, Huang Q, Wu Y, Yang S, Wu Y. Parvalbumin in the metabolic pathway of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid: Influence on expression of GAD65 and GAD67. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 734:109499. [PMID: 36587827 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing neurons are a type of inhibitory intermediate neuron that play an important role in terminating seizures. The aim of the present study was to use lentiviral construction and packaging technology to overexpress and silence the parvalbumin gene in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, and to evaluate how parvalbumin influences the metabolic pathway involving glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In this work, Immunofluorescence staining was used to verify the differentiation of PC12 cells into neurons after adding nerve growth factor (NGF). Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to confirm lentivirus-mediated knockdown or overexpression of parvalbumin. Expression of parvalbumin, the 65-kDa GAD isoform (GAD65), and the 67-kDa GAD isoform (GAD67) in neuronal cells was examined at the mRNA and protein levels using qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, while intracellular glutamate and GABA levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We demonstrate that the expression of parvalbumin is associated with GAD65 and GAD67. Interestingly, overexpression of parvalbumin up-regulated GAD65 and GAD67, increased GABA concentration, and decreased glutamate concentration. Silencing of parvalbumin led to the opposite effects. Altogether, parvalbumin affected the expression of GAD65 and GAD67, thereby influencing the metabolic pathway involving glutamate and GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Danqing Lei
- Experimental Center of Life Sciences Institutes, Guangxi Medical University, #22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuling Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengyu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, #6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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18
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Alijanpour S, Miryounesi M, Ghafouri-Fard S. The role of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) in epilepsy and other neurological disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1-16. [PMID: 36173507 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) have important roles in the uptake of glutamate and termination of glutamatergic transmission. Up to now, five EAAT isoforms (EAAT1-5) have been identified in mammals. The main focus of this review is EAAT2. This protein has an important role in the pathoetiology of epilepsy. De novo dominant mutations, as well as inherited recessive mutation in this gene, have been associated with epilepsy. Moreover, dysregulation of this protein is implicated in a range of neurological diseases, namely amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and autism. In this review, we summarize the role of EAAT2 in epilepsy and other neurological disorders, then provide an overview of the therapeutic modulation of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Alijanpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miryounesi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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The complex role of inflammation and gliotransmitters in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105940. [PMID: 36470499 PMCID: PMC10372760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immune cell function in brain health and how it goes awry during aging and neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy. Inflammation and immunological dysfunction are common components of Parkinson's disease (PD), both in terms of motor and non-motor components of PD. In recent decades, the antiquated notion that the central nervous system (CNS) in disease states is an immune-privileged organ, has been debunked. The immune landscape in the CNS influences peripheral systems, and peripheral immunological changes can alter the CNS in health and disease. Identifying immune and inflammatory pathways that compromise neuronal health and survival is critical in designing innovative and effective strategies to limit their untoward effects on neuronal health.
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20
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Functional investigation of SLC1A2 variants associated with epilepsy. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1063. [PMID: 36543780 PMCID: PMC9772344 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder and glutamate excitotoxicity plays a key role in epileptic pathogenesis. Astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 is responsible for preventing excitotoxicity via clearing extracellular accumulated glutamate. Previously, three variants (G82R, L85P, and P289R) in SLC1A2 (encoding GLT-1) have been clinically reported to be associated with epilepsy. However, the functional validation and underlying mechanism of these GLT-1 variants in epilepsy remain undetermined. In this study, we reported that these disease-linked mutants significantly decrease glutamate uptake, cell membrane expression of the glutamate transporter, and glutamate-elicited current. Additionally, we found that these variants may disturbed stromal-interacting molecule 1 (STIM1)/Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in which GLT-1 may be a new partner of SOCE. Furthermore, knock-in mice with disease-associated variants showed a hyperactive phenotype accompanied by reduced glutamate transporter expression. Therefore, GLT-1 is a promising and reliable therapeutic target for epilepsy interventions.
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21
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Della Vecchia S, Marchese M, Santorelli FM. Glial Contributions to Lafora Disease: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123103. [PMID: 36551859 PMCID: PMC9776290 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lafora disease (LD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the accumulation of polyglucosan bodies (PBs) throughout the brain. Alongside metabolic and molecular alterations, neuroinflammation has emerged as another key histopathological feature of LD. METHODS To investigate the role of astrocytes and microglia in LD, we performed a systematic review according to the PRISMA statement. PubMed, Scopus, and Web-of-Science database searches were performed independently by two reviewers. RESULTS Thirty-five studies analyzing the relationship of astrocytes and microglia with LD and/or the effects of anti-inflammatory treatments in LD animal models were identified and included in the review. Although LD has long been dominated by a neuronocentric view, a growing body of evidence suggests a role of glial cells in the disease, starting with the finding that these cells accumulate PBs. We discuss the potential meaning of glial PB accumulations, the likely factors activating glial cells, and the possible contribution of glial cells to LD neurodegeneration and epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS Given the evidence for the role of neuroinflammation in LD, future studies should consider glial cells as a potential therapeutic target for modifying/delaying LD progression; however, it should be kept in mind that these cells can potentially assume multiple reactive phenotypes, which could influence the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Della Vecchia
- Molecular Medicine and Neurogenetics, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.D.V.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Maria Marchese
- Neurobiology, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine and Neurogenetics, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Neurobiology, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.D.V.); (F.M.S.)
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22
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Tavassoli Z, Giahi M, Janahmadi M, Hosseinmardi N. Glial cells inhibition affects the incidence of metaplasticity in the hippocampus of Pentylentetrazole-induced kindled rats. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 135:108907. [PMID: 36095872 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by the unpredictability but recurrence of seizures caused by the synchronized aberrant firing of neuronal populations. It has been shown that astrocytes (one of the most prominent glial cells) are ideally positioned to induce or contribute to neural network synchronization. Although astrocytes cannot generate action potentials, they have the capacity to sense and respond to neuronal activity, which allows them to function as homeostatic regulators of synaptic interactions. Considering the necessity of astrocyte-neuron bidirectional interactions in synaptic transmission and plasticity, in the current study, the role of astrocytes in synaptic metaplasticity and resultant behavioral seizures induced by Pentylentetrazole (PTZ) was assessed. Rats were kindled by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of PTZ (30 mg/kg/48 h). A glial cell inhibitor, Fluorocitrate (FC), was injected into the right lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat 30 min before PTZ during kindling progress. The maximal seizure stage (SS), stage 2 and 4 latency (S2L, S4L), stage 4 and 5 duration (S4D, S5D), and seizure duration (SD) were all assessed 20 min after PTZ administration by observation. Following Schaffer collateral stimulation, in vivo field, potential recordings from the CA1 area of the hippocampus were employed to assess the metaplasticity induced in kindled rats. The inhibition of glial cells during the kindling process significantly lowered SS, S4D&S5D and increased S4L (Two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni Posttest, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001). In comparison to the control group, electrophysiological data demonstrated that HFS-induced LTP in kindled animals was decreased (Unpaired t-test, P < 0.05). Glial cell inhibition prevented PTZ's effect on LTP. Our data imply that kindling altered CA1 pyramidal neurons' vulnerability to synaptic plasticity. This shift in neuronal plasticity (metaplasticity) is mediated in part by glial cells and is important in the formation of seizure symptoms. As a result, glial cell inhibition was found to alleviate seizure behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Tavassoli
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Giahi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3201644. [PMID: 36046684 PMCID: PMC9423989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3201644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the diverse physiological influence, the impact of glial cells has become much more evident on neurological illnesses, resulting in the origins of many diseases appearing to be more convoluted than previously happened. Since neurological disorders are often random and unknown, hence the construction of animal models is difficult to build, representing a small fraction of people with a gene mutation. As a result, an immediate necessity is grown to work within in vitro techniques for examining these illnesses. As the scientific community recognizes cell-autonomous contributions to a variety of central nervous system illnesses, therapeutic techniques involving stem cells for treating neurological diseases are gaining traction. The use of stem cells derived from a variety of sources is increasingly being used to replace both neuronal and glial tissue. The brain's energy demands necessitate the reliance of neurons on glial cells in order for it to function properly. Furthermore, glial cells have diverse functions in terms of regulating their own metabolic activities, as well as collaborating with neurons via secreted signaling or guidance molecules, forming a complex network of neuron-glial connections in health and sickness. Emerging data reveals that metabolic changes in glial cells can cause morphological and functional changes in conjunction with neuronal dysfunction under disease situations, highlighting the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological illnesses. In this context, it is required to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms and create potential novel therapeutics. According to research, synaptic malfunction is one of the features of various mental diseases, and glial cells are acting as key ingredients not only in synapse formation, growth, and plasticity but also in neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis which creates critical physiological capacity in the focused sensory system. The goal of this review article is to elaborate state-of-the-art information on a few glial cell types situated in the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their role in the onset and progression of neurological disorders.
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24
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Bera A, Srivastava A, Dubey V, Dixit AB, Tripathi M, Sharma MC, Lalwani S, Chandra PS, Banerjee J. Altered hippocampal expression and function of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Neurol Res 2022; 44:748-753. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2051131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Bera
- Department of Biophysics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vivek Dubey
- Department of Biophysics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - M C Sharma
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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25
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He T, Li N, Shi P, Xu X, Nie J, Lu X, Yu P, Fan Y, Ge F, Guan X. Electroacupuncture alleviates spatial memory deficits in METH withdrawal mice by enhancing astrocyte-mediated glutamate clearance in the dCA1. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13068. [PMID: 34128302 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) elicits endogenous glutamate (Glu) in the brain, which could partially explain METH-induced memory deficits. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on spatial memory deficits in METH withdrawal mice and its potential synaptic mechanisms. We found that EA at acupoints 'Baihui' and 'Yintang' ameliorated the impaired spatial memory in METH withdrawal mice. In parallel, EA attenuated the Glu levels in vivo and suppressed the neuronal activities within dCA1 of METH withdrawal mice, as indicated by the decreasing c-Fos levels and the amplitude of mEPSP. In the dCA1, EA decreased A1-like astrocytes but increased astrocytic glutamatergic transporting molecules including glutamate transporter 1 and glutamine synthase. However, EA seemed to have no effects on presynaptic Glu transmission from the dCA3, as evidenced by the similiar levels of c-Fos in the dCA3 neurons, synaptic vesicular markers of dCA3 neural terminals and values of paired-pulse ratio in the dCA1 neurons between EA-treated and sham EA-treated METH withdrawal mice. These findings suggest that EA might normalize the dCA1 Glu levels at least in part through enhancing astrocyte-mediated Glu clearance. Taken together, astrocytes might be a novel target for developing therapeutic interventions against the impaired memory behaviours in METH users, and EA represents a promising non-invasive therapeutic strategy for the management of drug-caused memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng He
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Nanqin Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Pengbo Shi
- Department of Orthopedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Jiaxun Nie
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Xue Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine Daegu Haany University Gyeongsan South Korea
| | - Feifei Ge
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
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26
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The Endocannabinoid System in Glial Cells and Their Profitable Interactions to Treat Epilepsy: Evidence from Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413231. [PMID: 34948035 PMCID: PMC8709154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions. Yearly, five million people are diagnosed with epileptic-related disorders. The neuroprotective and therapeutic effect of (endo)cannabinoid compounds has been extensively investigated in several models of epilepsy. Therefore, the study of specific cell-type-dependent mechanisms underlying cannabinoid effects is crucial to understanding epileptic disorders. It is estimated that about 100 billion neurons and a roughly equal number of glial cells co-exist in the human brain. The glial population is in charge of neuronal viability, and therefore, their participation in brain pathophysiology is crucial. Furthermore, glial malfunctioning occurs in a wide range of neurological disorders. However, little is known about the impact of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulation over glial cells, even less in pathological conditions such as epilepsy. In this review, we aim to compile the existing knowledge on the role of the ECS in different cell types, with a particular emphasis on glial cells and their impact on epilepsy. Thus, we propose that glial cells could be a novel target for cannabinoid agents for treating the etiology of epilepsy and managing seizure-like disorders.
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27
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Hotz AL, Jamali A, Rieser NN, Niklaus S, Aydin E, Myren‐Svelstad S, Lalla L, Jurisch‐Yaksi N, Yaksi E, Neuhauss SCF. Loss of glutamate transporter eaat2a leads to aberrant neuronal excitability, recurrent epileptic seizures, and basal hypoactivity. Glia 2021; 70:196-214. [PMID: 34716961 PMCID: PMC9297858 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2, GLT‐1, and SLC1A2) regulates the duration and extent of neuronal excitation by removing glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Hence, an impairment in EAAT2 function could lead to an imbalanced brain network excitability. Here, we investigated the functional alterations of neuronal and astroglial networks associated with the loss of function in the astroglia predominant eaat2a gene in zebrafish. We observed that eaat2a−/− mutant zebrafish larvae display recurrent spontaneous and light‐induced seizures in neurons and astroglia, which coincide with an abrupt increase in extracellular glutamate levels. In stark contrast to this hyperexcitability, basal neuronal and astroglial activity was surprisingly reduced in eaat2a−/− mutant animals, which manifested in decreased overall locomotion. Our results reveal an essential and mechanistic contribution of EAAT2a in balancing brain excitability, and its direct link to epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana L. Hotz
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Life Science Zürich Graduate School ‐ NeuroscienceUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ahmed Jamali
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural ComputationFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Nicolas N. Rieser
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Life Science Zürich Graduate School ‐ NeuroscienceUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Stephanie Niklaus
- Department of Molecular Life SciencesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Present address:
EraCal TherapeuticsSchlierenSwitzerland
| | - Ecem Aydin
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural ComputationFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Sverre Myren‐Svelstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural ComputationFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologySt. Olav's University HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Laetitia Lalla
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural ComputationFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Nathalie Jurisch‐Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural ComputationFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurophysiologySt. Olav's University HospitalTrondheimNorway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural ComputationFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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28
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Green JL, Dos Santos WF, Fontana ACK. Role of glutamate excitotoxicity and glutamate transporter EAAT2 in epilepsy: Opportunities for novel therapeutics development. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114786. [PMID: 34571003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex neurological syndrome characterized by seizures resulting from neuronal hyperexcitability and sudden and synchronized bursts of electrical discharges. Impaired astrocyte function that results in glutamate excitotoxicity has been recognized to play a key role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. While there are 26 drugs marketed as anti-epileptic drugs no current treatments are disease modifying as they only suppress seizures rather than the development and progression of epilepsy. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are critical for maintaining low extracellular glutamate concentrations and preventing excitotoxicity. When extracellular glutamate concentrations rise to abnormal levels, glutamate receptor overactivation and the subsequent excessive influx of calcium into the post-synaptic neuron can trigger cell death pathways. In this review we discuss targeting EAAT2, the predominant glutamate transporter in the CNS, as a promising approach for developing therapies for epilepsy. EAAT2 upregulation via transcriptional and translational regulation has proven successful in vivo in reducing spontaneous recurrent seizures and offering neuroprotective effects. Another approach to regulate EAAT2 activity is through positive allosteric modulation (PAM). Novel PAMs of EAAT2 have recently been identified and are under development, representing a promising approach for the advance of novel therapeutics for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leigh Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, United States
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29
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Upaganlawar AB, Wankhede NL, Kale MB, Umare MD, Sehgal A, Singh S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Najda A, Nurzyńska-Wierdak R, Bungau S, Behl T. Interweaving epilepsy and neurodegeneration: Vitamin E as a treatment approach. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112146. [PMID: 34507113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder, affecting nearly 50 million people worldwide. The condition can be manifested either due to genetic predisposition or acquired from acute insult which leads to alteration of cellular and molecular mechanisms. Evaluating the latest and the current knowledge in regard to the mechanisms underlying molecular and cellular alteration, hyperexcitability is a consequence of an imbalanced state wherein enhance excitatory glutamatergic and reduced inhibitory GABAergic signaling is considered to be accountable for seizures associated damage. However, neurodegeneration contributing to epileptogenesis has become increasingly appreciated. The components at the helm of neurodegenerative alterations during epileptogenesis include GABAergic neuronal and receptor changes, neuroinflammation, alteration in axonal transport, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and other cellular as well as functional changes. Targeting neurodegeneration with vitamin E as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective may prove to be one of the therapeutic approaches useful in managing epilepsy. In this review, we discuss and converse about the seizure-induced episodes as a link for the development of neurodegenerative and pathological consequences of epilepsy. We also put forth a summary of the potential intervention with vitamin E therapy in the management of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohit D Umare
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Romania
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
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30
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Wilson CS, Dohare P, Orbeta S, Nalwalk JW, Huang Y, Ferland RJ, Sah R, Scimemi A, Mongin AA. Late adolescence mortality in mice with brain-specific deletion of the volume-regulated anion channel subunit LRRC8A. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21869. [PMID: 34469026 PMCID: PMC8639177 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002745r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat-containing family 8 member A (LRRC8A) is an essential subunit of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC). VRAC is critical for cell volume control, but its broader physiological functions remain under investigation. Recent studies in the field indicate that Lrrc8a disruption in the brain astrocytes reduces neuronal excitability, impairs synaptic plasticity and memory, and protects against cerebral ischemia. In the present work, we generated brain-wide conditional LRRC8A knockout mice (LRRC8A bKO) using NestinCre -driven Lrrc8aflox/flox excision in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia. LRRC8A bKO animals were born close to the expected Mendelian ratio and developed without overt histological abnormalities, but, surprisingly, all died between 5 and 9 weeks of age with a seizure phenotype, which was confirmed by video and EEG recordings. Brain slice electrophysiology detected changes in the excitability of pyramidal cells and modified GABAergic inputs in the hippocampal CA1 region of LRRC8A bKO. LRRC8A-null hippocampi showed increased immunoreactivity of the astrocytic marker GFAP, indicating reactive astrogliosis. We also found decreased whole-brain protein levels of the GABA transporter GAT-1, the glutamate transporter GLT-1, and the astrocytic enzyme glutamine synthetase. Complementary HPLC assays identified reduction in the tissue levels of the glutamate and GABA precursor glutamine. Together, these findings suggest that VRAC provides vital control of brain excitability in mouse adolescence. VRAC deletion leads to a lethal phenotype involving progressive astrogliosis and dysregulation of astrocytic uptake and supply of amino acid neurotransmitters and their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Preeti Dohare
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Shaina Orbeta
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Julia W Nalwalk
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Yunfei Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, Maine, USA
| | - Rajan Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Annalisa Scimemi
- Department of Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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Santos VR, Melo IS, Pacheco ALD, Castro OWD. Life and death in the hippocampus: What's bad? Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106595. [PMID: 31759972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is crucial for the generation and regulation of several brain functions, including memory and learning processes; however, it is vulnerable to neurological disorders, such as epilepsy. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the most common type of epilepsy, changes the hippocampal circuitry and excitability, under the contribution of both neuronal degeneration and abnormal neurogenesis. Classically, neurodegeneration affects sensitive areas of the hippocampus, such as dentate gyrus (DG) hilus, as well as specific fields of the Ammon's horn, CA3, and CA1. In addition, the proliferation, migration, and abnormal integration of newly generated hippocampal granular cells (GCs) into the brain characterize TLE neurogenesis. Robust studies over the years have intensely discussed the effects of death and life in the hippocampus, though there are still questions to be answered about their possible benefits and risks. Here, we review the impacts of death and life in the hippocampus, discussing its influence on TLE, providing new perspectives or insights for the implementation of new possible therapeutic targets. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Rodrigues Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Igor Santana Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil
| | | | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceio, Brazil.
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Tukker AM, Westerink RHS. Novel test strategies for in vitro seizure liability assessment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:923-936. [PMID: 33595380 PMCID: PMC8367052 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1876026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing incidence of mental illnesses and neurodegenerative diseases results in a high demand for drugs targeting the central nervous system (CNS). These drugs easily reach the CNS, have a high affinity for CNS targets, and are prone to cause seizures as an adverse drug reaction. Current seizure liability assessment heavily depends on in vivo or ex vivo animal models and is therefore ethically debated, labor intensive, expensive, and not always predictive for human risk. AREAS COVERED The demand for CNS drugs urges the development of alternative safety assessment strategies. Yet, the complexity of the CNS hampers reliable detection of compound-induced seizures. This review provides an overview of the requirements of in vitro seizure liability assays and highlights recent advances, including micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings using rodent and human cell models. EXPERT OPINION Successful and cost-effective replacement of in vivo and ex vivo models for seizure liability screening can reduce animal use for drug development, while increasing the predictive value of the assays, particularly if human cell models are used. However, these novel test strategies require further validation and standardization as well as additional refinements to better mimic the human in vivo situation and increase their predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M. Tukker
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, Hall for Discovery and Learning Research (DLR 339), INUSA
| | - Remco H. S. Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sarlo GL, Holton KF. Brain concentrations of glutamate and GABA in human epilepsy: A review. Seizure 2021; 91:213-227. [PMID: 34233236 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance between excitation and inhibition has been a longstanding proposed mechanism regarding ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. This imbalance is related to increased extracellular glutamate in the brain and/or reduction in GABA concentrations, leading to excitotoxicity, seizures, and cell death. This review aims to summarize the microdialysis and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) literature investigating glutamate and GABA concentrations in epilepsy patients, present limitations, and suggest future directions to help direct the search for novel epilepsy treatments. The majority of microdialysis studies demonstrated increased glutamate in epileptic regions either compared to control regions or to baseline levels; however, sample sizes were small, with some statistical comparisons missing. For the MRS research, two of six studies reported significant changes in glutamate levels compared to controls, though the results were mixed, with one reporting increased and the other reporting decreased glutamate levels. Eleven of 20 studies reported significant changes in Glx (glutamate + glutamine) or Glx ratios, with most reporting increased levels, except for a few epilepsy syndromes where reduced levels were reported. Few studies investigated GABA concentrations, with one microdialysis and four spectroscopy studies reporting increased GABA levels, and one study reporting decreased GABA in a different brain region. Based on this review, future research should account for medication use; include measurements of GABA, glutamate, and glutamine; use high-tesla strength MRI; and further evaluate the timing of microdialysis. Understanding the importance of brain glutamate and GABA levels in epilepsy may provide direction for future therapies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle L Sarlo
- Department of Psychology, Behavior, Cognition and Neuroscience Program, American University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Kathleen F Holton
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington DC, United States; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington DC, United States.
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Shi P, Li Z, He T, Li N, Xu X, Yu P, Lu X, Nie J, Liu D, Cai Q, Guan Y, Ge F, Wang J, Guan X. Astrocyte-selective STAT3 knockdown rescues methamphetamine withdrawal-disrupted spatial memory in mice via restoring the astrocytic capacity of glutamate clearance in dCA1. Glia 2021; 69:2404-2418. [PMID: 34110044 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a common abused drug. METH-triggered glutamate (Glu) levels in dorsal CA1 (dCA1) could partially explain the etiology of METH-caused abnormal memory, but the synaptic mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that METH withdrawal disrupted spatial memory in mice, accompanied by the increases in Glu levels and postsynaptic neuronal activities at dCA1 synapses. METH withdrawal weakened the capacity of Glu clearance in astrocytes, as indicated by increasing the A1-like astrocytes and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3), decreasing the Glu transporter 1(GLT-1, also known as EAAT2 or SLC1A2), Glu-aspartate-transporter (GLAST also known as EAAT1 or SLC1A3) and astrocytic glutamine synthase (GS), but failed to affect the presynaptic Glu release from dCA3 within dCA1. Moreover, we identified that in vitro A1-like astrocytes exhibited an increased STAT3 activation and the impaired capacity of Glu clearance. Most importantly, selective knockdown of astrocytic STAT3 in vivo in dCA1 restored the astrocytic capacity of Glu clearance, normalized Glu levels at dCA1 synapses, and finally rescued METH withdrawal-disrupted spatial memory in mice. Thus, astrocytic Glu clearance system, especially STAT3, serves as a novel target for future therapies against METH neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhaosu Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Teng He
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Nanqin Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxun Nie
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dekang Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinglong Cai
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Feifei Ge
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Gobbo D, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F. From Physiology to Pathology of Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Oscillations: Astroglia as a Target for Further Research. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661408. [PMID: 34177766 PMCID: PMC8219957 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrographic hallmark of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and other idiopathic forms of epilepsy are 2.5-4 Hz spike and wave discharges (SWDs) originating from abnormal electrical oscillations of the cortico-thalamo-cortical network. SWDs are generally associated with sudden and brief non-convulsive epileptic events mostly generating impairment of consciousness and correlating with attention and learning as well as cognitive deficits. To date, SWDs are known to arise from locally restricted imbalances of excitation and inhibition in the deep layers of the primary somatosensory cortex. SWDs propagate to the mostly GABAergic nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT) and the somatosensory thalamic nuclei that project back to the cortex, leading to the typical generalized spike and wave oscillations. Given their shared anatomical basis, SWDs have been originally considered the pathological transition of 11-16 Hz bursts of neural oscillatory activity (the so-called sleep spindles) occurring during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, but more recent research revealed fundamental functional differences between sleep spindles and SWDs, suggesting the latter could be more closely related to the slow (<1 Hz) oscillations alternating active (Up) and silent (Down) cortical activity and concomitantly occurring during NREM. Indeed, several lines of evidence support the fact that SWDs impair sleep architecture as well as sleep/wake cycles and sleep pressure, which, in turn, affect seizure circadian frequency and distribution. Given the accumulating evidence on the role of astroglia in the field of epilepsy in the modulation of excitation and inhibition in the brain as well as on the development of aberrant synchronous network activity, we aim at pointing at putative contributions of astrocytes to the physiology of slow-wave sleep and to the pathology of SWDs. Particularly, we will address the astroglial functions known to be involved in the control of network excitability and synchronicity and so far mainly addressed in the context of convulsive seizures, namely (i) interstitial fluid homeostasis, (ii) K+ clearance and neurotransmitter uptake from the extracellular space and the synaptic cleft, (iii) gap junction mechanical and functional coupling as well as hemichannel function, (iv) gliotransmission, (v) astroglial Ca2+ signaling and downstream effectors, (vi) reactive astrogliosis and cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gobbo
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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Sadeghi L, Rizvanov AA, Dabirmanesh B, Salafutdinov II, Sayyah M, Shojaei A, Zahiri J, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Khorsand B, Khajeh K, Fathollahi Y. Proteomic profiling of the rat hippocampus from the kindling and pilocarpine models of epilepsy: potential targets in calcium regulatory network. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8252. [PMID: 33859251 PMCID: PMC8050094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein proteomic profiling of the rat hippocampus from the kindling and pilocarpine models of epilepsy was performed to achieve new potential targets for treating epileptic seizures. A total of 144 differently expressed proteins in both left and right hippocampi by two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption-mass spectrometry were identified across the rat models of epilepsy. Based on network analysis, the majority of differentially expressed proteins were associated with Ca2+ homeostasis. Changes in ADP-ribosyl cyclase (ADPRC), lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (LPAR3), calreticulin, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), synaptosomal nerve-associated protein 25 (SNAP 25) and transgelin 3 proteins were probed by Western blot analysis and validated using immunohistochemistry. Inhibition of calcium influx by 8-Bromo-cADP-Ribose (8-Br-cADPR) and 2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB) which act via the ADPRC and LPAR3, respectively, attenuated epileptic seizures. Considering a wide range of molecular events and effective role of calcium homeostasis in epilepsy, polypharmacy with multiple realistic targets should be further explored to reach the most effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sadeghi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahareh Dabirmanesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shojaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Khorsand
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yaghoub Fathollahi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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37
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El-Sayed SS, El-Yamany MF, Salem HA, El-Sahar AE. New insights into the effects of vinpocetine against neurobehavioral comorbidities in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy via the downregulation of the hippocampal PI3K/mTOR signalling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:626-640. [PMID: 33772295 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As one of the most frequent worldwide neurological disorders, epilepsy is an alteration of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by abnormal increases in neuronal electrical activity. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway has been investigated as an interesting objective in epilepsy research. Vinpocetine (VNP), a synthesized derivative of the apovincamine alkaloid, has been used in different cerebrovascular disorders. This study aimed to examine the modulatory effects of VNP on neurobehavioral comorbidities via the mTOR signalling pathway in a lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pil) rat model of seizures. METHODS In male Wistar rats, seizures were induced with a single administration of pilocarpine (60 mg/kg; i.p.) 20 hours after the delivery of a single dose of lithium (3 mEq/kg; i.p.). VNP (10 mg/kg; i.p.) was administered daily for 14 consecutive days before Li-Pil administration. KEY FINDINGS VNP had a protective effect against Li-Pil-induced seizures. VNP improved both the locomotor and cognitive abilities, moreover, VNP exerted a neuroprotective action, as verified histologically and by its inhibitory effects on hippocampal glutamate excitotoxicity, mTOR pathway, and inflammatory and apoptotic parameters. CONCLUSIONS VNP is a valuable candidate for epilepsy therapy via its modulation of the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis with emphasis on its modulatory effect on mTOR signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham A Salem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
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38
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Binder DK, Steinhäuser C. Astrocytes and Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2687-2695. [PMID: 33661442 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Changes in astrocyte channels, transporters, and metabolism play a critical role in seizure generation and epilepsy. In particular, alterations in astrocyte potassium, glutamate, water and adenosine homeostasis and gap junctional coupling have all been associated with hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis (largely in temporal lobe epilepsy). Distinct astrocytic changes have also been identified in other types of epilepsy, such as tuberous sclerosis, tumor-associated epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy. Together, the emerging literature on astrocytes and epilepsy provides powerful rationale for distinct new therapeutic targets that are astrocyte-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin K Binder
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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39
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Dai D, He L, Chen Y, Zhang C. Astrocyte responses to nanomaterials: Functional changes, pathological changes and potential applications. Acta Biomater 2021; 122:66-81. [PMID: 33326883 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are responsible for regulating and optimizing the functional environment of neurons in the brain and can reduce the adverse impacts of external factors by protecting neurons. However, excessive astrocyte activation upon stimulation may alter their initial protective effect and actually lead to aggravation of injury. Similar to the dual effects of astrocytes in the response to injury within the central nervous system (CNS), nanomaterials (NMs) can have either toxic or beneficial effects on astrocytes, serving to promote injury or inhibit tumors. As the important physiological functions of astrocytes have been gradually revealed, the effects of NMs on astrocytes and the underlying mechanisms have become a new frontier in nanomedicine and neuroscience. This review summarizes the in vitro and in vivo findings regarding the effects of various NMs on astrocytes, focusing on functional alterations and pathological processes in astrocytes, as well as the possible underlying mechanisms. We also emphasize the importance of co-culture models in studying the interaction between NMs and cells of the CNS. Finally, we discuss NMs that have shown promise for application in astrocyte-related diseases and propose some challenges and suggestions for further investigations, with the aim of providing guidance for the widespread application of NMs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Dai
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Longwen He
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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40
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de Melo IS, Dos Santos YMO, Pacheco ALD, Costa MA, de Oliveira Silva V, Freitas-Santos J, de Melo Bastos Cavalcante C, Silva-Filho RC, Leite ACR, Gitaí DGL, Duzzioni M, Sabino-Silva R, Borbely AU, de Castro OW. Role of Modulation of Hippocampal Glucose Following Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1217-1236. [PMID: 33123979 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is defined as continuous and self-sustaining seizures, which trigger hippocampal neurodegeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and energy failure. During SE, the neurons become overexcited, increasing energy consumption. Glucose uptake is increased via the sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) in the hippocampus under epileptic conditions. In addition, modulation of glucose can prevent neuronal damage caused by SE. Here, we evaluated the effect of increased glucose availability in behavior of limbic seizures, memory dysfunction, neurodegeneration process, neuronal activity, and SGLT1 expression. Vehicle (VEH, saline 0.9%, 1 μL) or glucose (GLU; 1, 2 or 3 mM, 1 μL) were administered into hippocampus of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) before or after pilocarpine to induce SE. Behavioral analysis of seizures was performed for 90 min during SE. The memory and learning processes were analyzed by the inhibitory avoidance test. After 24 h of SE, neurodegeneration process, neuronal activity, and SGLT1 expression were evaluated in hippocampal and extrahippocampal regions. Modulation of hippocampal glucose did not protect memory dysfunction followed by SE. Our results showed that the administration of glucose after pilocarpine reduced the severity of seizures, as well as the number of limbic seizures. Similarly, glucose after SE reduced cell death and neuronal activity in hippocampus, subiculum, thalamus, amygdala, and cortical areas. Finally, glucose infusion elevated the SGLT1 expression in hippocampus. Taken together our data suggest that possibly the administration of intrahippocampal glucose protects brain in the earlier stage of epileptogenic processes via an important support of SGLT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Santana de Melo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Maisa Araújo Costa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Jucilene Freitas-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | - Reginaldo Correia Silva-Filho
- Bioenergetics Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Ana Catarina Rezende Leite
- Bioenergetics Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Daniel Góes Leite Gitaí
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Duzzioni
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Urban Borbely
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil.
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41
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Beamer E, Lacey A, Alves M, Conte G, Tian F, de Diego-Garcia L, Khalil M, Rosenow F, Delanty N, Dale N, El-Naggar H, Henshall DC, Engel T. Elevated blood purine levels as a biomarker of seizures and epilepsy. Epilepsia 2021; 62:817-828. [PMID: 33599287 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a major unmet need for a molecular biomarker of seizures or epilepsy that lends itself to fast, affordable detection in an easy-to-use point-of-care device. Purines such as adenosine triphosphate and adenosine are potent neuromodulators released during excessive neuronal activity that are also present in biofluids. Their biomarker potential for seizures and epilepsy in peripheral blood has, however, not yet been investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine whether blood purine nucleoside measurements can serve as a biomarker for the recent occurrence of seizures and to support the diagnosis of epilepsy. METHODS Blood purine concentrations were measured via a point-of-care diagnostic technology based on the summated electrochemical detection of adenosine and adenosine breakdown products (inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine; SMARTChip). Measurements of blood purine concentrations were carried out using samples from mice subjected to intra-amygdala kainic acid-induced status epilepticus and in video-electroencephalogram (EEG)-monitored adult patients with epilepsy. RESULTS In mice, blood purine concentrations were rapidly increased approximately two- to threefold after status epilepticus (2.32 ± .40 µmol·L-1 [control] vs. 8.93 ± 1.03 µmol·L-1 [after status epilepticus]), and levels correlated with seizure burden and postseizure neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. Blood purine concentrations were also elevated in patients with video-EEG-diagnosed epilepsy (2.39 ± .34 µmol·L-1 [control, n = 13] vs. 4.35 ± .38 µmol·L-1 [epilepsy, n = 26]). SIGNIFICANCE Our data provide proof of concept that the measurement of blood purine concentrations may offer a rapid, low-volume bedside test to support the diagnosis of seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Beamer
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Austin Lacey
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giorgia Conte
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Faming Tian
- Sarissa Biomedical, Coventry, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Laura de Diego-Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Khalil
- Neurological Services, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, Marburg, Germany.,Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt on the Main, Germany
| | - Norman Delanty
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,Neurological Services, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Dale
- Sarissa Biomedical, Coventry, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Hany El-Naggar
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,Neurological Services, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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42
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Sears SM, Hewett SJ. Influence of glutamate and GABA transport on brain excitatory/inhibitory balance. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1069-1083. [PMID: 33554649 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221989263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimally functional brain requires both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are regulated and balanced. A perturbation in the excitatory/inhibitory balance-as is the case in some neurological disorders/diseases (e.g. traumatic brain injury Alzheimer's disease, stroke, epilepsy and substance abuse) and disorders of development (e.g. schizophrenia, Rhett syndrome and autism spectrum disorder)-leads to dysfunctional signaling, which can result in impaired cognitive and motor function, if not frank neuronal injury. At the cellular level, transmission of glutamate and GABA, the principle excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system control excitatory/inhibitory balance. Herein, we review the synthesis, release, and signaling of GABA and glutamate followed by a focused discussion on the importance of their transport systems to the maintenance of excitatory/inhibitory balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Ms Sears
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, 2029Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Sandra J Hewett
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, 2029Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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43
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Lissner LJ, Rodrigues L, Wartchow KM, Borba E, Bobermin LD, Fontella FU, Hansen F, Quincozes-Santos A, Souza DOG, Gonçalves CA. Short-Term Alterations in Behavior and Astroglial Function After Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Methylglyoxal in Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:183-196. [PMID: 33095439 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a by-product of glycolysis. In pathological conditions, particularly diabetes mellitus, this molecule is unbalanced, causing widespread protein glycation. In addition to protein glycation, other effects resulting from high levels of MG in the central nervous system may involve the direct modulation of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, with evidence suggesting that the effects of MG may be related to behavioral changes and glial dysfunction. In order to evaluate the direct influence of MG on behavioral and biochemical parameters, we used a high intracerebroventricular final concentration (3 μM/μL) to assess acute effects on memory and locomotor behavior in rats, as well as the underlying alterations in glutamatergic and astroglial parameters. MG induced, 12 h after injection, a decrease in locomotor activity in the Open field and anxiolytic effects in rats submitted to elevated plus-maze. Subsequently, 36 h after surgery, MG injection also induced cognitive impairment in both short and long-term memory, as evaluated by novel object recognition task, and in short-term spatial memory, as evaluated by the Y-maze test. In addition, hippocampal glutamate uptake decreased and glutamine synthetase activity and glutathione levels diminished during seventy-two hours after infusion of MG. Interestingly, the astrocytic protein, S100B, was increased in the cerebrospinal fluid, accompanied by decreased hippocampal S100B mRNA expression, without any change in protein content. Taken together, these results may improve our understanding of how this product of glucose metabolism can induce the brain dysfunction observed in diabetic patients, as well as in other neurodegenerative conditions, and further defines the role of astrocytes in disease and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian Juliana Lissner
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Leticia Rodrigues
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Ederson Borba
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Urruth Fontella
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hansen
- Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Post-Graduate Program, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Gomes Souza
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Biochemistry Post-Graduate Program, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035003, Brazil.
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44
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Abstract
This review explores how different classes of drugs, including those with therapeutic and abuse potential, alter brain functions and behavior via the epigenome. Epigenetics, in its simplest interpretation, is the study of the regulation of a genes' transcriptional potential. The epigenome is established during development but is malleable throughout life by a wide variety of drugs, with both clinical utility and abuse potential. An epigenetic effect can be central to the drug's therapeutic or abuse potential, or it can be independent from the main effect but nevertheless produce beneficial or adverse side effects. Here, I discuss the various epigenetic effects of main pharmacological drug classes, including antidepressants, antiepileptics, and drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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45
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Juvale IIA, Che Has AT. Possible interplay between the theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1998-2026. [PMID: 33306252 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the oldest known neurological disorders and is characterized by recurrent seizure activity. It has a high incidence rate, affecting a broad demographic in both developed and developing countries. Comorbid conditions are frequent in patients with epilepsy and have detrimental effects on their quality of life. Current management options for epilepsy include the use of anti-epileptic drugs, surgery, or a ketogenic diet. However, more than 30% of patients diagnosed with epilepsy exhibit drug resistance to anti-epileptic drugs. Further, surgery and ketogenic diets do little to alleviate the symptoms of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms of pharmacoresistant epilepsy to design newer and more effective anti-epileptic drugs. Several theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy have been suggested over the years, the most common being the gene variant hypothesis, network hypothesis, multidrug transporter hypothesis, and target hypothesis. In our review, we discuss the main theories of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and highlight a possible interconnection between their mechanisms that could lead to the development of novel therapies for pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Imtiyaz Ahmed Juvale
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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46
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Papp A, Horváth T, Igaz N, Gopisetty MK, Kiricsi M, Berkesi DS, Kozma G, Kónya Z, Wilhelm I, Patai R, Polgár TF, Bellák T, Tiszlavicz L, Razga Z, Vezér T. Presence of Titanium and Toxic Effects Observed in Rat Lungs, Kidneys, and Central Nervous System in vivo and in Cultured Astrocytes in vitro on Exposure by Titanium Dioxide Nanorods. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9939-9960. [PMID: 33376320 PMCID: PMC7765755 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s275937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-spherical titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been increasingly applied in various biomedical and technological fields. Their toxicological characterization is, however, less complete than that of roundish nanoparticles. Materials and Methods Anatase form TiO2 nanorods, ca. 15x65 nm in size, were applied to cultured astrocytes in vitro and to the airways of young adult Wistar rats in vivo in 5, 10, and 8 mg/kg BW dose for altogether 28 days. Presence of nanorods and cellular damage was investigated in the astrocytes and in rat lungs and kidneys. Functional damage of the nervous system was studied by electrophysiological methods. Results The treated astrocytes showed loss of viability without detectable apoptosis. In rats, TiO2 nanorods applied to the airways reached the blood and various organs including the lungs, kidneys, and the central nervous system. In lung and kidney samples, nanorods were observed within (partly damaged) phagolysosomes and attached to organelles, and apoptotic cell death was also detected. In cortical and peripheral electrophysiological activity, alterations corresponding to energy shortage (resulting possibly from mitochondrial damage) and astrocytic dysfunction were detected. Local titanium levels and relative weight of the investigated organs, apoptotic cell death in the lungs and kidneys, and changes in the central and peripheral nervous activity were mostly proportional to the applied doses, and viability loss of the cultured astrocytes was also dose-dependent, suggesting causal relationship of treatments and effects. Conclusion Based on localization of the visualized nanorods, on neuro-functional changes, and on literature data, the toxic mechanism involved mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death. These indicate potential human toxicity and occupational risk in case of exposure to rod-shaped TiO2 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Papp
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamara Horváth
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra Igaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mohana Krishna Gopisetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Kiricsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dániel Simon Berkesi
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kozma
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roland Patai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ferenc Polgár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bellák
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Tiszlavicz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Razga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tünde Vezér
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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47
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Astrocytic Connexin43 Channels as Candidate Targets in Epilepsy Treatment. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111578. [PMID: 33233647 PMCID: PMC7699773 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In epilepsy research, emphasis is put on exploring non-neuronal targets such as astrocytic proteins, since many patients remain pharmacoresistant to current treatments, which almost all target neuronal mechanisms. This paper reviews available data on astrocytic connexin43 (Cx43) signaling in seizures and epilepsy. Cx43 is a widely expressed transmembrane protein and the constituent of gap junctions (GJs) and hemichannels (HCs), allowing intercellular and extracellular communication, respectively. A plethora of research papers show altered Cx43 mRNA levels, protein expression, phosphorylation state, distribution and/or functional coupling in human epileptic tissue and experimental models. Human Cx43 mutations are linked to seizures as well, as 30% of patients with oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), a rare genetic condition caused by mutations in the GJA1 gene coding for Cx43 protein, exhibit neurological symptoms including seizures. Cx30/Cx43 double knock-out mice show increased susceptibility to evoked epileptiform events in brain slices due to impaired GJ-mediated redistribution of K+ and glutamate and display a higher frequency of spontaneous generalized chronic seizures in an epilepsy model. Contradictory, Cx30/Cx43 GJs can traffic nutrients to high-energy demanding neurons and initiate astrocytic Ca2+ waves and hyper synchronization, thereby supporting proconvulsant effects. The general connexin channel blocker carbenoxolone and blockers from the fenamate family diminish epileptiform activity in vitro and improve seizure outcome in vivo. In addition, interventions with more selective peptide inhibitors of HCs display anticonvulsant actions. To conclude, further studies aiming to disentangle distinct roles of HCs and GJs are necessary and tools specifically targeting Cx43 HCs may facilitate the search for novel epilepsy treatments.
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48
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Wang X, Xu Z, Zhao F, Lin KJ, Foster JB, Xiao T, Kung N, Askwith CC, Bruno JP, Valentini V, Hodgetts KJ, Lin CLG. Restoring tripartite glutamatergic synapses: A potential therapy for mood and cognitive deficits in Gulf War illness. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100240. [PMID: 33344696 PMCID: PMC7739039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gulf War illness is associated with a combination of exposure to war-related chemical agents and traumatic stress. Currently, there are no effective treatments, and the pathophysiology remains elusive. Neurological problems are among the most commonly reported symptoms. In this study, we investigated the glutamatergic system in the hippocampi of mice exposed to war-related chemical agents and stress. Mice developed Gulf War illness-like symptoms, including mood deficits, cognitive impairments, and fatigue. They exhibited the following pathological changes in hippocampi: elevated extracellular glutamate levels, impaired glutamatergic synapses, astrocyte atrophy, loss of interneurons, and decreased neurogenesis. LDN/OSU-215111 is a small-molecule that can strengthen the structure and function of both the astrocytic processes and the glutamatergic synapses that together form the tripartite synapses. We found that LDN/OSU-215111 effectively prevented the development of mood and cognitive deficits in mice when treatment was implemented immediately following the exposure. Moreover, when symptoms were already present, LDN/OSU-215111 still significantly ameliorated these deficits; impressively, benefits were sustained one month after treatment cessation, indicating disease modification. LDN/OSU-215111 effectively normalized hippocampal pathological changes. Overall, this study provides strong evidence that restoration of tripartite glutamatergic synapses by LDN/OSU-215111 is a potential therapy for Gulf War illness.
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Key Words
- BBB, Blood brain barrier
- CA, Cornu ammonis
- DCX, Doublecortin
- DEET, N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide
- DG, Dentate gyrus
- EAAT2, Excitatory amino acid transporter 2
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GWI, gulf war illness
- Gulf war illness
- LTP, Long term potentiation
- Mood deficits and cognitive impairments
- PB, Pyridostigmine bromide
- PSD95, Postsynaptic density protein 95
- PV, Parvalbumin
- TBS, Theta burst stimulation
- Therapy
- Traumatic stress
- Tripartite glutamatergic synapses
- fEPSP, field excitatory postsynaptic potentials
- sEPSC/mEPSC, Spontaneous/miniature excitatory postsynaptic current
- sIPSC/mIPSC, Spontaneous/miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current
- vGAT, Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
- vGLUT1, Vesicular glutamate transporter 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zan Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Fangli Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kuanhung J. Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joshua B. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tianqi Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nydia Kung
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Candice C. Askwith
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John P. Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Valentina Valentini
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Kevin J. Hodgetts
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chien-liang Glenn Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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49
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Moreira JD, Siqueira LV, Müller AP, Porciúncula LO, Vinadé L, Souza DO. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids prevent neonatal seizure-induced early alterations in the hippocampal glutamatergic system and memory deficits in adulthood. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1066-1077. [PMID: 33107813 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1837569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the influence of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on glutamatergic system modulation after a single episode of neonatal seizures and their possible effects on seizure-induced long-lasting behavioral deficits. METHODS Male Wistar rats receiving an omega-3 diet (n-3) or an n-3 deficient diet (D) from the prenatal period were subjected to a kainate-induced seizure model at P7. Glutamate transporter activity and immunocontents (GLT-1 and GLAST) were assessed in the hippocampus at 12, 24, and 48 h after the seizure episode. Fluorescence intensity for glial cells (GFAP) and neurons (NeuN) was assessed 24 h after seizure in the hippocampus. Behavioral analysis (elevated-plus maze and inhibitory avoidance memory task) was performed at 60 days of age. RESULTS The D group showed a decrease in glutamate uptake 24 h after seizure. In this group only, the GLT1 content increased at 12 h, followed by a decrease at 24 h. GLAST increased up to 24 h after seizure. GFAP fluorescence was higher, and NeuN fluorescence decreased, in the D group independent of seizures. In adulthood, the D group presented memory deficits independent of seizures, but short-term memory (1.5 h after a training session) was abolished in the D group treated with kainate. SIGNIFICANCE N-3 PUFA positively influenced the glutamatergic system during seizure and prevented seizure-related memory deficits in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia D Moreira
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Translational Nutrition Neuroscience Working Group, Health Science Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vicari Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Science - Biochemistry, Basic Health Science Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre P Müller
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Health Science Centre, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lisiane O Porciúncula
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Science - Biochemistry, Basic Health Science Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Vinadé
- Master Graduation Program in Biological Sciences (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas), Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Science - Biochemistry, Basic Health Science Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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50
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Kim YS, Choi J, Yoon BE. Neuron-Glia Interactions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102176. [PMID: 32992620 PMCID: PMC7601502 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed synaptic dysfunction to be a hallmark of various psychiatric diseases, and that glial cells participate in synapse formation, development, and plasticity. Glial cells contribute to neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis, the latter being essential for maintaining the physiological function of the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, glial cells undergo gliotransmission and regulate neuronal activity in tripartite synapses via ion channels (gap junction hemichannel, volume regulated anion channel, and bestrophin-1), receptors (for neurotransmitters and cytokines), or transporters (GLT-1, GLAST, and GATs) that are expressed on glial cell membranes. In this review, we propose that dysfunction in neuron-glia interactions may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of neuron-glia interaction for synapse formation and maturation will contribute to the development of novel therapeutic targets of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (Y.S.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Juwon Choi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (Y.S.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; (Y.S.K.); (J.C.)
- Department of Nanobiomedical science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-529-6085
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