1
|
Chen Z, Ding H, Zhu H, Huang S, Yan C, Chen ZY. Additional mechanism for selective absorption of cholesterol and phytosterols. Food Chem 2024; 458:140300. [PMID: 38964108 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Phytosterols are structurally similar to cholesterol but they are much less absorbed (<2%) than cholesterol (>50%) in the intestine. We hypothesize that phytosterols are poor substrates of intestinal acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), and thus minimal phytosterol esters are formed and packed into chylomicrons, leading to their low absorption. Two isotope tracing models, including a radioactive hamster microsomal ACAT2 reaction model and a differentiated Caco-2 cell model, were established to examine the specificity of ACAT2 to various sterols, including cholesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol. Both models consistently demonstrated that only cholesterol but not phytosterols could be efficiently esterified by ACAT2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking further suggested that unfavorable interactions existed between ACAT2 and phytosterols. In conclusion, phytosterols are poor substrates of ACAT2 and thus minimally absorbed. This work provides a theoretical basis for the use of phytosterol-based supplements in treating dyslipidemia and preventing heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Huafang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouhe Huang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Chi Yan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China..
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang W, Tian Y, Yang M, Mauck J, Loor JJ, Jia B, Wang S, Fan W, Li Z, Zhang B, Xu C. β-sitosterol alleviates high fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation in calf hepatocytes by regulating cholesterol metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106543. [PMID: 38740074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
A significant reduction in plasma concentration of cholesterol during early lactation is a common occurrence in high-yielding dairy cows. An insufficient synthesis of cholesterol in the liver has been linked to lipid accumulation caused by high concentrations of fatty acids during negative energy balance (NEB). As ruminant diets do not provide quantitative amounts of cholesterol for absorption, phytosterols such as β-sitosterol may serve to mitigate the shortfall in cholesterol within the liver during NEB. To gain mechanistic insights, primary hepatocytes were isolated from healthy female 1-day old calves for in vitro studies with or without 1.2 mM fatty acids (FA) to induce metabolic stress. Furthermore, hepatocytes were treated with 50 μM β-sitosterol with or without FA. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with subsequent Bonferroni correction. Results revealed that calf hepatocytes treated with FA had greater content of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triacylglycerol (TAG), and greater mRNA and protein abundance of the lipid synthesis-related SREBF1 and FASN. In contrast, mRNA and protein of CPT1A (fatty acid oxidation) and the cholesterol metabolism-related targets SREBF2, HMGCR, ACAT2, APOA1, ABCA1 and ABCG5 was lower. Content of the antioxidant-related glutathione (GSH) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) also was lower. Compared with FA challenge alone, 50 μM β-sitosterol led to greater mRNA and protein abundance of SREBF2, HMGCR, ACAT2 and ABCG5, and greater content of GSH and activity of SOD. In contrast, compared with the FA group, the mRNA and protein abundance of SREBF1 and ACC1 and the content of TAG and NEFA in the β-sitosterol + FA group were lower. Overall, β-sitosterol can promote cholesterol metabolism and reduce oxidative stress while reducing lipid accumulation in hepatocytes challenged with high concentrations of fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yan Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Mingmao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - John Mauck
- Mammalian Nutri Physio Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian Nutri Physio Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 163005, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Wenwen Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zhendong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao J, Lv D, Wu Z, Sun Z, Sun X, Liu S, Tan Z, Zhu W, Cheng Y. Dietary phytosterols improves the metabolic status of perinatal cows as evidenced by plasma metabolomics and faecal microbial metabolism. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1759-1769. [PMID: 38665074 PMCID: PMC11366515 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research reported that dietary addition with phytosterols improved the energy utilisation of the rumen microbiome, suggesting its potential to alleviate the negative energy balance of perinatal cows. This experiment aimed to explore the effects of feeding phytosterols on the metabolic status of perinatal cows through plasma metabolomics and faecal bacteria metabolism. METHODS Ten perinatal Holstein cows (multiparous, 2 parities) with a similar calving date were selected four weeks before calving. After 7 days for adaptation, cows were allocated to two groups (n = 5), which respectively received the basal rations supplementing commercial phytosterols at 0 and 200 mg/d during a 42-day experiment. The milk yield of each cow was recorded daily after calving. On days 1 and 42, blood and faeces samples were all collected from perinatal cows before morning feeding for analysing plasma biochemicals and metabolome, and faecal bacteria metabolism. RESULTS Dietary addition with phytosterols at 200 mg/d had no effects on plasma cholesterol and numerically increased milk yield by 1.82 kg/d (p>0.10) but attenuated their negative energy balance in perinatal cows as observed from the significantly decreased plasma level of β-hydroxybutyric acid (p = 0.002). Dietary addition with phytosterols significantly altered 12 and 15 metabolites (p<0.05) within the plasma and faeces of perinatal cows, respectively. Of these metabolites, 5 upregulated plasma fatty acids indicated an improved energy status (i.e., C18:1T, C14:0, C17:0, C18:0, and C16:0). Milk yield negatively correlated with plasma concentrations of ketone bodies (p = 0.035) and 5-methoxytryptamine (p = 0.039). Furthermore, dietary addition with phytosterols at 200 mg/d had no effects on fermentation characteristics and bacterial diversity of cow faeces (p>0.10) but improved potentially beneficial bacteria such as Christensenellaceae family (p<0.05) that positively correlated with feed efficiency. CONCLUSION Dietary addition with phytosterols at 200 mg/d could effectively improve the energy status in perinatal cows by attenuating their negative energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Donghai Lv
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zichen Wu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhanying Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoni Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Suozhu Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
| | - Zhankun Tan
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Centre for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brañes MC, Gillet R, Valenzuela R. Nuclear receptors behind the therapeutic effects of plant sterols on metabolism: A review. Lipids 2024. [PMID: 39077818 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Plant sterols are known for their hypocholesterolemic action, and the molecular mechanisms behind this within the gut have been extensively discussed and demonstrated to the point that there is a degree of consensus. However, recent studies show that these molecules exert an additional umbrella of therapeutic effects in other tissues, which are related to immune function, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. A strong hypothesis to explain these effects is the structural relationship between plant sterols and the ligands of a group of nuclear receptors. This review delves into the molecular aspects of therapeutic effects related with lipid and energy metabolism that have been observed and demonstrated for plant sterols, and turns the perspective to explore the involvement of nuclear receptors as part of these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu W, Ma X, Chen R, Fan J, Ye W, Chen Z, Huang Q, Qian L. Effects of Phytosterol Ester Supplementation on Egg Characteristics, Eggshell Ultrastructure, Antioxidant Capacity, Liver Function and Hepatic Metabolites of Laying Hens during Peak Laying Period. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:458. [PMID: 38671906 PMCID: PMC11047565 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary Phytosterol Ester (PSE) supplementation on egg characteristics, eggshell ultrastructure, antioxidant capacity, liver function, hepatic metabolites, and its mechanism of action in Hy-Line Brown laying hens during peak laying period. A total of 256 healthy Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly allocated into four groups. The hens in the control group were fed a basal diet, while those in the experimental groups were fed a basal diet further supplemented with 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg PSE, respectively. It was found that the addition of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg PSE to the diets increased egg weight, but decreased egg breaking strength (p < 0.05). The addition of PSEs to the diets increased albumen height and Haugh unit in all experimental groups (p < 0.05). Electron microscopic observation revealed that the mammillary thickness increased significantly at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg, but the total thickness decreased, and the effective thickness also thinned (p < 0.05). The mammillary width narrowed in all experimental groups (p < 0.001). Dietary supplementation with 40 mg/kg PSE significantly increased egg yolk Phenylalanine, Leucine, and Isoleucine levels (p < 0.05). In untargeted liver metabolomic analyses, L-Phenylalanine increased significantly in all experimental groups. Leucyl-Lysine, Glutamyl-Leucyl-Arginine, and L-Tryptophan increased significantly at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg (p < 0.05), and L-Tyrosine increased significantly at doses of 10 and 40 mg/kg (p = 0.033). Aspartyl-Isoleucine also increased significantly at a dose of 10 mg/kg (p = 0.044). The concentration of total protein in the liver was significantly higher at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg than that of the control group, and the concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The concentration of triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase were significantly reduced in all experimental groups (p < 0.05). Steatosis and hemorrhage in the liver were also improved by observing the H&E-stained sections of the liver. Concerning the antioxidant capacity in the liver, malondialdehyde concentration was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at a dose of 40 mg/kg. In the ovary, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide concentrations were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). In all the experimental groups, plasma nitric oxide concentration was significantly decreased while superoxide dismutase was significantly increased, and total antioxidant capacity concentration was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the 10 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg doses. Metabolomics analyses revealed that PSEs play a role in promoting protein synthesis by promoting Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism, among other pathways. This study showed that the dietary addition of PSEs improved egg characteristics, antioxidant capacity, liver function, and symptoms of fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in Hy-Line Brown laying hens at peak laying stage. The changes in liver metabolism suggest that the mechanism of action may be related to pathways such as Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PSEs are safe and effective dietary additives as an alternative to antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.W.); (X.M.); (Q.H.)
| | - Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.W.); (X.M.); (Q.H.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; (R.C.); (W.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jinghui Fan
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310004, China;
| | - Wenxin Ye
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; (R.C.); (W.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; (R.C.); (W.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Qixin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.W.); (X.M.); (Q.H.)
| | - Lichun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (W.W.); (X.M.); (Q.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jefrei E, Xu M, Moore JB, Thorne JL. Phytosterol and phytostanol-mediated epigenetic changes in cancer and other non-communicable diseases: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:935-943. [PMID: 37955052 PMCID: PMC10876456 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols/phytostanols are bioactive compounds found in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds and added to a range of commercial food products. Consumption of phytosterols/phytostanols reduces levels of circulating LDL-cholesterol, a causative biomarker of CVD, and is linked to a reduced risk of some cancers. Individuals who consume phytosterols/phytostanols in their diet may do so for many years as part of a non-pharmacological route to lower cholesterol or as part of a healthy diet. However, the impact of long term or high intakes of dietary phytosterols/phytostanols has not been on whole-body epigenetic changes before. The aim of this systematic review was to identify all publications that have evaluated changes to epigenetic mechanisms (post-translation modification of histones, DNA methylation and miRNA expression) in response to phytosterols/phytostanols. A systematic search was performed that returned 226 records, of which eleven were eligible for full-text analysis. Multiple phytosterols were found to inhibit expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes and were also predicted to directly bind and impair HDAC activity. Phytosterols were found to inhibit the expression and activity of DNA methyl transferase enzyme 1 and reverse cancer-associated gene silencing. Finally, phytosterols have been shown to regulate over 200 miRNA, although only five of these were reported in multiple publications. Five tissue types (breast, prostate, macrophage, aortic epithelia and lung) were represented across the studies, and although phytosterols/phytostanols alter the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance in these mammalian cells, studies exploring meiotic or transgenerational inheritance were not found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emtenan Jefrei
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mengfan Xu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - James L. Thorne
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spinedi M, Clark C, Zullo L, Kerksiek A, Pistis G, Castelao E, von Gunten A, Preisig M, Lütjohann D, Popp J. Cholesterol-metabolism, plant sterols, and long-term cognitive decline in older people - Effects of sex and APOEe4. iScience 2024; 27:109013. [PMID: 38327787 PMCID: PMC10847741 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative, vascular, and dementia diseases are linked to dysregulations in cholesterol metabolism. Dietary plant sterols, or phytosterols, may interfere to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline, and have cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities. Here, we investigated the potential associations between circulating cholesterol precursors and metabolites, triglycerides, and phytosterols with cognitive decline in older people by performing multivariate analysis on 246 participants engaged in a population-based prospective study. In our analysis we considered the potential effect of sex and APOEe4. We reveal particular dysregulations of diet-derived phytosterols and endogenous cholesterol synthesis and metabolism, and their variations over time linked to cognitive decline in the general population. These results are significant to the development of interventions to avoid cognitive decline in older adults and suggest that levels of circulating sterols should be taken into account when evaluating risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Spinedi
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Clark
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Zullo
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enrique Castelao
- Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Armin von Gunten
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Preisig
- Psychiatric Epidemiology and Psychopathology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julius Popp
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Service of Old Age Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Liu B, Hu Y, Sampson L, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Sun Q. Phytosterol intake and risk of coronary artery disease: Results from 3 prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:344-353. [PMID: 38042410 PMCID: PMC10884604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytosterols are structurally similar to cholesterol and partially inhibit intestinal absorption of cholesterol, although their impact on coronary artery disease (CAD) risk remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to prospectively assess the associations between total and individual phytosterol intake and CAD risk in United States health professionals. METHODS The analysis included 213,992 participants from 3 prospective cohorts-the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study-without cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire every 2-4 y since baseline. Associations between phytosterol intake and the risk of CAD, such as nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CAD, were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS More than 5,517,993 person-years, 8725 cases with CAD were documented. Comparing extreme quintiles, pooled hazard ratios (95% CIs) of CAD were 0.93 (0.86, 1.01; P-trend = 0.16) for total phytosterols, 0.89 (0.82, 0.96; P-trend = 0.05) for campesterol, 0.95 (0.88, 1.02; P-trend = 0.10) for stigmasterol, and 0.92 (0.85, 1.00; P-trend = 0.09) for β-sitosterol. Nonlinear associations were observed for total phytosterols, campesterol, and β-sitosterol: the risk reduction plateaued at intakes above ∼180, 30, and 130 mg/d, respectively (P-nonlinearity < 0.001). In a subset of participants (N range between 11,983 and 22,039), phytosterol intake was inversely associated with plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and IL-6 and positively associated with adiponectin, whereas no significant associations were observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or C-reactive protein concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Higher long-term intake of total and major subtypes of phytosterols may be associated with a modest reduction in CAD risk, displaying a nonlinear relationship that plateau at moderate intake levels. The role of phytosterols in preventing CAD warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Binkai Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang M, Yu M, Amrouche AT, Jie F, Ji S, Lu B. Human intestinal Caco-2 cell model to evaluate the absorption of 7-ketophytosterols and their effects on cholesterol transport. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
|
10
|
Xin Y, Li X, Zhu X, Lin X, Luo M, Xiao Y, Ruan Y, Guo H. Stigmasterol Protects Against Steatohepatitis Induced by High-Fat and High-Cholesterol Diet in Mice by Enhancing the Alternative Bile Acid Synthesis Pathway. J Nutr 2023; 153:1903-1914. [PMID: 37269906 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic cholesterol accumulation is a significant risk factor in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to steatohepatitis. However, the precise mechanism by which stigmasterol (STG) mitigates this process remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism underlying the protective effect of STG in mice with NAFLD progressing to steatohepatitis while being fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFHC diet for 16 wk to establish the NAFLD model. Subsequently, the mice received STG or a vehicle via oral gavage while continuing the HFHC diet for an additional 10 wk. The study evaluated hepatic lipid deposition and inflammation as well as the expression of key rate-limiting enzymes involved in the bile acid (BA) synthesis pathways. BAs in the colonic contents were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared with the vehicle control group, STG significantly reduced hepatic cholesterol accumulation (P < 0.01) and suppressed the gene expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-18 (P < 0.05) in the livers of HFHC diet-fed mice. The total fecal BA content in the STG group was nearly double that of the vehicle control group. Additionally, the administration of STG increased the concentrations of representative hydrophilic BAs in the colonic contents (P < 0.05) along with the upregulation of gene and protein expression of CYP7B1 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, STG enhanced the α-diversity of the gut microbiota and partially reversed the alterations in the relative abundance of the gut microbiota induced by the HFHC diet. CONCLUSIONS STG mitigates steatohepatitis by enhancing the alternative pathway for BA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Lin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mengliu Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yunjun Xiao
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongdui Ruan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kirkpatrick CF, Sikand G, Petersen KS, Anderson CAM, Aspry KE, Bolick JP, Kris-Etherton PM, Maki KC. Nutrition interventions for adults with dyslipidemia: A Clinical Perspective from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:428-451. [PMID: 37271600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle habits can have a profound impact on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. The National Lipid Association previously published recommendations for lifestyle therapies to manage dyslipidemia. This Clinical Perspective provides an update with a focus on nutrition interventions for the three most common dyslipidemias in adults: 1) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) elevation; 2) triglyceride (TG) elevation, including severe hypertriglyceridemia with chylomicronemia; and 3) combined dyslipidemia, with elevations in both LDL-C and TG levels. Lowering LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are the primary objectives for reducing ASCVD risk. With severe TG elevation (≥500 mg/dL), the primary objective is to prevent pancreatitis and ASCVD risk reduction is secondary. Nutrition interventions that lower LDL-C levels include reducing cholesterol-raising fatty acids and dietary cholesterol, as well as increasing intakes of unsaturated fatty acids, plant proteins, viscous fibers, and reducing adiposity for patients with overweight or obesity. Selected dietary supplements may be employed as dietary adjuncts. Nutrition interventions for all patients with elevated TG levels include restricting intakes of alcohol, added sugars, and refined starches. Additional lifestyle factors that reduce TG levels are participating in daily physical activity and reducing adiposity in patients with overweight or obesity. For patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, an individualized approach is essential. Nutrition interventions for addressing concurrent elevations in LDL-C and TG include a combination of the strategies described for lowering LDL-C and TG. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended to facilitate success in making and sustaining dietary changes and the assistance of a registered dietitian nutritionist is highly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol F Kirkpatrick
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Addison, IL, USA; Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Geeta Sikand
- University of California Irvine Heart Disease Prevention Program, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Cheryl A M Anderson
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen E Aspry
- Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Addison, IL, USA; Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao Y, Xun R, Xia J, Xia H, Sun G. Effects of phytosterol supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2023; 14:2969-2997. [PMID: 36891733 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03663k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs) have been reported to improve blood lipids in patients with hypercholesterolemia for many years. However, meta-analyses of the effects of phytosterols on lipid profiles are limited and incomplete. A systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to March 2022 was conducted according to the 2020 preferred reporting items of the guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. These included studies of people with hypercholesterolemia, comparing foods or preparations containing PSs with controls. Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were used to estimate continuous outcomes for individual studies. The results showed that in patients with hypercholesterolemia, taking a diet containing a certain dose of plant sterol significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (TC: Weight Mean Difference (WMD) [95% CI] = -0.37 [-0.41, -0.34], p < 0.001; LDL-C: WMD [95% CI] = -0.34 [-0.37, -0.30], p < 0.001). In contrast, PSs had no effect on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or triglycerides (TGs) (HDL-C: WMD [95% CI] = 0.00 [-0.01, 0.02], p = 0.742; TG: WMD [95% CI] = -0.01 [-0.04, 0.01], p = 0.233). Also, a significant effect of supplemental dose on LDL-C levels was observed in a nonlinear dose-response analysis (p-nonlinearity = 0.024). Our findings suggest that dietary phytosterols can help reduce TC and LDL-C concentrations in hypercholesterolemia patients without affecting HDL-C and TG concentrations. And the effect may be affected by the food substrate, dose, esterification, intervention cycle and region. The dose of phytosterol is an important factor affecting the level of LDL-C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ruilong Xun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jiayue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China. .,China-DRIs Expert Committee on Other Dietary Ingredients, Beijing 100052, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ling FW, Abdulbari HA, Sim-Yee C, Mahmood WK. Synthesis of biocatalyst in microfluidic reactor for β-sitosterol esterification. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2023.2183122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona W.M Ling
- Oil and Gas Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Chin Sim-Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Wafaa K. Mahmood
- Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shen J, Liu Y, Wang X, Bai J, Lin L, Luo F, Zhong H. A Comprehensive Review of Health-Benefiting Components in Rapeseed Oil. Nutrients 2023; 15:999. [PMID: 36839357 PMCID: PMC9962526 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed oil is the third most consumed culinary oil in the world. It is well-known for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which make it of great nutritional value. There is increasing evidence that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids offers health benefits. Although the consumption of rapeseed oil cuts across many areas around the world, the nutritional elements of rapeseed oil and the exact efficacy of the nutrients remain unclear. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest studies on functional rapeseed components to ascertain which component of canola oil contributes to its function. Apart from unsaturated fatty acids, there are nine functional components in rapeseed oil that contribute to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, among others. These nine functional components are vitamin E, flavonoids, squalene, carotenoids, glucoraphanin, indole-3-Carbinol, sterols, phospholipids, and ferulic acid, which themselves or their derivatives have health-benefiting properties. This review sheds light on the health-benefiting effects of rapeseed oil in the hope of further development of functional foods from rapeseed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- The Research and Development Department, Hunan Jinjian Cereals Industry, Changde 415001, China
| | - Yejia Liu
- The Research and Development Department, Hunan Jinjian Cereals Industry, Changde 415001, China
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415006, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jie Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Lizhong Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- The Research and Development Department, Hunan Jinjian Cereals Industry, Changde 415001, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Haiyan Zhong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ithnin M, Othman A, Tahir NIM, Banisetti KB, Abd Halim MA, Rajesh MK. Oil Palm: Genome Designing for Improved Nutritional Quality. COMPENDIUM OF CROP GENOME DESIGNING FOR NUTRACEUTICALS 2023:1-41. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-3627-2_22-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
16
|
Chaijan M, Panpipat W, Cheong LZ. Chemical Indices and Kinetic Evaluation of β-Sitosteryl Oleate Oxidation in a Model System of Bulk Oil. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227833. [PMID: 36431934 PMCID: PMC9697817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about the safety and tolerability of phytosterol esters due to their vulnerability to oxidation. Herein, oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acid-phytosterol ester, namely β-sitosteryl oleate, was observed in comparison to native β-sitosterol after accelerated storage at 65 °C for 35 days in a bulk oil model system. Depending on the sterol structure, various chemical indices of lipid oxidation, including hydroperoxide value (HPV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), p-anisidine value (AnV), and 7-keto derivatives, changed at varying rates in both samples. Such indicators for β-sitosteryl oleate appeared to be obtained at higher concentrations than those for β-sitosterol. The first order kinetic was used to describe the losses of β-sitosteryl oleate and β-sitosterol in bulk oil. It was discovered that the β-sitosteryl oleate (k = 0.0202 day-1) underwent oxidative alteration more rapidly than β-sitosterol (k = 0.0099 day-1). Results indicated that physical structure was the principal factor in the determination of storage stability of phytosterol and its ester. Research on antioxidants and storage techniques can be expanded in order to reduce the oxidative loss of phytosterol esters during storage and improve the safety and tolerability of phytosterol esters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manat Chaijan
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Worawan Panpipat
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-7567-2319; Fax: +66-7567-2302
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Y, Liu C, Kou X, Wang Y, Yu Y, Zhen N, Jiang J, Zhaxi P, Xue Z. Synergistic Hypolipidemic Effects and Mechanisms of Phytochemicals: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:2774. [PMID: 36140902 PMCID: PMC9497508 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, a chronic disorder of abnormal lipid metabolism, can induce obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Increasing evidence indicates that phytochemicals may serve as a promising strategy for the prevention and management of hyperlipidemia and its complications. At the same time, the concept of synergistic hypolipidemic and its application in the food industry is rapidly increasing as a practical approach to preserve and improve the health-promoting effects of functional ingredients. The current review focuses on the effects of single phytochemicals on hyperlipidemia and its mechanisms. Due to the complexity of the lipid metabolism regulatory network, the synergistic regulation of different metabolic pathways or targets may be more effective than single pathways or targets in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. This review summarizes for the first time the synergistic hypolipidemic effects of different combinations of phytochemicals such as combinations of the same category of phytochemicals and combinations of different categories of phytochemicals. In addition, based on the different metabolic pathways or targets involved in synergistic effects, the possible mechanisms of synergistic hypolipidemic effects of the phytochemical combination are illustrated in this review. Hence, this review provides clues to boost more phytochemical synergistic hypolipidemic research and provides a theoretical basis for the development of phytochemicals with synergistic effects on hyperlipidemia and its complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Chunlong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Dynamiker Biotechnology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Xiaohong Kou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yumeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ni Zhen
- Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Jingyu Jiang
- Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Puba Zhaxi
- Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Zhaohui Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wilcox MD, Chater PI, Stanforth KJ, Williams R, Brownlee IA, Pearson JP. A Pilot Pre and Post 4 Week Intervention Evaluating the Effect of a Proprietary, Powdered, Plant Based Food on Micronutrient Status, Dietary Intake, and Markers of Health in a Healthy Adult Population. Front Nutr 2022; 9:945622. [PMID: 35903454 PMCID: PMC9315961 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.945622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A "balanced, adequate, and varied diet" is recommended as the basis of nutritionally sound diet by the World Health Organisation and national public health agencies. Huel is a proprietary, on-the-go, powdered, plant based food, providing all 26 essential vitamins and minerals, protein, essential fats, carbohydrate, fibre, and phytonutrients. Objectives Assessing the effect of solely consuming Huel on micronutrient status, dietary intake and markers of health was achieved through a 4-week intervention of solely Huel powder. Methods Habitual energy intake was assessed through a one-week lead in period with healthy adult participants (aged 18 or over) logging their food intake, after which only Huel was consumed for 4 weeks. Blood samples and body composition was assessed before and after the lead in week as well the end of the intervention. Thirty participants were recruited with 20 (11 females, median age 31, range 22-44) completing the study, 19 sets of blood samples were collected. 22 blood markers were analysed along with weight, BMI, waist circumference, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and body composition. All blood micronutrients, except for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and choline were sent to Royal Victoria Infirmary NHS, Newcastle Laboratory (Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom) for analysis. Results Fourteen of the parameters significantly changed over the course of the study with circulating haemoglobin, iron, vitamins B12 and D as well as selenium significantly increasing (p < 0.05). HbA1c, total and non-HDL cholesterol, vitamins A and E, potassium, BMI, VAT, and waist circumference all significantly decreased (p < 0.05) post intervention. Conclusion Although energy intake decreased during the intervention period, the adherence to recommended micronutrient intake, as quantified by the dietary Total Adherence Score, significantly increased which tallies with the preservation or improvement of micronutrient status. This study potentially demonstrates that consuming only Huel for 4 weeks does not negatively affect micronutrient status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Wilcox
- Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,Aelius Biotech Ltd., The Biosphere, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Matthew D. Wilcox,
| | - Peter I. Chater
- Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,Aelius Biotech Ltd., The Biosphere, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle J. Stanforth
- Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,Aelius Biotech Ltd., The Biosphere, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iain A. Brownlee
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey P. Pearson
- Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,Aelius Biotech Ltd., The Biosphere, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Protic O, Di Pillo R, Montesanto A, Galeazzi R, Matacchione G, Giuliani A, Sabbatinelli J, Gurău F, Silvestrini A, Olivieri F, Antonicelli R, Bonfigli AR. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Test the Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination Monacolin K-Free on the Lipid and Inflammatory Profile of Subjects with Hypercholesterolemia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142812. [PMID: 35889769 PMCID: PMC9324786 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutraceutical combinations (NCs) against hypercholesterolemia are increasing in the marketplace. However, the availability of NCs without monacolin K is scarce even though the statin-intolerant population needs it. METHODS This study is a parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. We evaluated the effects of the NC containing phytosterols, bergamot, olive fruits, and vitamin K2 on lipid profile and inflammatory biomarkers in 118 subjects (mean age ± SD, 57.9 ± 8.8 years; 49 men and 69 women) with hypercholesterolemia (mean total cholesterol ± SD, 227.4 ± 20.8 mg/dL) without clinical history of cardiovascular diseases. At baseline and 6 and 12 weeks of treatment, we evaluated lipid profile (total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), safety (liver, kidney, and muscle parameters), and inflammatory biomarkers such as hs-CRP, leukocytes, interleukin-32, and interleukin-38 and inflammatory-microRNAs (miRs) miR-21, miR-126, and miR-146a. RESULTS Compared to the placebo, at 6 and 12 weeks, NC did not significantly reduce total cholesterol (p = 0.083), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.150), and triglycerides (p = 0.822). No changes were found in hs-CRP (p = 0.179), interleukin-32 (p = 0.587), interleukin-38 (p = 0.930), miR-21 (p = 0.275), miR-126 (p = 0.718), miR-146a (p = 0.206), myoglobin (p = 0.164), and creatine kinase (p = 0.376). Among the two reported, only one adverse event was probably related to the nutraceutical treatment. CONCLUSIONS The evaluated nutraceutical combination did not change serum lipid profile and inflammatory parameters, at least not with the daily dose applied in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Protic
- Cardiology Unit, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy; (O.P.); (R.D.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Raffaele Di Pillo
- Cardiology Unit, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy; (O.P.); (R.D.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Roberta Galeazzi
- Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostic, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Giulia Matacchione
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Angelica Giuliani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Jacopo Sabbatinelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Felicia Gurău
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Andrea Silvestrini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.); (J.S.); (F.G.); (A.S.); (F.O.)
- Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Antonicelli
- Cardiology Unit, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy; (O.P.); (R.D.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Anna Rita Bonfigli
- Scientific Direction, Italian National Research Center on Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60127 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang Y, Lin L, Zhao M, Yang X. The hypoglycemic and hypolipemic potentials of Moringa oleifera leaf polysaccharide and polysaccharide-flavonoid complex. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:518-529. [PMID: 35523361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Moringa oleifera leaf (MOL) flavonoids (MOLF) with strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and MOL polysaccharides (MOLP) with strong cholic acid-binding capacity were efficiently prepared by two-stage extraction method and mixed in a certain proportion for development of MOL highly-processed products with hypoglycemic and hypolipemic potentials. Quercetin-3-O-glucoside (6.86%) and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (4.02%) were identified as the main components of MOLF. MOLP constructed by galactose, arabinose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid possessed the strongest effects on delaying glucose diffusion and dialysis, delaying starch digestion, binding bile acids and inhibiting cholesterol micelle solubility, being the best MOL highly-processed products for regulating carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption. MOLF and MOLP had synergistic effect on delaying glucose diffusion and dialysis, delaying starch digestion and binding bile acids, while MOLF impaired the inhibitory effect of MOLP on cholesterol micelle solubility. Compared with MOL primary-processed products including MOL powder and de-phenolic MOL powder, MOL highly-processed products including MOLP and MOLF-MOLP complex possessed stronger hypoglycemic/hypolipemic potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lianzhu Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China.
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521000, China.
| | - Xinyi Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
da Silva MG, de Godoi KRR, Gigante ML, Cardoso LP, Ribeiro APB. Nanostructured lipid carriers for delivery of free phytosterols: Effect of lipid composition and chemical interesterification on physical stability. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
22
|
“Malancha” [Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.]: A Potential Therapeutic Option against Viral Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040582. [PMID: 35454170 PMCID: PMC9025398 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., commonly known as “Alligator weed” in English, and “Malancha” in Bengali, is a leafy vegetable from the family Amaranthaceae A. L. de Jussieu. This species is native to China, particularly to the provinces around the Yangtze River, other Far East and South-East Asian countries, and countries from other continents (e.g., South America). This plant also grows in certain areas in Australia, New Zealand, and the USA. While in Bangladesh the leaves of this plant are consumed as a vegetable, in China, this plant has been used widely as a traditional remedy for the treatment of various viral diseases (e.g., measles, influenza, and haemorrhagic fever). Flavonoids and saponins are the two largest groups of phytochemicals produced by this plant, and the antiviral property of this plant and its compounds has been studied extensively. This review article reviews all published literature on this plant and critically appraises its phytochemical profile linking to biomolecular interactions and therapeutic potential, particularly, against viral diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Jakubska-Busse A, Czeluśniak I, Kobyłka MJ, Hojniak M. Why does an obligate autogamous orchid produce insect attractants in nectar? - a case study on Epipactis albensis (Orchidaceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:196. [PMID: 35418038 PMCID: PMC9006510 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flowers of some species of orchids produce nectar as a reward for pollination, the process of transferring pollen from flower to flower. Epipactis albensis is an obligatory autogamous species, does not require the presence of insects for pollination, nevertheless, it has not lost the ability to produce nectar, the chemical composition of which we examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for identification of potential insect attractants. RESULTS During five years of field research, we did not observe any true pollinating insects visiting the flowers of this species, only accidental insects as ants and aphids. As a result of our studies, we find that this self-pollinating orchid produces in nectar inter alia aliphatic saturated and unsaturated aldehydes such as nonanal (pelargonal) and 2-pentenal as well as aromatic ones (i.e., syringaldehyde, hyacinthin). The nectar is low in alkenes, which may explain the absence of pollinating insects. Moreover, vanillin and eugenol derivatives, well-known as important scent compounds were also identified, but the list of chemical compounds is much poorer compared with a closely related species, insect-pollinating E. helleborine. CONCLUSION Autogamy is a reproductive mechanism employed by many flowering plants, including the orchid genus Epipactis, as an adaptation to growing in habitats where pollinating insects are rarely observed due to the lack of nectar-producing plants they feed on. The production of numerous chemical attractants by self-pollinated E. albensis confirms the evolutionary secondary process, i.e., transition from ancestral insect-pollinating species to obligatory autogamous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jakubska-Busse
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Botany, 50-328, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Michał J Kobyłka
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Chemistry, 50-353, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Hojniak
- University of Wroclaw, Faculty of Chemistry, 50-353, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wawrzyniak J, Rudzińska M, Gawrysiak-Witulska M, Przybył K. Predictive Models of Phytosterol Degradation in Rapeseeds Stored in Bulk Based on Artificial Neural Networks and Response Surface Regression. Molecules 2022; 27:2445. [PMID: 35458643 PMCID: PMC9027000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to maintain the highest possible levels of bioactive components contained in raw materials requires the elaboration of tools supporting their processing operations, starting from the first stages of the food production chain. In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and response surface regression (RSR) were used to develop models of phytosterol degradation in bulks of rapeseed stored under various temperatures and water activity conditions (T = 12-30 °C and aw = 0.75-0.90). Among ANNs, networks based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) and a radial basis function (RBF) were tested. The model input constituted aw, temperature and storage time, whilst the model output was the phytosterol level in seeds. The ANN-based modeling turned out to be more effective in estimating phytosterol levels than the RSR, while MLP-ANNs proved to be more satisfactory than RBF-ANNs. The approximation quality of the ANNs models depended on the number of neurons and the type of activation functions in the hidden layer. The best model was provided by the MLP-ANN containing nine neurons in the hidden layer equipped with the logistic activation function. The model performance evaluation showed its high prediction accuracy and generalization capability (R2 = 0.978; RMSE = 0.140). Its accuracy was also confirmed by the elliptical joint confidence region (EJCR) test. The results show the high usefulness of ANNs in predictive modeling of phytosterol degradation in rapeseeds. The elaborated MLP-ANN model may be used as a support tool in modern postharvest management systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Wawrzyniak
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznań, Poland; (M.R.); (M.G.-W.); (K.P.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Laka K, Makgoo L, Mbita Z. Cholesterol-Lowering Phytochemicals: Targeting the Mevalonate Pathway for Anticancer Interventions. Front Genet 2022; 13:841639. [PMID: 35391801 PMCID: PMC8981032 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.841639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a plethora of cancer causes and the road to fully understanding the carcinogenesis process remains a dream that keeps changing. However, a list of role players that are implicated in the carcinogens process is getting lengthier. Cholesterol is known as bad sterol that is heavily linked with cardiovascular diseases; however, it is also comprehensively associated with carcinogenesis. There is an extensive list of strategies that have been used to lower cholesterol; nevertheless, the need to find better and effective strategies remains vastly important. The role played by cholesterol in the induction of the carcinogenesis process has attracted huge interest in recent years. Phytochemicals can be dubbed as magic tramp cards that humans could exploit for lowering cancer-causing cholesterol. Additionally, the mechanisms that are regulated by phytochemicals can be targeted for anticancer drug development. One of the key role players in cancer development and suppression, Tumour Protein 53 (TP53), is crucial in regulating the biogenesis of cholesterol and is targeted by several phytochemicals. This minireview covers the role of p53 in the mevalonate pathway and how bioactive phytochemicals target the mevalonate pathway and promote p53-dependent anticancer activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zukile Mbita
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Baumgartner S, Lütjohann D, Husche C, Kerksiek A, Groen AK, Mensink RP, Plat J. Plasma oxyphytosterols most likely originate from hepatic oxidation and subsequent spill-over in the circulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 216:106039. [PMID: 34861389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated oxyphytosterol (OPS) concentrations in plasma and various tissues of two genetically modified mouse models with either increased cholesterol (apoE KO mice) or increased cholesterol and plant sterol (PS) concentrations (apoExABCG8 dKO mice). Sixteen female apoE KO and 16 dKO mice followed the same standard, low OPS-chow diet. Animals were euthanized at 36 weeks to measure PS and OPS concentrations in plasma, brain, liver and aortic tissue. Cholesterol and oxysterol (OS) concentrations were analyzed as reference for sterol oxidation in general. Plasma campesterol (24.1 ± 4.3 vs. 11.8 ± 3.0 mg/dL) and sitosterol (67.4 ± 12.7 vs. 4.9 ± 1.1 mg/dL) concentrations were severely elevated in the dKO compared to the apoE KO mice (p < 0.001). Also, in aortic and brain tissue, PS levels were significantly elevated in dKO. However, plasma, aortic and brain OPS concentrations were comparable or even lower in the dKO mice. In contrast, in liver tissue, both PS and OPS concentrations were severely elevated in the dKO compared to apoE KO mice (sum OPS: 7.4 ± 1.6 vs. 4.1 ± 0.8 ng/mg, p < 0.001). OS concentrations followed cholesterol concentrations in plasma and all tissues suggesting ubiquitous oxidation. Despite severely elevated PS concentrations, OPS concentrations were only elevated in liver tissue, suggesting that OPS are primarily formed in the liver and plasma concentrations originate from hepatic spill-over into the circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Baumgartner
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences. NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism. Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - D Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127, Germany
| | - C Husche
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127, Germany
| | - A Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127, Germany
| | - A K Groen
- Amsterdam Diabetes Center and Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 ZG, The Netherlands
| | - R P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences. NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism. Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - J Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences. NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism. Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bin Z, Ting F, Yan Y, Feng L, Adesanya Idowu O, Hongbo S. Magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregate based on ionic liquid modification as a novel immobilized biocatalyst for phytosterol esterification. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00882c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel immobilized enzyme CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 with enhanced activities and stabilities was successfully prepared by a cross-linked lipase aggregate method for phytosterol esterification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zou Bin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Feng Ting
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Liu Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Onyinye Adesanya Idowu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Suo Hongbo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fragrant rapeseed oil consumption prevents blood cholesterol accumulation via promoting fecal bile excretion and reducing oxidative stress in high cholesterol diet fed rats. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
29
|
Yang JW, Ji HF. Phytosterols as bioactive food components against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34871105 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2006137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols are bioactive food components widely present in cell membranes of plants, especially in nuts and oilseeds. In recent years, many studies have shown that phytosterols possess therapeutic potentials for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review summarizes the effects of phytosterols from in vitro and in vivo studies to lower the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), and the evidence supporting the potential of phytosterols against NAFLD. The potential mechanisms by which phytosterols improve NAFLD may include (i) competition with cholesterol; (ii) regulation of key factors involved in cholesterol and TG metabolism; and (iii) inhibition of liver inflammation and (iv) regulation of liver fatty acid composition. In summary, phytosterols are potential natural ingredients with good safety profile against NAFLD, which deserve more future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jayaraman S, Roy A, Vengadassalapathy S, Sekar R, Veeraraghavan VP, Rajagopal P, Rengasamy G, Mukherjee R, Sekar D, Manjunathan R. An Overview on the Therapeutic Function of Foods Enriched with Plant Sterols in Diabetes Management. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121903. [PMID: 34943006 PMCID: PMC8750040 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most significant health issues across the world. People identified with diabetes are more vulnerable to various infections and are at a greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The plant-based food we consume often contains many sterol-based bioactive compounds. It is well documented that these compounds could effectively manage the processes of insulin metabolism and cholesterol regulation. Insulin resistance followed by hyperglycemia often results in oxidative stress level enhancement and increased reactive oxygen species production. At the molecular level, these changes induce apoptosis in pancreatic cells and hence lead to insulin insufficiency. Studies have proved that plant sterols can lower inflammatory and oxidative stress damage connected with DNA repair mechanisms. The effective forms of phyto compounds are polyphenols, terpenoids, and thiols abundant in vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds. The available conventional drug-based therapies for the prevention and management of diabetes are time-consuming, costly, and with life-threatening side effects. Thereby, the therapeutic management of diabetes with plant sterols available in our daily diet is highly welcome as there are no side effects. This review intends to offer an overview of the present scenario of the anti-diabetic compounds from food ingredients towards the therapeutic beneficial against diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Anitha Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Srinivasan Vengadassalapathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Ramya Sekar
- Department of Oral Pathology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai 600095, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai 600095, India
| | - Gayathri Rengasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Raktim Mukherjee
- Shree PM Patel Institute of PG Studies and Research in Science, Sardar Patel University, Anand 388001, India
| | - Durairaj Sekar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Reji Manjunathan
- Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, Chengalpattu Government Medical College, Chengalpattu 60300, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shin J, Song MH, Yu JW, Ko EY, Shang X, Oh JW, Keum YS, Saini RK. Anticancer Potential of Lipophilic Constituents of Eleven Shellfish Species Commonly Consumed in Korea. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1629. [PMID: 34679763 PMCID: PMC8533504 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the composition and contents and the major lipophilic compounds, including the sterols, fatty acids, and tocols of shellfish species. Moreover, to explore the antitumor activity of these lipophilic constituents, their cytotoxicity potentials were determined against five different human cancer cells, including colon carcinoma (HCT116), epithelial melanoma (A2058), glioblastoma multiforme (T98G), lung carcinoma (A549), and adenocarcinoma (HeLa). The results show a significant variation in the contents and composition of lipophilic constituents among the studied species. The highest omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were recorded from arrow squid and pacific oysters, accounting for 53.2% and 53.0% of their total fatty acids, respectively. However, the highest cholesterol content was also recorded in arrow squid (154.4 mg/100 g; 92.6% of total sterols). In contrast, in the Japanese littleneck, Yesso scallop, and common orient clam, cholesterol was just 17.1%, 18.3%, and 18.9% of total sterols, respectively, making them the richest source of non-cholesterol sterols (NCS). Lipids extracted from shellfish species showed ABTS+•- and DPPH•-scavenging activities. In the cytotoxicity analysis, lipids extracted from the Argentine red shrimp showed the highest cytotoxicity against glioblastoma multiforme T98G cells, with an IC50 value of 12.3 µg/mL. The composition and cytotoxicity data reported herein may help explore the nutritional and anticancer potentials of shellfish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Shin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (J.S.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Ji-Woo Yu
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Eun-Young Ko
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea;
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (J.S.); (J.-W.O.)
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.); (Y.-S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Saini RK, Song MH, Yu JW, Shang X, Keum YS. Phytosterol Profiling of Apiaceae Family Seeds Spices Using GC-MS. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102378. [PMID: 34681427 PMCID: PMC8535917 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are nutritionally vital phytoconstituent owing to their cholesterol (low-density plasma lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C)-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Among the widely used spices and herbs, the seeds spices of the Apiaceae family represented the healthiest fatty acid profile. Thus, to explore the other health-beneficial lipids, the present study was aimed to analyze the phytosterol profile of eight seed spices of the Apiaceae family, utilizing gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The sterols contents calculated on an oil (mg/100 g of oil) and spice weight (mg/100 g spices; dry weight) basis varied significantly among the seed spices (p < 0.05; Turkey HSD). The β-sitosterol and stigmasterol were the most dominating sterols among the studied spices, together accounted for 40.3 (Ajwain) to 69.8% (celery) of total sterols in the seed oil. Among the studied spices, the oil extracted from caraway seeds showed the highest total sterols (602.2 mg/100 g of oil). Interestingly, based on spice weight, fennel seeds also showed the similar highest number of total sterols (134.2 mg/100 g in fennel and 133.3 mg/100 g in caraway), owing to the high contents of oil (25.9%) in fennel seeds. Overall, celery, caraway, fennel, and anise seeds oil are rich sources of health-beneficial phytosterols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Min-Ho Song
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Ji-Woo Yu
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.)
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (R.K.S.); (M.-H.S.); (J.-W.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Effects of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on plasma markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis in older overweight and obese men. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:112. [PMID: 34548089 PMCID: PMC8454109 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased physical activity is inversely related to the risk to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD). In a recent systematic review, it was reported that CVD patients had an increased cholesterol absorption and a decreased synthesis as compared with control participants. As increased physical activity levels reduce CVD risk, we hypothesized that exercise training will reduce cholesterol absorption and increase endogenous cholesterol synthesis in older overweight and obese men. METHODS A randomized, controlled, crossover trial was performed. Seventeen apparently healthy older overweight and obese men were randomized to start with an aerobic exercise or no-exercise control period for 8 weeks, separated by 12 weeks washout. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC) and non-cholesterol sterol concentrations were measured at baseline, and after 4 and 8 weeks. RESULTS The aerobic exercise program did not affect serum TC concentrations. In addition, exercise did not affect TC-standardized serum concentrations of sitosterol and cholestanol that are markers for cholesterol absorption. However, a trend for reduced TC-standardized campesterol concentrations, which is another validated marker for cholesterol absorption, was observed as compared with control. Lathosterol concentrations, reflecting cholesterol synthesis, did not differ between both periods. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks did not lower serum TC concentrations in older overweight and obese men, but a trend towards a decrease in the cholesterol absorption marker campesterol was found. The cholesterol synthesis marker lathosterol did not change. TRIAL REGISTRATION posted on www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03272061 on 7 September 2017.
Collapse
|
34
|
Nutraceutical Combinations in Hypercholesterolemia: Evidence from Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093128. [PMID: 34579005 PMCID: PMC8470433 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing number of nutraceutical combinations (NCs) on the market for hypercholesterolemia, although clinical trials to verify their safety and efficacy are scarce. We selected fourteen randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) on different lipid-lowering NCs in hypercholesterolemic subjects. We described each compound's mechanism of action and efficacy in the mixtures and summarized the clinical trials settings and NCs safety and efficacy results. Almost all NCs resulted efficient against hypercholesterolemia; only one reported no changes. Interestingly, red yeast rice (RYR) was present in eleven mixtures. It is not clear whether the lipid-lowering efficacy of these combinations derives mainly from the RYR component monacolin K "natural statin" single effect. Up to now, few RCTs have verified the efficacy of every single compound vs. NCs to evaluate possible additive or synergistic effects, probably due to the complexity and the high resources request. In conclusion, to manage the arising nutraceutical tide against hypercholesterolemia, it could be helpful to increase the number and robustness of clinical studies to verify the efficacy and safety of the new NCs.
Collapse
|
35
|
Witkowska AM, Waśkiewicz A, Zujko ME, Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Cicha-Mikołajczyk A, Drygas W. Assessment of Plant Sterols in the Diet of Adult Polish Population with the Use of a Newly Developed Database. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082722. [PMID: 34444882 PMCID: PMC8398305 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols are compounds with multiple biological functions, mainly cholesterol-reducing. There are no comprehensive databases on plant sterols, which makes it difficult to estimate their intake in the Polish population. This work attempted to use international food databases, additionally supplemented by scientific data from the literature, to create a database of plant sterols, which would cover various kinds of foods and dishes consumed in Poland. The aim was to assess the size and sources of dietary plant sterols in the adult population of Poland. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify possible sources of published food composition data for plant sterols. The study group consisted of 5690 participants of the WOBASZ II survey. We identified 361 dietary sources of plant sterols based on the consumption of foods and dishes reported by participants. Cereals and fats provided 61% of the total plant sterols, and together with vegetables and fruits, this totaled 80%. The median intake of plant sterols in the Polish population was 255.96 mg/day, and for men and women 291.76 and 230.61 mg/day, respectively. Canola oil provided the most plant sterols at 16.92%, followed by white bread at 16.65% and soft margarine at 8.33%. The study found that plant sterol intake in Poland is comparable to other populations, and women’s diets are more dense in plant sterols. Due to the lack of literature sources on plant sterol content in some foods, future studies should expand and complete the databases on plant sterol content in foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Witkowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (M.E.Z.); (I.M.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-6865088; Fax: +48-85-6865089
| | - Anna Waśkiewicz
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (A.C.-M.); (W.D.)
| | - Małgorzata Elżbieta Zujko
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (M.E.Z.); (I.M.-C.)
| | - Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (M.E.Z.); (I.M.-C.)
| | - Alicja Cicha-Mikołajczyk
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (A.C.-M.); (W.D.)
| | - Wojciech Drygas
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (A.C.-M.); (W.D.)
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera 1, 90-001 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abeed AHA, Ali M, Ali EF, Majrashi A, Eissa MA. Induction of Catharanthus roseus Secondary Metabolites When Calotropis procera Was Used as Bio-Stimulant. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081623. [PMID: 34451668 PMCID: PMC8398584 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Available information associated with Calotropis procera posted its phytotoxic effect as bio-herbicide scarce works studied its stimulatory/nutritive effect. A pot experiment was performed to assess the validity of using Calotropis procera (C. procera) leaves extract as a bio-stimulant for the growth and quality of a medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) evaluated by some physio-biochemical indices. Different types of C. procera leaves extracts (CLEs) (methanolic, cold water and autoclaved water extracts) were delivered by two different modes of application. The results revealed that application of CLEs as irrigation or foliar spraying caused a stimulation effect on C. roseus plant. Root and shoot length, dry and fresh weight were significantly improved due to CLEs applications. C. roseus bioactive molecules such as anthocyanins, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and α-tocopherol were abundance increased significantly with CLEs applications. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased explaining the involvement of CLEs in induction of antioxidant enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase for modifying cell oxidative status witnessed by lower lipid peroxidation that kept below the untreated plants’ baseline reflected the improvement of growth and quality rather than phytotoxic effect. The promotion of wholesome-promoting secondary metabolites by CLEs was closely correlated to elevated phenylalanineammonialyase activity. The comparable efficient effect induced by all treatments might be judged by the relation between C. procera phytochemicals and C. roseus metabolism (donor-receiver relation). It is concluded that application of CLEs can be a promising approach for improving the yield and quality of plants despite using polluting fertilizers. The current investigation may provide a matrix for coming studies to seek illustration of numerous plants’ response to C. procera extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amany H. A. Abeed
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Egyptian Deserts Gene Bank, Desert Research Center, Department of Genetic Resources, Cairo 11753, Egypt;
| | - Esmat F. Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Ali Majrashi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (E.F.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Mamdouh A. Eissa
- Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
In vitro lipid-lowering properties of the fruits of two bignay [Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng] cultivars as affected by maturity stage and thermal processing. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2021; 2:100020. [PMID: 35415628 PMCID: PMC8991519 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Crude polyphenols from bignay fruit differing in maturity had varied bioactivities. Kalabaw cultivar had higher in vitro lipid-lowering activities than Common cultivar. Cholesterol-binding ability of bignay crude polyphenols was similar to the control. Thermal processing decreased lipase inhibitory activity of bignay crude polyphenols. Bignay fruits have huge potential as functional food in relation to dyslipidemia.
Bignay [Antidesma bunius (L). Spreng] fruit contains an array of polyphenols and information on how these bioactive compounds vary with cultivar type, maturity stage, and process treatment are unclear. Also, the effects of these variations on the lipid-lowering potential of this Philippine indigenous berry have not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid-lowering properties of the fruits of two bignay cultivars as affected by maturity stage and thermal processing. In vitro lipid-lowering assays revealed that both bignay cultivars had appreciable pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity, bile acid binding capacity, and cholesterol micellar solubility inhibition, which were comparable to those of the known lipid-lowering agents used as positive controls in this study. Freeze-dried samples of the freshly harvested fruits of both bignay cultivars [i.e., Common Cultivar (CC) and Kalabaw cultivar (KC)] had the highest bile acid binding activity (41.9–45.5% for CC and 43.4–54.0% for KC) for all the three maturity stages implying the beneficial effects of fresh bignay fruits related to lipid metabolism. Steam-blanched fruits had the highest pancreatic lipase inhibition activity (17.8–37.4% for CC and 29.2–39.0% for KC), regardless of maturity stage, while water-blanched samples exhibited the highest cholesterol micellar solubility inhibition (39.6–42.2% for CC and 40.2–47.6% for KC). Thermal processing tended to lower the lipid-lowering properties of the bignay fruits relative to their freeze-dried fresh fruits. Results of this study showed the potential of Philippine bignay fruit as a functional food that may be helpful in the management of dyslipidemia.
Collapse
|
38
|
Popeijus HE, Zwaan W, Tayyeb JZ, Plat J. Potential Contribution of Short Chain Fatty Acids to Hepatic Apolipoprotein A-I Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115986. [PMID: 34206021 PMCID: PMC8199098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is the major protein of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and has a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). It has been postulated that elevating production of de novo ApoA-I might translate into the formation of new functional HDL particles that could lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk via RCT. During inflammation, serum ApoA-I concentrations are reduced, which contributes to the development of dysfunctional HDL particles as Serum Amyloid A (SAA) overtakes the position of ApoA-I within the HDL particles. Therefore, instead of elevating serum HDL cholesterol concentrations, rescuing lower serum ApoA-I concentrations could be beneficial in both normal and inflamed conditions. Several nutritional compounds, amongst others short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have shown their capacity to modulate hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. In this review we provide an overview of HDL and more specific ApoA-I metabolism, SCFAs physiology and the current knowledge regarding the influence of SCFAs on ApoA-I expression and synthesis in human liver cells. We conclude that the current evidence regarding the effect of SCFAs on ApoA-I transcription and secretion is promising, however there is a need to investigate which dietary fibres could lead to increased SCFAs formation and consequent elevated ApoA-I concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman E. Popeijus
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands; (W.Z.); (J.Z.T.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-620991115
| | - Willem Zwaan
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands; (W.Z.); (J.Z.T.); (J.P.)
| | - Jehad Z. Tayyeb
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands; (W.Z.); (J.Z.T.); (J.P.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ET Maastricht, The Netherlands; (W.Z.); (J.Z.T.); (J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Magro dos Reis I, Houben T, Gijbels MJJ, Lütjohann D, Plat J, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Dietary Plant Stanol Supplementation Are Largely Dependent on the Intake of Cholesterol in a Mouse Model of Metabolic Inflammation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050518. [PMID: 34066407 PMCID: PMC8148209 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic inflammation has been on a sharp rise for decades. As such, tools that address metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation are of great importance. Plant stanols are well-known for reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption and may also have direct anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, our aim was to investigate to what extent the benefits of dietary plant stanol supplementation depend on dietary cholesterol intake in an experimental mouse model for cholesterol-induced metabolic inflammation. Here, we used Ldlr−/− mice transplanted with Npc1nih-derived bone marrow, featuring feature bone marrow-derived immune cells characterized by chronic inflammation induced by lysosomal lipid accumulation. Npc1nih- and Npc1wt-transplanted mice were placed on either a high fat, high cholesterol (HFC) or on a chow diet low in cholesterol, with or without 2% plant stanols supplementation. At the end of the study, the metabolic and inflammatory status of the mice was analyzed. Plant stanol supplementation to the HFC diet reduced liver cholesterol levels and improved lipid metabolism and liver inflammation, particularly in Npc1nih-tp mice. In contrast, plant stanol supplementation to the chow diet did not significantly improve the aforementioned parameters, though similar reductive trends to those in the HFC diet setting were observed regarding liver cholesterol accumulation and liver inflammatory markers. The effects of dietary plant stanol supplementation on dietary cholesterol-induced inflammation are largely dependent on dietary cholesterol intake. Future research should verify whether other models of metabolic inflammation exhibit similar stanol-related effects on inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Magro dos Reis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (I.M.d.R.); (T.H.)
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (I.M.d.R.); (T.H.)
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM,), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Venusberg-Campus 1, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (I.M.d.R.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-433-881-746
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Structure, metabolism and biological functions of steryl glycosides in mammals. Biochem J 2021; 477:4243-4261. [PMID: 33186452 PMCID: PMC7666875 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Steryl glycosides (SGs) are sterols glycosylated at their 3β-hydroxy group. They are widely distributed in plants, algae, and fungi, but are relatively rare in bacteria and animals. Glycosylation of sterols, resulting in important components of the cell membrane SGs, alters their biophysical properties and confers resistance against stress by freezing or heat shock to cells. Besides, many biological functions in animals have been suggested from the observations of SG administration. Recently, cholesteryl glucosides synthesized via the transglycosidation by glucocerebrosidases (GBAs) were found in the central nervous system of animals. Identification of patients with congenital mutations in GBA genes or availability of respective animal models will enable investigation of the function of such endogenously synthesized cholesteryl glycosides by genetic approaches. In addition, mechanisms of the host immune responses against pathogenic bacterial SGs have partially been resolved. This review is focused on the biological functions of SGs in mammals taking into consideration their therapeutic applications in the future.
Collapse
|
41
|
Chávez-Castillo M, Ortega Á, Duran P, Pirela D, Marquina M, Cano C, Salazar J, Gonzalez MC, Bermúdez V, Rojas-Quintero J, Velasco M. Phytotherapy for Cardiovascular Disease: A Bench-to-Bedside Approach. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:4410-4429. [PMID: 32310044 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200420160422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
At present, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and global trends suggest that this panorama will persist or worsen in the near future. Thus, optimization of treatment strategies and the introduction of novel therapeutic alternatives for CVD represent key objectives in contemporary biomedical research. In recent years, phytotherapy-defined as the therapeutic use of whole or minimally modified plant components-has ignited large scientific interest, with a resurgence of abundant investigation on a wide array of medicinal herbs (MH) for CVD and other conditions. Numerous MH have been observed to intervene in the pathophysiology of CVD via a myriad of molecular mechanisms, including antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, and other beneficial properties, which translate into the amelioration of three essential aspects of the pathogenesis of CVD: Dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Although the preclinical data in this scenario is very rich, the true clinical impact of MH and their purported mechanisms of action is less clear, as large-scale robust research in this regard is in relatively early stages and faces important methodological challenges. This review offers a comprehensive look at the most prominent preclinical and clinical evidence currently available concerning the use of MH in the treatment of CVD from a bench-to-bedside approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Psychiatric Hospital of Maracaibo, Maracaibo, Venezuela,Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Ángel Ortega
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Pablo Duran
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Daniela Pirela
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - María Marquina
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Climaco Cano
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | | | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas-Quintero
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manuel Velasco
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine José María Vargas, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas,
Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abdullah MMH, Vazquez-Vidal I, Baer DJ, House JD, Jones PJH, Desmarchelier C. Common Genetic Variations Involved in the Inter-Individual Variability of Circulating Cholesterol Concentrations in Response to Diets: A Narrative Review of Recent Evidence. Nutrients 2021; 13:695. [PMID: 33671529 PMCID: PMC7926676 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of nutrigenetic studies dedicated to the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) modulating blood lipid profiles in response to dietary interventions has increased considerably over the last decade. However, the robustness of the evidence-based science supporting the area remains to be evaluated. The objective of this review was to present recent findings concerning the effects of interactions between SNPs in genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and transport, and dietary intakes or interventions on circulating cholesterol concentrations, which are causally involved in cardiovascular diseases and established biomarkers of cardiovascular health. We identified recent studies (2014-2020) that reported significant SNP-diet interactions in 14 cholesterol-related genes (NPC1L1, ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8, APOA1, APOA2, APOA5, APOB, APOE, CETP, CYP7A1, DHCR7, LPL, and LIPC), and which replicated associations observed in previous studies. Some studies have also shown that combinations of SNPs could explain a higher proportion of variability in response to dietary interventions. Although some findings still need replication, including in larger and more diverse study populations, there is good evidence that some SNPs are consistently associated with differing circulating cholesterol concentrations in response to dietary interventions. These results could help clinicians provide patients with more personalized dietary recommendations, in order to lower their risk for cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Itzel Vazquez-Vidal
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods & Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada;
| | - David J. Baer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - James D. House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Peter J. H. Jones
- Nutritional Fundamentals for Health, Vaudreuil-Dorion, QC J7V 5V5, Canada;
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fierascu RC, Fierascu I, Ortan A, Paunescu A. Plantago media L.-Explored and Potential Applications of an Underutilized Plant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:265. [PMID: 33573139 PMCID: PMC7912141 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The search of valuable natural compounds should be directed towards alternative vegetal resources, and to the re-discovery of underutilized plants. Belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, the hoary plantain (Plantago media L.) represents one of the lesser studied species from the Plantago genus. The literature study revealed the under-utilization of the hoary plantain, a surprising aspect, considering its widespread. If the composition of Plantago media L. is rather well established, its applications are not nearly studied as for other Plantago species. The goal of the present paper is to summarize the findings regarding the applications of P. media, and, having as starting point the applications of related species, to propose new emerging areas of research, such as the biomedical applications validation through in vivo assays, and the evaluation of its potential towards industrial applications (i.e., development of food or personal care products), pisciculture or zootechny, phytoremediation and other environmental protection applications, or in the nanotechnology area (materials phytosynthesis). The present work constitutes not only a brief presentation of this plant's present and potential applications, but also an invitation to research groups world-wide to explore the available vegetal resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radu Claudiu Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Fierascu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alina Ortan
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alina Paunescu
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Pitesti, 1 Targu din Vale Str., Pitesti, 110040 Arges, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vezza T, Canet F, de Marañón AM, Bañuls C, Rocha M, Víctor VM. Phytosterols: Nutritional Health Players in the Management of Obesity and Its Related Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121266. [PMID: 33322742 PMCID: PMC7763348 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its related disorders, such as diabetes and cardiovascular risk, represent an emerging global health issue. Even though genetic factors seem to be the primary actors in the development and progression of these diseases, dietary choices also appear to be of crucial importance. A healthy diet combined with physical activity have been shown to ameliorate glycaemic levels and insulin sensitivity, reduce body weight and the risk of chronic diseases, and contribute to an overall improvement in quality of life. Among nutrients, phytosterols have become the focus of growing attention as novel functional foods in the management of metabolic disorders. Phytosterols are natural plant compounds belonging to the triterpene family and are structurally similar to cholesterol. They are known for their cholesterol-lowering effects, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and the benefits they offer to the immune system. The present review aims to provide an overview of these bioactive compounds and their therapeutic potential in the fields of obesity and metabolic disorders, with special attention given to oxidative stress, inflammatory status, and gut dysbiosis, all common features of the aforementioned diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vezza
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
| | - Francisco Canet
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
| | - Aranzazu M. de Marañón
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.R.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +34-963-189-132 (V.M.V.); Fax: +34-961-622-492 (V.M.V.)
| | - Milagros Rocha
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
- CIBERehd, Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.R.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +34-963-189-132 (V.M.V.); Fax: +34-961-622-492 (V.M.V.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Víctor
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46017 Valencia, Spain; (T.V.); (F.C.); (A.M.d.M.)
- CIBERehd, Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (M.R.); (V.M.V.); Tel.: +34-963-189-132 (V.M.V.); Fax: +34-961-622-492 (V.M.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hirsh SP, Pons M, Joyal SV, Swick AG. Self-Assessed Benefits of a Prostate Health Formulation on Nocturia in Healthy Males With Mild Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: An Open Label Study. Glob Adv Health Med 2020; 9:2164956120973639. [PMID: 33294303 PMCID: PMC7705803 DOI: 10.1177/2164956120973639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nocturia is the most bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and can significantly reduce men's quality of life. It is often poorly managed with conventional treatments. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the self-assessed benefits of a prostate health dietary combination formulation on mild LUTS, especially nocturia in healthy males. METHODS In an open label clinical study, thirty healthy male subjects with mild LUTS took one daily capsule of the product for 60 days. The primary outcome was self-assessed severity of LUTS using the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) questionnaire at Day 1 (baseline), Day 30 and Day 60. Safety and compliance were also evaluated. RESULTS At Day 60, IPSS significantly decreased from baseline by 16.3% (3.6 ± 2.1 vs. 4.3 ± 1.5, p < 0.05). Although the reduction in IPSS did not reach statistical significance at Day 30, it was mostly driven by a 30.7% decrease (p < 0.05) in the nocturia sub-score compared with baseline. While 37% of subjects reported at baseline waking up 2‒3 times/night to void, none did so after taking the study product for 60 days. Compliance was very high throughout the study. No adverse events related to the study product were reported. CONCLUSIONS The study product might be a safe alternative for individuals willing to explore a non-conventional approach to manage their nocturia. A larger randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial is warranted to confirm these results. Clinical trial registry: Clinical Trials.gov. Registration number (September 1st, 2016): NCT02886832.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Hirsh
- Life Extension Clinical Research, Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mantovani LM, Pugliese C. Phytosterol supplementation in the treatment of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: a systematic review. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE DE PEDIATRIA DE SAO PAULO 2020; 39:e2019389. [PMID: 33206867 PMCID: PMC7659030 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out a systematic review on the effects of phytosterol supplementation on the treatment of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES Review in the SciELO, Lilacs, Bireme, PubMed and Web of Science databases, with no time limit. Descriptors: phytosterols or plant sterols and dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia, cholesterol, children, adolescent, in English and Portuguese. The articles included were published in Portuguese, English or Spanish and evaluated the effect of phytosterol supplementation in pediatric patients with dyslipidemia. Documents that involved adults or animals, review papers, case studies and abstracts were excluded. Two authors performed independent extraction of articles. Of 113 abstracts, 19 were read in full and 12 were used in this manuscript. DATA SYNTHESIS Phytosterol supplementation to reduce cholesterol levels has been shown to be effective in reducing LDL-cholesterol levels by approximately 10%, with reductions above 10% in LDL-cholesterol levels observed after 8 to 12 weeks of intervention. Studies have not shown significant changes in HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Based on the absence of adverse effects, its use seems to be safe and of good tolerance in children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Phytosterol supplementation seems to be of great therapeutic aid for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents. Further studies assessing the long-term effect of phytosterol supplementation are necessary.
Collapse
|
47
|
Chaijan M, Panpipat W. Instability of β-sitosteryl oleate and β-sitosterol loaded in oil-in-water emulsion. NFS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
48
|
Trautwein EA, McKay S. The Role of Specific Components of a Plant-Based Diet in Management of Dyslipidemia and the Impact on Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2671. [PMID: 32883047 PMCID: PMC7551487 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence supports the intake of specific food components, food groups, or whole dietary patterns to positively influence dyslipidemia and to lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Specific macro- and micro-components of a predominantly plant-based dietary pattern are vegetable fats, dietary fibers, and phytonutrients such as phytosterols. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding effects of these components on lowering blood lipids, i.e., low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and on reducing CVD risk. The beneficial role of a plant-based diet on cardiovascular (CV) health has increasingly been recognized. Plant-based dietary patterns include a Mediterranean and Nordic diet pattern, the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH), and Portfolio diet, as well as vegetarian- or vegan-type diet patterns. These diets have all been found to lower CVD-related risk factors like blood LDL-C, and observational study evidence supports their role in lowering CVD risk. These diet patterns are not only beneficial for dyslipidemia management and prevention of CVD but further contribute to reducing the impact of food choices on environmental degradation. Hence, the CV health benefits of a predominantly plant-based diet as a healthy and environmentally sustainable eating pattern are today recommended by many food-based dietary as well as clinical practice guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue McKay
- Upfield Research & Development, 3071 JL Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Palmeiro-Silva YK, Aravena RI, Ossio L, Parro Fluxa J. Effects of Daily Consumption of an Aqueous Dispersion of Free-Phytosterols Nanoparticles on Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082392. [PMID: 32785036 PMCID: PMC7468816 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) affects up to 40% of the population and is associated with heart failure, stroke and diabetes. Phytosterols (PS) could help to manage one or more MS criteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of daily supplementation of an aqueous dispersion of 2 g of free-phytosterols nanoparticles in individuals with MS over six months of intervention, compared with placebo. This double-blind study included 202 participants with MS randomly assigned into phytosterol (n = 102) and placebo (n = 100) groups. Participants were assessed at baseline, 4, 12 and 24 weeks. General health questions, anthropometric measurements and blood parameters were analysed. At week 24, the proportion of participants with high triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL) in the phytosterol group was 15.65% lower than in the placebo group (p-value = 0.023). Similarly, half of the participants in the phytosterol group decreased their waist circumference up to 4 cm compared with 0 cm in the placebo group (p-value = 0.0001). We reported no adverse effects (diarrhoea or vitamin D reduction); nonetheless, almost 70% of participants in the phytosterol group self-reported an improvement in bowel habits. Daily intake of free-PS nanoparticles improved some MS criteria; therefore, it might be a promising adjuvant therapy for individuals with MS (NCT02969720).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasna K. Palmeiro-Silva
- School of Nursing, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes 7550000, Chile; (L.O.); (J.P.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +56-2-226181332
| | - Raúl I. Aravena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;
| | - Lisette Ossio
- School of Nursing, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes 7550000, Chile; (L.O.); (J.P.F.)
| | - Javiera Parro Fluxa
- School of Nursing, Universidad de los Andes, Las Condes 7550000, Chile; (L.O.); (J.P.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Feng S, Belwal T, Li L, Limwachiranon J, Liu X, Luo Z. Phytosterols and their derivatives: Potential health‐promoting uses against lipid metabolism and associated diseases, mechanism, and safety issues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1243-1267. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light IndustryZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Jarukitt Limwachiranon
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University Hangzhou 311300 People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and EquipmentZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Research InstituteZhejiang University Ningbo 315100 People's Republic of China
- Fuli Institute of Food ScienceZhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|