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Imai D, Numoto N, Tokiwa H, Kakuta H, Ito N. Structural basis for the full and partial agonist activities of retinoid X receptor α ligands with an iso-butoxy and an isopropyl group. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 734:150617. [PMID: 39241622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) belong to a retinoid-binding subgroup of the nuclear receptor family, and their synthetic agonists have been developed as therapeutics for glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and inflammatory bowel disease, although RXR agonists could cause side effects such as hypothyroidism, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatomegaly. We previously reported novel full and partial agonists, NEt-3IB and NEt-4IB, which reduce the side effects, but the molecular basis of their different activity was not clear. In this study, we report the crystal structures of the ligand-binding domain of human RXRα complexed with NEt-3IB and NEt-4IB. Detailed comparisons of the two structures showed that the full agonist, NEt-3IB, is more stably accommodated in the ligand-binding pocket due to the interactions of the bulky iso-butoxy group with helices 5 and 7. The stabilization of these helices led to the stabilization of helix 12, which is important for formation of the coactivator-binding site. The structures shed light on the novel mechanism of the regulation of RXR activity through the interaction between the bound agonist and helix 7, an interaction that was not previously considered important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Imai
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan; Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan; International Center for Structural Biology, Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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2
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Meinzinger A, Zsigmond Á, Horváth P, Kellenberger A, Paréj K, Tallone T, Flachner B, Cserhalmi M, Lőrincz Z, Cseh S, Shmerling D. RuX: A Novel, Flexible, and Sensitive Mifepristone-Induced Transcriptional Regulation System. Int J Cell Biol 2023; 2023:7121512. [PMID: 37941807 PMCID: PMC10630016 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7121512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible gene regulation methods are indispensable in diverse biological applications, yet many of them have severe limitations in their applicability. These include inducer toxicity, a limited variety of organisms the given system can be used in, and side effects of the induction method. In this study, a novel inducible system, the RuX system, was created using a mutant ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor (CS1/CD), used together with various genetic elements such as the Gal4 DNA-binding domain or Cre recombinase. The RuX system is shown to be capable of over 1000-fold inducibility, has flexible applications, and is offered for use in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiziano Tallone
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Sándor Cseh
- TargetEx Biosciences Ltd., Dunakeszi, Hungary
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3
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Postel S, Wissler L, Johansson CA, Gunnarsson A, Gordon E, Collins B, Castaldo M, Köhler C, Öling D, Johansson P, Fröderberg Roth L, Beinsteiner B, Dainty I, Delaney S, Klaholz BP, Billas IML, Edman K. Quaternary glucocorticoid receptor structure highlights allosteric interdomain communication. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:286-295. [PMID: 36747092 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that binds DNA and assembles co-regulator complexes to regulate gene transcription. GR agonists are widely prescribed to people with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Here we present high-resolution, multidomain structures of GR in complex with ligand, DNA and co-regulator peptide. The structures reveal how the receptor forms an asymmetric dimer on the DNA and provide a detailed view of the domain interactions within and across the two monomers. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange and DNA-binding experiments demonstrate that ligand-dependent structural changes are communicated across the different domains in the full-length receptor. This study demonstrates how GR forms a distinct architecture on DNA and how signal transmission can be modulated by the ligand pharmacophore, provides a platform to build a new level of understanding of how receptor modifications can drive disease progression and offers key insight for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Postel
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Wissler
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina A Johansson
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Euan Gordon
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Barry Collins
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Castaldo
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Köhler
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Öling
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Brice Beinsteiner
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Ian Dainty
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephen Delaney
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruno P Klaholz
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Isabelle M L Billas
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
| | - Karl Edman
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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4
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Okamoto N, Fujinaga D, Yamanaka N. Steroid hormone signaling: What we can learn from insect models. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:525-554. [PMID: 37717997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are a group of steroid hormones in arthropods with pleiotropic functions throughout their life history. Ecdysteroid research in insects has made a significant contribution to our current understanding of steroid hormone signaling in metazoans, but how far can we extrapolate our findings in insects to other systems, such as mammals? In this chapter, we compare steroid hormone signaling in insects and mammals from multiple perspectives and discuss similarities and differences between the two lineages. We also highlight a few understudied areas and remaining questions of steroid hormone biology in metazoans and propose potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okamoto
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daiki Fujinaga
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Naoki Yamanaka
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States.
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Pérez Piñero C, Giulianelli S, Lamb CA, Lanari C. New Insights in the Interaction of FGF/FGFR and Steroid Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6491899. [PMID: 34977930 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Luminal breast cancer (BrCa) has a favorable prognosis compared with other tumor subtypes. However, with time, tumors may evolve and lead to disease progression; thus, there is a great interest in unraveling the mechanisms that drive tumor metastasis and endocrine resistance. In this review, we focus on one of the many pathways that have been involved in tumor progression, the fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) axis. We emphasize in data obtained from in vivo experimental models that we believe that in luminal BrCa, tumor growth relies in a crosstalk with the stromal tissue. We revisited the studies that illustrate the interaction between hormone receptors and FGFR. We also highlight the most frequent alterations found in BrCa cell lines and provide a short review on the trials that use FGFR inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapies. Analysis of these data suggests there are many players involved in this pathway that might be also targeted to decrease FGF signaling, in addition to specific FGFR inhibitors that may be exploited to increase their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pérez Piñero
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Giulianelli
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos, IBIOMAR-CCT CENPAT-CONICET, U9120ACD Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Caroline A Lamb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME CONICET, C1428ADN Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Homeostatic Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1: From Physiology to Clinic. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123441. [PMID: 34943949 PMCID: PMC8699886 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) represent a well-known class of lipophilic steroid hormones biosynthesised, with a circadian rhythm, by the adrenal glands in humans and by the inter-renal tissue in teleost fish (e.g., zebrafish). GCs play a key role in the regulation of numerous physiological processes, including inflammation, glucose, lipid, protein metabolism and stress response. This is achieved through binding to their cognate receptor, GR, which functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor. Due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressive action, synthetic GCs are broadly used for treating pathological disorders that are very often linked to hypoxia (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory, allergic, infectious, and autoimmune diseases, among others) as well as to prevent graft rejections and against immune system malignancies. However, due to the presence of adverse effects and GC resistance their therapeutic benefits are limited in patients chronically treated with steroids. For this reason, understanding how to fine-tune GR activity is crucial in the search for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing GC-related side effects and effectively restoring homeostasis. Recent research has uncovered novel mechanisms that inhibit GR function, thereby causing glucocorticoid resistance, and has produced some surprising new findings. In this review we analyse these mechanisms and focus on the crosstalk between GR and HIF signalling. Indeed, its comprehension may provide new routes to develop novel therapeutic targets for effectively treating immune and inflammatory response and to simultaneously facilitate the development of innovative GCs with a better benefits-risk ratio.
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7
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Auer JMT, Stoddart JJ, Christodoulou I, Lima A, Skouloudaki K, Hall HN, Vukojević V, Papadopoulos DK. Of numbers and movement - understanding transcription factor pathogenesis by advanced microscopy. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm046516. [PMID: 33433399 PMCID: PMC7790199 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are life-sustaining and, therefore, the subject of intensive research. By regulating gene expression, TFs control a plethora of developmental and physiological processes, and their abnormal function commonly leads to various developmental defects and diseases in humans. Normal TF function often depends on gene dosage, which can be altered by copy-number variation or loss-of-function mutations. This explains why TF haploinsufficiency (HI) can lead to disease. Since aberrant TF numbers frequently result in pathogenic abnormalities of gene expression, quantitative analyses of TFs are a priority in the field. In vitro single-molecule methodologies have significantly aided the identification of links between TF gene dosage and transcriptional outcomes. Additionally, advances in quantitative microscopy have contributed mechanistic insights into normal and aberrant TF function. However, to understand TF biology, TF-chromatin interactions must be characterised in vivo, in a tissue-specific manner and in the context of both normal and altered TF numbers. Here, we summarise the advanced microscopy methodologies most frequently used to link TF abundance to function and dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying TF HIs. Increased application of advanced single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy modalities will improve our understanding of how TF HIs drive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M T Auer
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 1XU, UK
| | - Jack J Stoddart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 1XU, UK
| | | | - Ana Lima
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 1XU, UK
| | | | - Hildegard N Hall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 1XU, UK
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Fructose Consumption Affects Glucocorticoid Signaling in the Liver of Young Female Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113470. [PMID: 33198224 PMCID: PMC7698302 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of early-life fructose consumption on hepatic signaling pathways and their relation to the development of metabolic disorders in later life are not fully understood. To investigate whether fructose overconsumption at a young age induces alterations in glucocorticoid signaling that might contribute to development of metabolic disturbances, we analysed glucocorticoid receptor hormone-binding parameters and expression of its target genes involved in gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase) and lipid metabolism (lipin-1), as well as redox and inflammatory status in the liver of female rats subjected to a fructose-rich diet immediately after weaning. The fructose diet increased hepatic corticosterone concentration, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 level, glucocorticoid receptor protein level and hormone-binding activity, as well as lipin-1 level. The expression of glucose-6-phosphatase was reduced in fructose-fed rats, while phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase remained unaltered. The fructose-rich diet increased the level of fructose transporter GLUT2, while the expression of fructolytic enzymes fructokinase and aldolase B remained unaltered. The diet also affected pro-inflammatory pathways, but had no effect on the antioxidant defence system. In conclusion, a fructose-rich diet applied immediately after weaning promoted lipogenesis and enhanced hepatic glucocorticoid signaling, possibly to protect against inflammatory damage, but without an effect on gluconeogenesis and antioxidant enzymes. Yet, prolonged treatment might ultimately lead to more pronounced metabolic disturbances.
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9
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Sbiera S, Kunz M, Weigand I, Deutschbein T, Dandekar T, Fassnacht M. The New Genetic Landscape of Cushing's Disease: Deubiquitinases in the Spotlight. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111761. [PMID: 31717455 PMCID: PMC6895825 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing’s disease (CD) is a rare condition caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing adenomas of the pituitary, which lead to hypercortisolism that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Treatment options in case of persistent or recurrent disease are limited, but new insights into the pathogenesis of CD are raising hope for new therapeutic avenues. Here, we have performed a meta-analysis of the available sequencing data in CD to create a comprehensive picture of CD’s genetics. Our analyses clearly indicate that somatic mutations in the deubiquitinases are the key drivers in CD, namely USP8 (36.5%) and USP48 (13.3%). While in USP48 only Met415 is affected by mutations, in USP8 there are 26 different mutations described. However, these different mutations are clustering in the same hotspot region (affecting in 94.5% of cases Ser718 and Pro720). In contrast, pathogenic variants classically associated with tumorigenesis in genes like TP53 and BRAF are also present in CD but with low incidence (12.5% and 7%). Importantly, several of these mutations might have therapeutic potential as there are drugs already investigated in preclinical and clinical setting for other diseases. Furthermore, network and pathway analyses of all somatic mutations in CD suggest a rather unified picture hinting towards converging oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.W.); (T.D.); (M.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Meik Kunz
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.W.); (T.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.W.); (T.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; (I.W.); (T.D.); (M.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Miller WL. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: A Brief History. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:212-223. [PMID: 29719288 DOI: 10.1159/000487755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is central to homeostasis, stress responses, energy metabolism, and neuropsychiatric function. The history of this complex system involves discovery of the relevant glands (adrenal, pituitary, hypothalamus), hormones (cortisol, corticotropin, corticotropin-releasing hormone), and the receptors for these hormones. The adrenal and pituitary were identified by classical anatomists, but most of this history has taken place rather recently, and has involved complex chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, and clinical investigation. The integration of the HPA axis with modern neurology and psychiatry has cemented the role of endocrinology in contemporary studies of behavior.
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Clegg D, Hevener AL, Moreau KL, Morselli E, Criollo A, Van Pelt RE, Vieira-Potter VJ. Sex Hormones and Cardiometabolic Health: Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1095-1105. [PMID: 28323912 PMCID: PMC6283431 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With increased life expectancy, women will spend over three decades of life postmenopause. The menopausal transition increases susceptibility to metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Thus, it is more important than ever to develop effective hormonal treatment strategies to protect aging women. Understanding the role of estrogens, and their biological actions mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs), in the regulation of cardiometabolic health is of paramount importance to discover novel targeted therapeutics. In this brief review, we provide a detailed overview of the literature, from basic science findings to human clinical trial evidence, supporting a protective role of estrogens and their receptors, specifically ERα, in maintenance of cardiometabolic health. In so doing, we provide a concise mechanistic discussion of some of the major tissue-specific roles of estrogens signaling through ERα. Taken together, evidence suggests that targeted, perhaps receptor-specific, hormonal therapies can and should be used to optimize the health of women as they transition through menopause, while reducing the undesired complications that have limited the efficacy and use of traditional hormone replacement interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Clegg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
| | - Andrea L Hevener
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Denver Veterans Administration Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, Colorado 80220
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases and Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Rachael E Van Pelt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Victoria J Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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12
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The porcine glucocorticoid receptor: sequencing a 2.1 kb cDNA fragment and raising specific polyclonal antibodies for western blotting, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800058240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGlucocorticoids and their tissue receptors are involved in many metabolic and developmental processes. Until now only two short fragments with a total length of 200 amino acids were known from the glucocorticoid receptor of the pig. Therefore we sequenced the main part (2.1 kb) of the porcine receptor. In addition, we subcloned a cDNA fragment of this sequence coding for 135 aa of the modulatory region in a pET expression vector. The protein fragment was expressed in E. coli as a his-tag fusion protein. In the SDS-PAGE, the crude E. coli extracts showed an enrichment of a 15 kDa protein which corresponds to the estimated molecular weight for the receptor fragment.After lysis and Ni-NTA affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions the protein was further purified either by dialysis (native protein) or by SDS-PAGE (linearized form). Both forms were emulsified together in adjuvant and used for rabbit immunization.The resulting antibodies were characterized by western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, and additionally by immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis confirmed the binding of the denatured protein by the antiserum and revealed a high binding affinity. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that both the occupied and unoccupied forms of the receptor are detected. The specificity of the antiserum for pGCR was additionally demonstrated by immunohistochemistry.
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13
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Gustafsson JA. Historical overview of nuclear receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 157:3-6. [PMID: 25797032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the birth of the field of nuclear receptors, from Jensen's discovery of estrogen receptor alpha, Gustafsson's discovery of the three-domain structure of the glucocorticoid receptor, the discovery of the glucocorticoid response element and the first partial cloning of the glucocorticoid receptor. Furthermore the discovery of the novel receptors called orphan receptors is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Regulatory Actions of Glucocorticoid Hormones: From Organisms to Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Verhoog N, Allie-Reid F, Vanden Berghe W, Smith C, Haegeman G, Hapgood J, Louw A. Inhibition of corticosteroid-binding globulin gene expression by glucocorticoids involves C/EBPβ. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110702. [PMID: 25335188 PMCID: PMC4205011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), a negative acute phase protein produced primarily in the liver, is responsible for the transport of glucocorticoids (GCs). It also modulates the bioavailability of GCs, as only free or unbound steroids are biologically active. Fluctuations in CBG levels therefore can directly affect GC bioavailability. This study investigates the molecular mechanism whereby GCs inhibit the expression of CBG. GCs regulate gene expression via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which either directly binds to DNA or acts indirectly via tethering to other DNA-bound transcription factors. Although no GC-response elements (GRE) are present in the Cbg promoter, putative binding sites for C/EBPβ, able to tether to the GR, as well as HNF3α involved in GR signaling, are present. C/EBPβ, but not HNF3α, was identified as an important mediator of DEX-mediated inhibition of Cbg promoter activity by using specific deletion and mutant promoter reporter constructs of Cbg. Furthermore, knockdown of C/EBPβ protein expression reduced DEX-induced repression of CBG mRNA, confirming C/EBPβ’s involvement in GC-mediated CBG repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) after DEX treatment indicated increased co-recruitment of C/EBPβ and GR to the Cbg promoter, while C/EBPβ knockdown prevented GR recruitment. Together, the results suggest that DEX repression of CBG involves tethering of the GR to C/EBPβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Verhoog
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Fatima Allie-Reid
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- PPES, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- LEGEST, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carine Smith
- Dept of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Janet Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ann Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Western Cape, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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16
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Dalal K, Roshan-Moniri M, Sharma A, Li H, Ban F, Hessein M, Hsing M, Singh K, LeBlanc E, Dehm S, Tomlinson Guns ES, Cherkasov A, Rennie PS. Selectively targeting the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor as a prospective therapy for prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26417-26429. [PMID: 25086042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that has a pivotal role in the occurrence and progression of prostate cancer. The AR is activated by androgens that bind to its ligand-binding domain (LBD), causing the transcription factor to enter the nucleus and interact with genes via its conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD). Treatment for prostate cancer involves reducing androgen production or using anti-androgen drugs to block the interaction of hormones with the AR-LBD. Eventually the disease changes into a castration-resistant form of PCa where LBD mutations render anti-androgens ineffective or where constitutively active AR splice variants, lacking the LBD, become overexpressed. Recently, we identified a surfaced exposed pocket on the AR-DBD as an alternative drug-target site for AR inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that small molecules designed to selectively bind the pocket effectively block transcriptional activity of full-length and splice variant AR forms at low to sub-micromolar concentrations. The inhibition is lost when residues involved in drug interactions are mutated. Furthermore, the compounds did not impede nuclear localization of the AR and blocked interactions with chromatin, indicating the interference of DNA binding with the nuclear form of the transcription factor. Finally, we demonstrate the inhibition of gene expression and tumor volume in mouse xenografts. Our results indicate that the AR-DBD has a surface site that can be targeted to inhibit all forms of the AR, including enzalutamide-resistant and constitutively active splice variants and thus may serve as a potential avenue for the treatment of recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Dalal
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and.
| | - Mani Roshan-Moniri
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Aishwariya Sharma
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Huifang Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Mohamed Hessein
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Michael Hsing
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Kriti Singh
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Eric LeBlanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Scott Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Emma S Tomlinson Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada and
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17
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Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear Receptors, RXR, and the Big Bang. Cell 2014; 157:255-66. [PMID: 24679540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of genes encoding the receptors for steroids, retinoids, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone and their structural and functional analysis revealed an evolutionarily conserved template for nuclear hormone receptors. This discovery sparked identification of numerous genes encoding related proteins, termed orphan receptors. Characterization of these orphan receptors and, in particular, of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) positioned nuclear receptors at the epicenter of the "Big Bang" of molecular endocrinology. This Review provides a personal perspective on nuclear receptors and explores their integrated and coordinated signaling networks that are essential for multicellular life, highlighting the RXR heterodimer and its associated ligands and transcriptional mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Evans
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; The Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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18
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Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor balance in control of HPA axis and behaviour. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:648-58. [PMID: 22980941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between central glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors is proposed to underlie the HPA axis dysregulation that associates with susceptibility to psychopathology (anxiety, PTSD). To test this 'balance hypothesis' we examined whether the impact of MR levels upon HPA-axis control and behaviour depended on the relative levels of GR and vice versa. Avoiding antenatal maternal 'programming' effects by using littermates, we generated mice with forebrain MR over-expression (MR(hi)) and/or simultaneous global GR under-expression (GR(lo)). We found a significant interaction between MR and GR in control of the HPA-axis under stressed but not basal conditions. With reduced GR levels, HPA-axis activity in response to restraint stress was enhanced, likely due to impaired negative feedback. However, high MR in concert with reduced GR minimised this HPA-axis overshoot in response to stress. MR:GR balance also played a role in determining strategies of spatial memory during a watermaze probe trial: when coupled with GR under-expression, MR(hi) show enhanced perseveration, suggesting enhanced spatial recall or reduced exploratory flexibility. Other alterations in cognitive functions were specific to a single receptor without interaction, with both MR(hi) and GR(lo) manipulations independently impairing reversal learning in spatial and fear memory tasks. Thus, MR and GR interact in specific domains of neuroendocrine and cognitive control, but for other limbic-associated behaviours each receptor mediates its own repertoire of responses. Since modulation of HPA-axis and behavioural dysfunction associated with high levels of MR, selective ligands or transcriptional regulators may afford novel therapeutic approaches to affective psychopathologies.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sever
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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20
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Li Y, Sturm A, Cunningham P, Bury NR. Evidence for a divergence in function between two glucocorticoid receptors from a basal teleost. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:137. [PMID: 22862956 PMCID: PMC3457903 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Duplicated glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are present in most teleost fish. The evolutionary advantage of retaining two GRs is unclear, as no subtype specific functional traits or physiological roles have been defined. To identify factors driving the retention of duplicate GRs in teleosts, the current study examined GRs in representatives of two basal ray-finned fish taxa that emerged either side of the teleost lineage whole genome duplication event (WGD) event, the acipenseriform, Acipenser ruthenus, (pre-WGD) and the osteoglossimorph, Pantodon buchholzi, (post-WGD). Results The study identified a single GR in A. ruthenus (ArGR) and two GRs in P. buchholzi (PbGR1 and PbGR2). Phylogenetic analyses showed that ArGR formed a distinct branch separate from the teleosts GRs. The teleost GR lineage was subdivded into two sublineages, each of which contained one of the two P. buchholzi GRs. ArGR, PbGR1 and PbGR2 all possess the unique 9 amino acid insert between the zinc-fingers of the DNA-binding domain that is present in one of the teleost GR lineages (GR1), but not the other (GR2). A splice variant of PbGR2 produces an isoform that lacked these 9 amino acids (PbGR2b). Cortisol stimulated transactivation activity of ArGR, PbGR2b and PbGR1 in vitro; with PbGR2b and PbGR1, the glucocorticoid 11-deoxycortisol was a more potent agonist than cortisol. The hormone sensitivity of PbGR2b and PbGR1 differed in the transactivation assay, with PbGR2b having lower EC50 values and greater fold induction. Conclusions The difference in transactivation activity sensitivity between duplicated GRs of P. buchholzi suggests potential functional differences between the paralogs emerged early in the teleost lineage. Given the pleiotropic nature of GR function in vertebrates, this finding is in accordance with the hypothesis that duplicated GRs were potentially retained through subfunctionalisation followed by gene sharing. A 9 amino acid insert in the DNA-binding domain emerged in basal ray-finned fish GRs. However, the presence of a PbGR2 splice variant that lacks this insert, as well as the loss of the exon encoding these amino acids in the genes encoding for other teleost GR2 suggests the selection of two receptors with different DNA-binding domain structures in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Nutritional Sciences Research Division, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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21
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Jones PH, Mehta HV, Maric M, Roller RJ, Okeoma CM. Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2) restricts mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) replication in vivo. Retrovirology 2012; 9:10. [PMID: 22284121 PMCID: PMC3283513 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2) is a cellular factor that restricts the egress of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) from the surface of infected cells, preventing infection of new cells. BST-2 is variably expressed in most cell types, and its expression is enhanced by cytokines such as type I interferon alpha (IFN-α). In this present study, we used the beta-retrovirus, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) as a model to examine the role of mouse BST-2 in host infection in vivo. Results By using RNA interference, we show that loss of BST-2 enhances MMTV replication in cultured mammary tumor cells and in vivo. In cultured cells, BST-2 inhibits virus accumulation in the culture medium, and co-localizes at the cell surface with virus structural proteins. Furthermore, both scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) show that MMTV accumulates on the surface of IFNα-stimulated cells. Conclusions Our data provide evidence that BST-2 restricts MMTV release from naturally infected cells and that BST-2 is an antiviral factor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Jones
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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22
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Coutinho AE, Chapman KE. The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 335:2-13. [PMID: 20398732 PMCID: PMC3047790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1093] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of glucocorticoids in the 1940s and the recognition of their anti-inflammatory effects, they have been amongst the most widely used and effective treatments to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, their clinical efficacy is compromised by the metabolic effects of long-term treatment, which include osteoporosis, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, a great deal of effort has been invested in identifying compounds that separate the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects from the adverse metabolic effects of glucocorticoids, with limited effect. It is clear that for these efforts to be effective, a greater understanding is required of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Recent research is shedding new light on some of these mechanisms and has produced some surprising new findings. Some of these recent developments are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 131 242 6736; fax: +44 131 242 6779.
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23
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Low stress reactivity and neuroendocrine factors in the BTBR T+tf/J mouse model of autism. Neuroscience 2010; 171:1197-208. [PMID: 20888890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormal reciprocal social interactions, communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interests. BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) is an inbred mouse strain that displays robust behavioral phenotypes with analogies to all three of the diagnostic symptoms of autism, including low social interactions, reduced vocalizations in social settings, and high levels of repetitive self-grooming. Autism-relevant phenotypes in BTBR offer translational tools to discover neurochemical mechanisms underlying unusual mouse behaviors relevant to symptoms of autism. Because repetitive self-grooming in mice may be a displacement behavior elevated by stressors, we investigated neuroendocrine markers of stress and behavioral reactivity to stressors in BTBR mice, as compared to C57BL/6J (B6), a standard inbred strain with high sociability. Radioimmunoassays replicated previous findings that circulating corticosterone is higher in BTBR than in B6. Higher basal glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and higher oxytocin peptide levels were detected in the brains of BTBR as compared to B6. No significant differences were detected in corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) peptide or CRF mRNA. In response to behavioral stressors, BTBR and B6 were generally similar on behavioral tasks including stress-induced hyperthermia, elevated plus-maze, light ↔ dark exploration, tail flick, acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition. BTBR displayed less reactivity than B6 to a noxious thermal stimulus in the hot plate, and less immobility than B6 in both the forced swim and tail suspension depression-related tasks. BTBR, therefore, exhibited lower depression-like scores than B6 on two standard tests sensitive to antidepressants, did not differ from B6 on two well-validated anxiety-like behaviors, and did not exhibit unusual stress reactivity to sensory stimuli. Our findings support the interpretation that autism-relevant social deficits, vocalizations, and repetitive behaviors are not the result of abnormal stress reactivity in the BTBR mouse model of autism.
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Shoji T, Kajikawa M, Hashimoto T. Clustered transcription factor genes regulate nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3390-409. [PMID: 20959558 PMCID: PMC2990138 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.078543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) synthesizes nicotine and related pyridine alkaloids in the root, and their synthesis increases upon herbivory on the leaf via a jasmonate-mediated signaling cascade. Regulatory NIC loci that positively regulate nicotine biosynthesis have been genetically identified, and their mutant alleles have been used to breed low-nicotine tobacco varieties. Here, we report that the NIC2 locus, originally called locus B, comprises clustered transcription factor genes of an ethylene response factor (ERF) subfamily; in the nic2 mutant, at least seven ERF genes are deleted altogether. Overexpression, suppression, and dominant repression experiments using transgenic tobacco roots showed both functional redundancy and divergence among the NIC2-locus ERF genes. These transcription factors recognized a GCC-box element in the promoter of a nicotine pathway gene and specifically activated all known structural genes in the pathway. The NIC2-locus ERF genes are expressed in the root and upregulated by jasmonate with kinetics that are distinct among the members. Thus, gene duplication events generated a cluster of highly homologous transcription factor genes with transcriptional and functional diversity. The NIC2-locus ERFs are close homologs of ORCA3, a jasmonate-responsive transcriptional activator of indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus, indicating that the NIC2/ORCA3 ERF subfamily was recruited independently to regulate jasmonate-inducible secondary metabolism in distinct plant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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25
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Bustos R, Castrillo G, Linhares F, Puga MI, Rubio V, Pérez-Pérez J, Solano R, Leyva A, Paz-Ares J. A central regulatory system largely controls transcriptional activation and repression responses to phosphate starvation in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1001102. [PMID: 20838596 PMCID: PMC2936532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to different stresses by inducing or repressing transcription of partially overlapping sets of genes. In Arabidopsis, the PHR1 transcription factor (TF) has an important role in the control of phosphate (Pi) starvation stress responses. Using transcriptomic analysis of Pi starvation in phr1, and phr1 phr1-like (phl1) mutants and in wild type plants, we show that PHR1 in conjunction with PHL1 controls most transcriptional activation and repression responses to phosphate starvation, regardless of the Pi starvation specificity of these responses. Induced genes are enriched in PHR1 binding sequences (P1BS) in their promoters, whereas repressed genes do not show such enrichment, suggesting that PHR1(-like) control of transcriptional repression responses is indirect. In agreement with this, transcriptomic analysis of a transgenic plant expressing PHR1 fused to the hormone ligand domain of the glucocorticoid receptor showed that PHR1 direct targets (i.e., displaying altered expression after GR:PHR1 activation by dexamethasone in the presence of cycloheximide) corresponded largely to Pi starvation-induced genes that are highly enriched in P1BS. A minimal promoter containing a multimerised P1BS recapitulates Pi starvation-specific responsiveness. Likewise, mutation of P1BS in the promoter of two Pi starvation-responsive genes impaired their responsiveness to Pi starvation, but not to other stress types. Phylogenetic footprinting confirmed the importance of P1BS and PHR1 in Pi starvation responsiveness and indicated that P1BS acts in concert with other cis motifs. All together, our data show that PHR1 and PHL1 are partially redundant TF acting as central integrators of Pi starvation responses, both specific and generic. In addition, they indicate that transcriptional repression responses are an integral part of adaptive responses to stress. As sessile organisms, plants are often exposed to stress conditions, and have evolved adaptive responses to protect themselves from different types of stress. Some responses are stress type-specific whereas others are common to different stress types. Understanding how these responses are controlled is crucial for rational improvement of stress tolerance, a limiting factor in crop productivity. Here we examined the physiological and molecular responses to phosphate starvation and found that a single transcription factor family, represented by PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (PHR1), has a central role in the control of specific and shared phosphate starvation stress responses. In consonance with the importance of PHR1, we found that the PHR1-binding sequence, present in most PHR1 direct targets, is a crucial cis motif for Pi starvation responsiveness. An artificial promoter controlled by PHR1 recapitulates responsiveness to Pi starvation and to modulators of this response, qualifying PHR1 family members as central integrators in Pi starvation signalling. This central integrator system also controls most transcriptional repression responses to Pi starvation, indicating that they are an integral part of the adaptive response, and not a consequence of plant malfunction due to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regla Bustos
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Castrillo
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Linhares
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Puga
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Rubio
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Paz-Ares
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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26
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Noguchi T, Makino S, Matsumoto R, Nakayama S, Nishiyama M, Terada Y, Hashimoto K. Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor transcription and nuclear translocation during single and repeated immobilization stress. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4344-55. [PMID: 20660064 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported reduced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA levels in the hippocampus and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) during repeated immobilization, which is potentially associated with persistent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. We used in situ hybridization and Western blot to examine the transcriptional regulation of the GR gene, GR nuclear translocation, and expression of cytosolic heat shock protein 90 (hsp90), a chaperone protein essential for GR nuclear translocation, in the hippocampus, PVN, and anterior pituitary (AP) during single immobilization (sIMO) and the final immobilization on d 7 after daily IMO for 6 days (rIMO). As with GR mRNA, GR heteronuclear RNA levels decreased in the hippocampus and PVN and increased in the AP during sIMO and rIMO, indicating that the GR mRNA levels in these regions were regulated at the transcriptional level. In both sIMO and rIMO, nuclear GR levels were significantly increased in the hippocampus, medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), and AP. However, GR nuclear translocation was reduced in the hippocampus, unchanged in the MBH, and enhanced in the AP during rIMO, as compared with sIMO. Cytosolic hsp90 expression was unchanged in the hippocampus and MBH, whereas it significantly increased in the AP at 30 min during rIMO but not during sIMO. These results suggest that the site-specific changes in GR nuclear translocation during sIMO vs. rIMO are partially linked to hsp90 responses to immobilization. The reduced nuclear translocation of GR in the hippocampus during rIMO may reflect decreased glucocorticoid-mediated negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Corticosterone/blood
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Immobilization/methods
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Noguchi
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Okoh-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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27
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Silva EJR, Queiróz DBC, Honda L, Avellar MCW. Glucocorticoid receptor in the rat epididymis: expression, cellular distribution and regulation by steroid hormones. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 325:64-77. [PMID: 20573576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids regulate several physiological functions, including reproduction, in mammals. Curiously, little is known about glucocorticoid-induced effects on the epididymis, an androgen-dependent tissue with vital role on sperm maturation. Here, RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical studies were performed to evaluate expression, cellular distribution and hormonal regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) along rat epididymis. The rat orthologue of human GRalpha (mRNA and protein) was detected in caput, corpus and cauda epididymis and immunolocalized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of different epididymal cells (epithelial, smooth muscle and interstitial cells) and nerve fibers. Changes in plasma glucocorticoid and androgen levels differentially regulated GR expression in caput and cauda epididymis by homologous and heterologous mechanisms. In vivo treatment with dexamethasone significantly changed the expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes and induced ligand-dependent GR nuclear translocation in epithelial cells from epididymis, indicating that GR is fully active in this tissue. Heterologous regulation of androgen receptor expression by glucocorticoids was also demonstrated in cauda epididymis. Our results demonstrate that the epididymis is under glucocorticoid regulation, opening new insights into the roles of this hormone in male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J R Silva
- Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Rua 03 de maio 100, INFAR, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
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Robertson S, Allie-Reid F, Berghe WV, Visser K, Binder A, Africander D, Vismer M, De Bosscher K, Hapgood J, Haegeman G, Louw A. Abrogation of glucocorticoid receptor dimerization correlates with dissociated glucocorticoid behavior of compound a. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8061-75. [PMID: 20037160 PMCID: PMC2832957 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.087866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound A (CpdA), a dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulator, decreases corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and luteneinizing hormone levels in rats. Whether this is due to transcriptional regulation by CpdA is not known. Using promoter reporter assays we show that CpdA, like dexamethasone (Dex), directly transrepresses these genes. Results using a rat Cbg proximal-promoter reporter construct in BWTG3 and HepG2 cell lines support a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent transrepression mechanism for CpdA. However, CpdA, unlike Dex, does not result in transactivation via glucocorticoid-responsive elements within a promoter reporter construct even when GR is co-transfected. The inability of CpdA to result in transactivation via glucocorticoid-responsive elements is confirmed on the endogenous tyrosine aminotransferase gene, whereas transrepression ability is confirmed on the endogenous CBG gene. Consistent with a role for CpdA in modulating GR activity, whole cell binding assays revealed that CpdA binds reversibly to the GR, but with lower affinity than Dex, and influences association of [(3)H]Dex, but has no effect on dissociation. In addition, like Dex, CpdA causes nuclear translocation of the GR, albeit to a lesser degree. Several lines of evidence, including fluorescence resonance energy transfer, co-immunoprecipitation, and nuclear immunofluorescence studies of nuclear localization-deficient GR show that CpdA, unlike Dex, does not elicit ligand-induced GR dimerization. Comparison of the behavior of CpdA in the presence of wild type GR to that of Dex with a dimerization-deficient GR mutant (GR(dim)) strongly supports the conclusion that loss of dimerization is responsible for the dissociated behavior of CpdA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Robertson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Fatima Allie-Reid
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- the Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and
| | - Koch Visser
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Anke Binder
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Donita Africander
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Michael Vismer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- the Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and
| | - Janet Hapgood
- the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X37701, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Guy Haegeman
- the Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium, and
| | - Ann Louw
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
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Giannarelli S, Muscatello B, Bogani P, Spiriti MM, Buiatti M, Fuoco R. Comparative determination of some phytohormones in wild-type and genetically modified plants by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010; 398:60-8. [PMID: 19854149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The analytical performances of two optimized analytical methodologies used for the determination of auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid in plant samples were critically compared. Phytohormones were extracted from Nicotiana glauca samples using a modified Bieleski solvent and determined both by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), after derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), and by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) on the Bieleski extract without any further treatment. HPLC-MS/MS gave better results in terms of higher coefficients of determination of the calibration curves, higher and more reproducible recoveries, lower limits of detection, faster sample preparation, and higher sample throughput. Thus, two sets of N. glauca and N. langsdorffii samples, both wild-type and genetically modified by inserting the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene encoding for the rat glucocorticoid receptor, were first characterized by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and then analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Significant differences in the phytohormone content between the two sample sets were found and are very important in terms of understanding the mechanisms and effects on growth processes and the development of transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giannarelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 35-56126 Pisa, Italy
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Stanisić V, Lonard DM, O'Malley BW. Modulation of steroid hormone receptor activity. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 181:153-76. [PMID: 20478437 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)81009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Classical steroid hormones (SHs) - estrogens, androgens, progestins, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids - play critical roles in the regulation of reproduction, metabolism and cancer. SHs act via their cognate steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) in multiple target tissues throughout the body, exerting their physiological effects through nuclear receptor (NR)-mediated gene transcription. Since SHRs are the mediators of steroid hormone signalling in cells, regulation of their expression and function is critical for appropriate physiological responses to SHs. Cells regulate SHRs by determining the cellular concentration of SHR proteins in the cell and by tightly regulating their activity through post-translational modifications and interactions with coactivator protein complexes. In this chapter we will examine each of these regulatory mechanisms and assess their functional impact on the activity of SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Stanisić
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, United States of America
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31
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Wehrkamp-Richter S, Degroote F, Laffaire JB, Paul W, Perez P, Picard G. Characterisation of a new reporter system allowing high throughput in planta screening for recombination events before and after controlled DNA double strand break induction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:248-255. [PMID: 19136269 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are created either by DNA damaging reagents or in a programmed manner, for example during meiosis. Homologous recombination (HR) can be used to repair DSBs, a process vital both for cell survival and for genetic rearrangement during meiosis. In order to easily quantify this mechanism, a new HR reporter gene that is suitable for the detection of rare recombination events in high-throughput screens was developed in Arabidopsis thaliana. This reporter, pPNP, is composed of two mutated Pat genes and has also one restriction site for the meganuclease I-SceI. A functional Pat gene can be reconstituted by an HR event giving plants which are resistant to the herbicide glufosinate. The basal frequency of intra-chromosomal recombination is very low (10(-5)) and can be strongly increased by the expression of I-SceI which creates a DSB. Expression of I-SceI under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter dramatically increases HR frequency (10,000 fold); however the measured recombinant events are in majority somatic. In contrast only germinal recombination events were measured when the meganuclease was expressed from a floral-specific promoter. Finally, the reporter was used to test a dexamethasone inducible I-SceI which could produce up to 200x more HR events after induction. This novel inducible I-SceI should be useful in fundamental studies of the mechanism of repair of DSBs and for biotechnological applications.
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32
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Induction of APOBEC3 in vivo causes increased restriction of retrovirus infection. J Virol 2009; 83:3486-95. [PMID: 19153238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02347-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3 proteins are important cellular factors that restrict infection by a number of viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Previously, we found that the mouse APOBEC3 (mA3) restricts infection by mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in its natural host. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the first in vivo targets of MMTV infection. In this study, we demonstrate that mA3 expressed in target cells restricts MMTV infection in DCs ex vivo and in vivo. By comparing infection of DCs from mA3(+/+) and mA3(-/-) mice with one-hit viruses, we show that mA3 expression in target cells blocked MMTV infection at a postentry step and acted together with virion-packaged mA3 to inhibit infection. Similar results were obtained upon infection of mouse DCs with HIV-1 cores pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. In addition, treatment of cells or mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused increased levels of mA3 expression and rendered them resistant to MMTV infection. Alpha interferon treatment had a similar effect. This LPS-induced resistance to infection was seen only in mA3(+/+) mice and not in mA3(-/-) mice, arguing that mA3 is the major anti-MMTV restriction factor that is induced upon DC maturation. Thus, increasing the levels of this intrinsic antiretroviral factor in vivo can lead to increased levels of restriction because of higher levels of both cell-intrinsic as well as virion-packaged APOBEC3.
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33
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George AA, Louis Schiltz R, Hager GL. Dynamic access of the glucocorticoid receptor to response elements in chromatin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:214-24. [PMID: 18930837 PMCID: PMC2632576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation as a rate-limiting step of gene expression is often triggered by an environmental stimulus that is transmitted through a signaling cascade to specific transcription factors. Transcription factors must then find appropriate target genes in the context of chromatin. Subsequent modulation of local chromatin domains is now recognized as a major mechanism of gene regulation. The interactions of transcription factors with chromatin structures have recently been observed to be highly dynamic, with residence times measured in seconds. Thus, the concept of static, multi-protein complexes forming at regulatory elements in the genome has been replaced by a new paradigm that envisages rapid and continuous exchange events with the template. These highly dynamic interactions are a property of both DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions and are inherent to every stage of the transcriptional response. In this review we discuss the dynamics of a nuclear receptor, and its transcriptional response in the chromatin context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja A. George
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - R. Louis Schiltz
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - Gordon L. Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
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34
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Zhang S, Danielsen M. Evidence Denies the Presence of O-GlcNAcylation on Mouse Glucocorticoid Receptor and Its Potential Involvement in Receptor Transcriptional Activity. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 26:129-45. [PMID: 16777711 DOI: 10.1080/10799890600623340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) glycosylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is commonly found on many cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. It can play a role in protein trafficking, signal transduction, and in some nuclear proteins it is involved in the control of gene expression. The steroid receptor family consists of proteins that have similar domain architecture including individual DNA and hormone-binding domains that have closely related three-dimensional structures. The discovery of O-linked GlcNAc on both androgen and estrogen receptors and the realization that the GlcNAc plays a role in the transcriptional activity of these receptors raise the possibility that this glycosylation is a common mechanism involved in transcriptional modulation in all members of the steroid receptor family. To test this hypothesis, we affinity purified the mouse glucocorticoid receptor from cell lines engineered to overexpress the receptor and used GlcNAc-specific lectin chromatography, lectin-blotting analysis, and galactosylation assay to assess the presence of GlcNAc modification. All three techniques were found to be highly sensitive when used with proteins known to harbor GlcNAc yet they failed to show the presence of GlcNAcylation on the mouse GR. We also determined the effect of mutation at seven major potential glycosylation sites of the receptor on its transcriptional activity. We conclude that either the mouse GR is not modified by GlcNAc or that the amount of the modification is so low that it cannot be detected. Therefore, the O-GlcNAcylation appears not to be a common mechanism used to modify the activity of all steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Department of Environmental and Infectious Disease Sciences, American Registry of Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, District of Columbia 20306-6000, USA.
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35
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Michailidou Z, Carter RN, Marshall E, Sutherland HG, Brownstein DG, Owen E, Cockett K, Kelly V, Ramage L, Al-Dujaili EAS, Ross M, Maraki I, Newton K, Holmes MC, Seckl JR, Morton NM, Kenyon CJ, Chapman KE. Glucocorticoid receptor haploinsufficiency causes hypertension and attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and blood pressure adaptions to high-fat diet. FASEB J 2008; 22:3896-907. [PMID: 18697839 PMCID: PMC2749453 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones are critical to respond and adapt to stress. Genetic variations in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene alter hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and associate with hypertension and susceptibility to metabolic disease. Here we test the hypothesis that reduced GR density alters blood pressure and glucose and lipid homeostasis and limits adaption to obesogenic diet. Heterozygous GRβgeo/+ mice were generated from embryonic stem (ES) cells with a gene trap integration of a β-galactosidase-neomycin phosphotransferase (βgeo) cassette into the GR gene creating a transcriptionally inactive GR fusion protein. Although GRβgeo/+ mice have 50% less functional GR, they have normal lipid and glucose homeostasis due to compensatory HPA axis activation but are hypertensive due to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). When challenged with a high-fat diet, weight gain, adiposity, and glucose intolerance were similarly increased in control and GRβgeo/+ mice, suggesting preserved control of intermediary metabolism and energy balance. However, whereas a high-fat diet caused HPA activation and increased blood pressure in control mice, these adaptions were attenuated or abolished in GRβgeo/+ mice. Thus, reduced GR density balanced by HPA activation leaves glucocorticoid functions unaffected but mineralocorticoid functions increased, causing hypertension. Importantly, reduced GR limits HPA and blood pressure adaptions to obesogenic diet.—Michailidou, Z., Carter, R. N., Marshall, E., Sutherland, H. G., Brownstein, D. G., Owen, E., Cockett, K., Kelly, V., Ramage, L., Al-Dujaili, E. A. S., Ross, M., Maraki, I., Newton, K., Holmes, M. C., Seckl, J. R., Morton, N. M., Kenyon, C. J., Chapman, K. E. Glucocorticoid receptor haploinsufficiency causes hypertension and attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and blood pressure adaptions to high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Michailidou
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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36
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Baumann H, Prowse KR, Marinković S, Won KA, Jahreis GP. Stimulation of hepatic acute phase response by cytokines and glucocorticoids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 557:280-95, discussion 295-6. [PMID: 2472090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Baumann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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37
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Velicković N, Djordjević A, Matić G, Horvat A. Radiation-induced hyposuppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is associated with alterations of hippocampal corticosteroid receptor expression. Radiat Res 2008; 169:397-407. [PMID: 18363432 DOI: 10.1667/rr1200.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic brain irradiation in children can cause a progressive decline in cognitive functions through a diminished capability to learn and memorize. Because of the known involvement of the hippocampus in memory consolidation, this study was aimed at examining the late effects of gamma radiation on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and hippocampal corticosteroid receptor expression in an animal model of cranial radiotherapy. In the late-response phase, the basal and stress-induced corticosterone levels were not affected by radiation, but the suppression of glucocorticoid negative feedback by dexamethasone was attenuated in irradiated rats. Western blot analyses showed that exposure to radiation led to a decrease of cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels and a concomitant elevation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The results obtained were complemented by those of RT-PCR, since the ratio of GR/MR mRNA was also decreased after radiation exposure. Dexamethasone appeared to be much less effective in shifting GR to the nuclear compartment in irradiated rats than in sham-irradiated animals. However, the expression of chaperones that aid GR intracellular trafficking, Hsp90 and Hsp70, remained unaffected. In conclusion, our data suggest that the hallmark of the late response to gamma radiation is a hyposuppressive state of the HPA axis that is associated with a decrease in both the GR/MR ratio and the nuclear accumulation of dexamethasone-activated GR in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Velicković
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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38
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Uchida S, Nishida A, Hara K, Kamemoto T, Suetsugi M, Fujimoto M, Watanuki T, Wakabayashi Y, Otsuki K, McEwen BS, Watanabe Y. Characterization of the vulnerability to repeated stress in Fischer 344 rats: possible involvement of microRNA-mediated down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2250-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Chaudhuri G. Nuclear receptors and female reproduction: a tale of 3 scientists, Jensen, Gustafsson, and O'Malley. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:110-20. [PMID: 18276948 DOI: 10.1177/1933719108314516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Work on the estrogen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor laid the foundation for the discovery of a family of receptors known as the nuclear receptors. Discovery of these receptors has expanded our understanding of many hormonal and nonhormonal substances, which act through the nuclear receptors. These receptors are actually ligand-binding intracellular transcription factors, which induce nuclear expression of specific mRNAs, leading to synthesis of specific proteins with biological activity. This review for the benefit of gynecologists and reproductive physiologists focuses on the work of 3 scientists who were pioneers in the work on the estrogen, glucocorticoid, and progesterone receptors, which has had a major impact on our understanding of reproductive physiology and on the field of nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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40
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Abramovitz L, Shapira T, Ben-Dror I, Dror V, Granot L, Rousso T, Landoy E, Blau L, Thiel G, Vardimon L. Dual role of NRSF/REST in activation and repression of the glucocorticoid response. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:110-119. [PMID: 17984088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707366200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Restriction of glutamine synthetase to the nervous system is mainly achieved through the mutual function of the glucocorticoid receptor and the neural restrictive silencing factor, NRSF/REST. Glucocorticoids induce glutamine synthetase expression in neural tissues while NRSF/REST represses the hormonal response in non-neural cells. NRSF/REST is a modular protein that contains two independent repression domains, at the N and C termini of the molecule, and is dominantly expressed in nonneural cells. Neural tissues express however splice variants, REST4/5, which contain the repression domain at the N, but not at the C terminus of the molecule. Here we show that full-length NRSF/REST or its C-terminal domain can inhibit almost completely the induction of gene transcription by glucocorticoids. By contrast, the N-terminal domain not only fails to repress the hormonal response but rather stimulates it markedly. The inductive activity of the N-terminal domain is mediated by hBrm, which is recruited to the promoter only in the concomitant presence of GR. Importantly, a similar inductive activity is also exerted by the splice variant REST4. These findings raise the possibility that NRSF/REST exhibits a dual role in regulation of glutamine synthetase. It represses gene induction in nonneural cells and enhances the hormonal response, via its splice variant, in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Abramovitz
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Shapira
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iris Ben-Dror
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vardit Dror
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Limor Granot
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Rousso
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Landoy
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Blau
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Lily Vardimon
- Department of Biochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
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41
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Jöhren O, Dendorfer A, Dominiak P, Raasch W. Gene expression of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in the limbic system is related to type-2 like diabetes in leptin-resistant rats. Brain Res 2007; 1184:160-7. [PMID: 17945204 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is often accompanied by a dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which is regulated centrally via glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Here, we compared the expression of both receptor subtypes in the brain of Zucker fatty and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats together with their respective control rats. Both strains are primarily leptin resistant due to a mutated leptin receptor; ZDF rats, however, develop type-2 like diabetes. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) we found increased hypothalamic corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) levels in rats with the genetic ZDF background independently from leptin resistance. This was accompanied by elevated plasma corticosterone levels and by a higher reactivity of the HPA axis in response to CRH. Rats with the genetic ZDF background showed increased mRNA levels of GR in the amygdala and hypothalamus and increased mRNA levels of MR in the hippocampus and hypothalamus compared to rats with the Zucker fatty background. In leptin resistant ZDF rats but not in Zucker fatty rats, the mRNA levels of MR were selectively increased in the amygdala compared to nondiabetic control rats. No differences in the GR mRNA levels were found between leptin resistant Zucker fatty rats and lean control rats. Thus, an increased drive of the HPA axis in rats with ZDF background is associated with a differential expression of GR and MR in the limbic system. This dysregulation of the HPA axis may eventually lead, in combination with leptin resistance, to the development of diabetes in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Jöhren
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538, Lübeck, Germany.
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42
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Dexamethasone treatment affects nuclear glucocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid response element binding activity in liver of rats (Rattus norvegicus) during aging. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 148:463-9. [PMID: 17761446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with marked changes in the biochemical processes of many organs. Basal and glucocorticoid induced of liver nuclear glucocorticoid receptor (GR) on the level of protein expression and DNA-binding activity were investigated at different ages (3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months old) in two groups of rats in: untreated and dexamethasone treated. The results showed a significant decline of GR protein immunopurified from untreated rats of advanced age. In dexamethasone-treated rats, the quantity of GR protein was lower than in controls at all ages. The interactions of liver nuclear proteins with radioactively labelled synthetic oligonucleotide analogue containing consensus GRE sequence were analysed during aging. The results showed that GRE binding activity demonstrated a decrease both in untreated and in dexamethasone treated rats. However, relative to untreated rats, dexamethasone treatment resulted in a significant increase in GRE binding at all ages, except that of three months old animals. In conclusion, the observed alterations in GR protein expression and its DNA binding activity may play a role in the changes of the cell response to glucocorticoid during aging.
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43
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Nakashima K, Tran LSP, Van Nguyen D, Fujita M, Maruyama K, Todaka D, Ito Y, Hayashi N, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K. Functional analysis of a NAC-type transcription factor OsNAC6 involved in abiotic and biotic stress-responsive gene expression in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 51:617-30. [PMID: 17587305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The OsNAC6 gene is a member of the NAC transcription factor gene family in rice. Expression of OsNAC6 is induced by abiotic stresses, including cold, drought and high salinity. OsNAC6 gene expression is also induced by wounding and blast disease. A transactivation assay using a yeast system demonstrated that OsNAC6 functions as a transcriptional activator, and transient localization studies with OsNAC6-sGFP fusion protein revealed its nuclear localization. Transgenic rice plants over-expressing OsNAC6 constitutively exhibited growth retardation and low reproductive yields. These transgenic rice plants showed an improved tolerance to dehydration and high-salt stresses, and also exhibited increased tolerance to blast disease. By utilizing stress-inducible promoters, such as the OsNAC6 promoter, it is hoped that stress-inducible over-expression of OsNAC6 in rice can improve stress tolerance by suppressing the negative effects of OsNAC6 on growth under normal growth conditions. The results of microarray analysis revealed that many genes that are inducible by abiotic and biotic stresses were upregulated in rice plants over-expressing OsNAC6. A transient transactivation assay showed that OsNAC6 activates the expression of at least two genes, including a gene encoding peroxidase. Collectively, these results indicate that OsNAC6 functions as a transcriptional activator in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. We conclude that OsNAC6 may serve as a useful biotechnological tool for the improvement of stress tolerance in various kinds of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakashima
- Biological Resources Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
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44
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Lai M, Horsburgh K, Bae SE, Carter RN, Stenvers DJ, Fowler JH, Yau JL, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Holmes MC, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR, Macleod MR. Forebrain mineralocorticoid receptor overexpression enhances memory, reduces anxiety and attenuates neuronal loss in cerebral ischaemia. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:1832-42. [PMID: 17432969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a high-affinity receptor for glucocorticoids, is highly expressed in the hippocampus where it underpins cognitive, behavioural and neuroendocrine regulation. Increased neuronal MR expression occurs early in the response to cellular injury in vivo and in vitro and is associated with enhanced neuronal survival. To determine whether increased neuronal MR might be causal in protecting against ischaemic damage in vivo we generated a forebrain-specific MR-overexpressing transgenic mouse (MR-Tg) under the control of the CamKII alpha promoter, and subjected mice to transient cerebral global ischaemia induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 20 min. We also separately assessed the effects of MR overexpression on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and cognitive and affective functions in noninjured animals. Our results showed that MR-Tg mice had significantly reduced neuronal death following transient cerebral global ischaemia compared to wild-type littermates. This effect was not associated with alterations in basal or poststress HPA axis function or in arterial blood pressure. MR-Tg mice also demonstrated improved spatial memory retention, reduced anxiety and altered behavioural response to novelty. The induction of neuronal MR appears to offer a protective response which has potential therapeutic implications in cerebral ischaemia and cognitive and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Lai
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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Lu NZ, Wardell SE, Burnstein KL, Defranco D, Fuller PJ, Giguere V, Hochberg RB, McKay L, Renoir JM, Weigel NL, Wilson EM, McDonnell DP, Cidlowski JA. International Union of Pharmacology. LXV. The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:782-97. [PMID: 17132855 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Hormone Antagonists/adverse effects
- Hormone Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Ligands
- Mutation
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/classification
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Z Lu
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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46
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Kwok AHY, Wang Y, Wang CY, Leung FC. Cloning of Chicken Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and Characterization of its Expression in Pituitary and Extrapituitary Tissues. Poult Sci 2007; 86:423-30. [PMID: 17234861 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.2.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests that glucocorticoids play critical roles in the differentiation of somatotroph and lactotroph in embryonic pituitaries of birds. However, the basic information on the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in avian species is limited. In this study, the full-length cDNA for chicken GR was cloned from the chicken kidney. It encodes 772 amino acids and shares high homology with that of the human (73%), mouse (73%), rat (71%), rabbit (72%), and trout (51%) sequences. Similar to mammals, chicken GR is widely expressed in all adult tissues being investigated. Among the 12 tissues investigated, relatively high expression of GR was detected in pituitary, muscle, ovary, and kidney using reverse transcription-PCR assay. Using semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, GR is shown to be abundantly expressed at a more or less constant level during embryonic pituitary development (from d 8 to 20), supporting the hypothesis that the expression of GR is unlikely to be a limiting factor in initiating the differentiation of somatotroph and lactotroph in embryonic pituitary of birds. Moreover, an abundant expression of GR in the whole embryos at earlier developmental stages (from d 2 to 5) was also detected in the present study, though its physiological relevance remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Y Kwok
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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47
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Vizzini A, Vazzana M, Cammarata M, Parrinello N. Peritoneal cavity phagocytes from the teleost sea bass express a glucocorticoid receptor (cloned and sequenced) involved in genomic modulation of the in vitro chemiluminescence response to zymosan. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 150:114-23. [PMID: 16987519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To gain further insight into the role of cortisol in fish innate immune responses, we cloned and sequenced a 2592bp cDNA from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) peritoneal leukocytes (PCLs) encoding a glucocorticoid receptor (DlGR1). The deduced aminoacid sequence displayed that DlGR1 belong to a multigenic family of steroid hormone receptors, and exhibited high homology (80%) to the Burton's mouth breeder (Haplochromis burtoni) HbGR1. The DlGR1 functional domains presented homologies with those of several vertebrate species. In situ hybridization assay revealed that DlGR1 was expressed in macrophages and neutrophils from the peritoneal cavity. Since in a previous paper, sea bass PCL chemiluminescence response (CL) has been related to increased respiratory burst of phagocytes stimulated with zymosan, PCLs, pre-incubated in vitro with cortisol at various concentrations, were assayed for their CL response. Dose-dependent cortisol inhibitory effects, and significant competitive activity of a low concentration of mifepristone (RU486), a glucocorticoid-receptor blocker, supported that cortisol-GR interaction was involved in modulating CL response via a genomic pathway. Results also indicated that cortisol could be effective through an additional not-genomic way, and showed that high doses of RU486 exerted an inhibitory effect on PCL chemiluminescence activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Laboratory of Marine Immunobiology, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Ascenzi P, Bocedi A, Marino M. Structure-function relationship of estrogen receptor alpha and beta: impact on human health. Mol Aspects Med 2006; 27:299-402. [PMID: 16914190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
17Beta-estradiol (E2) controls many aspects of human physiology, including development, reproduction and homeostasis, through regulation of the transcriptional activity of its cognate receptors (ERs). The crystal structures of ERs with agonists and antagonists and the use of transgenic animals have revealed much about how hormone binding influences ER conformation(s) and how this conformation(s), in turn, influences the interaction of ERs with co-activators or co-repressors and hence determines ER binding to DNA and cellular outcomes. This information has helped to shed light on the connection between E2 and the development or progression of numerous diseases. Current therapeutic strategy in the treatment of E2-related pathologies relies on the modulation of ER trancriptional activity by anti-estrogens; however, data accumulated during the last five years reveal that ER activities are not only restricted to the nucleus. ERs are very mobile proteins continuously shuttling between protein targets located within various cellular compartments (e.g., membrane, nucleus). This allows E2 to generate different and synergic signal transduction pathways (i.e., non-genomic and genomic) which provide plasticity for cell response to E2. Understanding the structural basis and the molecular mechanisms by which ER transduce E2 signals in target cells will allow to create new pharmacologic therapies aimed at the treatment of a variety of human diseases affecting the cardiovascular system, the reproductive system, the skeletal system, the nervous system, the mammary gland, and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Roma, Italy
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Nagy L, Schüle R, Gronemeyer H. Twenty years of nuclear receptors: Conference on Nuclear Receptors: from Chromatin to Disease. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:579-84. [PMID: 16729019 PMCID: PMC1479599 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, Egyetem ter 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Galeeva A, Ordyan N, Pivina S, Pelto-Huikko M. Expression of glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampal region of the rat brain during postnatal development. J Chem Neuroanat 2006; 31:216-25. [PMID: 16533592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Circulating glucocorticoids, of which their concentration is largely under the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, acting through the glucocorticoid receptors (GR) regulate a large variety of pivotal functions of the organism such as growth, development, immune- and stress-response. The main mechanism of regulation of the HPA axis activity is via negative feedback at all levels of the HPA axis itself as well as at the extra-hypothalamic level, a central part of which is the hippocampus. During neonatal development, the HPA axis of rats undergoes a period of hyporesponsiveness (SHRP)-when most stress stimuli fail to induce stress-response. Here, we describe the pattern of GR proteins expression in the hippocampal area of the rat brain during postnatal development and in adulthood. We demonstrated that the GR protein, of which its expression level is gradually enhanced in the hippocampus during postnatal life, exists in three different molecular sized forms. A larger molecular form was expressed at rather high levels at all studied time periods. A second smaller variant of GR was transiently expressed during the first one and a half weeks that corresponds with SHRP and then appeared again only in the adulthood. By the end of SHRP on PD 13, third smallest protein form of GR started to be detected in the hippocampal area. Thus, it remains to be disclosed in the nearest future, how the hippocampal GR isoforms may be involved in regulation of the neonatal HPA axis hyporesponsiveness as well as in functions of this system during the ensuing period of the brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Galeeva
- Department of Developmental Biology, Tampere University Medical School, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, FIN-33014, Finland.
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