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Wang Y, Lilienfeldt N, Hekimi S. Understanding coenzyme Q. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1533-1610. [PMID: 38722242 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ), also known as ubiquinone, comprises a benzoquinone head group and a long isoprenoid side chain. It is thus extremely hydrophobic and resides in membranes. It is best known for its complex function as an electron transporter in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) but is also required for several other crucial cellular processes. In fact, CoQ appears to be central to the entire redox balance of the cell. Remarkably, its structure and therefore its properties have not changed from bacteria to vertebrates. In metazoans, it is synthesized in all cells and is found in most, and maybe all, biological membranes. CoQ is also known as a nutritional supplement, mostly because of its involvement with antioxidant defenses. However, whether there is any health benefit from oral consumption of CoQ is not well established. Here we review the function of CoQ as a redox-active molecule in the ETC and other enzymatic systems, its role as a prooxidant in reactive oxygen species generation, and its separate involvement in antioxidant mechanisms. We also review CoQ biosynthesis, which is particularly complex because of its extreme hydrophobicity, as well as the biological consequences of primary and secondary CoQ deficiency, including in human patients. Primary CoQ deficiency is a rare inborn condition due to mutation in CoQ biosynthetic genes. Secondary CoQ deficiency is much more common, as it accompanies a variety of pathological conditions, including mitochondrial disorders as well as aging. In this context, we discuss the importance, but also the great difficulty, of alleviating CoQ deficiency by CoQ supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noah Lilienfeldt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siegfried Hekimi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Alva R, Wiebe JE, Stuart JA. Revisiting reactive oxygen species production in hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1423-1444. [PMID: 38955833 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Cellular responses to hypoxia are crucial in various physiological and pathophysiological contexts and have thus been extensively studied. This has led to a comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional response to hypoxia, which is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of HIF regulation in hypoxia remain incompletely understood. In particular, there is controversy surrounding the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypoxia and how this affects the stabilization and activity of HIFs. This review examines this controversy and attempts to shed light on its origin. We discuss the role of physioxia versus normoxia as baseline conditions that can affect the subsequent cellular response to hypoxia and highlight the paucity of data on pericellular oxygen levels in most experiments, leading to variable levels of hypoxia that might progress to anoxia over time. We analyze the different outcomes reported in isolated mitochondria, versus intact cells or whole organisms, and evaluate the reliability of various ROS-detecting tools. Finally, we examine the cell-type and context specificity of oxygen's various effects. We conclude that while recent evidence suggests that the effect of hypoxia on ROS production is highly dependent on the cell type and the duration of exposure, efforts should be made to conduct experiments under carefully controlled, physiological microenvironmental conditions in order to rule out potential artifacts and improve reproducibility in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Jacob E Wiebe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Stuart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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3
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Sen B, Benoit B, Brand MD. Hypoxia decreases mitochondrial ROS production in cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 224:1-8. [PMID: 39147069 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
We re-examined the reported increase in mitochondrial ROS production during acute hypoxia in cells. Using the Amplex Ultrared/horseradish peroxidase assay we found a decrease, not increase, in hydrogen peroxide release from HEK293 cells under acute hypoxia, at times ranging from 1 min to 3 h. The rates of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from each of the three major sites (site IQ in complex I and site IIIQo in complex III in mitochondria, and NADH oxidases (NOX) in the cytosol) were decreased to the same extent by acute hypoxia, with no change in the cells' ability to degrade added hydrogen peroxide. A similar decrease in ROS production under acute hypoxia was found using the diacetyldichlorofluorescein assay. Using a HIF1α reporter cell line we confirmed earlier observations that suppression of superoxide production by site IIIQo decreases HIF1α expression, and found similar effects of suppressing site IQ or NOX. We conclude that increased mitochondrial ROS do not drive the response of HIF1α to acute hypoxia, but suggest that cytosolic H2O2 derived from site IQ, site IIIQo and NOX in cells is necessary to permit HIF1α stabilization by other signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoya Sen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Bérengère Benoit
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Martin D Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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4
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Bresson SE, Ruzzin J. Persistent organic pollutants disrupt the oxidant/antioxidant balance of INS-1E pancreatic β-cells causing their physiological dysfunctions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108821. [PMID: 38885551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have emerged as potent diabetogenic agents, but their mechanisms of action remain poorly identified. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aim to determine the mechanisms regulating the damaging effects of POPs in pancreatic β-cells, which have a central role in the development of diabetes. METHODS We treated INS-1E pancreatic β-cells with PCB-153, p,p'-DDE, PCB-126, or TCDD at doses ranging from 1 × 10-15to 5 × 10-6M. We measured insulin content and secretion, cell viability and assessed the mRNA expression of the xenobiotic nuclear receptors Nr1i2 and Nr1i3, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr). In addition, we evaluated the antioxidant defense and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, we studied the ability of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) to counteract the effects of POPs in INS-1E cells. RESULTS When exposed to environmental POP levels, INS-1E cells had impaired production and secretion of insulin. These defects were observed for all tested POPs and were paralleled by reduced Ins1 and Ins2 mRNA expression. While POP treatment for 3 days did not affect INS-1E cell viability, longer treatment progressively killed the cells. Furthermore, we found that the xenobiotic detoxification machinery is poorly expressed in the INS-1E cells, as characterized by the absence of Nr1i2 and Nr1i3 and their respective downstream targets Cyp3a1/Cyp3a2 and Cyp2b1/Cyp2b3, and the weak functionality of the Ahr/Cyp1a1 signaling. Interestingly, POPs dysregulated key antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins, and catalases. In parallel, the production of intracellular ROS, including superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), was increased by POP exposure. Improving the oxidant scavenging capacity of INS-1E cells by NAC treatment restored the production and secretion of insulin. CONCLUSION By promoting oxidative stress and impairing the ability of INS-1E cells to produce and secrete insulin, this study reveals how POPs can mechanistically act as diabetogenic agents, and provides new scientific evidence supporting the concept that POPs are fueling the diabetes epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Emilie Bresson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jérôme Ruzzin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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5
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Mailloux RJ. The emerging importance of the α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes in serving as intracellular and intercellular signaling platforms for the regulation of metabolism. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103155. [PMID: 38615490 PMCID: PMC11021975 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (KDHc) class of mitochondrial enzymes is composed of four members: pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHc), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHc), branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDHc), and 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (OADHc). These enzyme complexes occupy critical metabolic intersections that connect monosaccharide, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism to Krebs cycle flux and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). This feature also imbues KDHc enzymes with the heightened capacity to serve as platforms for propagation of intracellular and intercellular signaling. KDHc enzymes serve as a source and sink for mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (mtH2O2), a vital second messenger used to trigger oxidative eustress pathways. Notably, deactivation of KDHc enzymes through reversible oxidation by mtH2O2 and other electrophiles modulates the availability of several Krebs cycle intermediates and related metabolites which serve as powerful intracellular and intercellular messengers. The KDHc enzymes also play important roles in the modulation of mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetic programming in the nucleus through the provision of various acyl-CoAs, which are used to acylate proteinaceous lysine residues. Intriguingly, nucleosomal control by acylation is also achieved through PDHc and KGDHc localization to the nuclear lumen. In this review, I discuss emerging concepts in the signaling roles fulfilled by the KDHc complexes. I highlight their vital function in serving as mitochondrial redox sensors and how this function can be used by cells to regulate the availability of critical metabolites required in cell signaling. Coupled with this, I describe in detail how defects in KDHc function can cause disease states through the disruption of cell redox homeodynamics and the deregulation of metabolic signaling. Finally, I propose that the intracellular and intercellular signaling functions of the KDHc enzymes are controlled through the reversible redox modification of the vicinal lipoic acid thiols in the E2 subunit of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Mailloux
- School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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Kang Z, Zhang Z, Li J, Deng K, Wang F, Fan Y. Mechanistic of AMPK/ACC2 regulating myoblast differentiation by fatty acid oxidation of goat. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132243. [PMID: 38744369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Myoblast differentiation depends on fatty acid oxidation (FAO),and its rate-limiting enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2) participate in the regulation skeletal muscle development. However, the precise regulatory mechanism is still unknown. Using previous RNA-sequencing data from our laboratory, we explored the effect of ACC2 on myoblast differentiation, as a candidate gene, since its expression is higher in myoblasts of lamb (first day of age) than that of the fetus (75th day of pregnancy). Our findings show that siACC2 inhibited myoblast proliferation, promoted differentiation, and boosted mitochondrial and fatty acid oxidation activities. The effect of ACC2 on goat muscle cell differentiation was modulated by Etomoxir, a CPT1A inhibitor. Notably, the AMPK/ACC2 pathway was found to regulate fatty acid oxidation and goat muscle cell differentiation. Inhibiting the AMPK/ACC2 pathway significantly reduced CPT1A expression. These findings indicate that AMPK/ACC2 regulate goat myoblast differentiation via fatty acid oxidation, contributing to understanding the mechanism of goat skeletal muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Kang
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaiping Deng
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Baker JS, Davison GW, Yan X. Redox signaling and skeletal muscle adaptation during aerobic exercise. iScience 2024; 27:109643. [PMID: 38650987 PMCID: PMC11033207 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox regulation is a fundamental physiological phenomenon related to oxygen-dependent metabolism, and skeletal muscle is mainly regarded as a primary site for oxidative phosphorylation. Several studies have revealed the importance of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in the signaling process relating to muscle adaptation during exercise. To date, improving knowledge of redox signaling in modulating exercise adaptation has been the subject of comprehensive work and scientific inquiry. The primary aim of this review is to elucidate the molecular and biochemical pathways aligned to RONS as activators of skeletal muscle adaptation and to further identify the interconnecting mechanisms controlling redox balance. We also discuss the RONS-mediated pathways during the muscle adaptive process, including mitochondrial biogenesis, muscle remodeling, vascular angiogenesis, neuron regeneration, and the role of exogenous antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsong Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Wealth Management, Ningbo University of Finance and Economics, Ningbo, China
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Gareth W. Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast BT15 IED, UK
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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8
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Song N, Mei S, Wang X, Hu G, Lu M. Focusing on mitochondria in the brain: from biology to therapeutics. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:23. [PMID: 38632601 PMCID: PMC11022390 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have multiple functions such as supplying energy, regulating the redox status, and producing proteins encoded by an independent genome. They are closely related to the physiology and pathology of many organs and tissues, among which the brain is particularly prominent. The brain demands 20% of the resting metabolic rate and holds highly active mitochondrial activities. Considerable research shows that mitochondria are closely related to brain function, while mitochondrial defects induce or exacerbate pathology in the brain. In this review, we provide comprehensive research advances of mitochondrial biology involved in brain functions, as well as the mitochondria-dependent cellular events in brain physiology and pathology. Furthermore, various perspectives are explored to better identify the mitochondrial roles in neurological diseases and the neurophenotypes of mitochondrial diseases. Finally, mitochondrial therapies are discussed. Mitochondrial-targeting therapeutics are showing great potentials in the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanshan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuyuan Mei
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiangxu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
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9
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Griffith M, Araújo A, Travasso R, Salvador A. The architecture of redox microdomains: Cascading gradients and peroxiredoxins' redox-oligomeric coupling integrate redox signaling and antioxidant protection. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103000. [PMID: 38150990 PMCID: PMC10829873 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the cytosol of human cells under low oxidative loads, hydrogen peroxide is confined to microdomains around its supply sites, due to its fast consumption by peroxiredoxins. So are the sulfenic and disulfide forms of the 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, according to a previous theoretical analysis [Travasso et al., Redox Biology 15 (2017) 297]. Here, an extended reaction-diffusion model that for the first time considers the differential properties of human peroxiredoxins 1 and 2 and the thioredoxin redox cycle predicts important new aspects of the dynamics of redox microdomains. The peroxiredoxin 1 sulfenates and disulfides are more localized than the corresponding peroxiredoxin 2 forms, due to the former peroxiredoxin's faster resolution step. The thioredoxin disulfides are also localized. As the H2O2 supply rate (vsup) approaches and then surpasses the maximal rate of the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system (V), these concentration gradients become shallower, and then vanish. At low vsup the peroxiredoxin concentration determines the H2O2 concentrations and gradient length scale, but as vsup approaches V, the thioredoxin reductase activity gains influence. A differential mobility of peroxiredoxin disulfide dimers vs. reduced decamers enhances the redox polarity of the cytosol: as vsup approaches V, reduced decamers are preferentially retained far from H2O2 sources, attenuating the local H2O2 buildup. Substantial total protein concentration gradients of both peroxiredoxins emerge under these conditions, and the concentration of reduced peroxiredoxin 1 far from the H2O2 sources even increases with vsup. Altogether, the properties of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins and thioredoxin are such that localized H2O2 supply induces a redox and functional polarization between source-proximal regions (redox microdomains) that facilitate peroxiredoxin-mediated signaling and distal regions that maximize antioxidant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Griffith
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 4, Lote 8, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Adérito Araújo
- CMUC, Department of Mathematics, University of Coimbra, Largo D. Dinis, 3004-143, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rui Travasso
- CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-516, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Armindo Salvador
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 4, Lote 8, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center - Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Marques-Carvalho A, Kim HN, Almeida M. The role of reactive oxygen species in bone cell physiology and pathophysiology. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101664. [PMID: 38163012 PMCID: PMC10757300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion radical (O2-•), and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by the vast majority of mammalian cells and can contribute both to cellular homeostasis and dysfunction. The NADPH oxidases (NOX) enzymes and the mitochondria electron transport chain (ETC) produce most of the cellular ROS. Multiple antioxidant systems prevent the accumulation of excessive amounts of ROS which cause damage to all cellular macromolecules. Many studies have examined the contribution of ROS to different bone cell types and to skeletal physiology and pathophysiology. Here, we discuss the role of H2O2 and O2-• and their major enzymatic sources in osteoclasts and osteoblasts, the fundamentally different ways via which these cell types utilize mitochondrial derived H2O2 for differentiation and function, and the molecular mechanisms that impact and are altered by ROS in these cells. Particular emphasis is placed on evidence obtained from mouse models describing the contribution of different sources of ROS or antioxidant enzymes to bone resorption and formation. Findings from studies using pharmacological or genetically modified mouse models indicate that an increase in H2O2 and perhaps other ROS contribute to the loss of bone mass with aging and estrogen deficiency, the two most important causes of osteoporosis and increased fracture risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Marques-Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ha-Neui Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
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11
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Grayson C, Mailloux RJ. Coenzyme Q 10 and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase: Sentinels for mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:260-271. [PMID: 37573896 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a mitokine for cell communication. H2O2 output for signaling depends on its rate of production and degradation, both of which are strongly affected by the redox state of the coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) pool and NADPH availability. Here, we propose the CoQ pool and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) have evolved to be central modalities for mitochondrial H2O2 signaling. Both factors play opposing yet equally important roles in dictating H2O2 availability because they are connected to one another by two central parameters in bioenergetics: electron supply and Δp. The CoQ pool is the central point of convergence for electrons from various dehydrogenases and the electron transport chain (ETC). The increase in Δp creates a significant amount of protonic backpressure on mitochondria to promote H2O2 genesis through CoQ pool reduction. These same factors also drive the activity of NNT, which uses electrons and the Δp to eliminate H2O2. In this way, electron supply and the magnitude of the Δp manifests as a redox connection between the two sentinels, CoQ and NNT, which serve as opposing yet equally important forces required for budgeting H2O2. Taken together, CoQ and NNT are sentinels linked through mitochondrial bioenergetics to manage H2O2 availability for interorganelle and intercellular redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn Grayson
- The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ryan J Mailloux
- The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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12
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den Toom WTF, van Soest DMK, Polderman PE, van Triest MH, Bruurs LJM, De Henau S, Burgering BMT, Dansen TB. Oxygen-consumption based quantification of chemogenetic H 2O 2 production in live human cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:134-142. [PMID: 37392950 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the form of H2O2 can act both as physiological signaling molecules as well as damaging agents, depending on their concentration and localization. The downstream biological effects of H2O2 were often studied making use of exogenously added H2O2, generally as a bolus and at supraphysiological levels. But this does not mimic the continuous, low levels of intracellular H2O2 production by for instance mitochondrial respiration. The enzyme d-Amino Acid Oxidase (DAAO) catalyzes H2O2 formation using d-amino acids, which are absent from culture media, as a substrate. Ectopic expression of DAAO has recently been used in several studies to produce inducible and titratable intracellular H2O2. However, a method to directly quantify the amount of H2O2 produced by DAAO has been lacking, making it difficult to assess whether observed phenotypes are the result of physiological or artificially high levels of H2O2. Here we describe a simple assay to directly quantify DAAO activity by measuring the oxygen consumed during H2O2 production. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of DAAO can directly be compared to the basal mitochondrial respiration in the same assay, to estimate whether the ensuing level of H2O2 production is within the range of physiological mitochondrial ROS production. In the tested monoclonal RPE1-hTERT cells, addition of 5 mM d-Ala to the culture media amounts to a DAAO-dependent OCR that surpasses ∼5% of the OCR that stems from basal mitochondrial respiration and hence produces supra-physiological levels of H2O2. We show that the assay can also be used to select clones that express differentially localized DAAO with the same absolute level of H2O2 production to be able to discriminate the effects of H2O2 production at different subcellular locations from differences in total oxidative burden. This method therefore greatly improves the interpretation and applicability of DAAO-based models, thereby moving the redox biology field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wytze T F den Toom
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daan M K van Soest
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paulien E Polderman
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda H van Triest
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas J M Bruurs
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sasha De Henau
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Jaarbeursplein 6, 3521 AL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias B Dansen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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13
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Ježek P. Pitfalls of Mitochondrial Redox Signaling Research. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1696. [PMID: 37759999 PMCID: PMC10525995 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling from mitochondria (mt) to the cytosol and plasma membrane (PM) has been scarcely reported, such as in the case of hypoxic cell adaptation or (2-oxo-) 2-keto-isocaproate (KIC) β-like-oxidation stimulating insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. Mutual redox state influence between mitochondrial major compartments, the matrix and the intracristal space, and the cytosol is therefore derived theoretically in this article to predict possible conditions, when mt-to-cytosol and mt-to-PM signals may occur, as well as conditions in which the cytosolic redox signaling is not overwhelmed by the mitochondrial antioxidant capacity. Possible peroxiredoxin 3 participation in mt-to-cytosol redox signaling is discussed, as well as another specific case, whereby mitochondrial superoxide release is diminished, whereas the matrix MnSOD is activated. As a result, the enhanced conversion to H2O2 allows H2O2 diffusion into the cytosol, where it could be a predominant component of the H2O2 release. In both of these ways, mt-to-cytosol and mt-to-PM signals may be realized. Finally, the use of redox-sensitive probes is discussed, which disturb redox equilibria, and hence add a surplus redox-buffering to the compartment, where they are localized. Specifically, when attempts to quantify net H2O2 fluxes are to be made, this should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Sadri S, Tomar N, Yang C, Audi SH, Cowley AW, Dash RK. Effects of ROS pathway inhibitors and NADH and FADH 2 linked substrates on mitochondrial bioenergetics and ROS emission in the heart and kidney cortex and outer medulla. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 744:109690. [PMID: 37429534 PMCID: PMC10528392 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes. However, the specific contributions of different ROS production and scavenging components in the mitochondria of metabolically active tissues such as heart and kidney cortex and outer medulla (OM) are not well understood. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine contributions of different ROS production and scavenging components and provide detailed comparisons of mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, ROS emission between the heart and kidney cortex and OM using tissues obtained from the same Sprague-Dawley rat under identical conditions and perturbations. Specifically, data were obtained using both NADH-linked substrate pyruvate + malate and FADH2-linked substrate succinate followed by additions of inhibitors of different components of the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and other ROS production and scavenging systems. Currently, there is limited data available for the mitochondria of kidney cortex and OM, the two major energy-consuming tissues in the body only next to the heart, and scarce quantitative information on the interplay between mitochondrial ROS production and scavenging systems in the three tissues. The findings from this study demonstrate significant differences in mitochondrial respiratory and bioenergetic functions and ROS emission among the three tissues. The results quantify the rates of ROS production from different complexes of the ETC, identify the complexes responsible for variations in mitochondrial membrane depolarization and regulations of ROS production, and quantify the contributions of ROS scavenging enzymes towards overall mitochondrial ROS emission. These findings advance our fundamental knowledge of tissue-specific and substrate-dependent mitochondrial respiratory and bioenergetic functions and ROS emission. This is important given the critical role that excess ROS production, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the heart and kidney cortex and OM play in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal diseases, including salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Sadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Namrata Tomar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Said H Audi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53223, USA
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ranjan K Dash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53223, USA.
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15
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Popov LD. Mitochondria as intracellular signalling organelles. An update. Cell Signal 2023:110794. [PMID: 37422005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, mitochondria are known as "the powerhouse of the cell," responsible for energy (ATP) generation (by the electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid ß-oxidation), and for the regulation of several metabolic processes, including redox homeostasis, calcium signalling, and cellular apoptosis. The extensive studies conducted in the last decades portray mitochondria as multifaceted signalling organelles that ultimately command cells' survival or death. Based on current knowledge, we'll outline the mitochondrial signalling to other intracellular compartments in homeostasis and pathology-related mitochondrial stress conditions here. The following topics are discussed: (i) oxidative stress and mtROS signalling in mitohormesis, (ii) mitochondrial Ca2+ signalling; (iii) the anterograde (nucleus-to-mitochondria) and retrograde (mitochondria-to-nucleus) signal transduction, (iv) the mtDNA role in immunity and inflammation, (v) the induction of mitophagy- and apoptosis - signalling cascades, (vi) the mitochondrial dysfunctions (mitochondriopathies) in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and malignant diseases. The novel insights into molecular mechanisms of mitochondria-mediated signalling can explain mitochondria adaptation to metabolic and environmental stresses to achieve cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia-Doina Popov
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 8, B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania.
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16
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Watson MA, Brar H, Gibbs ET, Wong HS, Dighe PA, McKibben B, Riedmaier S, Siu A, Polakowski JS, Segreti JA, Liu X, Chung S, Pliushchev YM, Gesmundo N, Wang Z, Vortherms TA, Brand MD. Suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at mitochondrial site I Q decreases fat accumulation, improves glucose tolerance and normalizes fasting insulin concentration in mice fed a high-fat diet. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 204:276-286. [PMID: 37217089 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We developed S1QEL1.719, a novel bioavailable S1QEL (suppressor of site IQ electron leak). S1QEL1.719 prevented superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at site IQ of mitochondrial complex I in vitro. The free concentration giving half-maximal suppression (IC50) was 52 nM. Even at 50-fold higher concentrations S1QEL1.719 did not inhibit superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from other sites. The IC50 for inhibition of complex I electron flow was 500-fold higher than the IC50 for suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site IQ. S1QEL1.719 was used to test the metabolic effects of suppressing superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site IQin vivo. C57BL/6J male mice fed a high-fat chow for one, two or eight weeks had increased body fat, decreased glucose tolerance, and increased fasting insulin concentrations, classic symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Daily prophylactic or therapeutic oral treatment of high-fat-fed animals with S1QEL1.719 decreased fat accumulation, strongly protected against decreased glucose tolerance and prevented or reversed the increase in fasting insulin level. Free exposures in plasma and liver at Cmax were 1-4 fold the IC50 for suppression of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at site IQ and substantially below levels that inhibit electron flow through complex I. These results show that the production of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide from mitochondrial site IQin vivo is necessary for the induction and maintenance of glucose intolerance caused by a high-fat diet in mice. They raise the possibility that oral administration of S1QELs may be beneficial in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Watson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Harmanmeet Brar
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Edwin T Gibbs
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Hoi-Shan Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Pratiksha A Dighe
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Bryan McKibben
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | | | - Amy Siu
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | | | - Jason A Segreti
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - SeungWon Chung
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | | | - Nathan Gesmundo
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Zhi Wang
- AbbVie Inc, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | | | - Martin D Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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17
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Sisakhtnezhad S, Rahimi M, Mohammadi S. Biomedical applications of MnO 2 nanomaterials as nanozyme-based theranostics. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114833. [PMID: 37150035 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoenzymes/nanozymes (MnO2-NEs) are 1-100 nm nanomaterials that mimic catalytic, oxidative, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities. The oxidative-like activity of MnO2-NEs makes them suitable for developing effective and low-cost colorimetric detection assays of biomolecules. Interestingly, MnO2-NEs also demonstrate scavenging properties against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various pathological conditions. In addition, due to the decomposition of MnO2-NEs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the production of Mn2+, they can act as a contrast agent for improving clinical imaging diagnostics. MnO2-NEs also can use as an in situ oxygen production system in TME, thereby overcoming hypoxic conditions and their consequences in the progression of cancer. Furthermore, MnO2-NEs as a shell and coating make the nanosystems smart and, therefore, in combination with other nanomaterials, the MnO2-NEs can be used as an intelligent nanocarrier for delivering drugs, photosensitizers, and sonosensitizers in vivo. Moreover, these capabilities make MnO2-NEs a promising candidate for the detection and treatment of different human diseases such as cancer, metabolic, infectious, and inflammatory pathological conditions. MnO2-NEs also have ROS-scavenging and anti-bacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, which make them suitable for wound healing applications. Given the importance of nanomaterials and their potential applications in biomedicine, this review aimed to discuss the biochemical properties and the theranostic roles of MnO2-NEs and recent advances in their use in colorimetric detection assays of biomolecules, diagnostic imaging, drug delivery, and combinatorial therapy applications. Finally, the challenges of MnO2-NEs applications in biomedicine will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matin Rahimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheila Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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18
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Fernández-Puente E, Martín-Prieto E, Márquez CM, Palomero J. Effect of RONS-Induced Intracellular Redox Homeostasis in 6-NBDG/Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Myotubes and Single Isolated Skeletal Muscle Fibres. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098082. [PMID: 37175789 PMCID: PMC10179233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is essential to produce energy through ATP, which is needed by this organ to maintain vital functions. The impairment of glucose uptake compromises the metabolism and function of skeletal muscle and other organs and is a feature of diabetes, obesity, and ageing. There is a need for research to uncover the mechanisms involved in the impairment of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. In this study, we adapted, developed, optimised, and validated a methodology based on the fluorescence glucose analogue 6-NBDG, combined with a quantitative fluorescence microscopy image analysis, to determine the glucose uptake in two models of skeletal muscle cells: C2C12 myotubes and single fibres isolated from muscle. It was proposed that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and redox homeostasis play an important role in the modulation of intracellular redox signalling pathways associated with glucose uptake. In this study, we prove that the prooxidative intracellular redox environment under oxidative eustress produced by RONS such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide improves glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. However, when oxidation is excessive, oxidative distress occurs, and cellular viability is compromised, although there might be an increase in the glucose uptake. Based on the results of this study, the determination of 6-NBDG/glucose uptake in myotubes and skeletal muscle cells is feasible, validated, and will contribute to improve future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Escarlata Fernández-Puente
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Martín-Prieto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Manuel Márquez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús Palomero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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19
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Gibbs ET, Lerner CA, Watson MA, Wong HS, Gerencser AA, Brand MD. Site IQ in mitochondrial complex I generates S1QEL-sensitive superoxide/hydrogen peroxide in both the reverse and forward reactions. Biochem J 2023; 480:363-384. [PMID: 36862427 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production by site IQ in complex I of the electron transport chain is conventionally assayed during reverse electron transport (RET) from ubiquinol to NAD. However, S1QELs (specific suppressors of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production by site IQ) have potent effects in cells and in vivo during presumed forward electron transport (FET). Therefore, we tested whether site IQ generates S1QEL-sensitive superoxide/hydrogen peroxide during FET (site IQf), or alternatively, whether RET and associated S1QEL-sensitive superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production (site IQr) occurs in cells under normal conditions. We introduce an assay to determine if electron flow through complex I is thermodynamically forward or reverse: on blocking electron flow through complex I, the endogenous matrix NAD pool will become more reduced if flow before the challenge was forward, but more oxidised if flow was reverse. Using this assay we show in the model system of isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria that superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production by site IQ can be equally great whether RET or FET is running. We show that sites IQr and IQf are equally sensitive to S1QELs, and to rotenone and piericidin A, inhibitors that block the Q-site of complex I. We exclude the possibility that some sub-fraction of the mitochondrial population running site IQr during FET is responsible for S1QEL-sensitive superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production by site IQ. Finally, we show that superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production by site IQ in cells occurs during FET, and is S1QEL-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin T Gibbs
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, U.S.A
| | - Chad A Lerner
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, U.S.A
| | - Mark A Watson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, U.S.A
| | - Hoi-Shan Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, U.S.A
| | - Akos A Gerencser
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, U.S.A
| | - Martin D Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94945, U.S.A
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20
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Xie FL, Wang Y, Zhu JW, Xu HH, Guo QF, Wu Y, Liu SH. Anticancer mechanism studies of iridium(III) complexes inhibiting osteosarcoma HOS cells proliferation. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:112011. [PMID: 36252336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Three iridium (III) polypyridine complexes [Ir(bzq)2(maip)](PF6) (Ir1,bzq = benzo[h]quinoline, maip = 3-aminophenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), [Ir(bzq)2(apip)](PF6) (Ir2, apip = 2-aminophenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and [Ir(bzq)2(paip)](PF6) (Ir3, paip = 4-aminophenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized. The cytotoxic activities of the three complexes against human osteosarcoma HOS, U2OS, MG63 and normal LO2 cells were evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method. The results showed that Ir1-3 exhibited moderate antitumor activity against HOS with IC50 of 21.8 ± 0. 4 μM,10.5 ± 1.8 μM and 7.4 ± 0.4 μM, respectively. We found that Ir1-3 can effectively inhibit HOS cells growth and blocked the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Further studies revealed that complexes can increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+, which accompanied by mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway. In addition, autophagy was also investigated. Taken together, the complexes induce HOS apoptosis through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway and inhibition of the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/AKT (protein kinase B)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway. This study provides useful help for understanding the anticancer mechanism of iridium (III) complexes toward osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Li Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China
| | - Hui-Hua Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China
| | - Qi-Feng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China.
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China.
| | - Si-Hong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China; Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510180, PR China.
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21
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Harju N. Regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100 Suppl 273:3-59. [DOI: 10.1111/aos.15275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niina Harju
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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22
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Wang K, Hirschenson J, Moore A, Mailloux RJ. Conditions Conducive to the Glutathionylation of Complex I Subunit NDUFS1 Augment ROS Production following the Oxidation of Ubiquinone Linked Substrates, Glycerol-3-Phosphate and Proline. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2043. [PMID: 36290766 PMCID: PMC9598259 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I can produce large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by reverse electron transfer (RET) from the ubiquinone (UQ) pool. Glutathionylation of complex I does induce increased mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide (O2●-/H2O2) production, but the source of this ROS has not been identified. Here, we interrogated the glutathionylation of complex I subunit NDUFS1 and examined if its modification can result in increased ROS production during RET from the UQ pool. We also assessed glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) glutathionylation since both flavoproteins have measurable rates for ROS production as well. Induction of glutathionylation with disulfiram induced a significant increase in O2●-/H2O2 production during glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and proline (Pro) oxidation. Treatment of mitochondria with inhibitors for complex I (rotenone and S1QEL), complex III (myxothiazol and S3QEL), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (iGP), and proline dehydrogenase (TFA) confirmed that the sites for this increase were complexes I and III, respectively. Treatment of liver mitochondria with disulfiram (50-1000 nM) did not induce GPD or PRODH glutathionylation, nor did it affect their activities, even though disulfiram dose-dependently increased the total number of protein glutathione mixed disulfides (PSSG). Immunocapture of complex I showed disulfiram incubations resulted in the modification of NDUFS1 subunit in complex I. Glutathionylation could be reversed by reducing agents, restoring the deglutathionylated state of NDUFS1 and the activity of the complex. Reduction of glutathionyl moieties in complex I also significantly decreased ROS production by RET from GPD and PRODH. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the modification of NDUFS1 can result in increased ROS production during RET from the UQ pool, which has implications for understanding the relationship between mitochondrial glutathionylation reactions and induction of oxidative distress in several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan J. Mailloux
- The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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23
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Khorsandi K, Hosseinzadeh R, Esfahani H, Zandsalimi K, Shahidi FK, Abrahamse H. Accelerating skin regeneration and wound healing by controlled ROS from photodynamic treatment. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:40. [PMID: 36192814 PMCID: PMC9529607 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolisms produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are essential for cellular signaling pathways and physiological functions. Nevertheless, ROS act as “double-edged swords” that have an unstable redox balance between ROS production and removal. A little raise of ROS results in cell proliferation enhancement, survival, and soft immune responses, while a high level of ROS could lead to cellular damage consequently protein, nucleic acid, and lipid damages and finally cell death. ROS play an important role in various pathological circumstances. On the contrary, ROS can show selective toxicity which is used against cancer cells and pathogens. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on three important components including a photosensitizer (PS), oxygen, and light. Upon excitation of the PS at a specific wavelength, the PDT process begins which leads to ROS generation. ROS produced during PDT could induce two different pathways. If PDT produces control and low ROS, it can lead to cell proliferation and differentiation. However, excess production of ROS by PDT causes cellular photo damage which is the main mechanism used in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the functions of ROS in living systems and describes role of PDT in production of controllable ROS and finally a special focus on current ROS-generating therapeutic protocols for regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Khorsandi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
| | - Reza Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Academic center for education, culture and research, Urmia, Iran
| | - HomaSadat Esfahani
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kavosh Zandsalimi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fedora Khatibi Shahidi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
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24
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Yap KN, Wong HS, Ramanathan C, Rodriguez-Wagner CA, Roberts MD, Freeman DA, Buffenstein R, Zhang Y. Naked mole-rat and Damaraland mole-rat exhibit lower respiration in mitochondria, cellular and organismal levels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148582. [PMID: 35667393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (NMR) and Damaraland mole-rats (DMR) exhibit extraordinary longevity for their body size, high tolerance to hypoxia and oxidative stress and high reproductive output; these collectively defy the concept that life-history traits should be negatively correlated. However, when life-history traits share similar underlying physiological mechanisms, these may be positively associated with each other. We propose that one such potential common mechanism might be the bioenergetic properties of mole-rats. Here, we aim to characterize the bioenergetic properties of two African mole-rats. We adopted a top-down perspective measuring the bioenergetic properties at the organismal, cellular, and molecular level in both species and the biological significance of these properties were compared with the same measures in Siberian hamsters and C57BL/6 mice, chosen for their similar body size to the mole-rat species. We found mole-rats shared several bioenergetic properties that differed from their comparison species, including low basal metabolic rates, a high dependence on glycolysis rather than on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production, and low proton conductance across the mitochondrial inner membrane. These shared mole-rat features could be a result of evolutionary adaptation to tolerating variable oxygen atmospheres, in particular hypoxia, and may in turn be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying their extremely long lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Nian Yap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Hoi Shan Wong
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Chidambaram Ramanathan
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States of America
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America
| | - David A Freeman
- Department of Biological Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States of America
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America.
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States of America.
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25
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Fang J, Zhang Y, Gerencser AA, Brand MD. Effects of sugars, fatty acids and amino acids on cytosolic and mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide release from liver cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:92-102. [PMID: 35716827 PMCID: PMC9363135 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rates of formation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide at different electron-donating sites in isolated mitochondria are critically dependent on the substrates that are added, through their effects on the reduction level of each site and the components of the protonmotive force. However, in intact cells the acute effects of added substrates on different sites of cytosolic and mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production are unclear. Here we tested the effects of substrate addition on cytosolic and mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide release from intact AML12 liver cells. In 30-min starved cells replete with endogenous substrates, addition of glucose, fructose, palmitate, alanine, leucine or glutamine had no effect on the rate or origin of cellular hydrogen peroxide release. However, following 150-min starvation of the cells to deplete endogenous glycogen (and other substrates), cellular hydrogen peroxide production, particularly from NADPH oxidases (NOXs), was decreased, GSH/GSSH ratio increased, and antioxidant gene expression was unchanged. Addition of glucose or glutamine (but not the other substrates) increased hydrogen peroxide release. There were similar relative increases from each of the three major sites of production: mitochondrial sites IQ and IIIQo, and cytosolic NOXs. Glucose supplementation also restored ATP production and mitochondrial NAD reduction level, suggesting that the increased rates of hydrogen peroxide release from the mitochondrial sites were driven by increases in the protonmotive force and the degree of reduction of the electron transport chain. Long-term (24 h) glucose or glutamine deprivation also diminished hydrogen peroxide release rate, ATP production rate and (for glucose deprivation) NAD reduction level. We conclude that the rates of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production from mitochondrial sites in liver cells are insensitive to extra added substrates when endogenous substrates are not depleted, but these rates are decreased when endogenous substrates are lowered by 150 min of starvation, and can be enhanced by restoring glucose or glutamine supply through improvements in mitochondrial energetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Fang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Yini Zhang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Akos A Gerencser
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | - Martin D Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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26
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Zhou Y, Zhen Y, Wang G, Liu B. Deconvoluting the Complexity of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:910427. [PMID: 35756499 PMCID: PMC9218067 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.910427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are becoming a serious public health concern as the world’s population continues to age, demanding the discovery of more effective therapies. Excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can result in oxidative stress (OS), which can be regarded as one of the common causes of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Thus, in this review, we focus on summarizing the consequences of ROS NDs, while taking the four prevalent NDs as examples, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD), to illustrate the key signaling pathways and relevant drugs. Together, these findings may shed new light on a field in which ROS-related pathways play a key role; thereby setting the groundwork for the future therapeutic development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongqi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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27
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Hass DT, Bisbach CM, Robbings BM, Sadilek M, Sweet IR, Hurley JB. Succinate metabolism in the retinal pigment epithelium uncouples respiration from ATP synthesis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110917. [PMID: 35675773 PMCID: PMC9251713 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumarate can be a surrogate for O2 as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. Reduction of fumarate produces succinate, which can be exported. It is debated whether intact tissues can import and oxidize succinate produced by other tissues. In a previous report, we showed that mitochondria in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid preparations can use succinate to reduce O2 to H2O. However, cells in that preparation could have been disrupted during tissue isolation. We now use multiple strategies to quantify intactness of the isolated RPE-choroid tissue. We find that exogenous 13C4-succinate is oxidized by intact cells then exported as fumarate or malate. Unexpectedly, we also find that oxidation of succinate is different from oxidation of other substrates because it uncouples electron transport from ATP synthesis. Retinas produce and export succinate. Our findings imply that retina succinate may substantially increase O2 consumption by uncoupling adjacent RPE mitochondria. The retina releases succinate, a source of reducing power for mitochondria. Hass et al. outline a pathway by which retina succinate can enter intact RPE-choroid cells and stimulate mitochondrial respiration that is uncoupled from ATP synthesis. Rapid RPE succinate oxidation may limit O2 levels in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Hass
- Biochemistry Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Celia M Bisbach
- Biochemistry Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Fitchburg, WI 53711, USA
| | - Brian M Robbings
- Biochemistry Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Diabetes Institute, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin Sadilek
- Chemistry Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Diabetes Institute, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James B Hurley
- Biochemistry Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Opthalmology Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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28
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Hawrysh PJ, Myrka AM, Buck LT. Review: A history and perspective of mitochondria in the context of anoxia tolerance. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 260:110733. [PMID: 35288242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis is found throughout nature, but perhaps nowhere is it more fundamental than mitochondria in all eukaryotes. Since mitochondria were discovered and mechanisms of oxygen reduction characterized, an understanding gradually emerged that these organelles were involved not just in the combustion of oxygen, but also in the sensing of oxygen. While multiple hypotheses exist to explain the mitochondrial involvement in oxygen sensing, key elements are developing that include potassium channels and reactive oxygen species. To understand how mitochondria contribute to oxygen sensing, it is informative to study a model system which is naturally adapted to survive extended periods without oxygen. Amongst air-breathing vertebrates, the most highly adapted are western painted turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii), which overwinter in ice-covered and anoxic water bodies. Through research of this animal, it was postulated that metabolic rate depression is key to anoxic survival and that mitochondrial regulation is a key aspect. When faced with anoxia, excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in turtle brain are inhibited through mitochondrial calcium release, termed "channel arrest". Simultaneously, inhibitory GABAergic signalling contributes to the "synaptic arrest" of excitatory action potential firing through a pathway dependent on mitochondrial depression of ROS generation. While many pathways are implicated in mitochondrial oxygen sensing in turtles, such as those of adenosine, ATP turnover, and gaseous transmitters, an apparent point of intersection is the mitochondria. In this review we will explore how an organelle that was critical for organismal complexity in an oxygenated world has also become a potentially important oxygen sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter John Hawrysh
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Alexander Morley Myrka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Leslie Thomas Buck
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
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29
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Okoye CN, Chinnappareddy N, Stevens D, Kamunde C. Factors affecting liver mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide emission. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 259:110713. [PMID: 35026417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key cellular sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and contain at least 12 known sites on multiple enzymes that convert molecular oxygen to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Quantitation of site-specific ROS emission is critical to understand the relative contribution of different sites and the pathophysiologic importance of mitochondrial ROS. However, factors that affect mitochondrial ROS emission are not well understood. We characterized and optimized conditions for maximal total and site-specific H2O2 emission during oxidation of standard substrates and probed the source of the high H2O2 emission in unenergized rainbow trout liver mitochondria. We found that mitochondrial H2O2 emission capacity depended on the substrate being oxidized, mitochondrial protein concentration, and composition of the ROS detection system. Contrary to our expectation, addition of exogenous superoxide dismutase reduced H2O2 emission. Titration of conventional mitochondrial electron transfer system (ETS) inhibitors over a range of conditions revealed that one size does not fit all; inhibitor concentrations evoking maximal responses varied with substrate and were moderated by the presence of other inhibitors. Moreover, the efficacy of suppressors of electron leak (S1QEL1.1 and S3QEL2) was low and depended on the substrate being oxidized. We found that H2O2 emission in unenergized rainbow trout liver mitochondria was suppressed by GKT136901 suggesting that it is associated with NADPH oxidase activity. We conclude that optimization of assay conditions is critical for quantitation of maximal H2O2 emission and would facilitate more valid comparisons of mitochondrial total and site-specific H2O2 emission capacities between studies, tissues, and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie N Okoye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Nirmala Chinnappareddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Don Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Collins Kamunde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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30
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Hoehne MN, Jacobs LJHC, Lapacz KJ, Calabrese G, Murschall LM, Marker T, Kaul H, Trifunovic A, Morgan B, Fricker M, Belousov VV, Riemer J. Spatial and temporal control of mitochondrial H 2 O 2 release in intact human cells. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109169. [PMID: 35146782 PMCID: PMC8982624 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has key signaling roles at physiological levels, while causing molecular damage at elevated concentrations. H2O2 production by mitochondria is implicated in regulating processes inside and outside these organelles. However, it remains unclear whether and how mitochondria in intact cells release H2O2. Here, we employed a genetically encoded high‐affinity H2O2 sensor, HyPer7, in mammalian tissue culture cells to investigate different modes of mitochondrial H2O2 release. We found substantial heterogeneity of HyPer7 dynamics between individual cells. We further observed mitochondria‐released H2O2 directly at the surface of the organelle and in the bulk cytosol, but not in the nucleus or at the plasma membrane, pointing to steep gradients emanating from mitochondria. Gradient formation is controlled by cytosolic peroxiredoxins, which act redundantly and with a substantial reserve capacity. Dynamic adaptation of cytosolic thioredoxin reductase levels during metabolic changes results in improved H2O2 handling and explains previously observed differences between cell types. Our data suggest that H2O2‐mediated signaling is initiated only in close proximity to mitochondria and under specific metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Nicole Hoehne
- Department for Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lianne J H C Jacobs
- Department for Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kim Jasmin Lapacz
- Department for Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gaetano Calabrese
- Department for Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lena Maria Murschall
- Department for Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Teresa Marker
- Department for Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Harshita Kaul
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Centre for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Department of Metabolism and Redox Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, FMBA, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Department for Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry, Redox Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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31
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Okoye CN, Chinnappareddy N, Stevens D, Kamunde C. Anoxia-reoxygenation modulates cadmium-induced liver mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission during oxidation of glycerol 3-phosphate. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 252:109227. [PMID: 34728389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are frequently exposed to multiple stressors including low dissolved oxygen (O2) and metals such as cadmium (Cd). Reduced O2 concentration and Cd exposure alter cellular function in part by impairing energy metabolism and dysregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. However, little is known about the role of mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) in ROS homeostasis in fish and its response to environmental stress. In this study, mGPDH activity and the effects of anoxia-reoxygenation (A-RO) and Cd on ROS (as hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) emission in rainbow trout liver mitochondria during oxidation of glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) were probed. Trout liver mitochondria exhibited low mGPDH activity that supported a low respiratory rate but substantial H2O2 emission rate. Cd evoked a low concentration stimulatory-high concentration inhibitory H2O2 emission pattern that was blunted by A-RO. At specific redox centers, Cd suppressed H2O2 emission from site IQ, but stimulated emission from sites IIIQo and GQ. In contrast, A-RO stimulated H2O2 emission from site IQ following 15 min exposure and augmented Cd-stimulated emission from site IIF after 30 min exposure but did not alter the rate of H2O2 emission from sites IIIQo and GQ. Additionally, Cd neither altered the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, or thioredoxin reductase nor the concentrations of total glutathione, reduced glutathione, or oxidized glutathione. Overall, this study indicates that oxidation of G3P drives ROS production from mGPDH and complexes I, II and III, whereas Cd directly modulates redox sites but not antioxidant defense systems to alter mitochondrial H2O2 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie N Okoye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Nirmala Chinnappareddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Don Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Collins Kamunde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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32
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Mookerjee SA, Gerencser AA, Watson MA, Brand MD. Controlled power: how biology manages succinate-driven energy release. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2929-2939. [PMID: 34882231 PMCID: PMC8786295 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of succinate by mitochondria can generate a higher protonmotive force (pmf) than can oxidation of NADH-linked substrates. Fundamentally, this is because of differences in redox potentials and gearing. Biology adds kinetic constraints that tune the oxidation of NADH and succinate to ensure that the resulting mitochondrial pmf is suitable for meeting cellular needs without triggering pathology. Tuning within an optimal range is used, for example, to shift ATP consumption between different consumers. Conditions that overcome these constraints and allow succinate oxidation to drive pmf too high can cause pathological generation of reactive oxygen species. We discuss the thermodynamic properties that allow succinate oxidation to drive pmf higher than NADH oxidation, and discuss the evidence for kinetic tuning of ATP production and for pathologies resulting from substantial succinate oxidation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona A. Mookerjee
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, U.S.A
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Martin D. Brand
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Touro University California College of Pharmacy, Vallejo, CA, U.S.A
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, U.S.A
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33
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Redox Regulation and Oxidative Stress in Mammalian Oocytes and Embryos Developed In Vivo and In Vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111374. [PMID: 34769890 PMCID: PMC8583213 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oocytes and preimplantation embryos require careful regulation of the redox environment for optimal development both in vivo and in vitro. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated throughout development as a result of cellular metabolism and enzyme reactions. ROS production can result in (i) oxidative eustress, where ROS are helpful signalling molecules with beneficial physiological functions and where the redox state of the cell is maintained within homeostatic range by a closely coupled system of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes, or (ii) oxidative distress, where excess ROS are deleterious and impair normal cellular function. in vitro culture of embryos exacerbates ROS production due to a range of issues including culture-medium composition and laboratory culture conditions. This increase in ROS can be detrimental not only to assisted reproductive success rates but can also result in epigenetic and genetic changes in the embryo, resulting in transgenerational effects. This review examines the effects of oxidative stress in the oocyte and preimplantation embryo in both the in vivo and in vitro environment, identifies mechanisms responsible for oxidative stress in the oocyte/embryo in culture and approaches to reduce these problems, and briefly examines the potential impacts on future generations.
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34
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Neurohr JM, Paulson ET, Kinsey ST. A higher mitochondrial content is associated with greater oxidative damage, oxidative defenses, protein synthesis and ATP turnover in resting skeletal muscle. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb242462. [PMID: 34581401 PMCID: PMC8541733 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An unavoidable consequence of aerobic metabolism is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria have historically been considered the primary source of ROS; however, recent literature has highlighted the uncertainty in primary ROS production sites and it is unclear how variation in mitochondrial density influences ROS-induced damage and protein turnover. Fish skeletal muscle is composed of distinct, highly aerobic red muscle and anaerobic white muscle, offering an excellent model system in which to evaluate the relationship of tissue aerobic capacity and ROS-induced damage under baseline conditions. The present study used a suite of indices to better understand potential consequences of aerobic tissue capacity in red and white muscle of the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides. Red muscle had a 7-fold greater mitochondrial volume density than white muscle, and more oxidative damage despite also having higher activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. The dominant protein degradation system appears to be tissue dependent. Lysosomal degradation markers and autophagosome volume density were greater in white muscle, while ubiquitin expression and 20S proteasome activity were significantly greater in red muscle. However, ubiquitin ligase expression was significantly higher in white muscle. Red muscle had a more than 2-fold greater rate of translation and total ATP turnover than white muscle, results that may be due in part to the higher mitochondrial density and the associated increase in oxidative damage. Together, these results support the concept that an elevated aerobic capacity is associated with greater oxidative damage and higher costs of protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen T. Kinsey
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Biology and Marine Biology, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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35
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Watson MA, Pattavina B, Hilsabeck TAU, Lopez‐Dominguez J, Kapahi P, Brand MD. S3QELs protect against diet-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13476. [PMID: 34521156 PMCID: PMC8520719 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying causes of aging remain elusive, but may include decreased intestinal homeostasis followed by disruption of the intestinal barrier, which can be mimicked by nutrient‐rich diets. S3QELs are small‐molecule suppressors of site IIIQo electron leak; they suppress superoxide generation at complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain without inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Here we show that feeding different S3QELs to Drosophila on a high‐nutrient diet protects against greater intestinal permeability, greater enterocyte apoptotic cell number, and shorter median lifespan. Hif‐1α knockdown in enterocytes also protects, and blunts any further protection by S3QELs. Feeding S3QELs to mice on a high‐fat diet also protects against the diet‐induced increase in intestinal permeability. Our results demonstrate by inference of S3QEL use that superoxide produced by complex III in enterocytes contributes to diet‐induced intestinal barrier disruption in both flies and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Watson
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging Novato California USA
| | | | | | | | - Pankaj Kapahi
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging Novato California USA
| | - Martin D. Brand
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging Novato California USA
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36
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Sinenko SA, Starkova TY, Kuzmin AA, Tomilin AN. Physiological Signaling Functions of Reactive Oxygen Species in Stem Cells: From Flies to Man. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:714370. [PMID: 34422833 PMCID: PMC8377544 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, are generated as byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria or via cell signaling-induced NADPH oxidases in the cytosol. In the recent two decades, a plethora of studies established that elevated ROS levels generated by oxidative eustress are crucial physiological mediators of many cellular and developmental processes. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of ROS generation and regulation, current understanding of ROS functions in the maintenance of adult and embryonic stem cells, as well as in the process of cell reprogramming to a pluripotent state. Recently discovered cell-non-autonomous ROS functions mediated by growth factors are crucial for controlling cell differentiation and cellular immune response in Drosophila. Importantly, many physiological functions of ROS discovered in Drosophila may allow for deciphering and understanding analogous processes in human, which could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches in ROS-associated diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Sinenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Andrey A Kuzmin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey N Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Yap KN, Zhang Y. Revisiting the question of nucleated versus enucleated erythrocytes in birds and mammals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R547-R557. [PMID: 34378417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00276.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocyte enucleation is thought to have evolved in mammals to support their energetic cost of high metabolic activities. However, birds face similar selection pressure yet possess nucleated erythrocytes. Current hypotheses on the mammalian erythrocyte enucleation claim that the absence of cell organelles allows erythrocytes to 1) pack more hemoglobin into the cells to increase oxygen carrying capacity and 2) decrease erythrocyte size for increased surface area-to-volume ratio, and improved ability to traverse small capillaries. In this article, we first empirically tested current hypotheses using both conventional and phylogenetically informed analysis comparing literature values of mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean cell volume (MCV) between 181 avian and 194 mammalian species. We found no difference in MCHC levels between birds and mammals using both conventional and phylogenetically corrected analysis. MCV was higher in birds than mammals according to conventional analysis, but the difference was lost when we controlled for phylogeny. These results suggested that avian and mammalian erythrocytes may employ different strategies to solve a common problem. To further investigate existing hypotheses or develop new hypothesis, we need to understand the functions of various organelles in avian erythrocytes. Consequently, we covered potential physiological functions of various cell organelles in avian erythrocytes based on current knowledge, while making explicit comparisons to their mammalian counterparts. Finally, we proposed by taking an integrative and comparative approach, using tools from molecular biology to evolutionary biology, would allow us to better understand the fundamental physiological functions of various components of avian and mammalian erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Nian Yap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
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Mailloux RJ. An update on methods and approaches for interrogating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102044. [PMID: 34157640 PMCID: PMC8220584 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chief ROS formed by mitochondria are superoxide (O2·−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Superoxide is converted rapidly to H2O2 and therefore the latter is the chief ROS emitted by mitochondria into the cell. Once considered an unavoidable by-product of aerobic respiration, H2O2 is now regarded as a central mitokine used in mitochondrial redox signaling. However, it has been postulated that O2·− can also serve as a signal in mammalian cells. Progress in understanding the role of mitochondrial H2O2 in signaling is due to significant advances in the development of methods and technologies for its detection. Unfortunately, the development of techniques to selectively measure basal O2·− changes has been met with more significant hurdles due to its short half-life and the lack of specific probes. The development of sensitive techniques for the selective and real time measure of O2·− and H2O2 has come on two fronts: development of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and small molecule reporters. In 2015, I published a detailed comprehensive review on the state of knowledge for mitochondrial ROS production and how it is controlled, which included an in-depth discussion of the up-to-date methods utilized for the detection of both superoxide (O2·−) and H2O2. In the article, I presented the challenges associated with utilizing these probes and their significance in advancing our collective understanding of ROS signaling. Since then, many other authors in the field of Redox Biology have published articles on the challenges and developments detecting O2·− and H2O2 in various organisms [[1], [2], [3]]. There has been significant advances in this state of knowledge, including the development of novel genetically encoded fluorescent H2O2 probes, several O2·− sensors, and the establishment of a toolkit of inhibitors and substrates for the interrogation of mitochondrial H2O2 production and the antioxidant defenses utilized to maintain the cellular H2O2 steady-state. Here, I provide an update on these methods and their implementation in furthering our understanding of how mitochondria serve as cell ROS stabilizing devices for H2O2 signaling. Details on the toolkit for interrogating the 12 sites for mitochondrial ROS production. Approaches to assess mitochondrial ROS clearance. Novel genetically encoded H2O2 sensors. Small chemical probes for sensitive detection of O2·−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Mailloux
- The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada.
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Mitochondrial Dynamics, ROS, and Cell Signaling: A Blended Overview. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040332. [PMID: 33920160 PMCID: PMC8070048 DOI: 10.3390/life11040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key intracellular organelles involved not only in the metabolic state of the cell, but also in several cellular functions, such as proliferation, Calcium signaling, and lipid trafficking. Indeed, these organelles are characterized by continuous events of fission and fusion which contribute to the dynamic plasticity of their network, also strongly influenced by mitochondrial contacts with other subcellular organelles. Nevertheless, mitochondria release a major amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside eukaryotic cells, which are reported to mediate a plethora of both physiological and pathological cellular functions, such as growth and proliferation, regulation of autophagy, apoptosis, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting mitochondrial ROS could be a promising strategy to overcome and hinder the development of diseases such as cancer, where malignant cells, possessing a higher amount of ROS with respect to healthy ones, could be specifically targeted by therapeutic treatments. In this review, we collected the ultimate findings on the blended interplay among mitochondrial shaping, mitochondrial ROS, and several signaling pathways, in order to contribute to the dissection of intracellular molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of eukaryotic cells, possibly improving future therapeutic approaches.
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Kaliszewska A, Allison J, Martini M, Arias N. Improving Age-Related Cognitive Decline through Dietary Interventions Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073574. [PMID: 33808221 PMCID: PMC8036520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is inevitable and it is one of the major contributors to cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline are still the object of extensive research. At the biological level, it is unknown how the aging brain is subjected to progressive oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which determine, among others, mitochondrial dysfunction. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment is becoming ever more clear by the presence of significant neurological disturbances in human mitochondrial diseases. Possibly, the most important lifestyle factor determining mitochondrial functioning is nutrition. Therefore, with the present work, we review the latest findings disclosing a link between nutrition, mitochondrial functioning and cognition, and pave new ways to counteract cognitive decline in late adulthood through diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaliszewska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Joseph Allison
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Matteo Martini
- Department of Psychology, University of East London, London E154LZ, UK;
| | - Natalia Arias
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.K.); (J.A.)
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33005 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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41
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Ofoedu CE, You L, Osuji CM, Iwouno JO, Kabuo NO, Ojukwu M, Agunwah IM, Chacha JS, Muobike OP, Agunbiade AO, Sardo G, Bono G, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M. Hydrogen Peroxide Effects on Natural-Sourced Polysacchrides: Free Radical Formation/Production, Degradation Process, and Reaction Mechanism-A Critical Synopsis. Foods 2021; 10:699. [PMID: 33806060 PMCID: PMC8064442 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reactive oxygen species (ROS) entities exist, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is very key among them as it is well known to possess a stable but poor reactivity capable of generating free radicals. Considered among reactive atoms, molecules, and compounds with electron-rich sites, free radicals emerging from metabolic reactions during cellular respirations can induce oxidative stress and cause cellular structure damage, resulting in diverse life-threatening diseases when produced in excess. Therefore, an antioxidant is needed to curb the overproduction of free radicals especially in biological systems (in vivo and in vitro). Despite the inherent properties limiting its bioactivities, polysaccharides from natural sources increasingly gain research attention given their position as a functional ingredient. Improving the functionality and bioactivity of polysaccharides have been established through degradation of their molecular integrity. In this critical synopsis; we articulate the effects of H2O2 on the degradation of polysaccharides from natural sources. Specifically, the synopsis focused on free radical formation/production, polysaccharide degradation processes with H2O2, the effects of polysaccharide degradation on the structural characteristics; physicochemical properties; and bioactivities; in addition to the antioxidant capability. The degradation mechanisms involving polysaccharide's antioxidative property; with some examples and their respective sources are briefly summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozie E. Ofoedu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Y.); (J.S.C.); (A.O.A.)
| | - Lijun You
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Y.); (J.S.C.); (A.O.A.)
| | - Chijioke M. Osuji
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - Jude O. Iwouno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - Ngozi O. Kabuo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - Moses Ojukwu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ijeoma M. Agunwah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - James S. Chacha
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Y.); (J.S.C.); (A.O.A.)
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, 3006 Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Onyinye P. Muobike
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - Adedoyin O. Agunbiade
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Y.); (J.S.C.); (A.O.A.)
- Department of Food Technology, University of Ibadan, 200284 Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Giacomo Sardo
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies—IRBIM, National Research Council (CNR), Via Vaccara, 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Gioacchino Bono
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies—IRBIM, National Research Council (CNR), Via Vaccara, 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
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42
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Andreyev AY, Kushnareva YE, Starkova NN, Starkov AA. Metabolic ROS Signaling: To Immunity and Beyond. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1650-1667. [PMID: 33705302 PMCID: PMC7768995 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is a critical determinant of immune cell functionality. Immunometabolism, by definition, is a multidisciplinary area of immunology research that integrates the knowledge of energy transduction mechanisms and biochemical pathways. An important concept in the field is metabolic switch, a transition of immune cells upon activation to preferential utilization of select catabolic pathways for their energy needs. Mitochondria are not inert in this process and contribute to the metabolic adaptation by different mechanisms which include increasing ATP production to match dynamic bioenergetic demands and serving as a signaling platform. The latter involves generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), one of the most intensively studied mitochondrial processes. While the role of mitochondrial ROS in the context of oxidative stress is well established, ROS signaling in immunity is an emerging and quickly changing field. In this review, we discuss ROS signaling and immunometabolism concepts from the standpoint of bioenergetics. We also provide a critical insight into the methodology for ROS assessment, outlining current challenges in the field. Finally, based on our analysis of the literature data, we hypothesize that regulatory ROS production, as opposed to oxidative stress, is controlled by mitochondrial biogenesis rather than metabolic switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Andreyev
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Y E Kushnareva
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - N N Starkova
- State University of New York, Maritime College, New York, NY 10465, USA.
| | - A A Starkov
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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43
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Zhang Y, Wong HS. Are mitochondria the main contributor of reactive oxygen species in cells? J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/5/jeb221606. [PMID: 33707189 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.221606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Physiologists often assume that mitochondria are the main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Consequently, in biomedicine, mitochondria are considered as important targets for therapeutic treatments, and in evolutionary biology, they are considered as mediators of life-history tradeoffs. Surprisingly, data supporting such an assumption are lacking, at least partially due to the technical difficulties in accurately measuring the level of ROS produced by different subcellular compartments in intact cells. In this Commentary, we first review three potential reasons underlying the misassumption of mitochondrial dominance in the production of cellular ROS. We then introduce some other major sites/enzymes responsible for cellular ROS production. With the use of a recently developed cell-based assay, we further discuss the contribution of mitochondria to the total rate of ROS release in cell lines and primary cells of different species. In these cells, the contribution of mitochondria varies between cell types but mitochondria are never the main source of cellular ROS. This indicates that although mitochondria are one of the significant sources of cellular ROS, they are not necessarily the main contributor under normal conditions. Intriguingly, similar findings were also observed in cells under a variety of stressors, life-history strategies and pathological stages, in which the rates of cellular ROS production were significantly enhanced. Finally, we make recommendations for designing future studies. We hope this paper will encourage investigators to carefully consider non-mitochondrial sources of cellular ROS in their study systems or models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Hoi Shan Wong
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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44
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Mohrin M. Mito-managing ROS & redox to reboot the immune system: Tapping mitochondria & redox management to extend the reach of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:38-53. [PMID: 33486089 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for life-long production of blood and immune cells. HSC transplantation (HSCT) is the original cell therapy which can cure hematological disorders but also has the potential to treat other diseases if technical and safety barriers are overcome. To maintain homeostatic hematopoiesis or to restore hematopoiesis during transplantation HSCs must perform both self-renewal, replication of themselves, and differentiation, generation of mature blood and immune cells. These are just two of the cell fate choices HSCs have; the transitional phases where HSCs undergo these cell fate decisions are regulated by reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling, mitochondrial activity, and cellular metabolism. Recent studies revealed that mitochondria, a key source of redox signaling components, are central to HSC cell fate decisions. Here we highlight how mitochondria serve as hubs in HSCs to manage redox signaling and metabolism and thus guide HSC fate choices. We focus on how mitochondrial activity is modulated by their clearance, biogenesis, dynamics, distribution, and quality control in HSCs. We also note how modulating mitochondria in HSCs can help overcome technical barriers limiting further use of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mohrin
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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45
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Wong HS, Mezera V, Dighe P, Melov S, Gerencser AA, Sweis RF, Pliushchev M, Wang Z, Esbenshade T, McKibben B, Riedmaier S, Brand MD. Superoxide produced by mitochondrial site I Q inactivates cardiac succinate dehydrogenase and induces hepatic steatosis in Sod2 knockout mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:223-232. [PMID: 33421588 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide produced by mitochondria has been implicated in numerous physiologies and pathologies. Eleven different mitochondrial sites that can produce superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide (O2.-/H2O2) have been identified in vitro, but little is known about their contributions in vivo. We introduce novel variants of S1QELs and S3QELs (small molecules that suppress O2.-/H2O2 production specifically from mitochondrial sites IQ and IIIQo, respectively, without compromising bioenergetics), that are suitable for use in vivo. When administered by intraperitoneal injection, they achieve total tissue concentrations exceeding those that are effective in vitro. We use them to study the engagement of sites IQ and IIIQo in mice lacking functional manganese-superoxide dismutase (SOD2). Lack of SOD2 is expected to elevate superoxide levels in the mitochondrial matrix, and leads to severe pathologies and death about 8 days after birth. Compared to littermate wild-type mice, 6-day-old Sod2-/- mice had significantly lower body weight, lower heart succinate dehydrogenase activity, and greater hepatic lipid accumulation. These pathologies were ameliorated by treatment with a SOD/catalase mimetic, EUK189, confirming previous observations. A 3-day treatment with S1QEL352 decreased the inactivation of cardiac succinate dehydrogenase and hepatic steatosis in Sod2-/- mice. S1QEL712, which has a distinct chemical structure, also decreased hepatic steatosis, confirming that O2.- derived specifically from mitochondrial site IQ is a significant driver of hepatic steatosis in Sod2-/- mice. These findings also demonstrate the ability of these new S1QELs to suppress O2.- production in the mitochondrial matrix in vivo. In contrast, suppressing site IIIQo using S3QEL941 did not protect, suggesting that site IIIQo does not contribute significantly to mitochondrial O2.- production in the hearts or livers of Sod2-/- mice. We conclude that the novel S1QELs are effective in vivo, and that site IQ runs in vivo and is a significant driver of pathology in Sod2-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Shan Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Vojtech Mezera
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Pratiksha Dighe
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Akos A Gerencser
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Ramzi F Sweis
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | | | - Zhi Wang
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Tim Esbenshade
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Bryan McKibben
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | | | - Martin D Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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46
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Immune cell - produced ROS and their impact on tumor growth and metastasis. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101891. [PMID: 33583736 PMCID: PMC8113043 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derivatives of molecular oxygen (O2) involved in various physiological and pathological processes. In immune cells, ROS are mediators of pivotal functions such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation and recognition, cytolysis as well as phenotypical differentiation. Furthermore, ROS exert immunosuppressive effects on T and natural killer (NK) cells which is of particular importance in the so-called “tumor microenvironment” (TME) of solid tumors. This term describes the heterogenous group of non-malignant cells including tumor-associated fibroblasts and immune cells, vascular cells, bacteria etc. by which cancer cells are surrounded and with whom they engage in functional crosstalk. Importantly, pharmacological targeting of the TME and, specifically, tumor-associated immune cells utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors - monoclonal antibodies that mitigate immunosuppression - turned out to be a major breakthrough in the treatment of malignant tumors. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the role that ROS produced in tumor-associated immune cells play during initiation, progression and metastatic outgrowth of solid cancers. Finally, we summarize findings on how ROS in the TME could be targeted therapeutically to increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and discuss factors determining therapeutic success of redox modulation in tumors.
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47
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Dong A, Huo J, Yan J, Dong A. Oxidative stress in liver of turtle Mauremys reevesii caused by cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6405-6410. [PMID: 32989702 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The research was designed to examine oxidative stress of the liver of turtle Mauremys reevesii caused by cadmium (Cd). Turtles were injected intraperitoneally with cadmium at the concentration of 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg, and 5 turtles were taken from each group after exposure for 1 week (1 w), 2 weeks (2 w), and 3 weeks (3 w). The activities of SOD and CAT as well as the contents of GSH and MDA in liver tissues were detected by using a kit. The results showed that the difference between the control group and the Cd-treated group was statistically significant with the increase of Cd concentration and the prolongation of exposure time, which suggested that Cd caused oxidative stress on the liver of turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Dong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Junfeng Huo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Juanjuan Yan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ailing Dong
- Bureau of agriculture and rural affairs of Qianan, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
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48
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Hass DT, Barnstable CJ. Uncoupling proteins in the mitochondrial defense against oxidative stress. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100941. [PMID: 33422637 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major component of most major retinal diseases. Many extrinsic anti-oxidative strategies have been insufficient at counteracting one of the predominant intrinsic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria. The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is a key driving force for mitochondrial ROS production, and this gradient can be modulated by members of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) family. Of the UCPs, UCP2 shows a widespread distribution and has been shown to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, with concomitant decreases in ROS production. Genetic studies using transgenic and knockout mice have documented the ability of increased UCP2 activity to provide neuroprotection in models of a number of diseases, including retinal diseases, indicating that it is a strong candidate for a therapeutic target. Molecular studies have identified the structural mechanism of action of UCP2 and have detailed the ways in which its expression and activity can be controlled at the transcriptional, translational and posttranslational levels. These studies suggest a number of ways in control of UCP2 expression and activity can be used therapeutically for both acute and chronic conditions. The development of such therapeutic approaches will greatly increase the tools available to combat a broad range of serious retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Hass
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Colin J Barnstable
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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49
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de Castro JM, Assumpção JAF, Stein DJ, Toledo RS, da Silva LS, Caumo W, Carraro CC, da Rosa Araujo AS, Torres ILS. Nicotinamide riboside reduces cardiometabolic risk factors and modulates cardiac oxidative stress in obese Wistar rats under caloric restriction. Life Sci 2020; 263:118596. [PMID: 33080243 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS NAD-based therapeutic strategies are encouraged against obesity and heart disease. Our study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effects of nicotinamide riboside (NR), isolated or combined with caloric restriction (CR), both approaches well-known for stimulating NAD levels, on adiposity parameters, cardiometabolic factors and cardiac oxidative stress in rats submitted to cafeteria diet (CAF). MAIN METHODS After 42 days of CAF-induced obesity (hypercaloric and ultra-processed foods common to humans), we examined the effects of oral administration of NR (400 mg/kg for 28 days), combined or not with CR (-62% kcal, for 28 days), on anthropometric, metabolic, tissue, and cardiac oxidative stress parameters in obese male Wistar rats. KEY FINDINGS In obese rats, treatment with NR alone mitigated final body weight gain, reduced adiposity (visceral and subcutaneous), improved insulin resistance, and decreased TG/HDL ratio and heart size. In cardiac OS, treatment with NR increased the antioxidant capacity via glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes (in rats under CR) as well as reduced the pro-oxidant complex NADPH oxidase (in obese and lean rats). Hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and elevated levels of TBARS in the heart were state-dependent adverse effects, induced by treatment with NR. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to report effects of nicotinamide riboside on cardiac oxidative stress in an obesity model. Nicotinamide riboside, a natural dietary compound, presented antiobesity effects and cardiometabolic benefits, in addition to positively modulating oxidative stress in the heart, in a state-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josimar Macedo de Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPG): Farmacologia e Terapêutica - Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Fagundes Assumpção
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Faculdade de Medicina - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dirson João Stein
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Faculdade de Medicina - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ströher Toledo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPG): Farmacologia e Terapêutica - Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Santos da Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Faculdade de Medicina - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Faculdade de Medicina - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Campos Carraro
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular e Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio, Departamento de Fisiologia - ICBS - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular e Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio, Departamento de Fisiologia - ICBS - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPG): Farmacologia e Terapêutica - Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Faculdade de Medicina - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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50
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Goncalves RLS, Schlame M, Bartelt A, Brand MD, Hotamışlıgil GS. Cardiolipin deficiency in Barth syndrome is not associated with increased superoxide/H 2 O 2 production in heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:415-432. [PMID: 33112430 PMCID: PMC7894513 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the transacylase tafazzin and characterized by loss of cardiolipin and severe cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial oxidants have been implicated in the cardiomyopathy in BTHS. Eleven mitochondrial sites produce superoxide/hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) at significant rates. Which of these sites generate oxidants at excessive rates in BTHS is unknown. Here, we measured the maximum capacity of superoxide/H2 O2 production from each site and the ex vivo rate of superoxide/H2 O2 production in the heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria of the tafazzin knockdown mice (tazkd) from 3 to 12 months of age. Despite reduced oxidative capacity, superoxide/H2 O2 production was indistinguishable between tazkd mice and wild-type littermates. These observations raise questions about the involvement of mitochondrial oxidants in BTHS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata L S Goncalves
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Gökhan S Hotamışlıgil
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research and Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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