1
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Cheng R, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Ismail M, Zhang L, Jiang Z, Yu Q. Proteasome activity inhibition mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-apoptosis in triptolide/lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:60. [PMID: 39073694 PMCID: PMC11286718 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is a major active and toxic composition of the Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. (TWHF), exhibiting various therapeutic bioactivities. Among the toxic effects, the hepatotoxicity of TP deserves serious attention. Previously, our research group proposed a new view of TP-related hepatotoxicity: hepatic hypersensitivity under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. However, the mechanism of TP/LPS-induced hepatic hypersensitivity remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying TP/LPS-induced hypersensitivity from the perspective of the inhibition of proteasome activity, activated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related apoptosis, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results showed that N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a common ROS inhibitor, decreased the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, which are associated with FLIP enhancement. Moreover, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ERS inhibitor, was able to alleviate TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing ERS-related apoptosis protein expression (GRP78, p-eIF2α/eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) and ROS levels, with ATF4 being an indispensable mediator. In addition, the proteasome activity inhibitor MG-132 further aggravated ERS-related apoptosis, which indicated that the inhibition of proteasome activity also plays an important role in TP/LPS-related liver injuries. In summary, we propose that TP/LPS may upregulate the activation of ERS-associated apoptosis by inhibiting proteasome activity and enhancing ROS production through ATF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Cheng
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mohammed Ismail
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qinwei Yu
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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2
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Fernandes T, Melo T, Conde T, Neves B, Domingues P, Resende R, Pereira CF, Moreira PI, Domingues MR. Mapping the lipidome in mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2024; 168:1237-1253. [PMID: 38327008 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The disruption of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) plays a relevant role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). MAMs have been implicated in neuronal dysfunction and death since it is associated with impairment of functions regulated in this subcellular domain, including lipid synthesis and trafficking, mitochondria dysfunction, ER stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR), apoptosis, and inflammation. Since MAMs play an important role in lipid metabolism, in this study we characterized and investigated the lipidome alterations at MAMs in comparison with other subcellular fractions, namely microsomes and mitochondria, using an in vitro model of AD, namely the mouse neuroblastoma cell line (N2A) over-expressing the APP familial Swedish mutation (APPswe) and the respective control (WT) cells. Phospholipids (PLs) and fatty acids (FAs) were isolated from the different subcellular fractions and analyzed by HILIC-LC-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively. In this in vitro AD model, we observed a down-regulation in relative abundance of some phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) species with PUFA and few PC with saturated and long-chain FA. We also found an up-regulation of CL, and antioxidant alkyl acyl PL. Moreover, multivariate analysis indicated that each organelle has a specific lipid profile adaptation in N2A APPswe cells. In the FAs profile, we found an up-regulation of C16:0 in all subcellular fractions, a decrease of C18:0 levels in total fraction (TF) and microsomes fraction, and a down-regulation of 9-C18:1 was also found in mitochondria fraction in the AD model. Together, these results suggest that the over-expression of the familial APP Swedish mutation affects lipid homeostasis in MAMs and other subcellular fractions and supports the important role of lipids in AD physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Fernandes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Conde
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruna Neves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Resende
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia F Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CACC-Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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3
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Toshima T, Yagi M, Do Y, Hirai H, Kunisaki Y, Kang D, Uchiumi T. Mitochondrial translation failure represses cholesterol gene expression via Pyk2-Gsk3β-Srebp2 axis. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302423. [PMID: 38719751 PMCID: PMC11079605 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and other age-related disorders are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We previously showed that mice with neuron-specific deficiency of mitochondrial translation exhibit leukoencephalopathy because of demyelination. Reduced cholesterol metabolism has been associated with demyelinating diseases of the brain such as Alzheimer's disease. However, the molecular mechanisms involved and relevance to the pathogenesis remained unknown. In this study, we show that inhibition of mitochondrial translation significantly reduced expression of the cholesterol synthase genes and degraded their sterol-regulated transcription factor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (Srebp2). Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Pyk2 and Gsk3β was increased in the white matter of p32cKO mice. We observed that Pyk2 inhibitors reduced the phosphorylation of Gsk3β and that GSK3β inhibitors suppressed degradation of the transcription factor Srebp2. The Pyk2-Gsk3β axis is involved in the ubiquitination of Srebp2 and reduced expression of cholesterol gene. These results suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial translation may be a causative mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases of aging. Improving the mitochondrial translation or effectiveness of Gsk3β inhibitors is a potential therapeutic strategy for leukoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Toshima
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikako Yagi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yura Do
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruka Hirai
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Kunisaki
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Kashiigaoka Rehabilitation Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Junshin Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Aranda-Abreu GE, Rojas-Durán F, Hernández-Aguilar ME, Herrera-Covarrubias D, Chí-Castañeda LD, Toledo-Cárdenas MR, Suárez-Medellín JM. Alzheimer's Disease: Cellular and Pharmacological Aspects. Geriatrics (Basel) 2024; 9:86. [PMID: 39051250 PMCID: PMC11270425 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease was described more than 100 years ago and despite the fact that several molecules are being tested for its treatment, which are in phase III trials, the disease continues to progress. The main problem is that these molecules function properly in healthy neurons, while neuronal pathology includes plasma membrane disruption, malfunction of various organelles, and hyperphosphorylation of Tau and amyloid plaques. The main objective of this article is the discussion of a neuronal restoration therapy, where molecules designed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease would probably be more effective, and the quality of life of people would be better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91192, Mexico; (F.R.-D.); (M.E.H.-A.); (D.H.-C.); (L.D.C.-C.); (M.R.T.-C.); (J.M.S.-M.)
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5
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Reiss AB, Gulkarov S, Jacob B, Srivastava A, Pinkhasov A, Gomolin IH, Stecker MM, Wisniewski T, De Leon J. Mitochondria in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:196. [PMID: 38398707 PMCID: PMC10890468 DOI: 10.3390/life14020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects persons aged 65 years and above. It causes dementia with memory loss and deterioration in thinking and language skills. AD is characterized by specific pathology resulting from the accumulation in the brain of extracellular plaques of amyloid-β and intracellular tangles of phosphorylated tau. The importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD pathogenesis, while previously underrecognized, is now more and more appreciated. Mitochondria are an essential organelle involved in cellular bioenergetics and signaling pathways. Mitochondrial processes crucial for synaptic activity such as mitophagy, mitochondrial trafficking, mitochondrial fission, and mitochondrial fusion are dysregulated in the AD brain. Excess fission and fragmentation yield mitochondria with low energy production. Reduced glucose metabolism is also observed in the AD brain with a hypometabolic state, particularly in the temporo-parietal brain regions. This review addresses the multiple ways in which abnormal mitochondrial structure and function contribute to AD. Disruption of the electron transport chain and ATP production are particularly neurotoxic because brain cells have disproportionately high energy demands. In addition, oxidative stress, which is extremely damaging to nerve cells, rises dramatically with mitochondrial dyshomeostasis. Restoring mitochondrial health may be a viable approach to AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (S.G.); (B.J.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (I.H.G.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Shelly Gulkarov
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (S.G.); (B.J.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (I.H.G.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Benna Jacob
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (S.G.); (B.J.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (I.H.G.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (S.G.); (B.J.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (I.H.G.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Aaron Pinkhasov
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (S.G.); (B.J.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (I.H.G.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Irving H. Gomolin
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (S.G.); (B.J.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (I.H.G.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Mark M. Stecker
- The Fresno Institute of Neuroscience, Fresno, CA 93730, USA;
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Departments of Neurology, Pathology and Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; (S.G.); (B.J.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (I.H.G.); (J.D.L.)
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6
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Bermejo-Pareja F, del Ser T. Controversial Past, Splendid Present, Unpredictable Future: A Brief Review of Alzheimer Disease History. J Clin Med 2024; 13:536. [PMID: 38256670 PMCID: PMC10816332 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The concept of Alzheimer disease (AD)-since its histological discovery by Alzheimer to the present day-has undergone substantial modifications. Methods: We conducted a classical narrative review of this field with a bibliography selection (giving preference to Medline best match). Results: The following subjects are reviewed and discussed: Alzheimer's discovery, Kraepelin's creation of a new disease that was a rare condition until the 1970's, the growing interest and investment in AD as a major killer in a society with a large elderly population in the second half of the 20th century, the consolidation of the AD clinicopathological model, and the modern AD nosology based on the dominant amyloid hypothesis among many others. In the 21st century, the development of AD biomarkers has supported a novel biological definition of AD, although the proposed therapies have failed to cure this disease. The incidence of dementia/AD has shown a decrease in affluent countries (possibly due to control of risk factors), and mixed dementia has been established as the most frequent etiology in the oldest old. Conclusions: The current concept of AD lacks unanimity. Many hypotheses attempt to explain its complex physiopathology entwined with aging, and the dominant amyloid cascade has yielded poor therapeutic results. The reduction in the incidence of dementia/AD appears promising but it should be confirmed in the future. A reevaluation of the AD concept is also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- CIBERNED, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Research i+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodoro del Ser
- Alzheimer’s Centre Reina Sofia—CIEN Foundation, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
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7
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Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1243-1275. [PMID: 38578892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis invokes the accumulation in the brain of plaques (containing the amyloid-β protein precursor [AβPP] cleavage product amyloid-β [Aβ]) and tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated tau) as drivers of pathogenesis. However, the poor track record of clinical trials based on this hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of these peptides is not the only cause of AD. Here, an alternative hypothesis is proposed in which the AβPP cleavage product C99, not Aβ, is the main culprit, via its role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism. C99, which is a cholesterol sensor, promotes the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a cholesterol-rich lipid raft-like subdomain of the ER that communicates, both physically and biochemically, with mitochondria. We propose that in early-onset AD (EOAD), MAM-localized C99 is elevated above normal levels, resulting in increased transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to membranes of intracellular organelles, such as ER/endosomes, thereby upregulating MAM function and driving pathology. By the same token, late-onset AD (LOAD) is triggered by any genetic variant that increases the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol that, in turn, boosts the levels of C99 and again upregulates MAM function. Thus, the functional cause of AD is upregulated MAM function that, in turn, causes the hallmark disease phenotypes, including the plaques and tangles. Accordingly, the MAM hypothesis invokes two key interrelated elements, C99 and cholesterol, that converge at the MAM to drive AD pathogenesis. From this perspective, AD is, at bottom, a lipid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development>, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Peggion C, Barazzuol L, Poggio E, Calì T, Brini M. Ca 2+ signalling: A common language for organelles crosstalk in Parkinson's disease. Cell Calcium 2023; 115:102783. [PMID: 37597300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms. Familial PD is linked with genetic mutations in genes whose products are either associated with mitochondrial function or endo-lysosomal pathways. Of note, mitochondria are essential to sustain high energy demanding synaptic activity of neurons and alterations in mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling have been proposed as causal events for neurodegenerative process, although the mechanisms responsible for the selective loss of specific neuronal populations in the different neurodegenerative diseases is still not clear. Here, we specifically discuss the importance of a correct mitochondrial communication with the other organelles occurring at regions where their membranes become in close contact. We discuss the nature and the role of contact sites that mitochondria establish with ER, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, and how PD related proteins participate in the regulation/dysregulation of the tethering complexes. Unravelling molecular details of mitochondria tethering could contribute to identify specific therapeutic targets and develop new strategies to counteract the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Poggio
- Department of Biology (DIBIO), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Italy; Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology (DIBIO), University of Padova, Italy; Study Center for Neurodegeneration (CESNE), University of Padova, Italy.
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9
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Popov LD. Mitochondria as intracellular signalling organelles. An update. Cell Signal 2023:110794. [PMID: 37422005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, mitochondria are known as "the powerhouse of the cell," responsible for energy (ATP) generation (by the electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid ß-oxidation), and for the regulation of several metabolic processes, including redox homeostasis, calcium signalling, and cellular apoptosis. The extensive studies conducted in the last decades portray mitochondria as multifaceted signalling organelles that ultimately command cells' survival or death. Based on current knowledge, we'll outline the mitochondrial signalling to other intracellular compartments in homeostasis and pathology-related mitochondrial stress conditions here. The following topics are discussed: (i) oxidative stress and mtROS signalling in mitohormesis, (ii) mitochondrial Ca2+ signalling; (iii) the anterograde (nucleus-to-mitochondria) and retrograde (mitochondria-to-nucleus) signal transduction, (iv) the mtDNA role in immunity and inflammation, (v) the induction of mitophagy- and apoptosis - signalling cascades, (vi) the mitochondrial dysfunctions (mitochondriopathies) in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and malignant diseases. The novel insights into molecular mechanisms of mitochondria-mediated signalling can explain mitochondria adaptation to metabolic and environmental stresses to achieve cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia-Doina Popov
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 8, B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania.
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10
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Pu S, Pan Y, Zhang Q, You T, Yue T, Zhang Y, Wang M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial Stress in Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073160. [PMID: 37049925 PMCID: PMC10095764 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a widespread and harmful disease closely linked to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Globally, severe drug-induced hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer are the primary causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality. A hallmark of DILI is ERS and changes in mitochondrial morphology and function, which increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a vicious cycle of mutually reinforcing stress responses. Several pathways are maladapted to maintain homeostasis during DILI. Here, we discuss the processes of liver injury caused by several types of drugs that induce hepatocyte stress, focusing primarily on DILI by ERS and mitochondrial stress. Importantly, both ERS and mitochondrial stress are mediated by the overproduction of ROS, destruction of Ca2+ homeostasis, and unfolded protein response (UPR). Additionally, we review new pathways and potential pharmacological targets for DILI to highlight new possibilities for DILI treatment and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ting You
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tao Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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11
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Harned TC, Stan RV, Cao Z, Chakrabarti R, Higgs HN, Chang CCY, Chang TY. Acute ACAT1/SOAT1 Blockade Increases MAM Cholesterol and Strengthens ER-Mitochondria Connectivity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5525. [PMID: 36982602 PMCID: PMC10059652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a key component of all mammalian cell membranes. Disruptions in cholesterol metabolism have been observed in the context of various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The genetic and pharmacological blockade of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1/sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1/SOAT1), a cholesterol storage enzyme found on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and enriched at the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM), has been shown to reduce amyloid pathology and rescue cognitive deficits in mouse models of AD. Additionally, blocking ACAT1/SOAT1 activity stimulates autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis; however, the exact molecular connection between the ACAT1/SOAT1 blockade and these observed benefits remain unknown. Here, using biochemical fractionation techniques, we observe cholesterol accumulation at the MAM which leads to ACAT1/SOAT1 enrichment in this domain. MAM proteomics data suggests that ACAT1/SOAT1 inhibition strengthens the ER-mitochondria connection. Confocal and electron microscopy confirms that ACAT1/SOAT1 inhibition increases the number of ER-mitochondria contact sites and strengthens this connection by shortening the distance between these two organelles. This work demonstrates how directly manipulating local cholesterol levels at the MAM can alter inter-organellar contact sites and suggests that cholesterol buildup at the MAM is the impetus behind the therapeutic benefits of ACAT1/SOAT1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Harned
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (T.C.H.); (R.V.S.); (H.N.H.)
| | - Radu V. Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (T.C.H.); (R.V.S.); (H.N.H.)
| | - Ze Cao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100045, China;
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Henry N. Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (T.C.H.); (R.V.S.); (H.N.H.)
| | - Catherine C. Y. Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (T.C.H.); (R.V.S.); (H.N.H.)
| | - Ta Yuan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (T.C.H.); (R.V.S.); (H.N.H.)
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12
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Chaperone-Dependent Mechanisms as a Pharmacological Target for Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010823. [PMID: 36614266 PMCID: PMC9820882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern pharmacotherapy of neurodegenerative diseases is predominantly symptomatic and does not allow vicious circles causing disease development to break. Protein misfolding is considered the most important pathogenetic factor of neurodegenerative diseases. Physiological mechanisms related to the function of chaperones, which contribute to the restoration of native conformation of functionally important proteins, evolved evolutionarily. These mechanisms can be considered promising for pharmacological regulation. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze the mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and unfolded protein response (UPR) in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Data on BiP and Sigma1R chaperones in clinical and experimental studies of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease are presented. The possibility of neuroprotective effect dependent on Sigma1R ligand activation in these diseases is also demonstrated. The interaction between Sigma1R and BiP-associated signaling in the neuroprotection is discussed. The performed analysis suggests the feasibility of pharmacological regulation of chaperone function, possibility of ligand activation of Sigma1R in order to achieve a neuroprotective effect, and the need for further studies of the conjugation of cellular mechanisms controlled by Sigma1R and BiP chaperones.
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13
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Resende R, Fernandes T, Pereira AC, Marques AP, Pereira CF. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contacts Modulate Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Signaling and Oxidative Stress in Brain Disorders: The Key Role of Sigma-1 Receptor. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:758-780. [PMID: 35369731 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) are highly dynamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact sites that, due to the transfer of lipids and Ca2+ between these organelles, modulate several physiologic processes, such as ER stress response, mitochondrial bioenergetics and fission/fusion events, autophagy, and inflammation. In addition, these contacts are implicated in the modulation of the cellular redox status since several MAMs-resident proteins are involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can act as both signaling mediators and deleterious molecules, depending on their intracellular levels. Recent Advances: In the past few years, structural and functional alterations of MAMs have been associated with the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases that are closely associated with the impairment of several MAMs-associated events, including perturbation of the redox state on the accumulation of high ROS levels. Critical Issues: Inter-organelle contacts must be tightly regulated to preserve cellular functioning by maintaining Ca2+ and protein homeostasis, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics and energy production, as well as ROS signaling. Simultaneously, these contacts should avoid mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, which might lead to energetic deficits and deleterious ROS accumulation, culminating in oxidative stress-induced activation of apoptotic cell death pathways, which are common features of many neurodegenerative diseases. Future Directions: Given that Sig-1R is an ER resident chaperone that is highly enriched at the MAMs and that controls ER to mitochondria Ca2+ flux, as well as oxidative and ER stress responses, its potential as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases should be further explored. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 758-780.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Resende
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tânia Fernandes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Marques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Fragão Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Lee A, Kondapalli C, Virga DM, Lewis TL, Koo SY, Ashok A, Mairet-Coello G, Herzig S, Foretz M, Viollet B, Shaw R, Sproul A, Polleux F. Aβ42 oligomers trigger synaptic loss through CAMKK2-AMPK-dependent effectors coordinating mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4444. [PMID: 35915085 PMCID: PMC9343354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in both mouse models and human patients, soluble forms of Amyloid-β 1-42 oligomers (Aβ42o) trigger loss of excitatory synapses (synaptotoxicity) in cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons (PNs) prior to the formation of insoluble amyloid plaques. In a transgenic AD mouse model, we observed a spatially restricted structural remodeling of mitochondria in the apical tufts of CA1 PNs dendrites corresponding to the dendritic domain where the earliest synaptic loss is detected in vivo. We also observed AMPK over-activation as well as increased fragmentation and loss of mitochondrial biomass in Ngn2-induced neurons derived from a new APPSwe/Swe knockin human ES cell line. We demonstrate that Aβ42o-dependent over-activation of the CAMKK2-AMPK kinase dyad mediates synaptic loss through coordinated phosphorylation of MFF-dependent mitochondrial fission and ULK2-dependent mitophagy. Our results uncover a unifying stress-response pathway causally linking Aβ42o-dependent structural remodeling of dendritic mitochondria to synaptic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, USA
- The Integrated Graduate Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chandana Kondapalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel M Virga
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tommy L Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York, NY, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - So Yeon Koo
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Archana Ashok
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sebastien Herzig
- Molecular & Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marc Foretz
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Reuben Shaw
- Molecular & Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Sproul
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain Sciences, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Degechisa ST, Dabi YT, Gizaw ST. The mitochondrial associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes: A platform for the pathogenesis of inflammation-mediated metabolic diseases. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e647. [PMID: 35759226 PMCID: PMC9168553 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) are specialized subcellular compartments that are shaped by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) subdomains placed side by side to the outer membrane of mitochondria (OMM) being connected by tethering proteins in mammalian cells. Studies showed that MAM has multiple physiological functions. These include regulation of lipid synthesis and transport, Ca2+ transport and signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, autophagy, and formation and activation of an inflammasome. However, alterations of MAM integrity lead to deleterious effects due to an increased generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) via increased Ca2+ transfer from the ER to mitochondria. This, in turn, causes mitochondrial damage and release of mitochondrial components into the cytosol as damage-associated molecular patterns which rapidly activate MAM-resident Nod-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components. This complex induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that initiate low-grade chronic inflammation that subsequently causes the development of metabolic diseases. But, the mechanisms of how MAM is involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases are not exhaustively reviewed. Therefore, this review was aimed to highlight the contribution of MAM to a variety of cellular functions and consider its significance pertaining to the pathogenesis of inflammation-mediated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisay T. Degechisa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of MedicineCollege of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesCollege of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch UniversityArba MinchEthiopia
| | - Yosef T. Dabi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of MedicineCollege of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory ScienceWollega UniversityNekemteEthiopia
| | - Solomon T. Gizaw
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of MedicineCollege of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
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16
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Liu J, Yang J. Mitochondria-associated membranes: A hub for neurodegenerative diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112890. [PMID: 35367757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, organelles could coordinate complex mechanisms of signaling transduction metabolism and gene expression through their functional interactions. The functional domain between ER and mitochondria, called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), is closely associated with various physiological functions including intracellular lipid transport, Ca2+ transfer, mitochondria function maintenance, and autophagosome formation. In addition, more evidence suggests that MAM modulate cellular functions in health and disease. Studies have also demonstrated the association of MAM with numerous diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, viral infection, obesity, and diabetes. In fact, recent evidence revealed a close relationship of MAM with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other neurodegenerative diseases. In this view, elucidating the role of MAM in neurodegenerative diseases is particularly important. This review will focus the main tethering protein complexes of MAM and functions of MAM. Besides, the role of MAM in the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases and the potential molecular mechanisms is introduced to provide a new understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, NO.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, NO.77 Puhe road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Checler F, Alves da Costa C. Parkin as a Molecular Bridge Linking Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040559. [PMID: 35454148 PMCID: PMC9026546 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases are two distinct age-related pathologies that are characterized by various common dysfunctions. They are referred to as proteinopathies characterized by ubiquitinated protein accumulation and aggregation. This accumulation is mainly due to altered lysosomal and proteasomal clearing processes and is generally accompanied by ER stress disturbance, autophagic and mitophagic defects, mitochondrial structure and function alterations and enhanced neuronal cell death. Genetic approaches aimed at identifying molecular triggers responsible for familial forms of AD or PD have helped to understand the etiology of their sporadic counterparts. It appears that several proteins thought to contribute to one of these pathologies are also likely to contribute to the other. One such protein is parkin (PK). Here, we will briefly describe anatomical lesions and genetic advances linked to AD and PD as well as the main cellular processes commonly affected in these pathologies. Further, we will focus on current studies suggesting that PK could well participate in AD and thereby act as a molecular bridge between these two pathologies. In particular, we will focus on the transcription factor function of PK and its newly described transcriptional targets that are directly related to AD- and PD-linked cellular defects.
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18
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Zaman M, Shutt TE. The Role of Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics in MFN2-Mediated Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858286. [PMID: 35399520 PMCID: PMC8989266 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mitofusin 2 protein (MFN2), encoded by the MFN2 gene, was first described for its role in mediating mitochondrial fusion. However, MFN2 is now recognized to play additional roles in mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), mitochondrial motility, lipid transfer, and as a tether to other organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets. The tethering role of MFN2 is an important mediator of mitochondrial-ER contact sites (MERCs), which themselves have many important functions that regulate mitochondria, including calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Exemplifying the importance of MFN2, pathogenic variants in MFN2 are established to cause the peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Subtype 2A (CMT2A). However, the mechanistic basis for disease is not clear. Moreover, additional pathogenic phenotypes such as lipomatosis, distal myopathy, optic atrophy, and hearing loss, can also sometimes be present in patients with CMT2A. Given these variable patient phenotypes, and the many cellular roles played by MFN2, the mechanistic underpinnings of the cellular impairments by which MFN2 dysfunction leads to disease are likely to be complex. Here, we will review what is known about the various functions of MFN2 that are impaired by pathogenic variants causing CMT2A, with a specific emphasis on the ties between MFN2 variants and MERCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashiat Zaman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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19
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Ouyang M, Zhang Q, Shu J, Wang Z, Fan J, Yu K, Lei L, Li Y, Wang Q. Capsaicin Ameliorates the Loosening of Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes and Improves Cognitive Function in Rats With Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:822702. [PMID: 35370565 PMCID: PMC8968035 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.822702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on accumulating evidence, vascular factors contribute to cognitive decline and dementia. Mitochondrial dysfunction is the core pathophysiological mechanism. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) are subcellular structures that physically and biologically connect mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulate multiple functions ranging from calcium transfer to mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics. MAMs dysfunction has been speculated to be a key factor contributing to the pathogenesis of cognitive disorders and a new therapeutic target. However, the alteration of MAMs in vascular cognitive impairment remains to be revealed. Capsaicin, a specific agonist known to activated the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), is involved in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory, but the detailed mechanism is still unclear. In this study, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) model rats were created by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), which is a widely used model to study vascular dementia. We observed that CCH rats showed obvious cognitive deficits, and ER-mitochondria contacts were loosener with lower expression of mitofusin2 (MFN2), a key protein connecting MAMs, in the hippocampal CA1 region, compared to the sham group. After capsaicin treatment for 12 weeks, we found that cognitive deficits induced by CCH were significantly alleviated and loosened ER-mitochondrial interactions were obviously improved. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight that MAMs may contribute to the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment induced by CCH, and our new evidence that capsaicin improves cognitive function highlights a novel opportunity for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Gaoping District People’s Hospital of Nanchong, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiahui Shu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yichang Yiling Hospital, Yichang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu BOE Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Yu
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu BOE Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qingsong Wang,
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20
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Mitochondrial Ca 2+ Homeostasis: Emerging Roles and Clinical Significance in Cardiac Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063025. [PMID: 35328444 PMCID: PMC8954803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the sites of oxidative metabolism in eukaryotes where the metabolites of sugars, fats, and amino acids are oxidized to harvest energy. Notably, mitochondria store Ca2+ and work in synergy with organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and extracellular matrix to control the dynamic balance of Ca2+ concentration in cells. Mitochondria are the vital organelles in heart tissue. Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is particularly important for maintaining the physiological and pathological mechanisms of the heart. Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis plays a key role in the regulation of cardiac energy metabolism, mechanisms of death, oxygen free radical production, and autophagy. The imbalance of mitochondrial Ca2+ balance is closely associated with cardiac remodeling. The mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (mtCU) protein complex is responsible for the uptake and release of mitochondrial Ca2+ and regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in mitochondria and consequently, in cells. This review summarizes the mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in physiological and pathological cardiac remodeling and the regulatory effects of the mitochondrial calcium regulatory complex on cardiac energy metabolism, cell death, and autophagy, and also provides the theoretical basis for mitochondrial Ca2+ as a novel target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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21
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Zhao Y, Hu D, Wang R, Sun X, Ropelewski P, Hubler Z, Lundberg K, Wang Q, Adams DJ, Xu R, Qi X. ATAD3A oligomerization promotes neuropathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease models. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1121. [PMID: 35236834 PMCID: PMC8891325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predisposition to Alzheimer's disease (AD) may arise from lipid metabolism perturbation, however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we identify ATPase family AAA-domain containing protein 3A (ATAD3A), a mitochondrial AAA-ATPase, as a molecular switch that links cholesterol metabolism impairment to AD phenotypes. In neuronal models of AD, the 5XFAD mouse model and post-mortem AD brains, ATAD3A is oligomerized and accumulated at the mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs), where it induces cholesterol accumulation by inhibiting gene expression of CYP46A1, an enzyme governing brain cholesterol clearance. ATAD3A and CYP46A1 cooperate to promote APP processing and synaptic loss. Suppressing ATAD3A oligomerization by heterozygous ATAD3A knockout or pharmacological inhibition with DA1 restores neuronal CYP46A1 levels, normalizes brain cholesterol turnover and MAM integrity, suppresses APP processing and synaptic loss, and consequently reduces AD neuropathology and cognitive deficits in AD transgenic mice. These findings reveal a role for ATAD3A oligomerization in AD pathogenesis and suggest ATAD3A as a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Rihua Wang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Philip Ropelewski
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Zita Hubler
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Kathleen Lundberg
- Proteomics Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Quanqiu Wang
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Drew J Adams
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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22
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Sukhorukov VS, Voronkova AS, Baranich TI, Gofman AA, Brydun AV, Knyazeva LA, Glinkina VV. Molecular Mechanisms of Interactions between Mitochondria and the Endoplasmic Reticulum: A New Look at How Important Cell Functions are Supported. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Oxidative Stress in Human Pathology and Aging: Molecular Mechanisms and Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030552. [PMID: 35159361 PMCID: PMC8833991 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. An imbalance between the generation and neutralization of oxidants results in the progression to oxidative stress (OS), which in turn gives rise to various diseases, disorders and aging. The characteristics of aging include the progressive loss of function in tissues and organs. The theory of aging explains that age-related functional losses are due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their subsequent damages and tissue deformities. Moreover, the diseases and disorders caused by OS include cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. OS, induced by ROS, is neutralized by different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and prevents cells, tissues and organs from damage. However, prolonged OS decreases the content of antioxidant status of cells by reducing the activities of reductants and antioxidative enzymes and gives rise to different pathological conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to discuss the mechanism of ROS-induced OS signaling and their age-associated complications mediated through their toxic manifestations in order to devise effective preventive and curative natural therapeutic remedies.
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Role of Bioactive Compounds in the Regulation of Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Brain and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020257. [PMID: 35053373 PMCID: PMC8773907 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that participate in a wide range of metabolic processes, including energy production and biomolecule synthesis. The morphology and distribution of intracellular mitochondria change dynamically, reflecting a cell’s metabolic activity. Oxidative stress is defined as a mismatch between the body’s ability to neutralise and eliminate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). A determination of mitochondria failure in increasing oxidative stress, as well as its implications in neurodegenerative illnesses and apoptosis, is a significant developmental process of focus in this review. The neuroprotective effects of bioactive compounds linked to neuronal regulation, as well as related neuronal development abnormalities, will be investigated. In conclusion, the study of secondary components and the use of mitochondrial features in the analysis of various neurodevelopmental diseases has enabled the development of a new class of mitochondrial-targeted pharmaceuticals capable of alleviating neurodegenerative disease states and enabling longevity and healthy ageing for the vast majority of people.
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25
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Flores-Romero H, García-Sáez AJ. MERLIN: A BRET-Based Proximity Biosensor for Studying Mitochondria-ER Contact Sites. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:197-205. [PMID: 35836069 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria play a fundamental role in a wide variety of cellular processes, like the exchange of calcium and lipids between both organelles, as well as in apoptosis and in autophagy signaling. Despite their importance, due to their dynamic and heterogeneous nature, we still lack understanding of the molecular composition, structure, and regulation of these structures. In this chapter, we introduce a new bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensor for the quantitative analysis of mitochondria-ER interorganellar distances without perturbing their natural environment, which we call MERLIN (mitochondria ER length indicator nanosensor). Here, we describe the rationale behind the MERLIN biosensor, detail the experimental setup and methodology, and provide tips for troubleshooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Flores-Romero
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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26
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Coenzyme Q at the Hinge of Health and Metabolic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111785. [PMID: 34829656 PMCID: PMC8615162 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q is a unique lipidic molecule highly conserved in evolution and essential to maintaining aerobic metabolism. It is endogenously synthesized in all cells by a very complex pathway involving a group of nuclear genes that share high homology among species. This pathway is tightly regulated at transcription and translation, but also by environment and energy requirements. Here, we review how coenzyme Q reacts within mitochondria to promote ATP synthesis and also integrates a plethora of metabolic pathways and regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress. Coenzyme Q is also located in all cellular membranes and plasma lipoproteins in which it exerts antioxidant function, and its reaction with different extramitochondrial oxidoreductases contributes to regulate the cellular redox homeostasis and cytosolic oxidative stress, providing a key factor in controlling various apoptosis mechanisms. Coenzyme Q levels can be decreased in humans by defects in the biosynthesis pathway or by mitochondrial or cytosolic dysfunctions, leading to a highly heterogeneous group of mitochondrial diseases included in the coenzyme Q deficiency syndrome. We also review the importance of coenzyme Q levels and its reactions involved in aging and age-associated metabolic disorders, and how the strategy of its supplementation has had benefits for combating these diseases and for physical performance in aging.
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27
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Gleitze S, Paula-Lima A, Núñez MT, Hidalgo C. The calcium-iron connection in ferroptosis-mediated neuronal death. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 175:28-41. [PMID: 34461261 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron, through its participation in oxidation/reduction processes, is essential for the physiological function of biological systems. In the brain, iron is involved in the development of normal cognitive functions, and its lack during development causes irreversible cognitive damage. Yet, deregulation of iron homeostasis provokes neuronal damage and death. Ferroptosis, a newly described iron-dependent cell death pathway, differs at the morphological, biochemical, and genetic levels from other cell death types. Ferroptosis is characterized by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, depletion of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione and altered mitochondrial morphology. Although iron promotes the emergence of Ca2+ signals via activation of redox-sensitive Ca2+ channels, the role of Ca2+ signaling in ferroptosis has not been established. The early dysregulation of the cellular redox state observed in ferroptosis is likely to disturb Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling, facilitating ferroptotic neuronal death. This review presents an overview of the role of iron and ferroptosis in neuronal function, emphasizing the possible involvement of Ca2+ signaling in these processes. We propose, accordingly, that the iron-ferroptosis-Ca2+ association orchestrates the progression of cognitive dysfunctions and memory loss that occurs in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, to prevent iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis, we suggest the use of drugs that target the abnormal Ca2+ signaling caused by excessive iron levels as therapy for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gleitze
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Paula-Lima
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco T Núñez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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28
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Ryan KC, Ashkavand Z, Sarasija S, Laboy JT, Samarakoon R, Norman KR. Increased mitochondrial calcium uptake and concomitant mitochondrial activity by presenilin loss promotes mTORC1 signaling to drive neurodegeneration. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13472. [PMID: 34499406 PMCID: PMC8520713 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction and protein aggregation are common characteristics that occur in age‐related neurodegenerative disease. However, the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities remain poorly understood. We have found that mutations in the gene encoding presenilin in Caenorhabditis elegans, sel‐12, results in elevated mitochondrial activity that drives oxidative stress and neuronal dysfunction. Mutations in the human presenilin genes are the primary cause of familial Alzheimer's disease. Here, we demonstrate that loss of SEL‐12/presenilin results in the hyperactivation of the mTORC1 pathway. This hyperactivation is caused by elevated mitochondrial calcium influx and, likely, the associated increase in mitochondrial activity. Reducing mTORC1 activity improves proteostasis defects and neurodegenerative phenotypes associated with loss of SEL‐12 function. Consistent with high mTORC1 activity, we find that SEL‐12 loss reduces autophagosome formation, and this reduction is prevented by limiting mitochondrial calcium uptake. Moreover, the improvements of proteostasis and neuronal defects in sel‐12 mutants due to mTORC1 inhibition require the induction of autophagy. These results indicate that mTORC1 hyperactivation exacerbates the defects in proteostasis and neuronal function in sel‐12 mutants and demonstrate a critical role of presenilin in promoting neuronal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry C. Ryan
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology Albany Medical College Albany New York USA
| | - Zahra Ashkavand
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology Albany Medical College Albany New York USA
| | - Shaarika Sarasija
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology Albany Medical College Albany New York USA
| | - Jocelyn T. Laboy
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology Albany Medical College Albany New York USA
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology Albany Medical College Albany New York USA
| | - Kenneth R. Norman
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology Albany Medical College Albany New York USA
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29
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Structural and Functional Alterations in Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) and in Mitochondria Activate Stress Response Mechanisms in an In Vitro Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080881. [PMID: 34440085 PMCID: PMC8389659 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular plaques composed by amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. AD-related neurodegenerative mechanisms involve early changes of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) and impairment of cellular events modulated by these subcellular domains. In this study, we characterized the structural and functional alterations at MAM, mitochondria, and ER/microsomes in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line (N2A) overexpressing the human amyloid precursor protein (APP) with the familial Swedish mutation (APPswe). Proteins levels were determined by Western blot, ER-mitochondria contacts were quantified by transmission electron microscopy, and Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondria function were analyzed using fluorescent probes and Seahorse assays. In this in vitro AD model, we found APP accumulated in MAM and mitochondria, and altered levels of proteins implicated in ER-mitochondria tethering, Ca2+ signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and protein import, as well as in the stress response. Moreover, we observed a decreased number of close ER-mitochondria contacts, activation of the ER unfolded protein response, reduced Ca2+ transfer from ER to mitochondria, and impaired mitochondrial function. Together, these results demonstrate that several subcellular alterations occur in AD-like neuronal cells, which supports that the defective ER-mitochondria crosstalk is an important player in AD physiopathology.
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30
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Ding XW, Robinson M, Li R, Aldhowayan H, Geetha T, Babu JR. Mitochondrial dysfunction and beneficial effects of mitochondria-targeted small peptide SS-31 in Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105783. [PMID: 34302976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease are common chronic illnesses in the United States and lack clearly demonstrated therapeutics. Mitochondria, the "powerhouse of the cell", is involved in the homeostatic regulation of glucose, energy, and reduction/oxidation reactions. The mitochondria has been associated with the etiology of metabolic and neurological disorders through a dysfunction of regulation of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondria-targeted chemicals, such as the Szeto-Schiller-31 peptide, have advanced therapeutic potential through the inhibition of oxidative stress and the restoration of normal mitochondrial function as compared to traditional antioxidants, such as vitamin E. In this article, we summarize the pathophysiological relevance of the mitochondria and the beneficial effects of Szeto-Schiller-31 peptide in the treatment of Diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Megan Robinson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Rongzi Li
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Hadeel Aldhowayan
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Boshell Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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31
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Liu M, Wu N, Xu K, Saaoud F, Vasilopoulos E, Shao Y, Zhang R, Wang J, Shen H, Yang WY, Lu Y, Sun Y, Drummer C, Liu L, Li L, Hu W, Yu J, Praticò D, Sun J, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. Organelle Crosstalk Regulators Are Regulated in Diseases, Tumors, and Regulatory T Cells: Novel Classification of Organelle Crosstalk Regulators. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:713170. [PMID: 34368262 PMCID: PMC8339352 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.713170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine whether the expressions of 260 organelle crosstalk regulators (OCRGs) in 16 functional groups are modulated in 23 diseases and 28 tumors, we performed extensive -omics data mining analyses and made a set of significant findings: (1) the ratios of upregulated vs. downregulated OCRGs are 1:2.8 in acute inflammations, 1:1 in metabolic diseases, 1:1.2 in autoimmune diseases, and 1:3.8 in organ failures; (2) sepsis and trauma-upregulated OCRG groups such as vesicle, mitochondrial (MT) fission, and mitophagy but not others, are termed as the cell crisis-handling OCRGs. Similarly, sepsis and trauma plus organ failures upregulated seven OCRG groups including vesicle, MT fission, mitophagy, sarcoplasmic reticulum–MT, MT fusion, autophagosome–lysosome fusion, and autophagosome/endosome–lysosome fusion, classified as the cell failure-handling OCRGs; (3) suppression of autophagosome–lysosome fusion in endothelial and epithelial cells is required for viral replications, which classify this decreased group as the viral replication-suppressed OCRGs; (4) pro-atherogenic damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), oxidized-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (oxPAPC), and interferons (IFNs) totally upregulated 33 OCRGs in endothelial cells (ECs) including vesicle, MT fission, mitophagy, MT fusion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–MT contact, ER– plasma membrane (PM) junction, autophagosome/endosome–lysosome fusion, sarcoplasmic reticulum–MT, autophagosome–endosome/lysosome fusion, and ER–Golgi complex (GC) interaction as the 10 EC-activation/inflammation-promoting OCRG groups; (5) the expression of OCRGs is upregulated more than downregulated in regulatory T cells (Tregs) from the lymph nodes, spleen, peripheral blood, intestine, and brown adipose tissue in comparison with that of CD4+CD25− T effector controls; (6) toll-like receptors (TLRs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and inflammasome-activated regulator caspase-1 regulated the expressions of OCRGs in diseases, virus-infected cells, and pro-atherogenic DAMP-treated ECs; (7) OCRG expressions are significantly modulated in all the 28 cancer datasets, and the upregulated OCRGs are correlated with tumor immune infiltrates in some tumors; (8) tumor promoter factor IKK2 and tumor suppressor Tp53 significantly modulate the expressions of OCRGs. Our findings provide novel insights on the roles of upregulated OCRGs in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and cancers, and novel pathways for the future therapeutic interventions for inflammations, sepsis, trauma, organ failures, autoimmune diseases, metabolic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Na Wu
- Departments of Endocrinology and Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eleni Vasilopoulos
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jirong Wang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Departments of Endocrinology and Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Yifan Lu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles Drummer
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lu Liu
- Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jun Yu
- Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational & Clinical Lung Research, Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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32
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Sukhorukov VS, Mudzhiri NM, Voronkova AS, Baranich TI, Glinkina VV, Illarioshkin SN. Mitochondrial Disorders in Alzheimer's Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:667-679. [PMID: 34225590 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease. Understanding of its etiology and pathogenesis is constantly expanding. Thus, the increasing attention of researchers is directed to the study of the role of mitochondrial disorders. In addition, in recent years, the concept of Alzheimer's disease as a stress-induced disease has begun to form more and more actively. The stress-induced damage to the neuronal system can trigger a vicious circle of pathological processes, among which mitochondrial dysfunctions have a significant place, since mitochondria represent a substantial component in the anti-stress activity of the cell. The study of mitochondrial disorders in Alzheimer's disease is relevant for at least two reasons: first, as important pathogenetic component in this disease; second, due to vital role of mitochondria in formation of the body resistance to various conditions, including stressful ones, throughout the life. This literature review analyzes the results of a number of recent studies assessing potential significance of the mitochondrial disorders in Alzheimer's disease. The probable mechanisms of mitochondrial disorders associated with the development of this disease are considered: bioenergetic dysfunctions, changes in mitochondrial DNA (including assessment of the significance of its haplogroup features), disorders in the dynamics of these organelles, oxidative damage to calcium channels, damage to MAM complexes (membranes associated with mitochondria; mitochondria-associated membranes), disruptions of the mitochondrial quality control system, mitochondrial permeability, etc. The issues of the "primary" or "secondary" mitochondrial damage in Alzheimer's disease are discussed. Potentials for the development of new methods for diagnosis and therapy of mitochondrial disorders in Alzheimer's disease are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tatiana I Baranich
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Valeria V Glinkina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov Medical University), Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Iankova V, Karin I, Klopstock T, Schneider SA. Emerging Disease-Modifying Therapies in Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) Disorders. Front Neurol 2021; 12:629414. [PMID: 33935938 PMCID: PMC8082061 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.629414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) is a heterogeneous group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by iron deposition in the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra. As of today, 15 distinct monogenetic disease entities have been identified. The four most common forms are pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), phospholipase A2 group VI (PLA2G6)-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN), beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) and mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN). Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation disorders present with a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms such as movement disorder signs (dystonia, parkinsonism, chorea), pyramidal involvement (e.g., spasticity), speech disorders, cognitive decline, psychomotor retardation, and ocular abnormalities. Treatment remains largely symptomatic but new drugs are in the pipeline. In this review, we discuss the rationale of new compounds, summarize results from clinical trials, provide an overview of important results in cell lines and animal models and discuss the future development of disease-modifying therapies for NBIA disorders. A general mechanistic approach for treatment of NBIA disorders is with iron chelators which bind and remove iron. Few studies investigated the effect of deferiprone in PKAN, including a recent placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter trial, demonstrating radiological improvement with reduction of iron load in the basal ganglia and a trend to slowing of disease progression. Disease-modifying strategies address the specific metabolic pathways of the affected enzyme. Such tailor-made approaches include provision of an alternative substrate (e.g., fosmetpantotenate or 4′-phosphopantetheine for PKAN) in order to bypass the defective enzyme. A recent randomized controlled trial of fosmetpantotenate, however, did not show any significant benefit of the drug as compared to placebo, leading to early termination of the trials' extension phase. 4′-phosphopantetheine showed promising results in animal models and a clinical study in patients is currently underway. Another approach is the activation of other enzyme isoforms using small molecules (e.g., PZ-2891 in PKAN). There are also compounds which counteract downstream cellular effects. For example, deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFA) may reduce mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in PLAN. In infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (a subtype of PLAN), desipramine may be repurposed as it blocks ceramide accumulation. Gene replacement therapy is still in a preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilena Iankova
- Department of Neurology With Friedrich Baur Institute, University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ivan Karin
- Department of Neurology With Friedrich Baur Institute, University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology With Friedrich Baur Institute, University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne A Schneider
- Department of Neurology With Friedrich Baur Institute, University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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34
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Rivière G, Jaipuria G, Andreas LB, Leonov A, Giller K, Becker S, Zweckstetter M. Membrane-embedded TSPO: an NMR view. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:173-180. [PMID: 33354729 PMCID: PMC8071791 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Translocator Protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is a mitochondrial transmembrane protein commonly used as a biomarker for neuroinflammation and is also a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Despite intensive research efforts, the function of TSPO is still largely enigmatic. Deciphering TSPO structure in the native lipid environment is essential to gain insight into its cellular activities and to design improved diagnostic and therapeutic ligands. Here, we discuss the influence of lipid composition on the structure of mammalian TSPO embedded into lipid bilayers on the basis of solid-state NMR experiments. We further highlight that cholesterol can influence both the tertiary and quaternary TSPO structure and also influence TSPO localization in mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwladys Rivière
- Senior Research Group of Translational Structural Biology in Dementia, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Garima Jaipuria
- Senior Research Group of Translational Structural Biology in Dementia, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Loren B Andreas
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karin Giller
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Senior Research Group of Translational Structural Biology in Dementia, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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35
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Sun Y, Cai Y, Qian S, Chiou H, Zang QS. Beclin-1 improves mitochondria-associated membranes in the heart during endotoxemia. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:123-135. [PMID: 33733054 PMCID: PMC7944875 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria‐associated membranes (MAMs) are essential to mitochondria. This study was to determine whether endotoxemia rearranges MAMs in the heart, and whether Beclin‐1 regulates this process. Wild‐type mice and mice with a cardiac‐specific overexpression of Beclin‐1 (Becn1‐Tg), or a heterozygous knockout of Beclin‐1 (Becn1+/−) were given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. In the heart, the ultrastructure of MAMs was examined by electron microscopy and the histology evaluated by immunostaining. Additionally, MAMs were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and their content and function were quantified. The effects of Beclin‐1‐activating peptide (TB‐peptide) on MAMs were also examined. Data showed that endotoxemia decreased both the total mass and the function of MAMs, and these deficiencies became worse in Becn1+/− mice but were alleviated in Becn1‐Tg and TB‐peptide‐treated mice. Responses of myocardial MAMs to LPS and to TB‐peptide were additionally examined in AC16 human cardiomyocytes. In vitro findings recaptured the effects of LPS and TB‐peptide in cardiomyocytes; the challenge of LPS reduced the level and activity of MAMs, and TB‐peptide attenuated this defect. Together, the results suggest a new function of Beclin‐1 in improving cardiac MAMs during endotoxemia, providing a mechanism for the previously identified role of Beclin‐1 in protection of mitochondria and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Sun
- Department of Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA.,Department of Developmental Cell Biology Key Laboratory of Cell Biology China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Suhong Qian
- Department of Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Hellen Chiou
- Department of Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA
| | - Qun S Zang
- Department of Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA.,Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute Stritch School of Medicine Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division Maywood IL USA
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36
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Shirokova OM, Pchelin PV, Mukhina IV. MERCs. The Novel Assistant to Neurotransmission? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:589319. [PMID: 33240039 PMCID: PMC7680918 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.589319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In neuroscience, much attention is paid to intercellular interactions, in particular, to synapses. However, many researchers do not pay due attention to the contribution of intracellular contacts to the work of intercellular interactions. Nevertheless, along with synapses, intracellular contacts also have complex organization and a tremendous number of regulatory elements. Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs) are a specific site of interaction between the two organelles; they provide a basis for a large number of cellular functions, such as calcium homeostasis, lipid metabolism, autophagy, and apoptosis. Despite the presence of these contacts in various parts of neurons and glial cells, it is yet not known whether they fulfill the same functions. There are still many unsolved questions about the work of these intracellular contacts, and one of the most important among them is if MERCs, with their broad implication into synaptic events, can be considered the assistant to neurotransmission?
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya M Shirokova
- Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Pavel V Pchelin
- Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Irina V Mukhina
- Central Scientific Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Department of Neurotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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37
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Li X, Park D, Chang Y, Radhakrishnan A, Wu H, Wang P, Liu J. A mammalian system for high-resolution imaging of intact cells by cryo-electron tomography. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 160:87-96. [PMID: 33058942 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells contain an elaborate network of organelles and molecular machines that orchestrate essential cellular processes. Visualization of this network at a molecular level is vital for understanding these cellular processes. Here we present a model system based on nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells (PC12+) and suitable for high resolution imaging of organelles and molecular machines in situ. We detail an optimized imaging pipeline that effectively combines correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB), cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), and sub-tomogram averaging to produce three-dimensional and molecular resolution snapshots of organelles and molecular machines in near-native cellular environments. Our studies demonstrate that cryo-ET imaging of PC12+ systems provides an accessible and highly efficient avenue for dissecting specific cellular processes in mammalian cells at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Science Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA; Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226000, China.
| | - Donghyun Park
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Science Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Yunjie Chang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Science Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | | | - Hangjun Wu
- Center of Cryo Electron Microscopy and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Microbial Science Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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38
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Piras IS, Krate J, Delvaux E, Nolz J, Mastroeni DF, Persico AM, Jepsen WM, Beach TG, Huentelman MJ, Coleman PD. Transcriptome Changes in the Alzheimer's Disease Middle Temporal Gyrus: Importance of RNA Metabolism and Mitochondria-Associated Membrane Genes. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:691-713. [PMID: 31256118 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We used Illumina Human HT-12 v4 arrays to compare RNA expression of middle temporal gyrus (MTG; BA21) in Alzheimer's disease (AD = 97) and non-demented controls (ND = 98). A total of 938 transcripts were highly differentially expressed (adj p < 0.01; log2 FC ≥ |0.500|, with 411 overexpressed and 527 underexpressed in AD. Our results correlated with expression profiling in neurons from AD and ND obtained by laser capture microscopy in MTG from an independent dataset (log2 FC correlation: r = 0.504; p = 2.2e-16). Additionally, selected effects were validated by qPCR. ANOVA analysis yielded no difference between genders in response to AD, but some gender specific genes were detected (e.g., IL8 and AGRN in males, and HSPH1 and GRM1 in females). Several transcripts were associated with Braak staging (e.g., AEBP1 and DNALI1), antemortem MMSE (e.g., AEBP1 and GFAP), and tangle density (e.g., RNU1G2, and DNALI1). At the pathway level, we detected enrichment of synaptic vesicle processes and GABAergic transmission genes. Finally, applying the Weighted Correlation Network Analysis, we identified four expression modules enriched for neuronal and synaptic genes, mitochondria-associated membrane, chemical stimulus and olfactory receptor and non-coding RNA metabolism genes. Our results represent an extensive description of MTG mRNA profiling in a large sample of AD and ND. These data provide a list of genes associated with AD, and correlated to neurofibrillary tangles density. In addition, these data emphasize the importance of mitochondrial membranes and transcripts related to olfactory receptors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonida Krate
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine Delvaux
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Nolz
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Diego F Mastroeni
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, "Gaetano Martino" University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Mafalda Luce Center for Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Milan, Italy
| | - Wayne M Jepsen
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory of Neuropathology at Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, US
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paul D Coleman
- Biodesign Institute, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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39
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Li C, Li L, Yang M, Zeng L, Sun L. PACS-2: A key regulator of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Insights into Disease-Associated Tau Impact on Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176344. [PMID: 32882957 PMCID: PMC7503371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal tau protein aggregation in the brain is a hallmark of tauopathies, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. Substantial evidence has been linking tau to neurodegeneration, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be clearly identified. Mitochondria are paramount organelles in neurons, as they provide the main source of energy (adenosine triphosphate) to these highly energetic cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction was identified as an early event of neurodegenerative diseases occurring even before the cognitive deficits. Tau protein was shown to interact with mitochondrial proteins and to impair mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics, leading to neurotoxicity. In this review, we discuss in detail the different impacts of disease-associated tau protein on mitochondrial functions, including mitochondrial transport, network dynamics, mitophagy and bioenergetics. We also give new insights about the effects of abnormal tau protein on mitochondrial neurosteroidogenesis, as well as on the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria coupling. A better understanding of the pathomechanisms of abnormal tau-induced mitochondrial failure may help to identify new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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41
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Sreekumar PG, Kannan R. Mechanisms of protection of retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidant injury by humanin and other mitochondrial-derived peptides: Implications for age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101663. [PMID: 32768357 PMCID: PMC7767738 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a new class of small open reading frame encoded polypeptides with pleiotropic properties. The prominent members are Humanin (HN) and small HN-like peptide (SHLP) 2, which encode 16S rRNA, while mitochondrial open reading frame of the twelve S c (MOTS-c) encodes 12S rRNA of the mitochondrial genome. While the multifunctional properties of HN and its analog 14-HNG have been well documented, their protective role in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/retina has been investigated only recently. In this review, we have summarized the multiple effects of HN and its analogs, SHLP2 and MOTS-c in oxidatively stressed human RPE and the regulatory pathways of signaling, mitochondrial function, senescence, and inter-organelle crosstalk. Emphasis is given to the mitochondrial functions such as biogenesis, bioenergetics, and autophagy in RPE undergoing oxidative stress. Further, the potential use of HN and its analogs in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are also presented. In addition, the role of novel, long-acting HN elastin-like polypeptides in nanotherapy of AMD and other ocular diseases stemming from oxidative damage is discussed. It is expected MDPs will become a promising group of mitochondrial peptides with valuable therapeutic applications in the treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran G Sreekumar
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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42
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Swerdlow RH. The mitochondrial hypothesis: Dysfunction, bioenergetic defects, and the metabolic link to Alzheimer's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:207-233. [PMID: 32739005 PMCID: PMC8493961 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) features mitochondrial dysfunction and altered metabolism. Other pathologies could drive these changes, or alternatively these changes could drive other pathologies. In considering this question, it is worth noting that perturbed AD patient mitochondrial and metabolism dysfunction extend beyond the brain and to some extent define a systemic phenotype. It is difficult to attribute this systemic phenotype to brain beta-amyloid or tau proteins. Conversely, mitochondria increasingly appear to play a critical role in cell proteostasis, which suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may promote protein aggregation. Mitochondrial and metabolism-related characteristics also define AD endophenotypes in cognitively normal middle-aged individuals, which suggests that mitochondrial and metabolism-related AD characteristics precede clinical decline. Genetic analyses increasingly implicate mitochondria and metabolism-relevant genes in AD risk. Collectively these factors suggest that mitochondria are more relevant to the causes of AD than its consequences, and support the view that a mitochondrial cascade features prominently in AD. This chapter reviews the case for mitochondrial and metabolism dysfunction in AD and the challenges of proving that a primary mitochondrial cascade is pertinent to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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43
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Magalhães Rebelo AP, Dal Bello F, Knedlik T, Kaar N, Volpin F, Shin SH, Giacomello M. Chemical Modulation of Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contact Sites. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071637. [PMID: 32646031 PMCID: PMC7408517 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact sites between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are points in which the two organelles are in close proximity. Due to their structural and functional complexity, their exploitation as pharmacological targets has never been considered so far. Notwithstanding, the number of compounds described to target proteins residing at these interfaces either directly or indirectly is rising. Here we provide original insight into mitochondria–ER contact sites (MERCs), with a comprehensive overview of the current MERCs pharmacology. Importantly, we discuss the considerable potential of MERCs to become a druggable target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Magalhães Rebelo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.P.M.R.); (F.D.B.); (T.K.); (N.K.); (F.V.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.P.M.R.); (F.D.B.); (T.K.); (N.K.); (F.V.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Tomas Knedlik
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.P.M.R.); (F.D.B.); (T.K.); (N.K.); (F.V.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Natasha Kaar
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.P.M.R.); (F.D.B.); (T.K.); (N.K.); (F.V.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Fabio Volpin
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.P.M.R.); (F.D.B.); (T.K.); (N.K.); (F.V.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Sang Hun Shin
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.P.M.R.); (F.D.B.); (T.K.); (N.K.); (F.V.); (S.H.S.)
| | - Marta Giacomello
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.P.M.R.); (F.D.B.); (T.K.); (N.K.); (F.V.); (S.H.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-6300
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44
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Pleiotropic Mitochondria: The Influence of Mitochondria on Neuronal Development and Disease. J Neurosci 2020; 39:8200-8208. [PMID: 31619488 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1157-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play many important biological roles, including ATP production, lipid biogenesis, ROS regulation, and calcium clearance. In neurons, the mitochondrion is an essential organelle for metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Moreover, mitochondria are extremely dynamic and able to divide, fuse, and move along microtubule tracks to ensure their distribution to the neuronal periphery. Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered mitochondrial dynamics are observed in a wide range of conditions, from impaired neuronal development to various neurodegenerative diseases. Novel imaging techniques and genetic tools provide unprecedented access to the physiological roles of mitochondria by visualizing mitochondrial trafficking, morphological dynamics, ATP generation, and ultrastructure. Recent studies using these new techniques have unveiled the influence of mitochondria on axon branching, synaptic function, calcium regulation with the ER, glial cell function, neurogenesis, and neuronal repair. This review provides an overview of the crucial roles played by mitochondria in the CNS in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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45
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Wang WX, Prajapati P, Nelson PT, Springer JE. The Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes Are Novel Subcellular Locations Enriched for Inflammatory-Responsive MicroRNAs. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2996-3013. [PMID: 32451872 PMCID: PMC7320068 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) are specific ER domains that contact the mitochondria and function to facilitate communication between ER and mitochondria. Disruption of contact between the mitochondria and ER is associated with a variety of pathophysiological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases. Considering the many cellular functions of MAMs, we hypothesized that MAMs play an important role in regulating microRNA (miRNA) activity linked to its unique location between mitochondria and ER. Here we present new findings from human and rat brains indicating that the MAMs are subcellular sites enriched for specific miRNAs. We employed subcellular fractionation and TaqMan® RT-qPCR miRNA analysis to quantify miRNA levels in subcellular fractions isolated from male rat brains and six human brain samples. We found that MAMs contain a substantial number of miRNAs and the profile differs significantly from that of cytosolic, mitochondria, or ER. Interestingly, MAMs are particularly enriched in inflammatory-responsive miRNAs, including miR-146a, miR-142-3p, and miR-142-5p in both human and rat brains; miR-223 MAM enrichment was observed only in human brain samples. Further, mitochondrial uncoupling or traumatic brain injury in male rats resulted in the alteration of inflammatory miRNA enrichment in the isolated subcellular fractions. These observations demonstrate that miRNAs are distributed differentially in organelles and may re-distribute between organelles and the cytosol in response to cellular stress and metabolic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Paresh Prajapati
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Joe E Springer
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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46
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Kwak C, Shin S, Park JS, Jung M, Nhung TTM, Kang MG, Lee C, Kwon TH, Park SK, Mun JY, Kim JS, Rhee HW. Contact-ID, a tool for profiling organelle contact sites, reveals regulatory proteins of mitochondrial-associated membrane formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12109-12120. [PMID: 32414919 PMCID: PMC7275737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916584117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) has emerged as a cellular signaling hub regulating various cellular processes. However, its molecular components remain unclear owing to lack of reliable methods to purify the intact MAM proteome in a physiological context. Here, we introduce Contact-ID, a split-pair system of BioID with strong activity, for identification of the MAM proteome in live cells. Contact-ID specifically labeled proteins proximal to the contact sites of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, and thereby identified 115 MAM-specific proteins. The identified MAM proteins were largely annotated with the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and ER membrane proteins with MAM-related functions: e.g., FKBP8, an OMM protein, facilitated MAM formation and local calcium transport at the MAM. Furthermore, the definitive identification of biotinylation sites revealed membrane topologies of 85 integral membrane proteins. Contact-ID revealed regulatory proteins for MAM formation and could be reliably utilized to profile the proteome at any organelle-membrane contact sites in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulhwan Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sanghee Shin
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Minkyo Jung
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 41062 Daegu, Korea
| | - Truong Thi My Nhung
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Korea
| | - Myeong-Gyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Chaiheon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyuk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 41062 Daegu, Korea;
| | - Jong-Seo Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea;
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
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47
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Sáez-Orellana F, Octave JN, Pierrot N. Alzheimer's Disease, a Lipid Story: Involvement of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α. Cells 2020; 9:E1215. [PMID: 32422896 PMCID: PMC7290654 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) production are responsible for inherited AD cases. The amyloid cascade hypothesis was proposed to explain the pathogeny. Despite the fact that Aβ is considered as the main culprit of the pathology, most clinical trials focusing on Aβ failed and suggested that earlier interventions are needed to influence the course of AD. Therefore, identifying risk factors that predispose to AD is crucial. Among them, the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene that encodes the major brain lipid carrier and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes were identified as AD risk factors, suggesting that abnormal lipid metabolism could influence the progression of the disease. Among lipids, fatty acids (FAs) play a fundamental role in proper brain function, including memory. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a master metabolic regulator that regulates the catabolism of FA. Several studies report an essential role of PPARα in neuronal function governing synaptic plasticity and cognition. In this review, we explore the implication of lipid metabolism in AD, with a special focus on PPARα and its potential role in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sáez-Orellana
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.-O.); (J.-N.O.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.-O.); (J.-N.O.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Pierrot
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.-O.); (J.-N.O.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Alzheimer Dementia, Avenue Mounier 53, SSS/IONS/CEMO-Bte B1.53.03, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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48
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The mystery of mitochondria-ER contact sites in physiology and pathology: A cancer perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165834. [PMID: 32437958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), physical platforms that enable communication between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are enriched with many proteins and enzymes involved in several crucial cellular processes, such as calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, lipid synthesis and trafficking, autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Accumulating studies indicate that tumor suppressors and oncogenes are present at these intimate contacts between mitochondria and the ER, where they influence Ca2+ flux between mitochondria and the ER or affect lipid homeostasis at MAM, consequently impacting cell metabolism and cell fate. Understanding these fundamental roles of mitochondria-ER contact sites as important domains for tumor suppressors and oncogenes can support the search for new and more precise anticancer therapies. In the present review, we summarize the current understanding of basic MAM biology, composition and function and discuss the possible role of MAM-resident oncogenes and tumor suppressors.
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49
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Kohler V, Aufschnaiter A, Büttner S. Closing the Gap: Membrane Contact Sites in the Regulation of Autophagy. Cells 2020; 9:E1184. [PMID: 32397538 PMCID: PMC7290522 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In all eukaryotic cells, intracellular organization and spatial separation of incompatible biochemical processes is established by individual cellular subcompartments in form of membrane-bound organelles. Virtually all of these organelles are physically connected via membrane contact sites (MCS), allowing interorganellar communication and a functional integration of cellular processes. These MCS coordinate the exchange of diverse metabolites and serve as hubs for lipid synthesis and trafficking. While this of course indirectly impacts on a plethora of biological functions, including autophagy, accumulating evidence shows that MCS can also directly regulate autophagic processes. Here, we focus on the nexus between interorganellar contacts and autophagy in yeast and mammalian cells, highlighting similarities and differences. We discuss MCS connecting the ER to mitochondria or the plasma membrane, crucial for early steps of both selective and non-selective autophagy, the yeast-specific nuclear-vacuolar tethering system and its role in microautophagy, the emerging function of distinct autophagy-related proteins in organellar tethering as well as novel MCS transiently emanating from the growing phagophore and mature autophagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kohler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Andreas Aufschnaiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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50
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Arenas F, Castro F, Nuñez S, Gay G, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. STARD1 and NPC1 expression as pathological markers associated with astrogliosis in post-mortem brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:571-592. [PMID: 31902793 PMCID: PMC6977657 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of complex etiology, while Down syndrome (DS) is considered a genetically determined form of AD. Alterations in cholesterol homeostasis have been linked to AD although the role in this association is not well understood. Increased expression of STARD1 and NPC1, which are involved in intracellular cholesterol trafficking, has been reported in experimental AD models but not in patients with AD. Here we analyzed endolysosomal/mitochondrial cholesterol homeostasis, expression of NPC1 and STARD1 and correlation with pathological markers of AD in cortex and hippocampus from post-mortem brains from patients with AD and DS. NPC1 expression was observed in hippocampus from patients with AD and DS. Moreover, STARD1 expression increased in hippocampus and cortex from patients with AD and DS, respectively, and its immunoreactivity discriminated controls from AD or DS with a better accuracy than Aβ42. Hippocampal areas stained with the recombinant GST-PFO probe showed increased mitochondrial cholesterol within astrocytes of brains from patients with AD and DS-brains compared to controls. Lysosomal cholesterol accumulation within hippocampal astrocytes was higher in DS than in AD. These data revealed increased intracellular cholesterol loading in hippocampus from patient with AD and DS and suggest that STARD1 could be a potential pre-clinical marker associated with early stages of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Arenas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernanda Castro
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Nuñez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Gay
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
- Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jose C. Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic I Provincial de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Spain
- Research Center for ALPD, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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