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Knepper LE, Ankrom ET, Thévenin D. Enhancing Anti-Cancer Immune Response by Acidosis-Sensitive Nanobody Display. J Membr Biol 2024:10.1007/s00232-024-00322-3. [PMID: 39254684 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-024-00322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
One of the main challenges with many cancer immunotherapies is that biomarkers are needed for targeting. These biomarkers are often associated with tumors but are not specific to a particular tumor and can lead to damage in healthy tissues, resistance to treatment, or the need for customization for different types of cancer due to variations in targets. A promising alternative approach is to target the acidic microenvironment found in most solid tumor types. This can be achieved using the pH (Low) Insertion Peptide (pHLIP), which inserts selectively into cell membranes under acidic conditions, sparing healthy tissues. pHLIP has shown potential for imaging, drug delivery, and surface display. For instance, we previously used pHLIP to display epitopes on the surfaces of cancer cells, enabling antibody-mediated immune cell recruitment and selective killing of cancer cells. In this study, we further explored this concept by directly fusing an anti-CD16 nanobody, which activates natural killer (NK) cells, to pHLIP, eliminating the need for antibody recruitment. Our results demonstrated the insertion of pH-sensitive agents into cancer cells, activation of the CD16 receptor on effector cells, and successful targeting and destruction of cancer cells by high-affinity CD16+ NK cells in two cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Knepper
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Emily T Ankrom
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Damien Thévenin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
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2
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Sharma G, Round J, Teng F, Ali Z, May C, Yung E, Holt RA. A synthetic cytotoxic T cell platform for rapidly prototyping TCR function. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:182. [PMID: 39160299 PMCID: PMC11333705 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Current tools for functionally profiling T cell receptors with respect to cytotoxic potency and cross-reactivity are hampered by difficulties in establishing model systems to test these proteins in the contexts of different HLA alleles and against broad arrays of potential antigens. We have implemented a granzyme-activatable sensor of T cell cytotoxicity in a universal prototyping platform which enables facile recombinant expression of any combination of TCR-, peptide-, and class I MHC-coding sequences and direct assessment of resultant responses. This system consists of an engineered cell platform based on the immortalized natural killer cell line, YT-Indy, and the MHC-null antigen-presenting cell line, K562. These cells were engineered to furnish the YT-Indy/K562 pair with appropriate protein domains required for recombinant TCR expression and function in a non-T cell chassis, integrate a fluorescence-based target-centric early detection reporter of cytotoxic function, and deploy a set of protective genetic interventions designed to preserve antigen-presenting cells for subsequent capture and downstream characterization. Our data show successful reconstitution of the surface TCR complex in the YT-Indy cell line at biologically relevant levels. We also demonstrate successful induction and highly sensitive detection of antigen-specific response in multiple distinct model TCRs. Additionally, we monitored destruction of targets in co-culture and found that our survival-optimized system allowed for complete preservation after 24 h exposure to cytotoxic effectors. With this bioplatform, we anticipate investigators will be empowered to rapidly express and characterize T cell receptor responses, generate knowledge regarding the patterns of T cell receptor recognition, and optimize therapeutic T cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Sharma
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Round
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fei Teng
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zahra Ali
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chris May
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric Yung
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert A Holt
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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3
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Knepper LE, Ankrom ET, Thévenin D. Enhancing Anti-Cancer Immune Response by Acidosis-sensitive Nanobody Display. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4750804. [PMID: 39184093 PMCID: PMC11343302 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4750804/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
One of the main challenges with many cancer immuno-therapies is that they depend on biomarkers for targeting. These biomarkers are often associated with tumors but are not specific to a particular tumor, which can lead to damage in healthy tissues, resistance to treatment, and the need for customization for different types of cancer due to the variations in targets. A promising alternative approach is to target the acidic microenvironment found in most solid tumor types. This can be achieved using the pH (Low) Insertion Peptide (pHLIP), which inserts selectively into cell membranes in acidic conditions, sparing healthy tissues. pHLIP has shown potential for imaging, drug delivery, and surface display. For instance, we previously used pHLIP to display epitopes on the surfaces of cancer cells, enabling antibody-mediated immune cell recruitment and selective killing of cancer cells. In this study, we further this concept by directly fusing an anti-CD16 nanobody, which activates Natural Killer (NK) cells, to pHLIP, eliminating the need for antibody recruitment. Our results demonstrate pH-sensitive insertion into cancer cells, activation of the CD16 receptor on effector cells, and successful targeting and destruction of cancer cells by high-affinity CD16 + NK cells in two cancer cell lines.
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4
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Trojani MC, Santucci-Darmanin S, Breuil V, Carle GF, Pierrefite-Carle V. Lysosomal exocytosis: From cell protection to protumoral functions. Cancer Lett 2024; 597:217024. [PMID: 38871244 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes are single membrane bounded group of acidic organelles that can be involved in a process called lysosomal exocytosis which leads to the extracellular release of their content. Lysosomal exocytosis is required for plasma membrane repair or remodeling events such as bone resorption, antigen presentation or mitosis, and for protection against toxic agents such as heavy metals. Recently, it has been showed that to fulfill this protective role, lysosomal exocytosis needs some autophagic proteins, in an autophagy-independent manner. In addition to these crucial physiological roles, lysosomal exocytosis plays a major protumoral role in various cancers. This effect is exerted through tumor microenvironment modifications, including extracellular matrix remodeling, acidosis, oncogenic and profibrogenic signals. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the different elements released in the microenvironment during lysosomal exocytosis, i.e. proteases, exosomes, and protons, and their effects in the context of tumor development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Trojani
- UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs CEA/DRF/Institut Joliot, Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine Nice, France; Service de Rhumatologie, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Sabine Santucci-Darmanin
- UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs CEA/DRF/Institut Joliot, Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine Nice, France; CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Breuil
- UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs CEA/DRF/Institut Joliot, Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine Nice, France; Service de Rhumatologie, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Georges F Carle
- UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs CEA/DRF/Institut Joliot, Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine Nice, France; CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Pierrefite-Carle
- UMR E-4320 TIRO-MATOs CEA/DRF/Institut Joliot, Université Côte d'Azur, Faculté de Médecine Nice, France; INSERM, Paris, France.
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Rogers J, Bajur AT, Salaita K, Spillane KM. Mechanical control of antigen detection and discrimination by T and B cell receptors. Biophys J 2024; 123:2234-2255. [PMID: 38794795 PMCID: PMC11331051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by just two cell types, T cells and B cells. Both cells possess the remarkable ability to recognize virtually any antigen through their respective antigen receptors-the T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR). Despite extensive investigations into the biochemical signaling events triggered by antigen recognition in these cells, our ability to predict or control the outcome of T and B cell activation remains elusive. This challenge is compounded by the sensitivity of T and B cells to the biophysical properties of antigens and the cells presenting them-a phenomenon we are just beginning to understand. Recent insights underscore the central role of mechanical forces in this process, governing the conformation, signaling activity, and spatial organization of TCRs and BCRs within the cell membrane, ultimately eliciting distinct cellular responses. Traditionally, T cells and B cells have been studied independently, with researchers working in parallel to decipher the mechanisms of activation. While these investigations have unveiled many overlaps in how these cell types sense and respond to antigens, notable differences exist. To fully grasp their biology and harness it for therapeutic purposes, these distinctions must be considered. This review compares and contrasts the TCR and BCR, placing emphasis on the role of mechanical force in regulating the activity of both receptors to shape cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhordan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Anna T Bajur
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Katelyn M Spillane
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Kang Q, He L, Zhang Y, Zhong Z, Tan W. Immune-inflammatory modulation by natural products derived from edible and medicinal herbs used in Chinese classical prescriptions. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155684. [PMID: 38788391 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edible and medicinal herbs1 (EMHs) refer to a class of substances with dual attribution of food and medicine. These substances are traditionally used as food and also listed in many international pharmacopoeias, including the European Pharmacopoeia, the United States Pharmacopoeia, and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Some classical formulas that are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine include a series of EMHs, which have been shown to be effective with obvious characteristics and advantages. Notably, these EMHs and Chinese classical prescriptions2 (CCPs) have also attracted attention in international herbal medicine research because of their low toxicity and high efficiency as well as the rich body of experience for their long-term clinical use. PURPOSE Our purpose is to explore the potential therapeutic effect of EMHs with immune-inflammatory modulation for the study of modern cancer drugs. STUDY DESIGN In the present study, we present a detailed account of some EMHs used in CCPs that have shown considerable research potential in studies exploring modern drugs with immune-inflammatory modulation. METHODS Approximately 500 publications in the past 30 years were collected from PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect using the keywords, such as natural products, edible and medicinal herbs, Chinese medicine, classical prescription, immune-inflammatory, tumor microenvironment and some related synonyms. The active ingredients instead of herbal extracts or botanical mixtures were focused on and the research conducted over the past decade were discussed emphatically and analyzed comprehensively. RESULTS More than ten natural products derived from EMHs used in CCPs are discussed and their immune-inflammatory modulation activities, including enhancing antitumor immunity, regulating inflammatory signaling pathways, lowering the proportion of immunosuppressive cells, inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, immunosuppressive factors, and inflammatory mediators, are summarized. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the immune-inflammatory modulating role of those EMHs used in CCPs and provide new ideas for cancer treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Luying He
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China.
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Cigalotto L, Martinvalet D. Granzymes in health and diseases: the good, the bad and the ugly. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371743. [PMID: 38646541 PMCID: PMC11026543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases, composed of five human members: GA, B, H, M and K. They were first discovered in the 1980s within cytotoxic granules released during NK cell- and T cell-mediated killing. Through their various proteolytic activities, granzymes can trigger different pathways within cells, all of which ultimately lead to the same result, cell death. Over the years, the initial consideration of granzymes as mere cytotoxic mediators has changed due to surprising findings demonstrating their expression in cells other than immune effectors as well as new intracellular and extracellular activities. Additional roles have been identified in the extracellular milieu, following granzyme escape from the immunological synapse or their release by specific cell types. Outside the cell, granzyme activities mediate extracellular matrix alteration via the degradation of matrix proteins or surface receptors. In certain contexts, these processes are essential for tissue homeostasis; in others, excessive matrix degradation and extensive cell death contribute to the onset of chronic diseases, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Here, we provide an overview of both the physiological and pathological roles of granzymes, highlighting their utility while also recognizing how their unregulated presence can trigger the development and/or worsening of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Cigalotto
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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8
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Petro-Turnquist E, Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Swine influenza A virus: challenges and novel vaccine strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1336013. [PMID: 38633745 PMCID: PMC11021629 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1336013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine Influenza A Virus (IAV-S) imposes a significant impact on the pork industry and has been deemed a significant threat to global public health due to its zoonotic potential. The most effective method of preventing IAV-S is vaccination. While there are tremendous efforts to control and prevent IAV-S in vulnerable swine populations, there are considerable challenges in developing a broadly protective vaccine against IAV-S. These challenges include the consistent diversification of IAV-S, increasing the strength and breadth of adaptive immune responses elicited by vaccination, interfering maternal antibody responses, and the induction of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination. Current vaccination strategies are often not updated frequently enough to address the continuously evolving nature of IAV-S, fail to induce broadly cross-reactive responses, are susceptible to interference, may enhance respiratory disease, and can be expensive to produce. Here, we review the challenges and current status of universal IAV-S vaccine research. We also detail the current standard of licensed vaccines and their limitations in the field. Finally, we review recently described novel vaccines and vaccine platforms that may improve upon current methods of IAV-S control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Petro-Turnquist
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Matthew J. Pekarek
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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9
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Xu S, Yang TJ, Xu S, Gong YN. Plasma membrane repair empowers the necrotic survivors as innate immune modulators. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:93-106. [PMID: 37648621 PMCID: PMC10872800 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is crucial to the survival of animal cells, and damage to it can be lethal, often resulting in necrosis. However, cells possess multiple mechanisms for repairing the membrane, which allows them to maintain their integrity to some extent, and sometimes even survive. Interestingly, cells that survive a near-necrosis experience can recognize sub-lethal membrane damage and use it as a signal to secrete chemokines and cytokines, which activate the immune response. This review will present evidence of necrotic cell survival in both in vitro and in vivo systems, including in C. elegans, mouse models, and humans. We will also summarize the various membrane repair mechanisms cells use to maintain membrane integrity. Finally, we will propose a mathematical model to illustrate how near-death experiences can transform dying cells into innate immune modulators for their microenvironment. By utilizing their membrane repair activity, the biological effects of cell death can extend beyond the mere elimination of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Burn and Wound Repair of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; International Biomedicine-X Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and the Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
| | - Tyler J Yang
- Departments of Biology and Advanced Placement Biology, White Station High School, Memphis, TN 38117, USA
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Burn and Wound Repair of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; International Biomedicine-X Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and the Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, 718 East Haizhou Rd., Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China.
| | - Yi-Nan Gong
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Center Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Kaur S, Roberts DD. Emerging functions of thrombospondin-1 in immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 155:22-31. [PMID: 37258315 PMCID: PMC10684827 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 is a secreted matricellular glycoprotein that modulates cell behavior by interacting with components of the extracellular matrix and with several cell surface receptors. Its presence in the extracellular matrix is induced by injuries that cause thrombospondin-1 release from platelets and conditions including hyperglycemia, ischemia, and aging that stimulate its expression by many cell types. Conversely, rapid receptor-mediated clearance of thrombospondin-1 from the extracellular space limits its sustained presence in the extracellular space and maintains sub-nanomolar physiological concentrations in blood plasma. Roles for thrombospondin-1 signaling, mediated by specific cellular receptors or by activation of latent TGFβ, have been defined in T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. In addition to regulating physiological nitric oxide signaling and responses of cells to stress, studies in mice lacking thrombospondin-1 or its receptors have revealed important roles for thrombospondin-1 in regulating immune responses in infectious and autoimmune diseases and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bertzbach LD, Seddar L, von Stromberg K, Ip WH, Dobner T, Hidalgo P. The adenovirus DNA-binding protein DBP. J Virol 2024; 98:e0188523. [PMID: 38197632 PMCID: PMC10878046 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01885-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are a group of double-stranded DNA viruses that can mainly cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. In addition, adenoviruses are employed as vector vaccines for combatting viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, and serve as excellent gene therapy vectors. These viruses have the ability to modulate the host cell machinery to their advantage and trigger significant restructuring of the nuclei of infected cells through the activity of viral proteins. One of those, the adenovirus DNA-binding protein (DBP), is a multifunctional non-structural protein that is integral to the reorganization processes. DBP is encoded in the E2A transcriptional unit and is highly abundant in infected cells. Its activity is unequivocally linked to the formation, structure, and integrity of virus-induced replication compartments, molecular hubs for the regulation of viral processes, and control of the infected cell. DBP also plays key roles in viral DNA replication, transcription, viral gene expression, and even host range specificity. Notably, post-translational modifications of DBP, such as SUMOylation and extensive phosphorylation, regulate its biological functions. DBP was first investigated in the 1970s, pioneering research on viral DNA-binding proteins. In this literature review, we provide an overview of DBP and specifically summarize key findings related to its complex structure, diverse functions, and significant role in the context of viral replication. Finally, we address novel insights and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D. Bertzbach
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Seddar
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wing-Hang Ip
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paloma Hidalgo
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Park J, Kim S, Jangid AK, Park HW, Kim K. Networked Cluster Formation via Trigonal Lipid Modules for Augmented Ex Vivo NK Cell Priming. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1556. [PMID: 38338836 PMCID: PMC10855780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Current cytokine-based natural killer (NK) cell priming techniques have exhibited limitations such as the deactivation of biological signaling molecules and subsequent insufficient maturation of the cell population during mass cultivation processes. In this study, we developed an amphiphilic trigonal 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (DSPE) lipid-polyethylene glycol (PEG) material to assemble NK cell clusters via multiple hydrophobic lipid insertions into cellular membranes. Our lipid conjugate-mediated ex vivo NK cell priming sufficiently augmented the structural modulation of clusters, facilitated diffusional signal exchanges, and finally activated NK cell population with the clusters. Without any inhibition in diffusional signal exchanges and intrinsic proliferative efficacy of NK cells, effectively prime NK cell clusters produced increased interferon-gamma, especially in the early culture periods. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that our novel lipid conjugates could serve as a promising alternative for future NK cell mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 22012, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.); (H.W.P.)
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13
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Aloi N, Drago G, Ruggieri S, Cibella F, Colombo P, Longo V. Extracellular Vesicles and Immunity: At the Crossroads of Cell Communication. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1205. [PMID: 38256278 PMCID: PMC10816988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), comprising exosomes and microvesicles, are small membranous structures secreted by nearly all cell types. They have emerged as crucial mediators in intercellular communication, playing pivotal roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes, notably within the realm of immunity. These roles go beyond mere cellular interactions, as extracellular vesicles stand as versatile and dynamic components of immune regulation, impacting both innate and adaptive immunity. Their multifaceted involvement includes immune cell activation, antigen presentation, and immunomodulation, emphasising their significance in maintaining immune homeostasis and contributing to the pathogenesis of immune-related disorders. Extracellular vesicles participate in immunomodulation by delivering a wide array of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, thereby influencing gene expression in target cells. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review that encompasses in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms through which EVs modulate human immunity. Understanding the intricate interplay between extracellular vesicles and immunity is imperative for unveiling novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools applicable to various immunological disorders, including autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer. Furthermore, recognising the potential of EVs as versatile drug delivery vehicles holds significant promise for the future of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Colombo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy (IRIB-CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (N.A.); (G.D.); (S.R.); (F.C.); (V.L.)
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14
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Migueles SA, Nettere DM, Gavil NV, Wang LT, Toulmin SA, Kelly EP, Ward AJ, Lin S, Thompson SA, Peterson BA, Abdeen CS, Sclafani CR, Pryal PF, Leach BG, Ludwig AK, Rogan DC, Przygonska PA, Cattani A, Imamichi H, Sachs A, Cafri G, Huang NN, Patamawenu A, Liang CJ, Hallahan CW, Kambach DM, Han EX, Coupet T, Chen J, Moir SL, Chun TW, Coates EE, Ledgerwood J, Schmidt J, Taillandier-Coindard M, Michaux J, Pak H, Bassani-Sternberg M, Frahm N, McElrath MJ, Connors M. HIV vaccines induce CD8 + T cells with low antigen receptor sensitivity. Science 2023; 382:1270-1276. [PMID: 38096385 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Current HIV vaccines designed to stimulate CD8+ T cells have failed to induce immunologic control upon infection. The functions of vaccine-induced HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were investigated here in detail. Cytotoxic capacity was significantly lower than in HIV controllers and was not a consequence of low frequency or unaccumulated functional cytotoxic proteins. Low cytotoxic capacity was attributable to impaired degranulation in response to the low antigen levels present on HIV-infected targets. The vaccine-induced T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was polyclonal and transduction of these TCRs conferred the same reduced functions. These results define a mechanism accounting for poor antiviral activity induced by these vaccines and suggest that an effective CD8+ T cell response may require a vaccination strategy that drives further TCR clonal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle M Nettere
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Noah V Gavil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sushila A Toulmin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Kelly
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Addison J Ward
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Siying Lin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah A Thompson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bennett A Peterson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassidy S Abdeen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carina R Sclafani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick F Pryal
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin G Leach
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda K Ludwig
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C Rogan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paulina A Przygonska
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela Cattani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hiromi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Sachs
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gal Cafri
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ning-Na Huang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andy Patamawenu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Jason Liang
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire W Hallahan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan L Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily E Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Taillandier-Coindard
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justine Michaux
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - HuiSong Pak
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Sharma G, Round J, Teng F, Ali Z, May C, Yung E, Holt RA. A Synthetic Cytotoxic T cell Platform for Rapidly Prototyping TCR Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567960. [PMID: 38045272 PMCID: PMC10690155 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Current tools for functionally profiling T cell receptors with respect to cytotoxic potency and cross-reactivity are hampered by difficulties in establishing model systems to test these proteins in the contexts of different HLA alleles and against broad arrays of potential antigens. We have implemented and validated a granzyme-activatable sensor of T cell cytotoxicity in a novel universal prototyping platform which enables facile recombinant expression of any combination of TCR-, peptide-, and class I MHC-coding sequences and direct assessment of resultant responses. This system consists of an engineered cell platform based on the immortalized natural killer cell line, YT-Indy, and the MHC-null antigen-presenting cell line, K562. These cells were engineered using contemporary gene-editing techniques to furnish the YT-Indy/K562 pair with appropriate protein domains required for recombinant TCR expression and function in a non-T cell chassis, integrate a fluorescence-based target-centric early detection reporter of cytotoxic function, and deploy a set of protective genetic interventions designed to preserve antigen-presenting cells for subsequent capture and downstream characterization. Our data show successful reconstitution of the surface TCR complex in the YT-Indy cell line at biologically relevant levels. We also demonstrate successful induction and highly sensitive detection of antigen-specific response in multiple distinct model TCRs, with significant responses (p < 0.05 and Cohen's d >1.9) in all cases. Additionally, we monitored destruction of targets in co-culture and found that our survival-optimized system allowed for complete preservation after 24-hour exposure to cytotoxic effectors. With this bioplatform, we anticipate investigators will be empowered to rapidly express and characterize T cell receptor responses, generate new knowledge regarding the patterns of T cell receptor recognition, and optimize novel therapeutic T cell receptors for improved cytotoxic potential and reduced cross-reactivity to undesired antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Sharma
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - James Round
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Fei Teng
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Zahra Ali
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Chris May
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Eric Yung
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
| | - Robert A. Holt
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre; British Columbia Cancer Research Institute; 675 W 10 Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3; Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; C201 – 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1; Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Simon Fraser University; SSB8166 – 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6; Canada
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16
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Ockfen E, Filali L, Pereira Fernandes D, Hoffmann C, Thomas C. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling at the cancer cell side of the immunological synapse: good, bad, or both? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276602. [PMID: 37869010 PMCID: PMC10585106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs), specifically cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, are indispensable guardians of the immune system and orchestrate the recognition and elimination of cancer cells. Upon encountering a cancer cell, CLs establish a specialized cellular junction, known as the immunological synapse that stands as a pivotal determinant for effective cell killing. Extensive research has focused on the presynaptic side of the immunological synapse and elucidated the multiple functions of the CL actin cytoskeleton in synapse formation, organization, regulatory signaling, and lytic activity. In contrast, the postsynaptic (cancer cell) counterpart has remained relatively unexplored. Nevertheless, both indirect and direct evidence has begun to illuminate the significant and profound consequences of cytoskeletal changes within cancer cells on the outcome of the lytic immunological synapse. Here, we explore the understudied role of the cancer cell actin cytoskeleton in modulating the immune response within the immunological synapse. We shed light on the intricate interplay between actin dynamics and the evasion mechanisms employed by cancer cells, thus providing potential routes for future research and envisioning therapeutic interventions targeting the postsynaptic side of the immunological synapse in the realm of cancer immunotherapy. This review article highlights the importance of actin dynamics within the immunological synapse between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells focusing on the less-explored postsynaptic side of the synapse. It presents emerging evidence that actin dynamics in cancer cells can critically influence the outcome of cytotoxic lymphocyte interactions with cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ockfen
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Liza Filali
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Diogo Pereira Fernandes
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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17
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Sandoz PA, Kuhnigk K, Szabo EK, Thunberg S, Erikson E, Sandström N, Verron Q, Brech A, Watzl C, Wagner AK, Alici E, Malmberg KJ, Uhlin M, Önfelt B. Modulation of lytic molecules restrain serial killing in γδ T lymphocytes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6035. [PMID: 37758698 PMCID: PMC10533871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play a pivotal role in protection against various types of infections and tumours, from early childhood on and throughout life. They consist of several subsets characterised by adaptive and innate-like functions, with Vγ9Vδ2 being the largest subset in human peripheral blood. Although these cells show signs of cytotoxicity, their modus operandi remains poorly understood. Here we explore, using live single-cell imaging, the cytotoxic functions of γδ T cells upon interactions with tumour target cells with high temporal and spatial resolution. While γδ T cell killing is dominated by degranulation, the availability of lytic molecules appears tightly regulated in time and space. In particular, the limited co-occurrence of granzyme B and perforin restrains serial killing of tumour cells by γδ T cells. Thus, our data provide new insights into the cytotoxic arsenal and functions of γδ T cells, which may guide the development of more efficient γδ T cell based adoptive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Sandoz
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kyra Kuhnigk
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edina K Szabo
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Thunberg
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elina Erikson
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Sandström
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Quentin Verron
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Brech
- Cancell, Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Department for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arnika K Wagner
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evren Alici
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Uhlin
- CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Nozaki K, Miao EA. Bucket lists must be completed during cell death. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:803-815. [PMID: 36958996 PMCID: PMC10440244 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death occurs in many forms, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and NETosis. Most obviously, the purpose of these pathways is to kill the cell. However, many cells need to complete a set of effector programs before they die, which we define as a cellular 'bucket list'. These effector programs are specific to the cell type, and mode and circumstances of death. For example, intestinal epithelial cells need to complete the process of extrusion before they die. Cells use regulatory mechanisms to temporarily prolong their life, including endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)- and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)-driven membrane repair. These allow cells to complete their bucket lists before they die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Nozaki
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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19
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Kamiya M, Kimura N, Umezawa N, Hasegawa H, Yasuda S. Muscle fiber necroptosis in pathophysiology of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and its potential as target of novel treatment strategy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191815. [PMID: 37483632 PMCID: PMC10361824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), which are a group of chronic and diverse inflammatory diseases, are primarily characterized by weakness in the proximal muscles that progressively leads to persistent disability. Current treatments of IIMs depend on nonspecific immunosuppressive agents (including glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants). However, these therapies sometimes fail to regulate muscle inflammation, and some patients suffer from infectious diseases and other adverse effects related to the treatment. Furthermore, even after inflammation has subsided, muscle weakness persists in a significant proportion of the patients. Therefore, the elucidation of pathophysiology of IIMs and development of a better therapeutic strategy that not only alleviates muscle inflammation but also improves muscle weakness without increment of opportunistic infection is awaited. Muscle fiber death, which has been formerly postulated as "necrosis", is a key histological feature of all subtypes of IIMs, however, its detailed mechanisms and contribution to the pathophysiology remained to be elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that muscle fibers of IIMs undergo necroptosis, a newly recognized form of regulated cell death, and promote muscle inflammation and dysfunction through releasing inflammatory mediators such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The research on murine model of polymyositis, a subtype of IIM, revealed that the inhibition of necroptosis or HMGB1, one of major DAMPs released from muscle fibers undergoing necroptosis, ameliorated muscle inflammation and recovered muscle weakness. Furthermore, not only the necroptosis-associated molecules but also PGAM5, a mitochondrial protein, and reactive oxygen species have been shown to be involved in muscle fiber necroptosis, indicating the multiple target candidates for the treatment of IIMs acting through necroptosis regulation. This article overviews the research on muscle injury mechanisms in IIMs focusing on the contribution of necroptosis in their pathophysiology and discusses the potential treatment strategy targeting muscle fiber necroptosis.
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20
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Abstract
Here, we describe a method, which we term "shadow imaging," to analyze the secretions of individual cells at immune synapses or other cell contacts. Following immune synapse formation and cellular activation on ligand-rich slides, the position of each cell is recorded using a pulsed immunofluorescence stain against the proteins on the ligand-rich slide surface. The pulsed stain does not penetrate the synaptic cleft, resulting in an unlabeled region or "shadow" beneath cells that is retained following cellular detachment. The secreted components, such as perforin, exosomes, or other types of extracellular vesicles, are retained on the slide and can be analyzed on a single-cell basis using immunofluorescence. The ability to identify single cells secreting different combinations of particles, proteins, and vesicles enables us to better understand the heterogeneity in immune cell secretions and can be used as a novel approach for phenotyping cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Ambrose
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Khodor S Hazime
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Davis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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21
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Weigelin B, Friedl P. T cell-mediated additive cytotoxicity - death by multiple bullets. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:980-987. [PMID: 35965200 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune effector cells, including cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), induce apoptosis and eliminate target cells by direct cell-cell contacts. In vivo, CTLs fail to efficiently kill solid tumor cells by individual contacts but rely upon multihit interactions by many CTLs (swarming). Recent evidence has indicated that multihit interactions by CTLs induce a series of sublethal damage events in target cells, including perforin-mediated membrane damage, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear envelope rupture, and DNA damage. Individual damage can be repaired, but when induced in rapid sequence, sublethal damage can accumulate and induce target cell death. Here, we summarize the sublethal damage and additive cytotoxicity concepts for CTL-induced and other cell stresses and discuss the implications for improving immunotherapy and multitargeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Weigelin
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands (CGC.nl), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Tian L, Zhou W, Wu X, Hu Z, Qiu L, Zhang H, Chen X, Zhang S, Lu Z. CTLs: Killers of intracellular bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:967679. [PMID: 36389159 PMCID: PMC9645434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.967679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many microbial pathogens have evolved a range of capabilities to evade host immune defense mechanisms and to survive and multiply in host cells. The presence of host intracellular bacteria makes it difficult for specific antibodies to function. After the intracellular bacteria escape the attack of the innate immune system, such as phagocytes, they survive in cells, and then adaptive immunity comes into play. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in eliminating intracellular bacteria. The regulation of key transcription factors could promote CD4+/CD8+ T cells to acquire cytolytic ability. The TCR-CD3 complex transduces activation signals generated by TCR recognition of antigen and promotes CTLs to generate multiple pathways to kill intracellular bacteria. In this review, the mechanism of CD4/CD8 CTLs differentiation and how CD4/CD8 CTLs kill intracellular bacteria are introduced. In addition, their application and prospects in the treatment of bacterial infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwei Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuannan Hu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhui Lu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Dubchak E, Obasanmi G, Zeglinski MR, Granville DJ, Yeung SN, Matsubara JA. Potential role of extracellular granzyme B in wet age-related macular degeneration and fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:980742. [PMID: 36204224 PMCID: PMC9531149 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.980742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related ocular diseases are the leading cause of blindness in developed countries and constitute a sizable socioeconomic burden worldwide. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) are some of the most common age-related diseases of the retina and cornea, respectively. AMD is characterized by a breakdown of the retinal pigment epithelial monolayer, which maintains retinal homeostasis, leading to retinal degeneration, while FECD is characterized by degeneration of the corneal endothelial monolayer, which maintains corneal hydration status, leading to corneal edema. Both AMD and FECD pathogenesis are characterized by disorganized local extracellular matrix (ECM) and toxic protein deposits, with both processes linked to aberrant protease activity. Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease traditionally known for immune-mediated initiation of apoptosis; however, it is now recognized that GrB is expressed by a variety of immune and non-immune cells and aberrant extracellular localization of GrB substantially contributes to various age-related pathologies through dysregulated cleavage of ECM, tight junction, and adherens junction proteins. Despite growing recognition of GrB involvement in multiple age-related pathologies, its role in AMD and FECD remains poorly understood. This review summarizes the pathophysiology of, and similarities between AMD and FECD, outlines the current knowledge of the role of GrB in AMD and FECD, as well as hypothesizes putative contributions of GrB to AMD and FECD pathogenesis and highlights the therapeutic potential of pharmacologically inhibiting GrB as an adjunctive treatment for AMD and FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Dubchak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gideon Obasanmi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Zeglinski
- ICORD Centre and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- ICORD Centre and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sonia N. Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne A. Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Joanne A. Matsubara,
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Tibbs E, Cao X. Murine myeloid derived suppressor cells possess a range of suppressive mechanisms-Granzyme B is not among them. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2255-2266. [PMID: 35129637 PMCID: PMC10693915 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses the controversy of Granzyme B (GzmB) expression by murine Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs). MDSCs are a heterogenous immature myeloid population that are generated in chronic inflammatory pathologies for the purpose to suppress inflammatory responses. MDSCs express a multitude of factors to induce suppressive function such as PD-L1, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and Arginase-1. Recently, Dufait et al. sought to demonstrate GzmB as an additional mechanism for suppression by MDSCs. They reported that murine MDSCs not only significantly express GzmB as well as Perforin (Prf1), but this expression is functionally important for tumor growth in vivo as well as tumor migration in vitro. We conducted experiments to address the same question but made confounding observations: MDSCs under stringent developmental process do not express GzmB. Our results show that not only GzmB protein is not produced at functional level, but the mRNA transcript is not detectable either. In fact, the GzmB protein found in the media of MDSC culture was due to T cells or natural killer cells contained in bone marrow and cultured alongside MDSCs. We strengthen this finding by genetically deleting GzmB from the myeloid lineage and measuring tumor burden compared to WT counterpart. Our results show no significant difference in tumor burden, suggesting that even if there is minor expression of GzmB, it is not produced at a functional amount to affect tumor growth. Therefore, this paper proposes alternative theories that align with the known understanding of GzmB expression and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Tibbs
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Xuefang Cao
- School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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25
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Sankar J, Arora S, Joshi G, Kumar R. Pore-forming proteins and their role in cancer and inflammation: Mechanistic insights and plausible druggable targets. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Wang S, Moreau F, Chadee K. Gasdermins in Innate Host Defense Against Entamoeba histolytica and Other Protozoan Parasites. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900553. [PMID: 35795683 PMCID: PMC9251357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) are a group of proteins that are cleaved by inflammatory caspases to induce pore formation in the plasma membrane to cause membrane permeabilization and lytic cell death or pyroptosis. All GSDMs share a conserved structure, containing a cytotoxic N-terminal (NT) pore-forming domain and a C-terminal (CT) repressor domain. Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) in contact with macrophages, triggers outside-in signaling to activate inflammatory caspase-4/1 via the noncanonical and canonical pathway to promote cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cleavage of GSDMD removes the auto-inhibition that masks the active pore-forming NT domain in the full-length protein by interactions with GSDM-CT. The cleaved NT-GSDMD monomers then oligomerize to form pores in the plasma membrane to facilitate the release of IL-1β and IL-18 with a measured amount of pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is an effective way to counteract intracellular parasites, which exploit replicative niche to avoid killing. To date, most GSDMs have been verified to perform pore-forming activity and GSDMD-induced pyroptosis is rapidly emerging as a mechanism of anti-microbial host defence. Here, we review our comprehensive and current knowledge on the expression, activation, biological functions, and regulation of GSDMD cleavage with emphases on physiological scenario and related dysfunctions of each GSDM member as executioner of cell death, cytokine secretion and inflammation against Eh and other protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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27
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Pașatu‑Cornea AM, Ciciu E, Tuță LA. Perforin: An intriguing protein in allograft rejection immunology (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:519. [DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Ciciu
- Department of Nephrology, Constanta County Emergency Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Liliana-Ana Tuță
- Department of Nephrology, Constanta County Emergency Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania
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28
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Nozaki K, Maltez VI, Rayamajhi M, Tubbs AL, Mitchell JE, Lacey CA, Harvest CK, Li L, Nash WT, Larson HN, McGlaughon BD, Moorman NJ, Brown MG, Whitmire JK, Miao EA. Caspase-7 activates ASM to repair gasdermin and perforin pores. Nature 2022; 606:960-967. [PMID: 35705808 PMCID: PMC9247046 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the caspases that cause regulated cell death, a unique function for caspase-7 has remained elusive. Caspase-3 performs apoptosis, whereas caspase-7 is typically considered an inefficient back-up. Caspase-1 activates gasdermin D pores to lyse the cell; however, caspase-1 also activates caspase-7 for unknown reasons1. Caspases can also trigger cell-type-specific death responses; for example, caspase-1 causes the extrusion of intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) in response to infection with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium)2,3. Here we show in both organoids and mice that caspase-7-deficient IECs do not complete extrusion. Mechanistically, caspase-7 counteracts gasdermin D pores and preserves cell integrity by cleaving and activating acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), which thereby generates copious amounts of ceramide to enable enhanced membrane repair. This provides time to complete the process of IEC extrusion. In parallel, we also show that caspase-7 and ASM cleavage are required to clear Chromobacterium violaceum and Listeria monocytogenes after perforin-pore-mediated attack by natural killer cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which normally causes apoptosis in infected hepatocytes. Therefore, caspase-7 is not a conventional executioner but instead is a death facilitator that delays pore-driven lysis so that more-specialized processes, such as extrusion or apoptosis, can be completed before cell death. Cells must put their affairs in order before they die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Nozaki
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vivien I Maltez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manira Rayamajhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alan L Tubbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph E Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carissa K Harvest
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William T Nash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and the Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Heather N Larson
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin D McGlaughon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael G Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and the Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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29
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Cassioli C, Baldari CT. The Expanding Arsenal of Cytotoxic T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883010. [PMID: 35514977 PMCID: PMC9065447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) are the main cellular mediators of the adaptive immune defenses against intracellular pathogens and malignant cells. Upon recognition of specific antigen on their cellular target, CTLs assemble an immunological synapse where they mobilise their killing machinery that is released into the synaptic cleft to orchestrate the demise of their cell target. The arsenal of CTLs is stored in lysosome-like organelles that undergo exocytosis in response to signals triggered by the T cell antigen receptor following antigen recognition. These organelles include lytic granules carrying a cargo of cytotoxic proteins packed on a proteoglycan scaffold, multivesicular bodies carrying the death receptor ligand FasL, and the recently discovered supramolecular attack particles that carry a core of cytotoxic proteins encased in a non-membranous glycoprotein shell. Here we will briefly review the main features of these killing entities and discuss their interrelationship and interplay in CTL-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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30
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Abstract
Removing membrane pores may help cancer cells survive T cell assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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31
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Ritter AT, Shtengel G, Xu CS, Weigel A, Hoffman DP, Freeman M, Iyer N, Alivodej N, Ackerman D, Voskoboinik I, Trapani J, Hess HF, Mellman I. ESCRT-mediated membrane repair protects tumor-derived cells against T cell attack. Science 2022; 376:377-382. [PMID: 35446649 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells kill virus-infected and tumor cells through the polarized release of perforin and granzymes. Perforin is a pore-forming toxin that creates a lesion in the plasma membrane of the target cell through which granzymes enter the cytosol and initiate apoptosis. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) proteins are involved in the repair of small membrane wounds. We found that ESCRT proteins were precisely recruited in target cells to sites of CTL engagement immediately after perforin release. Inhibition of ESCRT machinery in cancer-derived cells enhanced their susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing. Thus, repair of perforin pores by ESCRT machinery limits granzyme entry into the cytosol, potentially enabling target cells to resist cytolytic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gleb Shtengel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Aubrey Weigel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David P Hoffman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Melanie Freeman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Nirmala Iyer
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Nensi Alivodej
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - David Ackerman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Trapani
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Harald F Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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32
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Tuomela K, Ambrose AR, Davis DM. Escaping Death: How Cancer Cells and Infected Cells Resist Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867098. [PMID: 35401556 PMCID: PMC8984481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are critical in our immune defence against cancer and infection. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells can directly lyse malignant or infected cells in at least two ways: granule-mediated cytotoxicity, involving perforin and granzyme B, or death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity, involving the death receptor ligands, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand (FasL). In either case, a multi-step pathway is triggered to facilitate lysis, relying on active pro-death processes and signalling within the target cell. Because of this reliance on an active response from the target cell, each mechanism of cell-mediated killing can be manipulated by malignant and infected cells to evade cytolytic death. Here, we review the mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and examine how cells may evade these cytolytic processes. This includes resistance to perforin through degradation or reduced pore formation, resistance to granzyme B through inhibition or autophagy, and resistance to death receptors through inhibition of downstream signalling or changes in protein expression. We also consider the importance of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms against this pathway. Altogether, it is clear that target cells are not passive bystanders to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms can significantly constrain immune cell-mediated killing. Understanding these processes of immune evasion may lead to novel ideas for medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel M. Davis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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33
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Banerjee S, Nara R, Chakraborty S, Chowdhury D, Haldar S. Integrin Regulated Autoimmune Disorders: Understanding the Role of Mechanical Force in Autoimmunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852878. [PMID: 35372360 PMCID: PMC8971850 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders is multifactorial, where immune cell migration, adhesion, and lymphocyte activation play crucial roles in its progression. These immune processes are majorly regulated by adhesion molecules at cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell–cell junctions. Integrin, a transmembrane focal adhesion protein, plays an indispensable role in these immune cell mechanisms. Notably, integrin is regulated by mechanical force and exhibit bidirectional force transmission from both the ECM and cytosol, regulating the immune processes. Recently, integrin mechanosensitivity has been reported in different immune cell processes; however, the underlying mechanics of these integrin-mediated mechanical processes in autoimmunity still remains elusive. In this review, we have discussed how integrin-mediated mechanotransduction could be a linchpin factor in the causation and progression of autoimmune disorders. We have provided an insight into how tissue stiffness exhibits a positive correlation with the autoimmune diseases’ prevalence. This provides a plausible connection between mechanical load and autoimmunity. Overall, gaining insight into the role of mechanical force in diverse immune cell processes and their dysregulation during autoimmune disorders will open a new horizon to understand this physiological anomaly.
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34
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Feehan DD, Jamil K, Polyak MJ, Ogbomo H, Hasell M, LI SS, Xiang RF, Parkins M, Trapani JA, Harrison JJ, Mody CH. Natural killer cells kill extracellular Pseudomonas aeruginosa using contact-dependent release of granzymes B and H. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010325. [PMID: 35202434 PMCID: PMC8903247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that often infects individuals with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis, and contributes to airway blockage and loss of lung function. Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic, granular lymphocytes that are part of the innate immune system. NK cell secretory granules contain the cytolytic proteins granulysin, perforin and granzymes. In addition to their cytotoxic effects on cancer and virally infected cells, NK cells have been shown to play a role in an innate defense against microbes, including bacteria. However, it is not known if NK cells kill extracellular P. aeruginosa or how bacterial killing might occur at the molecular level. Here we show that NK cells directly kill extracellular P. aeruginosa using NK effector molecules. Live cell imaging of a co-culture of YT cells, a human NK cell line, and GFP-expressing P. aeruginosa in the presence of the viability dye propidium iodide demonstrated that YT cell killing of P. aeruginosa is contact-dependent. CRISPR knockout of granulysin or perforin in YT cells had no significant effect on YT cell killing of P. aeruginosa. Pre-treatment of YT and NK cells with the serine protease inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin (DCI) to inhibit all granzymes, resulted in an inhibition of killing. Although singular CRISPR knockout of granzyme B or H had no effect, knockout of both in YT cells completely abrogated killing of P. aeruginosa in comparison to wild type YT cell controls. Nitrocefin assays suggest that the bacterial membrane is damaged. Inhibition of killing by antioxidants suggest that ROS are required for the bactericidal mode-of-action. Taken together, these results identify that NK cells kill P. aeruginosa through a membrane damaging, contact-dependent process that requires granzyme induced ROS production, and moreover, that granzyme B and H are redundant in this killing process. Natural Killer (NK) cells comprise at least 10% of the resident lymphocytes in the lung and are increasingly recognized as an important part of the immune response to bacterial pathogens. Despite invivo studies demonstrating the importance of NK cells in the host response to the respiratory pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the mechanism of antimicrobial activity has yet to be found. Using human NK cell lines and NK cells isolated from human peripheral blood, we show that NK cells exhibit direct, contact-dependent cytotoxicity against P. aeruginosa, leading to bacterial cell death. NK cells use granzyme B and H to damage bacterial membranes and permeabilize the cells. We provide evidence that this leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the bacteria that kills them. Furthermore, granzyme function appears to be redundant because loss of function by one granzyme is rescued by the activity of the other. These findings identify a role for granzymes in the antibacterial functions of NK cells, providing new insight into the host response to P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Feehan
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Khusraw Jamil
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria J. Polyak
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henry Ogbomo
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mark Hasell
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shu Shun LI
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard F. Xiang
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Parkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph A. Trapani
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joe J. Harrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher H. Mody
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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35
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Filali L, Puissegur MP, Cortacero K, Cussat-Blanc S, Khazen R, Van Acker N, Frenois FX, Abreu A, Lamant L, Meyer N, Vergier B, Müller S, McKenzie B, Valitutti S. Ultrarapid lytic granule release from CTLs activates Ca 2+-dependent synaptic resistance pathways in melanoma cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk3234. [PMID: 35171665 PMCID: PMC8849291 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) exhibit ultrarapid lytic granule secretion, but whether melanoma cells mobilize defense mechanisms with commensurate rapidity remains unknown. We used single-cell time-lapse microscopy to offer high spatiotemporal resolution analyses of subcellular events in melanoma cells upon CTL attack. Target cell perforation initiated an intracellular Ca2+ wave that propagated outward from the synapse within milliseconds and triggered lysosomal mobilization to the synapse, facilitating membrane repair and conferring resistance to CTL induced cytotoxicity. Inhibition of Ca2+ flux and silencing of synaptotagmin VII limited synaptic lysosomal exposure and enhanced cytotoxicity. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry of patient melanoma nodules combined with automated image analysis showed that melanoma cells facing CD8+ CTLs in the tumor periphery or peritumoral area exhibited significant lysosomal enrichment. Our results identified synaptic Ca2+ entry as the definitive trigger for lysosomal deployment to the synapse upon CTL attack and highlighted an unpredicted defensive topology of lysosome distribution in melanoma nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Filali
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Puissegur
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Kevin Cortacero
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvain Cussat-Blanc
- Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (IRIT) - University Toulouse Capitole Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR5505, Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Roxana Khazen
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Van Acker
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - François-Xavier Frenois
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Abreu
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Lamant
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Béatrice Vergier
- Service de Pathologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Equipe INSERM U1053-UMR BaRITOn (Eq 3), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabina Müller
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Brienne McKenzie
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
- Corresponding author. (S.V.); (B.M.)
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, 31057 Toulouse, France
- Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
- Corresponding author. (S.V.); (B.M.)
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36
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Ichise H, Tsukamoto S, Hirashima T, Konishi Y, Oki C, Tsukiji S, Iwano S, Miyawaki A, Sumiyama K, Terai K, Matsuda M. Functional visualization of NK Cell-mediated killing of metastatic single tumor cells. eLife 2022; 11:76269. [PMID: 35113018 PMCID: PMC8849286 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells lyse invading tumor cells to limit metastatic growth in the lung, but how some cancers evade this host protective mechanism to establish a growing lesion is unknown. Here, we have combined ultra-sensitive bioluminescence imaging with intravital two-photon microscopy involving genetically encoded biosensors to examine this question. NK cells eliminated disseminated tumor cells from the lung within 24 hr of arrival, but not thereafter. Intravital dynamic imaging revealed that 50% of NK-tumor cell encounters lead to tumor cell death in the first 4 hr after tumor cell arrival, but after 24 hr of arrival, nearly 100% of the interactions result in the survival of the tumor cell. During this 24-hr period, the probability of ERK activation in NK cells upon encountering the tumor cells was decreased from 68% to 8%, which correlated with the loss of the activating ligand CD155/PVR/Necl5 from the tumor cell surface. Thus, by quantitatively visualizing, the NK-tumor cell interaction at the early stage of metastasis, we have revealed the crucial parameters of NK cell immune surveillance in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ichise
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoko Tsukamoto
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Konishi
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Choji Oki
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwano
- Brain Science Institute, Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Brain Science Institute, Center for Brain Science,, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenta Terai
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseasesv Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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37
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Houthaeve G, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K, De Vos WH. The cellular response to plasma membrane disruption for nanomaterial delivery. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:6. [PMID: 35103909 PMCID: PMC8807741 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of nanomaterials into cells is of interest for fundamental cell biological research as well as for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. One way of doing so is by physically disrupting the plasma membrane (PM). Several methods that exploit electrical, mechanical or optical cues have been conceived to temporarily disrupt the PM for intracellular delivery, with variable effects on cell viability. However, apart from acute cytotoxicity, subtler effects on cell physiology may occur as well. Their nature and timing vary with the severity of the insult and the efficiency of repair, but some may provoke permanent phenotypic alterations. With the growing palette of nanoscale delivery methods and applications, comes a need for an in-depth understanding of this cellular response. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the chronology of cellular events that take place upon PM injury inflicted by different delivery methods. We also elaborate on their significance for cell homeostasis and cell fate. Based on the crucial nodes that govern cell fitness and functionality, we give directions for fine-tuning nano-delivery conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Houthaeve
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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38
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Tuomela K, Mukherjee D, Ambrose AR, Harikrishnan A, Mole H, Hurlstone A, Önfelt B, Honeychurch J, Davis DM. Radiotherapy transiently reduces the sensitivity of cancer cells to lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2111900119. [PMID: 35042775 PMCID: PMC8785960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of radiotherapy on the interaction between immune cells and cancer cells is important not least because radiotherapy can be used alongside immunotherapy as a cancer treatment. Unexpectedly, we found that X-ray irradiation of cancer cells induced significant resistance to natural killer (NK) cell killing. This was true across a wide variety of cancer-cell types as well as for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Resistance appeared 72 h postirradiation and persisted for 2 wk. Resistance could also occur independently of radiotherapy through pharmacologically induced cell-cycle arrest. Crucially, multiple steps in NK-cell engagement, synapse assembly, and activation were unaffected by target cell irradiation. Instead, radiotherapy caused profound resistance to perforin-induced calcium flux and lysis. Resistance also occurred to a structurally similar bacterial toxin, streptolysin O. Radiotherapy did not affect the binding of pore-forming proteins at the cell surface or membrane repair. Rather, irradiation instigated a defect in functional pore formation, consistent with phosphatidylserine-mediated perforin inhibition. In vivo, radiotherapy also led to a significant reduction in NK cell-mediated clearance of cancer cells. Radiotherapy-induced resistance to perforin also constrained chimeric antigen receptor T-cell cytotoxicity. Together, these data establish a treatment-induced resistance to lymphocyte cytotoxicity that is important to consider in the design of radiotherapy-immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Tuomela
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Debayan Mukherjee
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley R Ambrose
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish Harikrishnan
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Mole
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Hurlstone
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Royal Institute of Technology, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jamie Honeychurch
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Davis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom;
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Steen EA, Hermiston ML, Nichols KE, Meyer LK. Digenic Inheritance: Evidence and Gaps in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777851. [PMID: 34868048 PMCID: PMC8635482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory disorder characterized by the inability to properly terminate an immune response. Familial HLH (FHLH) and related immune dysregulation syndromes are associated with mutations in the genes PRF1, UNC13D, STX11, STXBP2, LYST, AP3B1, and RAB27A, all of which are required for the assembly, exocytosis, and function of cytotoxic granules within CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Loss-of-function mutations in these genes render the cytotoxicity pathway ineffective, thereby failing to eradicate immune stimuli, such as infectious pathogens or malignant cells. The resulting persistent immune system stimulation drives hypercytokinemia, ultimately leading to severe tissue inflammation and end-organ damage. Traditionally, a diagnosis of FHLH requires the identification of biallelic loss-of-function mutations in one of these degranulation pathway genes. However, this narrow definition fails to encompass patients with other genetic mechanisms underlying degranulation pathway dysfunction. In particular, mounting clinical evidence supports a potential digenic mode of inheritance of FHLH in which single loss-of-function mutations in two different degranulation pathway genes cooperate to impair pathway activity. Here, we review the functions of the FHLH-associated genes within the degranulation pathway and summarize clinical evidence supporting a model in which cumulative defects along this mechanistic pathway may underlie HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Steen
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michelle L Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kim E Nichols
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lauren K Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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40
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Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Single-Cell Wound Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910886. [PMID: 34639226 PMCID: PMC8509258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane protects the eukaryotic cell from its surroundings and is essential for cell viability; thus, it is crucial that membrane disruptions are repaired quickly to prevent immediate dyshomeostasis and cell death. Accordingly, cells have developed efficient repair mechanisms to rapidly reseal ruptures and reestablish membrane integrity. The cortical actin cytoskeleton plays an instrumental role in both plasma membrane resealing and restructuring in response to damage. Actin directly aids membrane repair or indirectly assists auxiliary repair mechanisms. Studies investigating single-cell wound repair have often focused on the recruitment and activation of specialized repair machinery, despite the undeniable need for rapid and dynamic cortical actin modulation; thus, the role of the cortical actin cytoskeleton during wound repair has received limited attention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of membrane repair mechanisms directly or indirectly involving cortical actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
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41
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Rühl S, Broz P. Regulation of Lytic and Non-Lytic Functions of Gasdermin Pores. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167246. [PMID: 34537232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a necrotic form of cell death that was initially found to be induced upon activation of inflammatory caspases by inflammasome complexes. Mechanistically, pyroptosis induction requires cleavage of the caspase substrate gasdermin D (GSDMD), and the release of the GSDMD N-terminal fragment, which targets the plasma membrane to form large β-barrel pores. GSDMD shares this pore-forming ability with other gasdermin family members, which induce pyroptosis during infection or upon treatment with chemotherapy drugs. While induction of cell death has been assumed to be the main function of the gasdermin pores, increasing evidence suggests that these pores have non-lytic functions, such as in releasing cytokines or alarmins and in regulating intracellular signaling via ionic fluxes. Here we discuss how gasdermin pore formation is regulated to induce membrane permeabilization or lysis, how gasdermin pores achieve specificity for cargo-release and how cells repair gasdermin-induced damage to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rühl
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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42
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Weigelin B, den Boer AT, Wagena E, Broen K, Dolstra H, de Boer RJ, Figdor CG, Textor J, Friedl P. Cytotoxic T cells are able to efficiently eliminate cancer cells by additive cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5217. [PMID: 34471116 PMCID: PMC8410835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lethal hit delivery by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) towards B lymphoma cells occurs as a binary, "yes/no" process. In non-hematologic solid tumors, however, CTL often fail to kill target cells during 1:1 conjugation. Here we describe a mechanism of "additive cytotoxicity" by which time-dependent integration of sublethal damage events, delivered by multiple CTL transiting between individual tumor cells, mediates effective elimination. Reversible sublethal damage includes perforin-dependent membrane pore formation, nuclear envelope rupture and DNA damage. Statistical modeling reveals that 3 serial hits delivered with decay intervals below 50 min discriminate between tumor cell death or survival after recovery. In live melanoma lesions in vivo, sublethal multi-hit delivery is most effective in interstitial tissue where high CTL densities and swarming support frequent serial CTL-tumor cell encounters. This identifies CTL-mediated cytotoxicity by multi-hit delivery as an incremental and tunable process, whereby accelerating damage magnitude and frequency may improve immune efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Weigelin
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Esther Wagena
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly Broen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Dolstra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine - Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Textor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands (CGC.nl), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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43
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Kulma M, Anderluh G. Beyond pore formation: reorganization of the plasma membrane induced by pore-forming proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6229-6249. [PMID: 34387717 PMCID: PMC11073440 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) are a heterogeneous group of proteins that are expressed and secreted by a wide range of organisms. PFPs are produced as soluble monomers that bind to a receptor molecule in the host cell membrane. They then assemble into oligomers that are incorporated into the lipid membrane to form transmembrane pores. Such pore formation alters the permeability of the plasma membrane and is one of the most common mechanisms used by PFPs to destroy target cells. Interestingly, PFPs can also indirectly manipulate diverse cellular functions. In recent years, increasing evidence indicates that the interaction of PFPs with lipid membranes is not only limited to pore-induced membrane permeabilization but is also strongly associated with extensive plasma membrane reorganization. This includes lateral rearrangement and deformation of the lipid membrane, which can lead to the disruption of target cell function and finally death. Conversely, these modifications also constitute an essential component of the membrane repair system that protects cells from the lethal consequences of pore formation. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the changes in lipid membrane organization caused by PFPs from different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kulma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Alvarez C, Soto C, Cabezas S, Alvarado-Mesén J, Laborde R, Pazos F, Ros U, Hernández AM, Lanio ME. Panorama of the Intracellular Molecular Concert Orchestrated by Actinoporins, Pore-Forming Toxins from Sea Anemones. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080567. [PMID: 34437438 PMCID: PMC8402351 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinoporins (APs) are soluble pore-forming proteins secreted by sea anemones that experience conformational changes originating in pores in the membranes that can lead to cell death. The processes involved in the binding and pore-formation of members of this protein family have been deeply examined in recent years; however, the intracellular responses to APs are only beginning to be understood. Unlike pore formers of bacterial origin, whose intracellular impact has been studied in more detail, currently, we only have knowledge of a few poorly integrated elements of the APs’ intracellular action. In this review, we present and discuss an updated landscape of the studies aimed at understanding the intracellular pathways triggered in response to APs attack with particular reference to sticholysin II, the most active isoform produced by the Caribbean Sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. To achieve this, we first describe the major alterations these cytolysins elicit on simpler cells, such as non-nucleated mammalian erythrocytes, and then onto more complex eukaryotic cells, including tumor cells. This understanding has provided the basis for the development of novel applications of sticholysins such as the construction of immunotoxins directed against undesirable cells, such as tumor cells, and the design of a cancer vaccine platform. These are among the most interesting potential uses for the members of this toxin family that have been carried out in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alvarez
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana (UH) and Laboratorio UH-Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana CP 11600, Cuba; (C.S.); (S.C.); (J.A.-M.); (R.L.); (F.P.); (U.R.); (M.E.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmen Soto
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana (UH) and Laboratorio UH-Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana CP 11600, Cuba; (C.S.); (S.C.); (J.A.-M.); (R.L.); (F.P.); (U.R.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Sheila Cabezas
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana (UH) and Laboratorio UH-Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana CP 11600, Cuba; (C.S.); (S.C.); (J.A.-M.); (R.L.); (F.P.); (U.R.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Javier Alvarado-Mesén
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana (UH) and Laboratorio UH-Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana CP 11600, Cuba; (C.S.); (S.C.); (J.A.-M.); (R.L.); (F.P.); (U.R.); (M.E.L.)
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40101, Costa Rica
| | - Rady Laborde
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana (UH) and Laboratorio UH-Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana CP 11600, Cuba; (C.S.); (S.C.); (J.A.-M.); (R.L.); (F.P.); (U.R.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Fabiola Pazos
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana (UH) and Laboratorio UH-Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana CP 11600, Cuba; (C.S.); (S.C.); (J.A.-M.); (R.L.); (F.P.); (U.R.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Uris Ros
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana (UH) and Laboratorio UH-Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana CP 11600, Cuba; (C.S.); (S.C.); (J.A.-M.); (R.L.); (F.P.); (U.R.); (M.E.L.)
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana María Hernández
- Immunobiology Division, Molecular Immunology Institute, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Playa, Havana CP 11600, Cuba;
| | - María Eliana Lanio
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana (UH) and Laboratorio UH-Centro de Inmunología Molecular, Havana CP 11600, Cuba; (C.S.); (S.C.); (J.A.-M.); (R.L.); (F.P.); (U.R.); (M.E.L.)
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Liu L, Deng CJ, Duan YL, Ye CJ, Gong DH, Guo XL, Lee WH, Zhou J, Li SA, Zhang Y. An Aerolysin-like Pore-Forming Protein Complex Targets Viral Envelope to Inactivate Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:888-901. [PMID: 34290105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Because most of animal viruses are enveloped, cytoplasmic entry of these viruses via fusion with cellular membrane initiates their invasion. However, the strategies in which host cells counteract cytoplasmic entry of such viruses are incompletely understood. Pore-forming toxin aerolysin-like proteins (ALPs) exist throughout the animal kingdom, but their functions are mostly unknown. In this study, we report that βγ-crystallin fused aerolysin-like protein and trefoil factor complex (βγ-CAT), an ALP and trefoil factor complex from the frog Bombina maxima, directly blocks enveloped virus invasion by interfering with cytoplasmic entry. βγ-CAT targeted acidic glycosphingolipids on the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) envelope to induce pore formation, as indicated by the oligomer formation of protein and potassium and calcium ion efflux. Meanwhile, βγ-CAT formed ring-like oligomers of ∼10 nm in diameter on the liposomes and induced dye release from liposomes that mimic viral envelope. Unexpectedly, transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the βγ-CAT-treated HSV-1 was visibly as intact as the vehicle-treated HSV-1, indicating that βγ-CAT did not lyse the viral envelope. However, the cytoplasmic entry of the βγ-CAT-treated HSV-1 into HeLa cells was totally hindered. In vivo, topical application of βγ-CAT attenuated the HSV-1 corneal infection in mice. Collectively, these results uncovered that βγ-CAT possesses the capacity to counteract enveloped virus invasion with its featured antiviral-acting manner. Our findings will also largely help to illustrate the putative antiviral activity of animal ALPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya-Li Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chen-Jun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dao-Hua Gong
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Long Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jumin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Healthy Aging Research of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China;
| | - Sheng-An Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; and
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of The Chinese Academy of Science/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China; .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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46
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Slaats J, Dieteren CE, Wagena E, Wolf L, Raaijmakers TK, van der Laak JA, Figdor CG, Weigelin B, Friedl P. Metabolic Screening of Cytotoxic T-cell Effector Function Reveals the Role of CRAC Channels in Regulating Lethal Hit Delivery. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:926-938. [PMID: 34226201 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) mediate cytotoxicity toward tumor cells by multistep cell-cell interactions. However, the tumor microenvironment can metabolically perturb local CTL effector function. CTL activity is typically studied in two-dimensional (2D) liquid coculture, which is limited in recapitulating the mechanisms and efficacy of the multistep CTL effector response. We here developed a microscopy-based, automated three-dimensional (3D) interface coculture model suitable for medium-throughput screening to delineate the steps and CTL effector mechanisms affected by microenvironmental perturbation. CTL effector function was compromised by deregulated redox homeostasis, deficient mitochondrial respiration, as well as dysfunctional Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. Perturbation of CRAC channel function dampened calcium influx into CTLs, delayed CTL degranulation, and lowered the frequency of sublethal hits (i.e., additive cytotoxicity) delivered to the target cell. Thus, CRAC channel activity controls both individual contact efficacy and CTL cooperativity required for serial killing of target cells. The multistep analysis of CTL effector responses in 3D coculture will facilitate the identification of immune-suppressive mechanisms and guide the rational design of targeted intervention strategies to restore CTL effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Slaats
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy E Dieteren
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Protinhi Therapeutics, Noviotech Campus, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Wagena
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Louis Wolf
- Microscopic Imaging Center, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A van der Laak
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bettina Weigelin
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. .,Department of Genitourinary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Cancer Genomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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47
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Khazen R, Cazaux M, Lemaître F, Corre B, Garcia Z, Bousso P. Functional heterogeneity of cytotoxic T cells and tumor resistance to cytotoxic hits limit anti-tumor activity in vivo. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106658. [PMID: 33855732 PMCID: PMC8167356 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) can eliminate tumor cells through the delivery of lethal hits, but the actual efficiency of this process in the tumor microenvironment is unclear. Here, we visualized the capacity of single CTLs to attack tumor cells in vitro and in vivo using genetically encoded reporters that monitor cell damage and apoptosis. Using two distinct malignant B-cell lines, we found that the majority of cytotoxic hits delivered by CTLs in vitro were sublethal despite proper immunological synapse formation, and associated with reversible calcium elevation and membrane damage in the targets. Through intravital imaging in the bone marrow, we established that the majority of CTL interactions with lymphoma B cells were either unproductive or sublethal. Functional heterogeneity of CTLs contributed to diverse outcomes during CTL-tumor contacts in vivo. In the therapeutic settings of anti-CD19 CAR T cells, the majority of CAR T cell-tumor interactions were also not associated with lethal hit delivery. Thus, differences in CTL lytic potential together with tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic hits represent two important bottlenecks for anti-tumor responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Khazen
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitInstitut Pasteur, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerINSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Marine Cazaux
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitInstitut Pasteur, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerINSERM U1223ParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitInstitut Pasteur, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerINSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Beatrice Corre
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitInstitut Pasteur, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerINSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitInstitut Pasteur, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerINSERM U1223ParisFrance
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses UnitInstitut Pasteur, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerINSERM U1223ParisFrance
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48
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Tsuchiya H, Shiota G. Immune evasion by cancer stem cells. Regen Ther 2021; 17:20-33. [PMID: 33778133 PMCID: PMC7966825 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunity represents a new avenue for cancer therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have successfully improved outcomes in several tumor types. In addition, currently, immune cell-based therapy is also attracting significant attention. However, the clinical efficacy of these treatments requires further improvement. The mechanisms through which cancer cells escape the immune response must be identified and clarified. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a central role in multiple aspects of malignant tumors. CSCs can initiate tumors in partially immunocompromised mice, whereas non-CSCs fail to form tumors, suggesting that tumor initiation is a definitive function of CSCs. However, the fact that non-CSCs also initiate tumors in more highly immunocompromised mice suggests that the immune evasion property may be a more fundamental feature of CSCs rather than a tumor-initiating property. In this review, we summarize studies that have elucidated how CSCs evade tumor immunity and create an immunosuppressive milieu with a focus on CSC-specific characteristics and functions. These profound mechanisms provide important clues for the development of novel tumor immunotherapies.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
- ALDH, alcohol dehydrogenase
- AML, acute myeloid leukemia
- ARID3B, AT-rich interaction domain-containing protein 3B
- CCR7, C–C motif chemokine receptor 7
- CIK, cytokine-induced killer cell
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-cell-associated antigen-4
- Cancer stem cells
- DC, dendritic cell
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- EMT, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ETO, fat mass and obesity associated protein
- EV, extracellular vesicle
- HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- Immune checkpoints
- Immune evasion
- KDM4, lysine-specific demethylase 4C
- KIR, killer immunoglobulin-like receptor
- LAG3, lymphocyte activation gene 3
- LILR, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor
- LMP, low molecular weight protein
- LOX, lysyl oxidase
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MIC, MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NK cells
- NK, natural killer
- NOD, nonobese diabetic
- NSG, NOD/SCID IL-2 receptor gamma chain null
- OCT4, octamer-binding transcription factor 4
- PD-1, programmed death receptor-1
- PD-L1/2, ligands 1/2
- PI9, protease inhibitor 9
- PSME3, proteasome activator subunit 3
- SCID, severe combined immunodeficient
- SOX2, sex determining region Y-box 2
- T cells
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophage
- TAP, transporter associated with antigen processing
- TCR, T cell receptor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- ULBP, UL16 binding protein
- uPAR, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Division of Medical Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genomic Medicine and Regenerative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Goshi Shiota
- Division of Medical Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genomic Medicine and Regenerative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
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49
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Nelson MA, Ngamcherdtrakul W, Luoh SW, Yantasee W. Prognostic and therapeutic role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subtypes in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:519-536. [PMID: 33963482 PMCID: PMC8424653 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of total tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are generally associated with good prognosis in several breast cancer subtypes. Subtypes of TILs impact both tumor cells and immune cells in a variety of different ways, leading to either a pro-tumor or antitumor effect. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells perform as effector cells against tumor cells and are associated with better clinical outcome. Immunotherapy approaches that improve the antitumor activity and proliferation of CD8+ T and NK cells include PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, CAR T cell therapy, or ex vivo-stimulated NK cells. A subset of CD8+ T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells, has also recently been associated with good prognosis in breast cancer patients, and has potential to serve as a predictive biomarker and therapeutic target. Tumor-infiltrating B cells also secrete apoptosis-inducing IgG antibodies and can act as antigen-presenting cells to prime CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. On the other hand, regulatory T and regulatory B cells modulate the immune response from CD8+ T cells and NK cells by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines and inhibiting maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These regulatory cells are typically associated with poor prognosis, therefore rendering suppression of their regulatory function a key immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shiuh-Wen Luoh
- VA Portland Health Care System, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wassana Yantasee
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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50
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Muratori C, Silkuniene G, Mollica PA, Pakhomov AG, Pakhomova ON. The role of ESCRT-III and Annexin V in the repair of cell membrane permeabilization by the nanosecond pulsed electric field. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 140:107837. [PMID: 34004548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of living cells to intense nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) increases membrane permeability to small solutes, presumably by the formation of nanometer-size membrane lesions. Mechanisms responsible for the restoration of membrane integrity over the course of minutes after nsPEF have not been identified. This study explored if ESCRT-III and Annexin V calcium-dependent repair mechanisms, which play critical role in resealing large membrane lesions, are also activated by electroporation and contribute to the membrane resealing. The extent of membrane damage and the time course of resealing were monitored by the time-lapse imaging of propidium (Pr) uptake in human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells exposed to trains of 300-ns PEF. The removal of the extracellular Ca2+ slowed down the resealing, although did not prevent it. Recruitment of CHMP4B protein, a component of ESCRT-III complex, to the electroporated plasma membrane was not observed, thus providing no evidence for possible contribution of the macro-vesicle shedding mechanism. In contrast, silencing the AnxA5 gene impaired resealing and reduced the viability of nsPEF-treated cells. We conclude that Annexin V but not ESCRT-III was involved in the repair of HeLa cells permeabilized by 300-ns stimuli, but it was not the only and perhaps not the main repair mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Muratori
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Giedre Silkuniene
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA; Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Peter A Mollica
- Department of Medical Diagnostics and Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Andrei G Pakhomov
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
| | - Olga N Pakhomova
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
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