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Sullivan AI, Jensen-Cody SO, Claflin KE, Vorhies KE, Flippo KH, Potthoff MJ. Characterization of FGF21 Sites of Production and Signaling in Mice. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae120. [PMID: 39253796 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is an endocrine hormone that signals to multiple tissues to regulate metabolism. FGF21 and another endocrine FGF, FGF15/19, signal to target tissues by binding to the co-receptor β-klotho (KLB), which then facilitates the interaction of these different FGFs with their preferred FGF receptor. KLB is expressed in multiple metabolic tissues, but the specific cell types and spatial distribution of these cells are not known. Furthermore, while circulating FGF21 is primarily produced by the liver, recent publications have indicated that brain-derived FGF21 impacts memory and learning. Here we use reporter mice to comprehensively assess KLB and FGF21 expression throughout the body. These data provide an important resource for guiding future studies to identify important peripheral and central targets of FGFs and to determine the significance of nonhepatic FGF21 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sharon O Jensen-Cody
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kristin E Claflin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kai E Vorhies
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kyle H Flippo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Richter MM, Kemp IM, Heebøll S, Winther-Sørensen M, Kjeldsen SAS, Jensen NJ, Nybing JD, Linden FH, Høgh-Schmidt E, Boesen MP, Madsbad S, Schiødt FV, Nørgaard K, Schmidt S, Gluud LL, Haugaard SB, Holst JJ, Nielsen S, Rungby J, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Glucagon augments the secretion of FGF21 and GDF15 in MASLD by indirect mechanisms. Metabolism 2024; 156:155915. [PMID: 38631460 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucagon receptor agonism is currently explored for the treatment of obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The metabolic effects of glucagon receptor agonism may in part be mediated by increases in circulating levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) and Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15). The effect of glucagon agonism on FGF21 and GDF15 levels remains uncertain, especially in the context of elevated insulin levels commonly observed in metabolic diseases. METHODS We investigated the effect of a single bolus of glucagon and a continuous infusion of glucagon on plasma concentrations of FGF21 and GDF15 in conditions of endogenous low or high insulin levels. The studies included individuals with overweight with and without MASLD, healthy controls (CON) and individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The direct effect of glucagon on FGF21 and GDF15 was evaluated using our in-house developed isolated perfused mouse liver model. RESULTS FGF21 and GDF15 correlated with plasma levels of insulin, but not glucagon, and their secretion was highly increased in MASLD compared with CON and T1D. Furthermore, FGF21 levels in individuals with overweight with or without MASLD did not increase after glucagon stimulation when insulin levels were kept constant. FGF21 and GDF15 levels were unaffected by direct stimulation with glucagon in the isolated perfused mouse liver. CONCLUSION The glucagon-induced secretion of FGF21 and GDF15 is augmented in MASLD and may depend on insulin. Thus, glucagon receptor agonism may augment its metabolic benefits in patients with MASLD through enhanced secretion of FGF21 and GDF15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Richter
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ida M Kemp
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sara Heebøll
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Marie Winther-Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sasha A S Kjeldsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Nicole J Jensen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Janus D Nybing
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Frederik H Linden
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Erik Høgh-Schmidt
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Mikael P Boesen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Frank Vinholt Schiødt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Nørgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Signe Schmidt
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Gastro Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital - Hvidovre, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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Richter MM, Thomsen MN, Skytte MJ, Kjeldsen SAS, Samkani A, Frystyk J, Magkos F, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Krarup T, Haugaard SB, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Effect of a 6-Week Carbohydrate-Reduced High-Protein Diet on Levels of FGF21 and GDF15 in People With Type 2 Diabetes. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae008. [PMID: 38379856 PMCID: PMC10875725 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) are increased in type 2 diabetes and are potential regulators of metabolism. The effect of changes in caloric intake and macronutrient composition on their circulating levels in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. Objective To explore the effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet with and without a clinically significant weight loss on circulating levels of FGF21 and GDF15 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods We measured circulating FGF21 and GDF15 in patients with type 2 diabetes who completed 2 previously published diet interventions. Study 1 randomized 28 subjects to an isocaloric diet in a 6 + 6-week crossover trial consisting of, in random order, a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) or a conventional diabetes (CD) diet. Study 2 randomized 72 subjects to a 6-week hypocaloric diet aiming at a ∼6% weight loss induced by either a CRHP or a CD diet. Fasting plasma FGF21 and GDF15 were measured before and after the interventions in a subset of samples (n = 24 in study 1, n = 66 in study 2). Results Plasma levels of FGF21 were reduced by 54% in the isocaloric study (P < .05) and 18% in the hypocaloric study (P < .05) in CRHP-treated individuals only. Circulating GDF15 levels increased by 18% (P < .05) following weight loss in combination with a CRHP diet but only in those treated with metformin. Conclusion The CRHP diet significantly reduced FGF21 in people with type 2 diabetes independent of weight loss, supporting the role of FGF21 as a "nutrient sensor." Combining metformin treatment with carbohydrate restriction and weight loss may provide additional metabolic improvements due to the rise in circulating GDF15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Richter
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Mads N Thomsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - Mads J Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Sasha A S Kjeldsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Hvidovre, Hvidovre, 2650, Denmark
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Steen B Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
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Xourafa G, Korbmacher M, Roden M. Inter-organ crosstalk during development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:27-49. [PMID: 37845351 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by tissue-specific insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which result from the interplay of local abnormalities within different tissues and systemic dysregulation of tissue crosstalk. The main local mechanisms comprise metabolic (lipid) signalling, altered mitochondrial metabolism with oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and local inflammation. While the role of endocrine dysregulation in T2DM pathogenesis is well established, other forms of inter-organ crosstalk deserve closer investigation to better understand the multifactorial transition from normoglycaemia to hyperglycaemia. This narrative Review addresses the impact of certain tissue-specific messenger systems, such as metabolites, peptides and proteins and microRNAs, their secretion patterns and possible alternative transport mechanisms, such as extracellular vesicles (exosomes). The focus is on the effects of these messengers on distant organs during the development of T2DM and progression to its complications. Starting from the adipose tissue as a major organ relevant to T2DM pathophysiology, the discussion is expanded to other key tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, the endocrine pancreas and the intestine. Subsequently, this Review also sheds light on the potential of multimarker panels derived from these biomarkers and related multi-omics for the prediction of risk and progression of T2DM, novel diabetes mellitus subtypes and/or endotypes and T2DM-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Xourafa
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melis Korbmacher
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Stankevic E, Israelsen M, Juel HB, Madsen AL, Ängquist L, Aldiss PSJ, Torp N, Johansen S, Hansen CD, Hansen JK, Thorhauge KH, Lindvig KP, Madsen BS, Sulek K, Legido-Quigley C, Thiele MS, Krag A, Hansen T. Binge drinking episode causes acute, specific alterations in systemic and hepatic inflammation-related markers. Liver Int 2023; 43:2680-2691. [PMID: 37592403 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent binge drinking is a known contributor to alcohol-related harm, but its impact on systemic and hepatic inflammation is not fully understood. We hypothesize that changes in immune markers play a central role in adverse effects of acute alcohol intake, especially in patients with early liver disease. AIM To investigate the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on inflammation-related markers in hepatic and systemic venous plasma in people with alcohol-related liver disease (ArLD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and healthy controls. METHODS Thirty-eight participants (13 with ArLD, 15 with NAFLD and 10 healthy controls) received 2.5 mL of 40% ethanol per kg body weight via a nasogastric tube. Seventy-two inflammation-related markers were quantified in plasma from hepatic and systemic venous blood, at baseline, 60 and 180 min after intervention. RESULTS Alcohol intervention altered the levels of 31 of 72 and 14 of 72 markers in the systemic and hepatic circulation. All changes observed in the hepatic circulation were also identified in the systemic circulation after 180 min. Only FGF21 and IL6 were increased after alcohol intervention, while the remaining 29 markers decreased. Differences in response to acute alcohol between the groups were observed for 8 markers, and FGF21 response was blunted in individuals with steatosis. CONCLUSION Acute alcohol intoxication induced changes in multiple inflammation-related markers, implicated in alcohol metabolism and hepatocellular damage. Differences identified between marker response to binge drinking in ArLD, NAFLD and healthy controls may provide important clues to disease mechanisms and potential targets for treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT03018990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Stankevic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Israelsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Helene Baek Juel
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Lundager Madsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Ängquist
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Stuart Jacob Aldiss
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Torp
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stine Johansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Camilla Dalby Hansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Johanne Kragh Hansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Katrine Holtz Thorhauge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Katrine Prier Lindvig
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Staehr Madsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Maja Sofie Thiele
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jena J, García-Peña LM, Pereira RO. The roles of FGF21 and GDF15 in mediating the mitochondrial integrated stress response. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1264530. [PMID: 37818094 PMCID: PMC10561105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1264530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various models of mitochondrial stress result in induction of the stress-responsive cytokines fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This is an adaptive mechanism downstream of the mitochondrial integrated stress response frequently associated with improvements in systemic metabolic health. Both FGF21 and GDF15 have been shown to modulate energy balance and glucose homeostasis, and their pharmacological administration leads to promising beneficial effects against obesity and associated metabolic diseases in pre-clinical models. Furthermore, endogenous upregulation of FGF21 and GDF15 is associated with resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO), improved glucose homeostasis and increased insulin sensitivity. In this review, we highlight several studies on transgenic mouse models of mitochondrial stress and will compare the specific roles played by FGF21 and GDF15 on the systemic metabolic adaptations reported in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata O. Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Townsend LK, Steinberg GR. AMPK and the Endocrine Control of Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:910-933. [PMID: 37115289 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms require a coordinated response from multiple tissues to maintain whole-body homeostasis in the face of energetic stressors such as fasting, cold, and exercise. It is also essential that energy is stored efficiently with feeding and the chronic nutrient surplus that occurs with obesity. Mammals have adapted several endocrine signals that regulate metabolism in response to changes in nutrient availability and energy demand. These include hormones altered by fasting and refeeding including insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, catecholamines, ghrelin, and fibroblast growth factor 21; adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin; cell stress-induced cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha and growth differentiating factor 15, and lastly exerkines such as interleukin-6 and irisin. Over the last 2 decades, it has become apparent that many of these endocrine factors control metabolism by regulating the activity of the AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase). AMPK is a master regulator of nutrient homeostasis, phosphorylating over 100 distinct substrates that are critical for controlling autophagy, carbohydrate, fatty acid, cholesterol, and protein metabolism. In this review, we discuss how AMPK integrates endocrine signals to maintain energy balance in response to diverse homeostatic challenges. We also present some considerations with respect to experimental design which should enhance reproducibility and the fidelity of the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism Obesity and Diabetes Research, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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8
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Bang J, Lee SA, Koh G, Yoo S. Association of Glucagon to Insulin Ratio and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5806. [PMID: 37762748 PMCID: PMC10531641 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the role of glucagon in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon and insulin regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with T2DM. We investigated the association between glucagon to insulin ratio and metabolic syndrome in patients with T2DM. This is a cross-sectional study involving 317 people with type 2 diabetes. Glucagon and insulin levels were measured in a fasted state and 30 min after ingesting a standard mixed meal. The Criteria of the International Diabetes Federation defined metabolic syndrome. Two hundred nineteen (69%) of the subjects had metabolic syndrome. The fasting glucagon to insulin ratio was significantly lower in patients with metabolic syndrome (14.0 ± 9.7 vs. 17.3 ± 10.3, p < 0.05). The fasting glucagon to insulin ratio was significantly lowered as the number of metabolic syndrome components increased. In hierarchical logistic regression analysis, the fasting glucagon to insulin ratio significantly contributed to metabolic syndrome even after adjusting for other covariates. The fasting glucagon to insulin ratio is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. This suggests that glucagon-targeted therapeutics may reduce cardiovascular risk by improving metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanpyo Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea
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Félix-Soriano E, Stanford KI. Exerkines and redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102748. [PMID: 37247469 PMCID: PMC10236471 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise physiology has gained increasing interest due to its wide effects to promote health. Recent years have seen a growth in this research field also due to the finding of several circulating factors that mediate the effects of exercise. These factors, termed exerkines, are metabolites, growth factors, and cytokines secreted by main metabolic organs during exercise to regulate exercise systemic and tissue-specific effects. The metabolic effects of exerkines have been broadly explored and entail a promising target to modulate beneficial effects of exercise in health and disease. However, exerkines also have broad effects to modulate redox signaling and homeostasis in several cellular processes to improve stress response. Since redox biology is central to exercise physiology, this review summarizes current evidence for the cross-talk between redox biology and exerkines actions. The role of exerkines in redox biology entails a response to oxidative stress-induced pathological cues to improve health outcomes and to modulate exercise adaptations that integrate redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Félix-Soriano
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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10
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Kim H, Jung J, Park S, Joo Y, Lee S, Sim J, Choi J, Lee H, Hwang G, Lee S. Exercise-Induced Fibroblast Growth Factor-21: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087284. [PMID: 37108444 PMCID: PMC10139099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to synthesize and quantify the results of the studies investigating the changes in fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) induced by exercise. We searched for studies that did not differentiate between patients and healthy adults but compared them before and after exercise and with and without exercise. For quality assessment, the risk-of-bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies and the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool were used. A quantitative analysis was performed using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and random-effects model in RevMan 5.4. A total of 94 studies were searched in international electronic databases, and after screening, 10 studies with 376 participants were analyzed. Compared with no exercise, there was a significant increase in the FGF-21 levels from before to after exercise (SMD = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.21 to 1.89). The changes in FGF-21 levels in the exercise group showed a significant difference from the levels in the controls. The results of the random-effects model were as follows: SMD = 1.12; 95% CI, -0.13 to 2.37. While the data on acute exercise were not synthesized in this study, FGF-21 levels generally increased after chronic exercise compared with no exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoong Kim
- Seogwangju Chung Yeon Rehabilitation Hospital, 61, Gaegeum-gil, Gwangju 72070, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gwangju Health University, 73, Bungmun-daero 419, Gwangju 62287, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Jung
- Institute of SMART Rehabilitation, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungeon Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglan Joo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangbong Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongu Sim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyeong Choi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyujeong Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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11
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Burtscher J, Soltany A, Visavadiya NP, Burtscher M, Millet GP, Khoramipour K, Khamoui AV. Mitochondrial stress and mitokines in aging. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13770. [PMID: 36642986 PMCID: PMC9924952 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitokines are signaling molecules that enable communication of local mitochondrial stress to other mitochondria in distant cells and tissues. Among those molecules are FGF21, GDF15 (both expressed in the nucleus) and several mitochondrial-derived peptides, including humanin. Their responsiveness to mitochondrial stress induces mitokine-signaling in response for example to exercise, following mitochondrial challenges in skeletal muscle. Such signaling is emerging as an important mediator of exercise-derived and dietary strategy-related molecular and systemic health benefits, including healthy aging. A compensatory increase in mitokine synthesis and secretion could preserve mitochondrial function and overall cellular vitality. Conversely, resistance against mitokine actions may also develop. Alterations of mitokine-levels, and therefore of mitokine-related inter-tissue cross talk, are associated with general aging processes and could influence the development of age-related chronic metabolic, cardiovascular and neurological diseases; whether these changes contribute to aging or represent "rescue factors" remains to be conclusively shown. The aim of the present review is to summarize the expanding knowledge on mitokines, the potential to modulate them by lifestyle and their involvement in aging and age-related diseases. We highlight the importance of well-balanced mitokine-levels, the preventive and therapeutic properties of maintaining mitokine homeostasis and sensitivity of mitokine signaling but also the risks arising from the dysregulation of mitokines. While reduced mitokine levels may impair inter-organ crosstalk, also excessive mitokine concentrations can have deleterious consequences and are associated with conditions such as cancer and heart failure. Preservation of healthy mitokine signaling levels can be achieved by regular exercise and is associated with an increased lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Afsaneh Soltany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ShirazShirazIran
| | - Nishant P. Visavadiya
- Department of Exercise Science and Health PromotionFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFloridaUSA
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport ScienceUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kayvan Khoramipour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, and Afzalipour School of MedicineKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Andy V. Khamoui
- Department of Exercise Science and Health PromotionFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFloridaUSA
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12
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Qiu Y, Fernández-García B, Lehmann HI, Li G, Kroemer G, López-Otín C, Xiao J. Exercise sustains the hallmarks of health. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:8-35. [PMID: 36374766 PMCID: PMC9923435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has long been known for its active role in improving physical fitness and sustaining health. Regular moderate-intensity exercise improves all aspects of human health and is widely accepted as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for various diseases. It is well-documented that exercise maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels to stimulate positive physiological adaptations that consequently protect against various pathological conditions. Here we mainly summarize how moderate-intensity exercise affects the major hallmarks of health, including the integrity of barriers, containment of local perturbations, recycling and turnover, integration of circuitries, rhythmic oscillations, homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, as well as repair and regeneration. Furthermore, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for beneficial adaptations in response to exercise. This review aimed at providing a comprehensive summary of the vital biological mechanisms through which moderate-intensity exercise maintains health and opens a window for its application in other health interventions. We hope that continuing investigation in this field will further increase our understanding of the processes involved in the positive role of moderate-intensity exercise and thus get us closer to the identification of new therapeutics that improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Benjamin Fernández-García
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain; Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Anatomy, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - H Immo Lehmann
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France; Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cáncer (CIBERONC), Oviedo 33006, Spain.
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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13
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Chen Z, Yang L, Liu Y, Huang P, Song H, Zheng P. The potential function and clinical application of FGF21 in metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1089214. [PMID: 36618930 PMCID: PMC9810635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1089214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in regulating lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Endogenous FGF21 is generated by multiple cell types but acts on restricted effector tissues, including the brain, adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Intervention with FGF21 in rodents or non-human primates has shown significant pharmacological effects on a range of metabolic dysfunctions, including weight loss and improvement of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical characteristics of native FGF21, long-acting FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists have been developed for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction. Clinical trials of several FGF21-based drugs have been performed and shown good safety, tolerance, and efficacy. Here we review the actions of FGF21 and summarize the associated clinical trials in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and NAFLD, to help understand and promote the development of efficient treatment for metabolic diseases via targeting FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Teaching Experiment Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
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14
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SUI Y, CHEN J. Hepatic FGF21: Its Emerging Role in Inter-Organ Crosstalk and Cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5928-5942. [PMID: 36263162 PMCID: PMC9576513 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.76924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is one of the FGF members with special endocrine properties. In the last twenty years, it has attracted intense research and development for its physiological functions that respond to dietary manipulation, pharmacological benefits of improving the macronutrient metabolism, and clinical values as a biomarker of various human diseases. Generally, FGF21 can be produced by major metabolic organs, but only the subgroup from the liver shows canonical endocrine properties, which emphasizes the special value of delineating the unique secretory and functional characteristics of hepatic FGF21. There has been a growth in literature to address the extra-hepatic activities of FGF21, and many striking findings have therefore been published. Yet, they are fragmented and scattered, and controversies are raised from divergent findings. For this reason, there is a need for a systematic and critical evaluation of current research in this aspect. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge about the molecular biology of endocrine FGF21, especially present details on the regulation of circulating levels of FGF21. We also emphasize its emerging roles in inter-organ crosstalk and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue SUI
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianping CHEN
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Sabaratnam R, Wojtaszewski JFP, Højlund K. Factors mediating exercise-induced organ crosstalk. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13766. [PMID: 34981891 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise activates a plethora of metabolic and signalling pathways in skeletal muscle and other organs causing numerous systemic beneficial metabolic effects. Thus, regular exercise may ameliorate and prevent the development of several chronic metabolic diseases. Skeletal muscle is recognized as an important endocrine organ regulating systemic adaptations to exercise. Skeletal muscle may mediate crosstalk with other organs through the release of exercise-induced cytokines, peptides and proteins, termed myokines, into the circulation. Importantly, other tissues such as the liver and adipose tissue may also release cytokines and peptides in response to exercise. Hence, exercise-released molecules are collectively called exerkines. Moreover, extracellular vesicles (EVs), in the form of exosomes or microvesicles, may carry some of the signals involved in tissue crosstalk. This review focuses on the role of factors potentially mediating crosstalk between muscle and other tissues in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense C Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense C Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
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16
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Solomon TP, Carter S, Haus JM, Karstoft K, von Holstein-Rathlou S, Nielsen MS, Gillum MP. Plasma FGF21 concentrations are regulated by glucose independently of insulin and GLP-1 in lean, healthy humans. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12755. [PMID: 35111398 PMCID: PMC8783558 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) treatment improves metabolic homeostasis in diverse species, including humans. Physiologically, plasma FGF21 levels increase modestly after glucose ingestion, but it is unclear whether this is mediated by glucose itself or due to a secondary effect of postprandial endocrine responses. A refined understanding of the mechanisms that control FGF21 release in humans may accelerate the development of small-molecule FGF21 secretagogues to treat metabolic disease. This study aimed to determine whether FGF21 secretion is stimulated by elevations in plasma glucose, insulin, or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in humans. METHODS Three groups of ten healthy participants were included in a parallel-group observational study. Group A underwent a hyperglycemic infusion; Group B underwent a 40 mU/m2/min hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp; Group C underwent two pancreatic clamps (to suppress endogenous insulin secretion) with euglycemic and hyperglycemic stages with an infusion of either saline or 0.5 pmol/kg/min GLP-1. Plasma FGF21 concentrations were measured at baseline and during each clamp stage by ELISA. RESULTS Plasma FGF21 was unaltered during hyperglycemic infusion and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps, compared to baseline. FGF21 was, however, increased by hyperglycemia under pancreatic clamp conditions (P < 0.05), while GLP-1 infusion under pancreatic clamp conditions did not change circulating FGF21 levels. CONCLUSION Increases in plasma FGF21 are likely driven directly by changes in plasma glucose independent of changes in insulin or GLP-1 secretion. Ecologically valid postprandial investigations are now needed to confirm our observations from basic science infusion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P.J. Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Carter
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob M. Haus
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie von Holstein-Rathlou
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette S. Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew P. Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Akkar I, Karaca Z, Taheri S, Unluhizarci K, Hacioglu A, Kelestimur F. The stimulatory effects of glucagon on cortisol and GH secretion occur independently from FGF-21. Endocrine 2022; 75:211-218. [PMID: 34562190 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucagon stimulation test (GST) is used to assess the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and growth hormone (GH) axes with an incompletely defined mechanism. We aimed to assess if glucagon acted through fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) to stimulate cortisol and GH secretion. The secondary outcome was to determine the relationship of FGF-21 with variable GH responses to GST in obesity. METHODS A total of 26 healthy participants; 11 obese (body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2) and 15 leans (BMI < 25 kg/m2) were included. Basal pituitary and target hormone levels were measured and GST was performed. During GST, glucose, insulin, cortisol, GH, and FGF-21 responses were measured. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 26.3±3.6 years. Glucagon resulted in significant increases in FGF-21, glucose, insulin, cortisol, and GH levels. The levels of basal cortisol, GH, FGF-21, and IGF-1 were similar in the two groups. The peak GH and area under the curve (AUC)(GH) responses to GST in the obese group were lower than those of the normal-weight group with a different pattern of response. There were no differences between the groups in terms of peak cortisol, AUC(cortisol), peak insulin, AUC(insulin), peak FGF-21, and AUC(FGF21). Obesity was associated with significantly increased glucose and insulin responses and slightly decreased FGF-21 response to glucagon. CONCLUSION Obesity was associated with blunted and delayed GH, but preserved cortisol responses to GST. This is the first study showing that glucagon stimulates the HPA and GH axis independently from FGF-21. The delayed GH response to GST in obesity does not seem to be related to FGF-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Akkar
- Erciyes University Medical School Department of Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuleyha Karaca
- Erciyes University Medical School Department of Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Serpil Taheri
- Erciyes University Medical School Department of Medical Biology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kursad Unluhizarci
- Erciyes University Medical School Department of Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aysa Hacioglu
- Erciyes University Medical School Department of Endocrinology, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fahrettin Kelestimur
- Yeditepe University Medical School Department of Endocrinology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Regular physical activity has an impact on all human organ systems and mediates multiple beneficial effects on overall health. Physical activity alone is a poor strategy for weight loss; however, physical activity is of crucial importance for weight loss maintenance. The role of exercise in maintaining a stable body weight is not clear but might be related to better appetite regulation and food preference. In relation to exercise, muscle secretes myokines and other factors that can influence the metabolism in other organs, not least fat and brain tissues. Thereby, physical activity reduces the risk of obesity-associated diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, independently of weight loss and BMI. Therefore, physical activity should always be included in weight loss strategies and as a tool to maintain a healthy weight, despite its modest effect on energy expenditure and overall body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Brandt
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Liu X, Zhang Z, Song Y, Xie H, Dong M. An update on brown adipose tissue and obesity intervention: Function, regulation and therapeutic implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1065263. [PMID: 36714578 PMCID: PMC9874101 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1065263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity have become a world-wide problem. However, effective intervention approaches are limited. Brown adipose tissue, which helps maintain body temperature and contributes to thermogenesis, is dependent on uncoupling protein1. Over the last decade, an in-creasing number of studies have found that activating brown adipose tissue and browning of white adipose tissue can protect against obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease. Brown adipose tissue has gradually become an appealing therapeutic target for the prevention and re-versal of obesity. However, some important issues remain unresolved. It is not certain whether increasing brown adipose tissue activity is the cause or effect of body weight loss or what the risks might be for sympathetic nervous system-dependent non-shivering thermogenesis. In this review, we comprehensively summarize approaches to activating brown adipose tissue and/or browning white adipose tissue, such as cold exposure, exercise, and small-molecule treatment. We highlight the functional mechanisms of small-molecule treatment and brown adipose tissue transplantation using batokine, sympathetic nervous system and/or gut microbiome. Finally, we discuss the causality between body weight loss induced by bariatric surgery, exercise, and brown adipose tissue activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Hengchang Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Dong, ; Hengchang Xie,
| | - Meng Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Dong, ; Hengchang Xie,
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Plomgaard P, Hansen JS, Townsend LK, Gudiksen A, Secher NH, Clemmesen JO, Støving RK, Goetze JP, Wright DC, Pilegaard H. GDF15 is an exercise-induced hepatokine regulated by glucagon and insulin in humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1037948. [PMID: 36545337 PMCID: PMC9760804 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1037948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is implicated in regulation of metabolism and circulating GDF15 increases in response to exercise. The source and regulation of the exercise-induced increase in GDF15 is, however not known. METHOD Plasma GDF15 was measured by ELISA under the following conditions: 1) Arterial-to-hepatic venous differences sampled before, during, and after exercise in healthy male subjects (n=10); 2) exogenous glucagon infusion compared to saline infusion in resting healthy subjects (n=10); 3) an acute exercise bout with and without a pancreatic clamp (n=6); 4) healthy subjects for 36 hours (n=17), and 5) patients with anorexia nervosa (n=25) were compared to healthy age-matched subjects (n=25). Tissue GDF15 mRNA content was determined in mice in response to exhaustive exercise (n=16). RESULTS The splanchnic bed released GDF15 to the circulation during exercise and increasing the glucagon-to-insulin ratio in resting humans led to a 2.7-fold (P<0.05) increase in circulating GDF15. Conversely, inhibiting the exercise-induced increase in the glucagon-to-insulin ratio blunted the exercise-induced increase in circulating GDF15. Fasting for 36 hours did not affect circulating GDF15, whereas resting patients with anorexia nervosa displayed elevated plasma concentrations (1.4-fold, P<0.05) compared to controls. In mice, exercise increased GDF15 mRNA contents in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. CONCLUSION In humans, GDF15 is a "hepatokine" which increases during exercise and is at least in part regulated by the glucagon-to-insulin ratio. Moreover, chronic energy deprivation is associated with elevated plasma GDF15, which supports that GDF15 is implicated in metabolic signalling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Peter Plomgaard,
| | - Jakob S. Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Copenhagen, ON, Canada
| | - Anders Gudiksen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H. Secher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens O. Clemmesen
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rene K. Støving
- Center for Eating Disorders, Elite Research Center for Medical Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens P. Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David C. Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Copenhagen, ON, Canada
- School of kinesiology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems and British Columbia (BC) Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Glucagon is associated with NAFLD inflammatory progression in type 2 diabetes, not with NAFLD fibrotic progression. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 33:e818-e823. [PMID: 34402473 PMCID: PMC8734619 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Higher prevalence of progressive stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hyperglucagonemia were observed in type 2 diabetes. We aim to investigate whether islet alpha cell dysfunction (evaluated by glucagon) associates with NAFLD progression in type 2 diabetic adults. METHODS A total of 4937 diabetic participants were enrolled from seven communities in Shanghai, China. Probable nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was defined by the presence of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. Probable NAFLD fibrosis score was used to identify patients with different risk stratification of bridging fibrosis (stage 3) or cirrhosis (stage 4). RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, duration of diabetes, current smoking, waist circumference, C-peptide, HbA1c, dyslipidemia, hypertension and use of incretins and SGLT2 inhibitor, glucagon quartiles were negatively associated with probable NASH (Q4 vs. Q1 OR 0.71, 95% confidence interval, 0.53-0.96, P for trend=0.010), though they were not associated with simple NAFLD (P for trend=0.176). Furthermore, glucagon was not significantly associated with fibrotic progression of liver steatosis in diabetic patients with NAFLD (P for trend=0.889). CONCLUSIONS Significant associations were observed among glucagon and inflammatory progression of NAFLD, but not with fibrotic progression. Further understanding the association between islet alpha cell and liver may lead to development of treatment strategies for NAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes.
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22
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Chu-Tan JA, Kirkby M, Natoli R. Running to save sight: The effects of exercise on retinal health and function. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 50:74-90. [PMID: 34741489 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of exercise to human health have long been recognised. However, only in the past decade have researchers started to discover the molecular benefits that exercise confers, especially to the central nervous system (CNS). These discoveries include the magnitude of molecular messages that are communicated from skeletal muscle to the CNS. Despite these advances in understanding, very limited studies have been conducted to decipher the molecular benefits of exercise in retinal health and disease. Here, we review the latest work on the effects of exercise on the retina and discuss its effects on the wider CNS, with a focus on demonstrating the potential applicability and comparative molecular mechanisms that may be occurring in the retina. This review covers the key molecular pathways where exercise exerts its effects: oxidative stress and mitochondrial health; inflammation; protein aggregation; neuronal health; and tissue crosstalk via extracellular vesicles. Further research on the benefits of exercise to the retina and its molecular messages within extracellular vesicles is highly topical in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Max Kirkby
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, The Australian National University, Acton, Australia
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23
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New insights into the role of fibroblast growth factors in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1413-1427. [PMID: 34731369 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), acknowledged as the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The characteristic pathologic hallmarks of AD-including the deposition of extracellular senile plaques (SP) formation, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss, along with prominent vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment-have been observed in patients. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), originally characterized as angiogenic factors, are a large family of signaling molecules that are implicated in a wide range of biological functions in brain development, maintenance and repair, as well as in the pathogenesis of brain-related disorders including AD. Many studies have focused on the implication of FGFs in AD pathophysiology. In this review, we will provide a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the pathogenesis of AD, and discuss the possible opportunities for targeting these molecules as novel treatment strategies in AD.
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24
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Townsend LK, MacPherson REK, Wright DC. New Horizon: Exercise and a Focus on Tissue-Brain Crosstalk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2147-2163. [PMID: 33982072 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The world population is aging, leading to increased rates of neurodegenerative disorders. Exercise has countless health benefits and has consistently been shown to improve brain health and cognitive function. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of exercise-induced adaptations in the brain with a focus on crosstalk between peripheral tissues and the brain. We highlight recent investigations into exercise-induced circulating factors, or exerkines, including irisin, cathepsin B, GPLD1, and ketones and the mechanisms mediating their effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
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25
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Richter MM, Plomgaard P. The Regulation of Circulating Hepatokines by Fructose Ingestion in Humans. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab121. [PMID: 34337280 PMCID: PMC8317633 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), follistatin, angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), and growth differential factor 15 (GDF15) are regulated by energy metabolism. Recent findings in humans demonstrate that fructose ingestion increases circulating FGF21, with increased response in conditions of insulin resistance. Objective This study examines the acute effect of fructose and somatostatin on circulating FGF21, follistatin, ANGPTL4, and GDF15 in humans. Methods Plasma FGF21, follistatin, ANGPTL4, and GDF15 concentrations were measured in response to oral ingestion of 75 g of fructose in 10 young healthy males with and without a 15-minute infusion of somatostatin to block insulin secretion. A control infusion of somatostatin was also performed in the same subjects. Results Following fructose ingestion, plasma FGF21 peaked at 3.7-fold higher than basal concentration (P < 0.05), and it increased 4.9-fold compared with basal concentration (P < 0.05) when somatostatin was infused. Plasma follistatin increased 1.8-fold after fructose ingestion (P < 0.05), but this increase was blunted by concomitant somatostatin infusion. For plasma ANGPTL4 and GDF15, no increases were obtained following fructose ingestion. Infusion of somatostatin alone slightly increased plasma FGF21 and follistatin. Conclusion Here we show that in humans (1) the fructose-induced increase in plasma FGF21 was enhanced when somatostatin was infused, suggesting an inhibitory role of insulin on the fructose-induced FGF21 increase; (2) fructose ingestion also increased plasma follistatin, but somatostatin infusion blunted the increase; and (3) fructose ingestion had no stimulating effect on ANGPTL4 and GDF15 levels, demonstrating differences in the hepatokine response to fructose ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Richter
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Lee B, Shin M, Park Y, Won SY, Cho KS. Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115795. [PMID: 34071457 PMCID: PMC8198301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatments for most NDs. Meanwhile, numerous studies conducted on human and animal models over the past decades have showed that exercises had beneficial effects on NDs. Inter-tissue communication by myokine, a peptide produced and secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, is thought to be an important underlying mechanism for the advantages. Here, we reviewed studies about the effects of myokines regulated by exercise on NDs and their mechanisms. Myokines could exert beneficial effects on NDs through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including cell survival, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, proteostasis, oxidative stress, and protein modification. Studies on exercise-induced myokines are expected to provide a novel strategy for treating NDs, for which there are no adequate treatments nowadays. To date, only a few myokines have been investigated for their effects on NDs and studies on mechanisms involved in them are in their infancy. Therefore, future studies are needed to discover more myokines and test their effects on NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Myeongcheol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
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27
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Zeigerer A, Sekar R, Kleinert M, Nason S, Habegger KM, Müller TD. Glucagon's Metabolic Action in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1759-1783. [PMID: 33792899 PMCID: PMC8513137 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Discovered almost simultaneously with insulin, glucagon is a pleiotropic hormone with metabolic action that goes far beyond its classical role to increase blood glucose. Albeit best known for its ability to directly act on the liver to increase de novo glucose production and to inhibit glycogen breakdown, glucagon lowers body weight by decreasing food intake and by increasing metabolic rate. Glucagon further promotes lipolysis and lipid oxidation and has positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in the heart. Interestingly, recent decades have witnessed a remarkable renaissance of glucagon's biology with the acknowledgment that glucagon has pharmacological value beyond its classical use as rescue medication to treat severe hypoglycemia. In this article, we summarize the multifaceted nature of glucagon with a special focus on its hepatic action and discuss the pharmacological potential of either agonizing or antagonizing the glucagon receptor for health and disease. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1759-1783, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Revathi Sekar
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shelly Nason
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Timo D. Müller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
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28
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Stöhr O, Tao R, Miao J, Copps KD, White MF. FoxO1 suppresses Fgf21 during hepatic insulin resistance to impair peripheral glucose utilization and acute cold tolerance. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108893. [PMID: 33761350 PMCID: PMC8529953 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fgf21 (fibroblast growth factor 21) is a regulatory hepatokine that, in pharmacologic form, powerfully promotes weight loss and glucose homeostasis. Although "Fgf21 resistance" is inferred from higher plasma Fgf21 levels in insulin-resistant mice and humans, diminished Fgf21 function is understood primarily via Fgf21 knockout mice. By contrast, we show that modestly reduced Fgf21-owing to cell-autonomous suppression by hepatic FoxO1-contributes to dysregulated metabolism in LDKO mice (Irs1L/L⋅Irs2L/L⋅CreAlb), a model of severe hepatic insulin resistance caused by deletion of hepatic Irs1 (insulin receptor substrate 1) and Irs2. Knockout of hepatic Foxo1 in LDKO mice or direct restoration of Fgf21 by adenoviral infection restored glucose utilization by BAT (brown adipose tissue) and skeletal muscle, normalized thermogenic gene expression in LDKO BAT, and corrected acute cold intolerance of LDKO mice. These studies highlight the Fgf21-dependent plasticity and importance of BAT function to metabolic health during hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stöhr
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rongya Tao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji Miao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kyle D Copps
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Morris F White
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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29
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Sun H, Sherrier M, Li H. Skeletal Muscle and Bone - Emerging Targets of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21. Front Physiol 2021; 12:625287. [PMID: 33762965 PMCID: PMC7982600 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.625287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF family, which functions as a powerful endocrine and paracrine regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition to liver and adipose tissue, recent studies have shown that FGF21 can also be produced in skeletal muscle. As the most abundant tissue in the human body, skeletal muscle has become increasingly recognized as a major site of metabolic activity and an important modulator of systemic metabolic homeostasis. The function and mechanism of action of muscle-derived FGF21 have recently gained attention due to the findings of considerably increased expression and secretion of FGF21 from skeletal muscle under certain pathological conditions. Recent reports regarding the ectopic expression of FGF21 from skeletal muscle and its potential effects on the musculoskeletal system unfolds a new chapter in the story of FGF21. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge base of muscle-derived FGF21 and the possible functions of FGF21 on homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system with a focus on skeletal muscle and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Matthew Sherrier
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hongshuai Li
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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30
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Abstract
As a non-canonical fibroblast growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions as an endocrine hormone that signals to distinct targets throughout the body. Interest in therapeutic applications for FGF21 was initially sparked by its ability to correct metabolic dysfunction and decrease body weight associated with diabetes and obesity. More recently, new functions for FGF21 signalling have emerged, thus indicating that FGF21 is a dynamic molecule capable of regulating macronutrient preference and energy balance. Here, we highlight the major physiological and pharmacological effects of FGF21 related to nutrient and energy homeostasis and summarize current knowledge regarding FGF21’s pharmacodynamic properties. In addition, we provide new perspectives and highlight critical unanswered questions surrounding this unique metabolic messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Flippo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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31
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Xiong Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Zhang B. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Improves FGF21 and KLB Expression in Obese Mice. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:938-946. [PMID: 33045954 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792008009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and β-Klotho (KLB) play an important role in preventing and treating overweight and obesity. However, it is unclear what conditions promote FGF21 and KLB expression in different tissues. Therefore, we studied expression of FGF21 and KLB with respect to two exercise regimes: moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (two popular strategies in weight loss). Mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8 per group): MICT, HIIT, and sedentary lifestyle (SED). All mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce obesity. The exercise was performed on a motorized treadmill for another eight weeks and the diet continued in each group. We found that both MICT and HIIT had positive effects on the loss of HFD-induced body weight increase and serum FGF21 levels. HIIT promoted decrease of the body weight and serum triglyceride (TG) levels, while MICT was more effective at enhancing FGF21 and KLB expression in the liver, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and muscle at the mRNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhe Xiong
- Research Center of Physical Education and Health Science, Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Research Center of Physical Education and Health Science, Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Research Center of Physical Education and Health Science, Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Research Center of Physical Education and Health Science, Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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32
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Lauritzen ES, Svart MV, Voss T, Møller N, Bjerre M. Impact of Acutely Increased Endogenous- and Exogenous Ketone Bodies on FGF21 Levels in Humans. Endocr Res 2021; 46:20-27. [PMID: 33074729 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2020.1831015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a circulating hormone with metabolic regulatory importance. In mice, FGF21 increases in response to a ketogenic diet and fasting. In humans, a similar increase is only observed after prolonged starvation. We aim to study the acute effects of ketone bodies on circulating FGF21 levels in humans. METHODS Participants from three randomized, placebo-controlled crossover studies, with increased endogenous or exogenous ketone bodies, were included. Study 1: patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) (n = 9) were investigated after a) insulin deprivation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and b) insulin-controlled euglycemia. Study 2: patients with T1D (n = 9) were investigated after a) total insulin deprivation for 9 hours and b) insulin-controlled euglycemia. Study 3: Healthy adults (n = 9) were examined during a) 3-hydroxybutyrate (OHB) infusion and b) saline infusion. Plasma FGF21 was measured with immunoassay in serial samples. RESULTS Circulating OHB levels were significantly increased to 1.3, 1.5, and 5.5 mmol/l in the three studies, but no correlations with FGF21 levels were found. Also, no correlations between FGF21, insulin, or glucagon were found. Insulin deprivation and LPS injection resulted in increased plasma FGF21 levels at t = 120 min (p = .005) which normalized at t = 240 min. CONCLUSION We found no correlation between circulating FGF21 levels and levels of ketone bodies. This suggests that it is not ketosis per se which controls FGF21 production, but instead a rather more complex regulatory mechanism. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov ID number: Study 1: NCT02157155 (5/6-2014), study 2: NCT02077348 (4/3-2014), and study 3: NCT02357550 (6/2-2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Stistrup Lauritzen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University , Aarhus N, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mads Vandsted Svart
- Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University , Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas Voss
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University , Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University , Aarhus N, Denmark
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Hepatokines as a Molecular Transducer of Exercise. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030385. [PMID: 33498410 PMCID: PMC7864203 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has health benefits and prevents a range of chronic diseases caused by physiological and biological changes in the whole body. Generally, the metabolic regulation of skeletal muscle through exercise is known to have a protective effect on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Besides this, the importance of the liver as an endocrine organ is a hot research topic. Hepatocytes also secrete many hepatokines in response to nutritional conditions and/or physical activity. In particular, certain hepatokines play a major role in the regulation of whole-body metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the recent research findings on the exercise-mediated regulation of hepatokines, including fibroblast growth factor 21, fetuin-A, angiopoietin-like protein 4, and follistatin. These hepatokines serve as molecular transducers of the metabolic benefits of physical activity in chronic metabolic diseases, including NAFLD, T2D, and CVDs, in various tissues.
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Campderrós L, Sánchez-Infantes D, Villarroya J, Nescolarde L, Bayès-Genis A, Cereijo R, Roca E, Villarroya F. Altered GDF15 and FGF21 Levels in Response to Strenuous Exercise: A Study in Marathon Runners. Front Physiol 2020; 11:550102. [PMID: 33329017 PMCID: PMC7711067 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.550102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recreational marathon runners face strong physiological challenges. Assessment of potential biomarkers for the biological responses of runners will help to discriminate individual race responsiveness and their physiological consequences. This study sought to analyze the changes in the plasma levels of GDF15 and FGF21, novel endocrine factors related to metabolic stress, in runners following the strenuous exercise of a marathon race. Methods Blood samples were obtained from eighteen male runners (mean ±SD, age: 41.7 ±5.0 years, BMI: 23.6 ± 1.8) 48 h before, immediately after, and 48 h after a marathon race, and from age-matched sedentary individuals. The level of GDF15, FGF21, and 38 additional biochemical and hematological parameters were determined. Results The basal levels of GDF15 and FGF21 did not differ between runners before the race and sedentary individuals. Significant increases in the mean levels of GDF15 (4.2-fold) and FGF21 (20-fold) were found in runners immediately after the race. The magnitudes of these increases differed markedly among individuals and did not correlate with each other. The GDF15 and FGF21 levels had returned to the basal level 48 h post-race. The post-race value of GDF15 (but not FGF21) correlated positively with increased total white cell count (r = 0.50, P = 0.01) and neutrophilia (r = 0.10, P = 0.01). Conclusion GDF15 and FGF21 are transiently increased in runners following a marathon race. The induction of GDF15 levels is associated with alterations in circulating immune cells levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campderrós
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biomedicina Molecular, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Infantes
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biomedicina Molecular, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lexa Nescolarde
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayès-Genis
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biomedicina Molecular, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Roca
- Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biomedicina Molecular, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Murphy RM, Watt MJ, Febbraio MA. Metabolic communication during exercise. Nat Metab 2020; 2:805-816. [PMID: 32747791 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of nutrient sensing, delivery, uptake and utilization is essential for maintaining cellular, tissue and whole-body homeostasis. Such synchronization can be achieved only if metabolic information is communicated between the cells and tissues of the entire organism. During intense exercise, the metabolic demand of the body can increase approximately 100-fold. Thus, exercise is a physiological state in which intertissue communication is of paramount importance. In this Review, we discuss the physiological processes governing intertissue communication during exercise and the molecules mediating such cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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36
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Severinsen MCK, Pedersen BK. Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5835999. [PMID: 32393961 PMCID: PMC7288608 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity decreases the risk of a network of diseases, and exercise may be prescribed as medicine for lifestyle-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes, dementia, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. During the past couple of decades, it has been apparent that skeletal muscle works as an endocrine organ, which can produce and secrete hundreds of myokines that exert their effects in either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners. Recent advances show that skeletal muscle produces myokines in response to exercise, which allow for crosstalk between the muscle and other organs, including brain, adipose tissue, bone, liver, gut, pancreas, vascular bed, and skin, as well as communication within the muscle itself. Although only few myokines have been allocated to a specific function in humans, it has been identified that the biological roles of myokines include effects on, for example, cognition, lipid and glucose metabolism, browning of white fat, bone formation, endothelial cell function, hypertrophy, skin structure, and tumor growth. This suggests that myokines may be useful biomarkers for monitoring exercise prescription for people with, for example, cancer, diabetes, or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Charlotte Krogh Severinsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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37
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Gonzalez-Gil AM, Elizondo-Montemayor L. The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1899. [PMID: 32604889 PMCID: PMC7353393 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in significant loss of body fat mass, white adipose tissue browning, redistribution of energy substrates, optimization of global energy expenditure, enhancement of hypothalamic circuits that control appetite-satiety and energy expenditure, and decreased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Novel exercise-inducible soluble factors, including myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines, and immune cytokines and adipokines are hypothesized to play an important role in the body's response to exercise. To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation. In this review, we explain the potential role of these exercise-inducible factors, namely myokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, METRNL, BAIBA, and myostatin, and hepatokines, in particular selenoprotein P, fetuin A, FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin. We also describe the function of osteokines, specifically osteocalcin, and of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. We also emphasize an integrative overview of the pleiotropic mechanisms, the metabolic pathways, and the inter-organ crosstalk involved in energy expenditure, fat mass loss, reduced inflammation, and healthy weight induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Gonzalez-Gil
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico;
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Ave. Morones Prieto 300, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico
| | - Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico;
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Ave. Morones Prieto 300, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Cardiovascular and Metabolomics Research Group, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, San Pedro Garza Garcia P.C. 66278, Mexico
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38
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Guo C, Zhao L, Li Y, Deng X, Yuan G. Relationship between FGF21 and drug or nondrug therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:55-67. [PMID: 32583417 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary and high-calorie diets are associated with increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, while exercise and diet control are also important nondrug treatments for diabetes. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an important cytokine, which is mainly expressed in liver, fat and muscle tissue responding to nutrition and exercise, and plays an important role in the improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism. Due to the increasing serum FGF21 level in obesity and diabetes, FGF21 can be used as a predictor or biomarker of diabetes. A variety of clinical antidiabetic drugs can reduce the content of FGF21, possibly for the improvement of FGF21 sensitivity. In this paper, we reviewed the interactions between FGF21 and nondrug therapy (diet and exercise) for diabetes and explored the potential value of the combined application of clinical antidiabetic drugs and FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Larsen EL, Poulsen HE, Michaelsen C, Kjær LK, Lyngbæk M, Andersen ES, Petersen-Bønding C, Lemoine C, Gillum M, Jørgensen NR, Ploug T, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK, Karstoft K. Differential time responses in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers after a marathon: An observational study. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2080-2091. [PMID: 32530734 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1770918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute and adaptive changes in systemic markers of oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications (i.e., 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo)) as well as inflammatory cytokines (i.e., C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumour necrosis factor alpha), a liver hormone (i.e., fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)), and bone metabolism markers (sclerostin, osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide, and N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen) were investigated following a marathon in 20 study participants. Immediate changes were observed in inflammatory cytokines, FGF21, and bone metabolism markers following the marathon. In contrast, no immediate changes in urinary excretion of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo were evident. Four days after the marathon, decreased urinary excretion of 8-oxodG (-2.9 (95% CI -4.8;-1.1) nmol/24 h, P < 0.01) and 8-oxoGuo (-5.8 (95% CI -10.3;-1.3) nmol/24 h, P = 0.02) was observed. The excretion rate of 8-oxodG remained decreased 7 days after the marathon compared to baseline (-2.3 (95%CI -4.3;-0.4) nmol/24 h, P = 0.02), whereas the excretion rate of 8-oxoGuo was normalized. In conclusion marathon participation immediately induced a considerable inflammatory response, but did not increase excretion rates of oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications. In fact, a delayed decrease in oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications was observed suggesting adaptive antioxidative effects following exercise. ABBREVIATIONS 8-oxodG: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine; 8-oxoGuo: 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine; CI: confidence interval; CTX: C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21; h: hour; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL: interleukin; IQR: interquartile range; MS: mass spectrometry: P1NP: N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen; TNFα: tumour necrosis factor alpha; UPLC: ultra-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil List Larsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Enghusen Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Michaelsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Kofoed Kjær
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Lyngbæk
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Skytte Andersen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hellerup, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Christina Petersen-Bønding
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clara Lemoine
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thorkil Ploug
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hellerup, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Hellerup, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen , Gentofte, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark
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40
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Severinsen MCK, Schéele C, Pedersen BK. Exercise and browning of white adipose tissue - a translational perspective. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 52:18-24. [PMID: 32480032 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Browning of white adipose tissue is a cold-induced phenomenon in rodents, constituted by the differentiation of a subset of thermogenic adipocytes among existing white adipocytes. Emerging evidence in the literature points at additional factors and environmental conditions stimulating browning in rodents, including physical exercise training. Exercise engages sympathetic activation which during cold activation promotes proliferation and differentiation of brown preadipocytes. Exercise also stimulates the release of multiple growth factors and cytokines. Importantly, there are clear discrepancies between human and rodents with regard to thermogenic capacity and browning potential. Here we provide a translational perspective on exercise-induced browning and review recent findings on the role of myokines and hepatokines in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Charlotte Krogh Severinsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Schéele
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sobhi HF, Zhao X, Plomgaard P, Hoene M, Hansen JS, Karus B, Niess AM, Häring HU, Lehmann R, Adams SH, Xu G, Weigert C. Identification and regulation of the xenometabolite derivatives cis- and trans-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine in plasma and skeletal muscle of exercising humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E701-E709. [PMID: 32101032 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00510.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about xenometabolites in human metabolism, particularly under exercising conditions. Previously, an exercise-modifiable, likely xenometabolite derivative, cis-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine, was reported in human plasma. Here, we identified trans-3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine, and its cis-isomer, in plasma and skeletal muscle by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We analyzed the regulation by exercise and the arterial-to-venous differences of these cyclopropane ring-containing carnitine esters over the hepatosplanchnic bed and the exercising leg in plasma samples obtained in three separate studies from young, lean and healthy males. Compared with other medium-chain acylcarnitines, the plasma concentrations of the 3,4-methylene-heptanoylcarnitine isomers only marginally increased with exercise. Both isomers showed a more than twofold increase in the skeletal muscle tissue of the exercising leg; this may have been due to the net effect of fatty acid oxidation in the exercising muscle and uptake from blood. The latter idea is supported by a more than twofold increased net uptake in the exercising leg only. Both isomers showed a constant release from the hepatosplanchnic bed, with an increased release of the trans-isomer after exercise. The isomers differ in their plasma concentration, with a four times higher concentration of the cis-isomer regardless of the exercise state. This is the first approach studying kinetics and fluxes of xenolipid isomers from tissues under exercise conditions, supporting the hypothesis that hepatic metabolism of cyclopropane ring-containing fatty acids is one source of these acylcarnitines in plasma. The data also provide clear evidence for an exercise-dependent regulation of xenometabolites, opening perspectives for future studies about the physiological role of this largely unknown class of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany F Sobhi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Center for Organic Synthesis, Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jakob S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benedikt Karus
- Department for Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department for Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans U Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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42
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Ahn N, Kim K. Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Myokines in High Fat Diet-Induced Middle-Aged Obese Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082685. [PMID: 32295130 PMCID: PMC7215661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on myokines expression in the skeletal muscle of middle-aged rats with high fat diet-induced obesity, to investigate the feasibility of using exercise training to reduce inflammation. Male 50-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal diet, normal diet + exercise, high fat diet, and high fat diet + exercise groups. After six weeks on a high fat diet to induce obesity, a 12-week exercise program was implemented, which combined aerobic exercise (treadmill running) and resistance exercise (ladder climbing) three times a week for 75 min per session. We analyzed the protein levels of interleukins (IL) 6, 7, and 8, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor in skeletal muscles by western blotting. Body weight decreased significantly during the 12-week exercise program in the exercise groups compared to the non-exercise groups (p < 0.05). The levels of all myokines analyzed were significantly lower in the skeletal muscle of the high fat diet group compared to the normal diet group (p < 0.05). After completing the 12-week exercise program, IL-7, IL-8, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor expressions were significantly higher in the high fat diet + exercise group compared to the high fat diet group (p < 0.05). However, while IL-6 expression was significantly lower in the high fat diet and high fat diet + exercise groups compared to the normal diet group (p < 0.05), it was not significantly affected by exercise. In conclusion, high fat diet-induced obesity resulted in decreased myokines in the skeletal muscles, but combined exercise training of aerobic and resistance exercise increased myokines secretion in the skeletal muscle of obese rats, and is thought to help reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kijin Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-5256
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43
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Hu C, Hoene M, Plomgaard P, Hansen JS, Zhao X, Li J, Wang X, Clemmesen JO, Secher NH, Häring HU, Lehmann R, Xu G, Weigert C. Muscle-Liver Substrate Fluxes in Exercising Humans and Potential Effects on Hepatic Metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5673517. [PMID: 31825515 PMCID: PMC7062410 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The liver is crucial to maintain energy homeostasis during exercise. Skeletal muscle-derived metabolites can contribute to the regulation of hepatic metabolism. OBJECTIVE We aim to elucidate which metabolites are released from the working muscles and taken up by the liver in exercising humans and their potential influence on hepatic function. METHODS In two separate studies, young healthy men fasted overnight and then performed an acute bout of exercise. Arterial-to-venous differences of metabolites over the hepato-splanchnic bed and over the exercising and resting leg were investigated by capillary electrophoresis- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics platforms. Liver transcriptome data of exercising mice were analyzed by pathway analysis to find a potential overlap between exercise-regulated metabolites and activators of hepatic transcription. RESULTS During exercise, hepatic O2 uptake and CO2 delivery were increased two-fold. In contrast to all other free fatty acids (FFA), those FFA with 18 or more carbon atoms and a high degree of saturation showed a constant release in the liver vein and only minor changes by exercise. FFA 6:0 and 8:0 were released from the working leg and taken up by the hepato-splanchnic bed. Succinate and malate showed a pronounced hepatic uptake during exercise and were also released from the exercising leg. The transcriptional response in the liver of exercising mice indicates the activation of HIF-, NRF2-, and cAMP-dependent gene transcription. These pathways can also be activated by succinate. CONCLUSION Metabolites circulate between working muscles and the liver and may support the metabolic adaption to exercise by acting both as substrates and as signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Miriam Hoene
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Jia Li
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
| | - Jens O Clemmesen
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels H Secher
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans U Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstrasse, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Lehmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstrasse, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, China
- Correspondence: Cora Weigert, PhD, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. E-mail: ; and Guowang Xu, PhD, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China. E-mail:
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen at the University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstrasse, Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence: Cora Weigert, PhD, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3 72076 Tuebingen, Germany. E-mail: ; and Guowang Xu, PhD, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China. E-mail:
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Garneau L, Parsons SA, Smith SR, Mulvihill EE, Sparks LM, Aguer C. Plasma Myokine Concentrations After Acute Exercise in Non-obese and Obese Sedentary Women. Front Physiol 2020; 11:18. [PMID: 32132925 PMCID: PMC7040180 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity levels influence myokine release from skeletal muscle and contribute to circulating concentrations. Indeed, many myokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-15, secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine (SPARC), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 are higher in the circulation after an exercise bout. Since these peptides modulate muscle metabolism and can also be targeted toward other tissues to induce adaptations to energy demand, they are of great interest regarding metabolic diseases. Therefore, we set out to compare, in six women with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and five healthy women (BMI 22–29.9 kg/m2), the effect of an acute bout of moderate-intensity, continuous cycling exercise (60 min, 60% VO2peak) on the release of myokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, SPARC, and FGF21) in plasma for a 24-h time course. We found that plasma IL-8 and SPARC levels were reduced in the group of women with obesity, whereas plasma IL-13 concentrations were elevated in comparison to non-obese women both before and after the exercise bout. We also found that plasma FGF21 concentration during the 24 h following the bout of exercise was regulated differently in the non-obese in comparison to obese women. Plasma concentrations of FGF21, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and IL-18 were regulated by acute exercise. Our results confirm the results of others concerning exercise regulation of circulating myokines while providing insight into the time course of myokine release in circulation after an acute exercise bout and the differences in circulating myokines after exercise in women with or without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Garneau
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Parsons
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Steven R Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Céline Aguer
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Wang N, Wang Y, Zhang W, Chen Y, Chen X, Wang C, Li Q, Chen C, Jiang B, Lu Y. C-peptide is associated with NAFLD inflammatory and fibrotic progression in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3210. [PMID: 31351021 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced stages of fibrosis was observed in type 2 diabetes. We aim to investigate whether C-peptide is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression in type 2 diabetic adults. METHODS A total of 4937 diabetic participants were enrolled from China in 2018. Liver steatosis was detected by ultrasound. Subjects with NAFLD were categorized into simple NAFLD and probable NASH by the concurrent presence of metabolic syndrome. NAFLD fibrosis score was used to identify patients with probable advanced fibrosis. RESULTS Individuals with a longer history of type 2 diabetes had a lower C-peptide level and a lower prevalence of probable NASH but a higher prevalence of advanced fibrosis. C-peptide was positively associated with simple NAFLD and probable NASH, with odds ratios (ORs) of 4.55 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.16, 6.55] and 5.28 (95% CI 3.94, 7.09), respectively, comparing quartile 4 with quartile 1 (both p for trend <0.001). However, C-peptide quartiles were negatively associated with the probable presence of advanced fibrosis (Q4 vs. Q1, OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.36, 0.97, p for trend <0.05). A 1-SD increment of ln(C-peptide) was also significantly associated with inflammatory and fibrotic progression (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.27, 1.41; OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79, 0.98, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Significant but opposite associations between C-peptide and inflammatory and fibrotic progression of NAFLD were observed. Understanding islet hormone changes during type 2 diabetes and differentiating the stage of NAFLD may help to personalize treatment strategies for NAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoman Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chiyu Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Boren Jiang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ma C, Liu Y, He S, Zeng J, Li P, Ma C, Ping F, Zhang H, Xu L, Li W, Li Y. C-Peptide: A Mediator of the Association Between Serum Uric Acid to Creatinine Ratio and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Chinese Population With Normal Serum Uric Acid Levels. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:600472. [PMID: 33329401 PMCID: PMC7711154 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.600472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The data on the relationship between normal-ranged serum uric acid (SUA), β-cell function, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are complicated and insufficient. Moreover, uric acid is excreted by kidney, and SUA levels may be affected by renal function. Thus, we introduced a renal function-normalized index [serum uric acid to creatinine ratio (SUA/Cr)] into the study and explored the association between SUA/Cr, C-peptide and NAFLD in a Chinese population with normal SUA levels by a cross-sectional analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 282 individuals with normal SUA levels and different glucose tolerance status from a diabetes project were included in the study (mean age = 53.7± 10.5 years; women = 64.50%). NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography (NAFLD, n=86; without NAFLD, n=196). Trapezoid formula was used to calculate area under the curve of C-peptide (AUCCP) from 4 points (including 0, 30,60, and 120min) during 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between SUA/Cr, AUCCP and NAFLD risk factors. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between SUA/Cr or AUCCP and NAFLD. Mediation analysis was used to explore whether AUCCP mediated the association between SUA/Cr and NAFLD. RESULTS Individuals with NAFLD had significantly higher SUA/Cr and AUCCP than those without NAFLD(P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that both SUA/Cr and AUCCP were significantly associated with many NAFLD risk factors, and SUA/Cr was positively correlated with AUCCP (P<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that SUA/Cr and AUCCP were positively associated with NAFLD incidence (P<0.05). Medication analysis indicated that SUA/Cr had a significant direct effect on NAFLD (β =0.5854, 95% CI: 0.3232-0.8966), and AUCCP partly mediated the indirect effect of SUA/Cr on NAFLD incidence (β =0.1311, 95% CI: 0.0168-0.4663). CONCLUSIONS SUA/Cr was positively associated with NAFLD incidence, and AUCCP partly mediated the association in a Chinese population with normal SUA levels. Thus, we should pay more attention to high-normal SUA and C-peptide levels due to their predictive power in NAFLD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chifa Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuli He
- Department of Nutrition, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbo Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Fuxing Hospital, the Eighth Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Ping
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huabing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxiu Li,
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Role of GDF15 in active lifestyle induced metabolic adaptations and acute exercise response in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20120. [PMID: 31882966 PMCID: PMC6934564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56922-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is an important contributor to muscle adaptation and metabolic health. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is established as cellular and nutritional stress-induced cytokine but its physiological role in response to active lifestyle or acute exercise is unknown. Here, we investigated the metabolic phenotype and circulating GDF15 levels in lean and obese male C57Bl/6J mice with long-term voluntary wheel running (VWR) intervention. Additionally, treadmill running capacity and exercise-induced muscle gene expression was examined in GDF15-ablated mice. Active lifestyle mimic via VWR improved treadmill running performance and, in obese mice, also metabolic phenotype. The post-exercise induction of skeletal muscle transcriptional stress markers was reduced by VWR. Skeletal muscle GDF15 gene expression was very low and only transiently increased post-exercise in sedentary but not in active mice. Plasma GDF15 levels were only marginally affected by chronic or acute exercise. In obese mice, VWR reduced GDF15 gene expression in different tissues but did not reverse elevated plasma GDF15. Genetic ablation of GDF15 had no effect on exercise performance but augmented the post exercise expression of transcriptional exercise stress markers (Atf3, Atf6, and Xbp1s) in skeletal muscle. We conclude that skeletal muscle does not contribute to circulating GDF15 in mice, but muscle GDF15 might play a protective role in the exercise stress response.
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Grapov D, Fiehn O, Campbell C, Chandler CJ, Burnett DJ, Souza EC, Casazza GA, Keim NL, Newman JW, Hunter GR, Fernandez JR, Garvey WT, Hoppel CL, Harper ME, Adams SH. Exercise plasma metabolomics and xenometabolomics in obese, sedentary, insulin-resistant women: impact of a fitness and weight loss intervention. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E999-E1014. [PMID: 31526287 PMCID: PMC6962502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00091.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance has wide-ranging effects on metabolism, but there are knowledge gaps regarding the tissue origins of systemic metabolite patterns and how patterns are altered by fitness and metabolic health. To address these questions, plasma metabolite patterns were determined every 5 min during exercise (30 min, ∼45% of V̇o2peak, ∼63 W) and recovery in overnight-fasted sedentary, obese, insulin-resistant women under controlled conditions of diet and physical activity. We hypothesized that improved fitness and insulin sensitivity following a ∼14-wk training and weight loss intervention would lead to fixed workload plasma metabolomics signatures reflective of metabolic health and muscle metabolism. Pattern analysis over the first 15 min of exercise, regardless of pre- versus postintervention status, highlighted anticipated increases in fatty acid tissue uptake and oxidation (e.g., reduced long-chain fatty acids), diminution of nonoxidative fates of glucose [e.g., lowered sorbitol-pathway metabolites and glycerol-3-galactoside (possible glycerolipid synthesis metabolite)], and enhanced tissue amino acid use (e.g., drops in amino acids; modest increase in urea). A novel observation was that exercise significantly increased several xenometabolites ("non-self" molecules, from microbes or foods), including benzoic acid-salicylic acid-salicylaldehyde, hexadecanol-octadecanol-dodecanol, and chlorogenic acid. In addition, many nonannotated metabolites changed with exercise. Although exercise itself strongly impacted the global metabolome, there were surprisingly few intervention-associated differences despite marked improvements in insulin sensitivity, fitness, and adiposity. These results and previously reported plasma acylcarnitine profiles support the principle that most metabolic changes during submaximal aerobic exercise are closely tethered to absolute ATP turnover rate (workload), regardless of fitness or metabolic health status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Caitlin Campbell
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Carol J Chandler
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Dustin J Burnett
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Elaine C Souza
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Gretchen A Casazza
- Sports Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Nancy L Keim
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
| | - John W Newman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gary R Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
- Human Studies Department, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jose R Fernandez
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- Pharmacology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Torre-Villalvazo I, Alemán-Escondrillas G, Valle-Ríos R, Noriega LG. Protein intake and amino acid supplementation regulate exercise recovery and performance through the modulation of mTOR, AMPK, FGF21, and immunity. Nutr Res 2019; 72:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Willis SA, Sargeant JA, Thackray AE, Yates T, Stensel DJ, Aithal GP, King JA. Effect of exercise intensity on circulating hepatokine concentrations in healthy men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1065-1072. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), follistatin and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) are novel hepatokines that are modulated by metabolic stresses. This study investigated whether exercise intensity modulates the hepatokine response to acute exercise. Ten young, healthy men undertook three 8-h experimental trials: moderate-intensity exercise (MOD; 55% peak oxygen uptake), high-intensity exercise (HIGH; 75% peak oxygen uptake), and control (CON; rest), in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Exercise trials commenced with a treadmill run of varied duration to match gross exercise energy expenditure between trials (MOD vs HIGH; 2475 ± 70 vs 2488 ± 58 kJ). Circulating FGF21, follistatin, LECT2, glucagon, insulin, glucose and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured before exercise and at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 h postexercise. Plasma FGF21 concentrations were increased up to 4 h postexercise compared with CON (P ≤ 0.022) with greater increases observed at 1, 2, and 4 h postexercise during HIGH versus MOD (P ≤ 0.025). Irrespective of intensity (P ≥ 0.606), plasma follistatin concentrations were elevated at 4 and 7 h postexercise (P ≤ 0.053). Plasma LECT2 concentrations were increased immediately postexercise (P ≤ 0.046) but were not significant after correcting for plasma volume shifts. Plasma glucagon (1 h; P = 0.032) and NEFA (4 and 7 h; P ≤ 0.029) responses to exercise were accentuated in HIGH versus MOD. These findings demonstrate that acute exercise augments circulating FGF21 and follistatin. Exercise-induced changes in FGF21 are intensity-dependent and may support the greater metabolic benefit of high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Willis
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester LE3 9QD, UK
| | - Jack A. Sargeant
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester LE3 9QD, UK
| | - Alice E. Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester LE3 9QD, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester LE3 9QD, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - David J. Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester LE3 9QD, UK
| | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK
| | - James A. King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester LE3 9QD, UK
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