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Lee FS, Cruz CJ, Allen KD, Wachs RA. Gait assessment in a female rat Sprague Dawley model of disc-associated low back pain. Connect Tissue Res 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39287332 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2024.2395287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gait disturbances are common in human low back pain (LBP) patients, suggesting potential applicability to rodent LBP models. This study aims to assess the influence of disc-associated LBP on gait in female Sprague Dawley rats and explore the utility of the open-source Gait Analysis Instrumentation and Technology Optimized for Rodents (GAITOR) suite as a potential alternative tool for spontaneous pain assessment in a previously established LBP model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Disc degeneration was surgically induced using a one-level disc scrape injury method, and microcomputed tomography was used to assess disc volume loss. After disc injury, axial hypersensitivity was evaluated using the grip strength assay, and an open field test was used to detect spontaneous pain-like behavior. RESULTS Results demonstrated that injured animals exhibit a significant loss in disc volume and reduced grip strength. Open field test did not detect significant differences in distance traveled between sham and injured animals. Concurrently, animals with injured discs did not display significant gait abnormalities in stance time imbalance, temporal symmetry, spatial symmetry, step width, stride length, and duty factor compared to sham. However, comparisons with reference values of normal gait reported in prior literature reveal that injured animals exhibit mild deviations in forelimb and hindlimb stance time imbalance, forelimb temporal symmetry, and hindlimb spatial symmetry at some time points. CONCLUSIONS This study concludes that the disc injury may have very mild effects on gait in female rats within 9 weeks post-injury and recommends future in depth dynamic gait analysis and longer studies beyond 9 weeks to potentially detect gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei San Lee
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Carlos J Cruz
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyle D Allen
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wachs
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Lee CY, Wu MH, Huang TJ, Wang PY, Wu ATH. Hypertrophic Ligamentum Flavum in Lumbar Spine Stenosis Is Associated With the Increased Expression of Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine. Global Spine J 2024; 14:1248-1256. [PMID: 36355427 PMCID: PMC11289542 DOI: 10.1177/21925682221138766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Basic research. OBJECTIVES Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a critical pro-fibrotic mediator. This study aims to characterize the role of SPARC in hypertrophic ligamentum flavum (LF) and fibrosis. METHODS Hypertrophic LF samples were obtained from 8 patients with L4/5 lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) during the decompressive laminectomy. Non-hypertrophic LF from age- and sex-matched 8 patients with L4/5 lumbar disc herniation was selected as control. An in vitro model of fibrosis in human LF cells was established by interleukin 6 (IL-6) to assess SPARC expression. RESULTS Hypertrophic LF samples had higher fibrosis scores than control samples by Masson's trichrome staining (3.6 vs. 1.3, P < .001). Hypertrophic LF samples had significantly more positive staining for collagen and SPARC. Collagen III (Col3), α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and SPARC mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in hypertrophic LF samples than in control samples by qPCR. SPARC expression and fibrotic and inflammatory makers (collagen I, Col3, IL-6, interleukin 1β) were significantly upregulated in IL-6 stimulation of normal LF in vitro. CONCLUSION SPARC was detected in human LF and significantly upregulated in the clinical samples of hypertrophic LF compared to their normal counterparts. We also demonstrated an increased level of SPARC in an in vitro fibrosis model of LF. Thus, SPARC could be a crucial biomarker for the pathogenesis of hypertrophic LF and a therapeutic target for LSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
| | - Meng-Huang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jen Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T. H Wu
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- The PhD Program of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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He Y, Liu S, Lin H, Ding F, Shao Z, Xiong L. Roles of organokines in intervertebral disc homeostasis and degeneration. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1340625. [PMID: 38532900 PMCID: PMC10963452 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1340625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc is not isolated from other tissues. Recently, abundant research has linked intervertebral disc homeostasis and degeneration to various systemic diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Organokines are a group of diverse factors named for the tissue of origin, including adipokines, osteokines, myokines, cardiokines, gastrointestinal hormones, and hepatokines. Through endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms, organokines modulate energy homeostasis, oxidative stress, and metabolic balance in various tissues to mediate cross-organ communication. These molecules are involved in the regulation of cellular behavior, inflammation, and matrix metabolism under physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we aimed to summarize the impact of organokines on disc homeostasis and degeneration and the underlying signaling mechanism. We focused on the regulatory mechanisms of organokines to provide a basis for the development of early diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, JingMen Central Hospital, Jingmen, China
- Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liming Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Huang Y, Lei L, Zhu J, Zheng J, Li Z, Wang H, Wang J, Zheng Z. Pain behavior and phenotype in a modified anterior lumbar disc puncture mouse model. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1284. [PMID: 38249720 PMCID: PMC10797215 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background An experimental study was performed to improve the anterior approach model of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Objective The aims of this study were to investigate the anterior approach model of IVDD for the cause of death, phenotypes, and underlying mechanisms of low back pain in mice. Method In this study, we conducted an anterior puncture procedure on a cohort of 300 C57BL/6J mice that were 8 weeks old. Our investigation focused on exploring the causes of death in the study population (n = 300) and assessing the time-course changes in various parameters, including radiographical, histological, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry analyses (n = 10). Additionally, we conducted behavioral assessments on a subset of the animals (n = 30). Results Transverse vertebral artery rupture is a major factor in surgical death. Radiographical analyses showed that the hydration of the nucleus pulposus began to decrease at 2 weeks after puncture and obviously disappeared over 4 weeks. 3D-CT showed that disc height was significantly decreased at 4 weeks. Osteophyte at the anterior vertebral rims was observed at 2 weeks after the puncture. As the time course increased, histological analyses showed progressive disruption of the destruction of the extracellular matrix and increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. Behavioral signs of low back pain were increased between the puncture and sham groups at 4 weeks. Conclusion The improvement of anterior intervertebral disc approach model in mice will be useful to investigate underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies for behavior and phenotypes. Furthermore, the application of vibrational pre-treatment can be used to increase the sensitivity of axial back pain in the model, thereby providing researchers with a reliable method for measuring this critical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Huang
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Sun Yan Sen UniversityPain Research CenterGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Linchuan Lei
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Sun Yan Sen UniversityPain Research CenterGuangzhouChina
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Sun Yan Sen UniversityPain Research CenterGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinjian Zheng
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Sun Yan Sen UniversityPain Research CenterGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Zemin Li
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Sun Yan Sen UniversityPain Research CenterGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Sun Yan Sen UniversityPain Research CenterGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianru Wang
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Sun Yan Sen UniversityPain Research CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Sun Yan Sen UniversityPain Research CenterGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyGuangzhouChina
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Zhao J, Sun Y, Sheng X, Xu J, Dai G, He R, Jin Y, Liu Z, Xie Y, Wu T, Cao Y, Hu J, Duan C. Hypoxia-treated adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes attenuate lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis. Mol Med 2023; 29:120. [PMID: 37670256 PMCID: PMC10478461 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis (LFJ OA) is a common disease, and there is still a lack of effective disease-modifying therapies. Our aim was to determine the therapeutic effect of hypoxia-treated adipose mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC)-derived exosomes (Hypo-ADSC-Exos) on the protective effect against LFJ OA. METHODS The protective effect of Hypo-ADSC-Exos against LFJ OA was examined in lumbar spinal instability (LSI)-induced LFJ OA models. Spinal pain behavioural assessments and CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide positive) immunofluorescence were evaluated. Cartilage degradation and subchondral bone remodelling were assessed by histological methods, immunohistochemistry, synchrotron radiation-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SR-FTIR), and 3D X-ray microscope scanning. RESULTS Hypoxia enhanced the protective effect of ADSC-Exos on LFJ OA. Specifically, tail vein injection of Hypo-ADSC-Exos protected articular cartilage from degradation, as demonstrated by lower FJ OA scores of articular cartilage and less proteoglycan loss in lumbar facet joint (LFJ) cartilage than in the ADSC-Exo group, and these parameters were significantly improved compared to those in the PBS group. In addition, the levels and distribution of collagen and proteoglycan in LFJ cartilage were increased in the Hypo-ADSC-Exo group compared to the ADSC-Exo or PBS group by SR-FTIR. Furthermore, Hypo-ADSC-Exos normalized uncoupled bone remodelling and aberrant H-type vessel formation in subchondral bone and effectively reduced symptomatic spinal pain caused by LFJ OA in mice compared with those in the ADSC-Exo or PBS group. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that hypoxia is an effective method to improve the therapeutic effect of ADSC-Exos on ameliorating spinal pain and LFJ OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiaolong Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guoyu Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Rundong He
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhide Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Chunyue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Fournier DE, Veras MA, Brooks CR, Quinonez D, Millecamps M, Stone LS, Séguin CA. Stiffness and axial pain are associated with the progression of calcification in a mouse model of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:72. [PMID: 37120576 PMCID: PMC10148510 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is characterized by progressive calcification of spinal tissues; however, the impact of calcification on pain and function is poorly understood. This study examined the association between progressive ectopic spine calcification in mice lacking equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1-/-), a preclinical model of DISH, and behavioral indicators of pain. METHODS A longitudinal study design was used to assess radiating pain, axial discomfort, and physical function in wild-type and ENT1-/- mice at 2, 4, and 6 months. At endpoint, spinal cords were isolated for immunohistochemical analysis of astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (IBA1), and nociceptive innervation (CGRP). RESULTS Increased spine calcification in ENT1-/- mice was associated with reductions in flexmaze exploration, vertical activity in an open field, and self-supporting behavior in tail suspension, suggesting flexion-induced discomfort or stiffness. Grip force during the axial stretch was also reduced in ENT1-/- mice at 6 months of age. Increased CGRP immunoreactivity was detected in the spinal cords of female and male ENT1-/- mice compared to wild-type. GFAP- and IBA1-immunoreactivity were increased in female ENT1-/- mice compared to wild-type, suggesting an increase in nociceptive innervation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that ENT1-/- mice experience axial discomfort and/or stiffness and importantly that these features are detected during the early stages of spine calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Fournier
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Physical Therapy), Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Matthew A Veras
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Courtney R Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Diana Quinonez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Magali Millecamps
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0G1, Canada
| | - Laura S Stone
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0G1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Liang T, Gao B, Zhou J, Qiu X, Qiu J, Chen T, Liang Y, Gao W, Qiu X, Lin Y. Constructing intervertebral disc degeneration animal model: A review of current models. Front Surg 2023; 9:1089244. [PMID: 36969323 PMCID: PMC10036602 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1089244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is one of the top disorders that leads to disability and affects disability-adjusted life years (DALY) globally. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and subsequent discogenic pain composed major causes of low back pain. Recent studies have identified several important risk factors contributing to IDD's development, such as inflammation, mechanical imbalance, and aging. Based on these etiology findings, three categories of animal models for inducing IDD are developed: the damage-induced model, the mechanical model, and the spontaneous model. These models are essential measures in studying the natural history of IDD and finding the possible therapeutic target against IDD. In this review, we will discuss the technical details of these models, the duration between model establishment, the occurrence of observable degeneration, and the potential in different study ranges. In promoting future research for IDD, each animal model should examine its concordance with natural IDD pathogenesis in humans. We hope this review can enhance the understanding and proper use of multiple animal models, which may attract more attention to this disease and contribute to translation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzhou Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianjian Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taiqiu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Liang
- Department of Operating Theater, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence: Xuemei Qiu Youxi Lin
| | - Youxi Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence: Xuemei Qiu Youxi Lin
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Vincent KF, Bundock J, Dona CPG, Chenna SS, Mohanty S, Saini C, Hong J, Albert TJ, Dahia CL. Loss of lumbar disc height with age and its impact on pain and sensitivity associated behaviors in mice. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 32:848-858. [PMID: 36719517 PMCID: PMC9998347 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-023-07545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aging is a risk factor for several debilitating conditions including those related to chronic back pain and intervertebral disc degeneration, both of which have no cure. Mouse models are useful tools for studying disc degeneration and chronic back pain in a tightly controlled and clinically relevant aging environment. Moreover, mice offer the advantage of carrying out longitudinal studies to understand the etiology and progression of disc pathology induced by genetic or surgical strategies. Previously, age-related behavioral trends of discomfort and enhanced nociception in mice were reported; however, whether these measures are mediated by structural and pathological changes in the disc is unknown. METHODS The goal of the present observational study was to identify behavioral correlates of age-related degenerative changes in the disc. Towards this, we collected radiographs from 150 mice (77 females) between three and 23 months of age and measured the disc height index for each level of lumbar disc. Behavioral measures were collected on several of these mice which included rearing and distance travelled in an open field test; time spent in rearing, reaching, immobile, and self-suspended in the tail suspension test; bilateral hind paw licking in response to cold allodynia using acetone; and unilateral hind paw licking in response to heat hyperalgesia using capsaicin. RESULTS Results show that the lower lumbar discs lose height with age and these changes are independent of body composition measures including body weight, bone mineral density, fat mass, lean weight mass, percent fat mass, and percent lean mass. Disc height positively correlates with rearing and mobility in the open field test, immobility in the tail suspension test, and thermal hyperalgesia. Disc height negatively correlates with cold allodynia and rearing in the tail suspension test. Furthermore, mediation analysis shows that the lumbosacral disc significantly mediates the effect of age on rearing in the open field test, but not cold allodynia, suggesting this behavior is a useful measure of age-related axial discomfort due to disc degeneration. CONCLUSION In summary, the findings from the current study show that disc height are associated with measures of axial discomfort and nociception in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Vincent
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 East 71st St., New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jacqueline Bundock
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 East 71st St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | | | - Srish S Chenna
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 East 71st St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sarthak Mohanty
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 East 71st St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chandan Saini
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 East 71st St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Justin Hong
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 East 71st St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Todd J Albert
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chitra L Dahia
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 East 71st St., New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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9
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Diwan AD, Melrose J. Intervertebral disc degeneration and how it leads to low back pain. JOR Spine 2023; 6:e1231. [PMID: 36994466 PMCID: PMC10041390 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to evaluate data generated by animal models of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration published in the last decade and show how this has made invaluable contributions to the identification of molecular events occurring in and contributing to pain generation. IVD degeneration and associated spinal pain is a complex multifactorial process, its complexity poses difficulties in the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic target to focus on of many potential candidates in the formulation of strategies to alleviate pain perception and to effect disc repair and regeneration and the prevention of associated neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Nerve ingrowth and increased numbers of nociceptors and mechanoreceptors in the degenerate IVD are mechanically stimulated in the biomechanically incompetent abnormally loaded degenerate IVD leading to increased generation of low back pain. Maintenance of a healthy IVD is, thus, an important preventative measure that warrants further investigation to preclude the generation of low back pain. Recent studies with growth and differentiation factor 6 in IVD puncture and multi-level IVD degeneration models and a rat xenograft radiculopathy pain model have shown it has considerable potential in the prevention of further deterioration in degenerate IVDs, has regenerative properties that promote recovery of normal IVD architectural functional organization and inhibits the generation of inflammatory mediators that lead to disc degeneration and the generation of low back pain. Human clinical trials are warranted and eagerly anticipated with this compound to assess its efficacy in the treatment of IVD degeneration and the prevention of the generation of low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish D. Diwan
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George & Sutherland Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research LaboratoryKolling Institute, Sydney University Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Sydney Area Health District, Royal North Shore HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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10
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Song XX, Jin LY, Li Q, Li XF, Luo Y. Estrogen receptor β/substance P signaling in spinal cord mediates antinociceptive effect in a mouse model of discogenic low back pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1071012. [PMID: 36756381 PMCID: PMC9899865 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Discogenic low back pain (DLBP) is the most commonly described form of back pain. Our previous studies indicated that estrogen-dependent DLBP mechanism was mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs) in the intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue, and the IVD degeneration degree is accompanied by downregulation of ERs, particularly ERβ. However, the neuropathological mechanisms underlying ERs modulation of DLBP are still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the antinociceptive effects of selective ERβ agonists on DLBP-related behavior by regulating substance P in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Methods Two weeks after ovariectomies, 18-week-old female mice were randomly separated into four groups: control group; DLBP sham surgery plus vehicle group; DLBP plus vehicle group; DLBP plus ERβ-specific agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN) group. Behavioral data was collected including behavioral measures of axial back pain (grip force and tail suspension tests) and radiating hypersensitivity (mechanical sensitivity and cold sensitivity test). Dual label scanning confocal immunofluorescence microscopy was used to observe spatial colocalization of ERβ and substance P in spinal cord. Substance P changes in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia were measured by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. Results ERβ activation could improve both axial and radiating behavioral disorders of DLBP. DPN facilitated the decrease of the amount of time in immobility 1 week after agonist administration. At the time point of 3 weeks, DPN group spent significantly less time in immobility than the vehicle group. In the grip strength tests, starting from postoperative week 1-week 3, DPN injection DLBP mice showed more resistance to stretch than the vehicle injection DLBP mice. Significant differences of cold withdrawal latency time were observed between the DLBP plus DPN injection and DLBP vehicle injection groups at 2- and 3-week injection time point. DPN significantly reversed the paw withdrawal threshold of DLBP mice at the time point of 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Substance P colocalized with ERβ in spinal dorsal horn, mainly in laminae I and II, a connection site of pain transmission. Substance P levels in dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia of DLBP group were distinctly increased compared with that of control and DLBP sham group. DPN therapy could decrease substance P content in the dorsal horn and the dorsal root ganglia of DLBP mice compared with that of vehicle-treated DLBP mice. Discussion Activation of ERβ is antinociceptive in the DLBP model by controlling substance P in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia, which might provide a therapeutic target to manage DLBP in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xing Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Yu Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Feng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xin-Feng Li,
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Yan Luo,
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11
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Liang QQ, Yao M, Cui XJ, Li ZY, Zhou AF, Li G, Zhou LY, Pu PM, Zhu K, Zheng Z, Wang YJ. Chronic spinal cord compression associated with intervertebral disc degeneration in SPARC-null mice. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:634-642. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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12
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Tang SN, Bonilla AF, Chahine NO, Colbath AC, Easley JT, Grad S, Haglund L, Le Maitre CL, Leung V, McCoy AM, Purmessur D, Tang SY, Zeiter S, Smith LJ. Controversies in spine research: Organ culture versus in vivo models for studies of the intervertebral disc. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1235. [PMID: 36601369 PMCID: PMC9799089 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a common cause of low back pain, the leading cause of disability worldwide. Appropriate preclinical models for intervertebral disc research are essential to achieving a better understanding of underlying pathophysiology and for the development, evaluation, and translation of more effective treatments. To this end, in vivo animal and ex vivo organ culture models are both widely used by spine researchers; however, the relative strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches are a source of ongoing controversy. In this article, members from the Spine and Preclinical Models Sections of the Orthopedic Research Society, including experts in both basic and translational spine research, present contrasting arguments in support of in vivo animal models versus ex vivo organ culture models for studies of the disc, supported by a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The objective is to provide a deeper understanding of the respective advantages and limitations of these approaches, and advance the field toward a consensus with respect to appropriate model selection and implementation. We conclude that complementary use of several model types and leveraging the unique advantages of each is likely to result in the highest impact research in most instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley N. Tang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andres F. Bonilla
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Nadeen O. Chahine
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Aimee C. Colbath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jeremiah T. Easley
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | | | | | | | - Victor Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyThe University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Annette M. McCoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Simon Y. Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Lachlan J. Smith
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research CenterCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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13
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Tang SN, Walter BA, Heimann MK, Gantt CC, Khan SN, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Askwith CC, Purmessur D. In vivo Mouse Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Models and Their Utility as Translational Models of Clinical Discogenic Back Pain: A Comparative Review. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:894651. [PMID: 35812017 PMCID: PMC9261914 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.894651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide and studies have demonstrated intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration as a major risk factor. While many in vitro models have been developed and used to study IVD pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies, the etiology of IVD degeneration is a complex multifactorial process involving crosstalk of nearby tissues and systemic effects. Thus, the use of appropriate in vivo models is necessary to fully understand the associated molecular, structural, and functional changes and how they relate to pain. Mouse models have been widely adopted due to accessibility and ease of genetic manipulation compared to other animal models. Despite their small size, mice lumbar discs demonstrate significant similarities to the human IVD in terms of geometry, structure, and mechanical properties. While several different mouse models of IVD degeneration exist, greater standardization of the methods for inducing degeneration and the development of a consistent set of output measurements could allow mouse models to become a stronger tool for clinical translation. This article reviews current mouse models of IVD degeneration in the context of clinical translation and highlights a critical set of output measurements for studying disease pathology or screening regenerative therapies with an emphasis on pain phenotyping. First, we summarized and categorized these models into genetic, age-related, and mechanically induced. Then, the outcome parameters assessed in these models are compared including, molecular, cellular, functional/structural, and pain assessments for both evoked and spontaneous pain. These comparisons highlight a set of potential key parameters that can be used to validate the model and inform its utility to screen potential therapies for IVD degeneration and their translation to the human condition. As treatment of symptomatic pain is important, this review provides an emphasis on critical pain-like behavior assessments in mice and explores current behavioral assessments relevant to discogenic back pain. Overall, the specific research question was determined to be essential to identify the relevant model with histological staining, imaging, extracellular matrix composition, mechanics, and pain as critical parameters for assessing degeneration and regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley N. Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Walter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mary K. Heimann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Connor C. Gantt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Safdar N. Khan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Candice C. Askwith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Devina Purmessur ;
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Costăchescu B, Niculescu AG, Teleanu RI, Iliescu BF, Rădulescu M, Grumezescu AM, Dabija MG. Recent Advances in Managing Spinal Intervertebral Discs Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6460. [PMID: 35742903 PMCID: PMC9223374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) represents a frequent and debilitating condition affecting a large part of the global population and posing a worldwide health and economic burden. The major cause of LBP is intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a complex disease that can further aggravate and give rise to severe spine problems. As most of the current treatments for IDD either only alleviate the associated symptoms or expose patients to the risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications, there is a pressing need to develop better therapeutic strategies. In this respect, the present paper first describes the pathogenesis and etiology of IDD to set the framework for what has to be combated to restore the normal state of intervertebral discs (IVDs), then further elaborates on the recent advances in managing IDD. Specifically, there are reviewed bioactive compounds and growth factors that have shown promising potential against underlying factors of IDD, cell-based therapies for IVD regeneration, biomimetic artificial IVDs, and several other emerging IDD therapeutic options (e.g., exosomes, RNA approaches, and artificial intelligence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Costăchescu
- “Gr. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (B.C.); (B.F.I.); (M.G.D.)
- “Prof. Dr. N. Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Raluca Ioana Teleanu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, “Dr. Victor Gomoiu” Children’s Hospital, 022102 Bucharest, Romania;
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Florin Iliescu
- “Gr. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (B.C.); (B.F.I.); (M.G.D.)
- “Prof. Dr. N. Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Marius Rădulescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-G.N.); (A.M.G.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Gabriel Dabija
- “Gr. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (B.C.); (B.F.I.); (M.G.D.)
- “Prof. Dr. N. Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
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15
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Li W, Zhang S, Wang D, Zhang H, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Wang M, Ding Z, Xu S, Gao B, Yan M. Exosomes Immunity Strategy: A Novel Approach for Ameliorating Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:822149. [PMID: 35223870 PMCID: PMC8870130 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.822149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP), which is one of the most severe medical and social problems globally, has affected nearly 80% of the population worldwide, and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common musculoskeletal disorder that happens to be the primary trigger of LBP. The pathology of IDD is based on the impaired homeostasis of catabolism and anabolism in the extracellular matrix (ECM), uncontrolled activation of immunologic cascades, dysfunction, and loss of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in addition to dynamic cellular and biochemical alterations in the microenvironment of intervertebral disc (IVD). Currently, the main therapeutic approach regarding IDD is surgical intervention, but it could not considerably cure IDD. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm, are secreted by various kinds of cell types like stem cells, tumor cells, immune cells, and endothelial cells; the lipid bilayer of the exosomes protects them from ribonuclease degradation and helps improve their biological efficiency in recipient cells. Increasing lines of evidence have reported the promising applications of exosomes in immunological diseases, and regarded exosomes as a potential therapeutic source for IDD. This review focuses on clarifying novel therapies based on exosomes derived from different cell sources and the essential roles of exosomes in regulating IDD, especially the immunologic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shilei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan University, Yanan, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Quan Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuyuan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mo Wang
- The First Brigade of Basic Medical College, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ziyi Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Songjie Xu
- Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Songjie Xu, ; Bo Gao, ; Ming Yan,
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Songjie Xu, ; Bo Gao, ; Ming Yan,
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Songjie Xu, ; Bo Gao, ; Ming Yan,
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16
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Lee S, Jang SH, Suzuki-Narita M, Gregoire S, Millecamps M, Stone LS. Voluntary running attenuates behavioural signs of low back pain: dimorphic regulation of intervertebral disc inflammation in male and female SPARC-null mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:110-123. [PMID: 34534663 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of running exercise on behavioral measures of pain and intervertebral disc (IVD) inflammation in the SPARC-null mouse model. METHODS Male and female 8-month old SPARC-null and age-matched control mice received a home cage running wheel or a control, fixed wheel for 6 months. Behavioral assays were performed to assess axial discomfort (grip test) and radiating leg pain (von Frey, acetone tests) and voluntary running was confirmed. Expression of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL5, RANKL, M-CSF, and VEGF) in IVDs was determined. Additional inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-1Ra, CXCR1, CXCR2) and macrophage phenotypic markers (ITGAM, CD80, CD86, CD206, Arg1) in IVDs were investigated by qPCR. RESULTS Voluntary running attenuated behavioral measures of pain in male and female SPARC-null mice. Increases in mediators including IL-1β, CXCL1 and CXCL5 were observed in SPARC-null compared to control IVDs. After 6 months of running, increases in M-CSF and VEGF were observed in male SPARC-null IVDs. In females, pro-inflammatory mediators, including CXCL1 and CXCL5 were downregulated by running in SPARC-null mice. qPCR analysis further confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of running in female IVDs with increased IL-1Ra mRNA. Running induced upregulation of the macrophage marker ITGAM mRNA in males. CONCLUSIONS Voluntary running reversed behavioral signs of pain in male and female mice and reduced inflammatory mediators in females, but not males. Thus, the therapeutic mechanism of action may be sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S H Jang
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Suzuki-Narita
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - S Gregoire
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Millecamps
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L S Stone
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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17
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Exercise attenuates low back pain and alters epigenetic regulation in intervertebral discs in a mouse model. Spine J 2021; 21:1938-1949. [PMID: 34116218 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Chronic low back pain (LBP) is a multifactorial disorder with complex underlying mechanisms, including associations with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration in some individuals. It has been demonstrated that epigenetic processes are involved in the pathology of IVD degeneration. Epigenetics refers to several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, that have the ability to change gene expression without inducing any change in the underlying DNA sequence. DNA methylation can alter the entire state of a tissue for an extended period of time and thus could potentially be harnessed for long-term pain relief. Lifestyle factors, such as physical activity, have a strong influence on epigenetic regulation. Exercise is a commonly prescribed treatment for chronic LBP, and sex-specific epigenetic adaptations in response to endurance exercise have been reported. However, whether exercise interventions that attenuate LBP are associated with epigenetic alterations in degenerating IVDs has not been evaluated. PURPOSE We hypothesize that the therapeutic efficacy of physical activity is mediated, at least in part, at the epigenetic level. The purpose of this study was to use the SPARC-null mouse model of LBP associated with IVD degeneration to clarify (1) if IVD degeneration is associated with altered expression of epigenetic regulatory genes in the IVDs, (2) if epigenetic regulatory machinery is sensitive to therapeutic environmental intervention, and (3) if there are sex-specific differences in (1) and/or (2). STUDY DESIGN Eight-month-old male and female SPARC-null and age-matched control (WT) mice (n=108) were assigned to exercise (n=56) or sedentary (n=52) groups. Deletion of SPARC is associated with progressive IVD degeneration and behavioral signs of LBP. The exercise group received a circular plastic home cage running wheel on which they could run freely. The sedentary group received an identical wheel secured in place to prevent rotation. After 6 months, the results obtained in each group were compared. METHODS After 6 months of exercise, LBP-related behavioral indices were determined, and global DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine) and epigenetic regulatory gene mRNA expression in IVDs were assessed. This project was supported by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. The authors have no conflicts of interest. RESULTS Lumbar IVDs from WT sedentary and SPARC-null sedentary mice had similar levels of global DNA methylation (%5-mC) and comparable mRNA expression of epigenetic regulatory genes (Dnmt1,3a,b, Mecp2, Mbd2a,b, Tet1-3) in both sexes. Exercise attenuated LBP-related behaviors, decreased global DNA methylation in both WT (p<.05) and SPARC-null mice (p<.01) and reduced mRNA expression of Mecp2 in SPARC-null mice (p<.05). Sex-specific effects of exercise on expression of mRNA were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Exercise alleviates LBP in a mouse model. This may be mediated, in part, by changes in the epigenetic regulatory machinery in degenerating IVDs. Epigenetic alterations due to a lifestyle change could have a long-lasting therapeutic impact by changing tissue homeostasis in IVDs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study confirmed the therapeutic benefits of exercise on LBP and suggests that exercise results in sex-specific alterations in epigenetic regulation in IVDs. Elucidating the effects of exercise on epigenetic regulation may enable the discovery of novel gene targets or new strategies to improve the treatment of chronic LBP.
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18
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Jang SH, Lee S, Millecamps M, Danco A, Kang H, Grégoire S, Suzuki‐Narita M, Stone LS. Effect of voluntary running activity on mRNA expression of extracellular matrix genes in a mouse model of intervertebral disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2021; 4:e1148. [PMID: 34611584 PMCID: PMC8479527 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low back pain (LBP), a leading cause of global disability, is often associated with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Exercise therapy is recommended for chronic LBP management and affects many tissues and organ systems. However, the ability of exercise to repair the extracellular matrix (ECM) in degenerating discs is unclear. The aims of the study were to examine mRNA expression of ECM structural components (collagen I, II, X, aggrecan) and regulators of matrix turnover (matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-3, - 9, - 13, ADAMTS-4, - 5, TIMP1-4, CCN2) between age-matched (a) wild-type and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)-null, (b) sedentary and active, and (c) male and female mice. METHODS At 8 months of age, male and female SPARC-null and wild-type control mice received a home cage running wheel or a control, fixed wheel for 6 months. Deletion of the SPARC gene results in progressive IDD beginning at 2 to 4 months of age. Increased activity was confirmed, and qPCR was performed on excised lumbar discs. RESULTS Male SPARC-null mice expressed less aggrecan mRNA than wild-type controls. After 6 months of running, collagen, MMP3, and MMP13 expression was increased in male and MMP3 was increased in female SPARC-null mice. Sex differences were observed in wild-type mice and in response to IDD and long-term running. CONCLUSIONS Voluntary running results in changes in mRNA consistent with increased ECM turnover and disc regeneration. Improved disc ECM might contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise on LBP and may create an intradiscal environment hospitable to regenerative therapies. Sex-specific differences should be considered in the development of disc-targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ho Jang
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Magali Millecamps
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Alexander Danco
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - HyungMo Kang
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Stéphanie Grégoire
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Miyako Suzuki‐Narita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Laura S. Stone
- Faculty of DentistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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19
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Deng M, Kong Q. Establishment of a Rabbit Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model by Percutaneous Posterolateral Puncturing of Lumbar Discs Under Local Anesthesia. World Neurosurg 2021; 154:e830-e837. [PMID: 34403799 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An anterior approach is applied to establish the majority of rabbit intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) models in current studies. However, for research on disc repair via biomaterial implantation and tissue engineering, this traditional model establishment method has many shortcomings, such as the risk of general anesthesia, unnecessary tissue damage, and the influence of scar formation on the visual field for secondary implantation surgery. The aim of this study was to report a modified method of establishing an IDD model by applying percutaneous posterolateral puncturing for rabbit lumbar disc surgery under local anesthesia. METHODS We built a rabbit model of IDD by percutaneous posterolateral annulus fibrosus puncturing (AFP) (with or without nucleus pulposus aspiration [NPA]) under local anesthesia. Then, we analyzed the outcome after 12 weeks via magnetic resonance images, disc height changes, and disc histologic grades determined from morphologic observation and histologic analyses (hematoxylin and eosin and safranin-O staining and type II collagen expression analysis). RESULTS The IDD model was successfully built based on both AFP and AFP/NPA, as demonstrated by the results of magnetic resonance imaging index, morphologic, and histologic analyses. Both methods can successfully produce an IDD model after 12 weeks. However, we found that the addition of NPA significantly enhanced the modeling results. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that percutaneous posterolateral AFP/NPA of rabbit lumbar discs under local anesthesia is a minimally invasive, safe and reproducible method of establishing an IDD model. The posterolateral surgical approach is especially suitable for disc regeneration studies that require secondary biomaterial implantation via an anterior approach after the IDD model is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Joint Research Institute of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mingyan Deng
- WestChina-California Research Center for Predictive Intervention Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingquan Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Joint Research Institute of Altitude Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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20
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Millecamps M, Lee S, Foster DZ, Stone LS. Disc degeneration spreads: long-term behavioural, histologic and radiologic consequences of a single-level disc injury in active and sedentary mice. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021; 30:2238-2246. [PMID: 34216236 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-021-06893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A multi-cohort, case-control rodent study. PURPOSE Investigate the long-term behavioural, histologic and radiologic consequences on the complete lumbar spine of L4/5 intervertebral disc (IVD) injury in mice and determine if increased physical activity mitigates the observed changes. METHODS Cohorts of 2-month-old CD1 female mice underwent a single ventral puncture of the L4/5 IVD. 0.5-, 3- or 12-months after injury, general health (body weight and locomotor capacity), behavioural signs of axial discomfort (tail suspension, grip strength and FlexMaze assays) and radiating pain (von Frey and acetone tests) were assessed. Experimental groups with free access to an activity wheel in their home cages were including in the 12-month cohort. Lumbar disc status was determined using colorimetric staining and radiologic (X-ray and T2-MRI) analysis. Innervation was measured by immunoreactivity for PGP9.5 and calcitonin gene-related peptide. RESULTS No changes in general health or persistent signs of axial discomfort were observed up to one year post-injury. In contrast, signs of radiating pain developed in injured mice at 3 months post-injury, persisted up to 12 months and were reversed by long-term physical activity. At 12-months post-injury, degeneration was observed in non-injured lumbar discs. Secondary degenerating IVDs were similar to the injured discs by X-ray (narrowing) and T2-MRI (internal disc disruption) but did not show abnormal innervation. Increased physical activity had no impact on mechanically injured IVDs, but attenuated disc narrowing at other lumbar levels. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical injury of L4/5-IVDs induces delayed radiating pain and degeneration of adjacent discs; increased physical activity positively mitigated both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Millecamps
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research On Pain, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, suite 3200, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research On Pain, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, suite 3200, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Daniel Z Foster
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research On Pain, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, suite 3200, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Laura S Stone
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research On Pain, McGill University, 740 Dr. Penfield Ave, suite 3200, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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21
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Li Z, Wang J, Deng X, Huang D, Shao Z, Ma K. Compression stress induces nucleus pulposus cell autophagy by inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and activation of the JNK pathway. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:337-349. [PMID: 32180463 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1736578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are related to compression stress-induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cell autophagy, but the specific mechanism is unknown in compression stress-induced intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Here, we discuss the specific molecular mechanism and explore whether ROS scavengers could be employed as specific drugs to inhibit compression stress-induced IVDD.Methods: Rat NP cells were exposed to 1.0 MPa compression and pretreatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or the JNK-selective inhibitor SP600125 not. Intracellular ROS production was monitored by confocal microscopy. Autophagy was detected by observing the NP cell ultrastructural features using TEM and examining autophagic vacuoles by flow cytometry. The levels of autophagy-associated molecules, the JNK pathway and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were analyzed by western blotting.Results: Compression-mediated autophagy in rat NP cells was implicated in ROS generation. The ROS scavenger NAC could protect compression-induced NP cell injures by inhibiting ROS production. And SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, attenuated compression-induced NP cell autophagy. Additionally, this is the first report showing that compression induces autophagy in rat NP cells by impeding the compression-induced ROS dependent PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and the ROS independent activation of JNK pathway. And the involvement of JNK pathway was in different mechanism of action that when inhibited leaded to increased cell death, increased generation of ROS but decreased autophagy.Conclusions: These results show a new regulatory mechanism involving ROS-mediated autophagy in rat NP cells, which may provide ideas for drug development to improve compression stress-induced IVDD and help avoid eventual surgical treatment of IVD herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyu Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghua Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaige Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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22
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Kerr GJ, To B, White I, Millecamps M, Beier F, Grol MW, Stone LS, Séguin CA. Diet-induced obesity leads to behavioral indicators of pain preceding structural joint damage in wild-type mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:93. [PMID: 33752736 PMCID: PMC7983381 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is one of the largest modifiable risk factors for the development of musculoskeletal diseases, including intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and back pain. Despite the clinical association, no studies have directly assessed whether diet-induced obesity accelerates IVD degeneration, back pain, or investigated the biological mediators underlying this association. In this study, we examine the effects of chronic consumption of a high-fat or high-fat/high-sugar (western) diet on the IVD, knee joint, and pain-associated outcomes. Methods Male C57BL/6N mice were randomized into one of three diet groups (chow control; high-fat; high-fat, high-sugar western diet) at 10 weeks of age and remained on the diet for 12, 24, or 40 weeks. At endpoint, animals were assessed for behavioral indicators of pain, joint tissues were collected for histological and molecular analysis, serum was collected to assess for markers of systemic inflammation, and IBA-1, GFAP, and CGRP were measured in spinal cords by immunohistochemistry. Results Animals fed obesogenic (high-fat or western) diets showed behavioral indicators of pain beginning at 12 weeks and persisting up to 40 weeks of diet consumption. Histological indicators of moderate joint degeneration were detected in the IVD and knee following 40 weeks on the experimental diets. Mice fed the obesogenic diets showed synovitis, increased intradiscal expression of inflammatory cytokines and circulating levels of MCP-1 compared to control. Linear regression modeling demonstrated that age and diet were both significant predictors of most pain-related behavioral outcomes, but not histopathological joint degeneration. Synovitis was associated with alterations in spontaneous activity. Conclusion Diet-induced obesity accelerates IVD degeneration and knee OA in mice; however, pain-related behaviors precede and are independent of histopathological structural damage. These findings contribute to understanding the source of obesity-related back pain and the contribution of structural IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Kerr
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Bethia To
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ian White
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Magali Millecamps
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Matthew W Grol
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Laura S Stone
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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23
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Huang X, Zheng C, Wang W, Ye X, Lin CY, Wu Z. The Effect and Possible Mechanism of Intradiscal Injection of Simvastatin in the Treatment of Discogenic Pain in Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642436. [PMID: 33815046 PMCID: PMC8010318 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of intradiscal injection of simvastatin on discogenic pain in rats and its possible mechanism, 30 adult female rats were used in this experiment. Twenty rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Control group), intervertebral disk degeneration group (DDD group), intervertebral disk degeneration + hydrogel group (DDD + GEL group), and intervertebral disk degeneration + simvastatin group (DDD + SIM group). The mechanical pain threshold and cold sensation in rats were measured. The contents of NF-kappa B1, RelA, GAP43, SP, CGRP, TRPM 8, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the intervertebral disk (IVD), the corresponding contents of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and plantar skin GAP43 and TRPM 8 were quantitatively detected by PCR. The corresponding IVDs were stained to detect their degeneration. There was no significant difference in the mechanical pain threshold between the groups at each time point. From the first day to the 8th week after surgery, the cold-sensing response of the DDD group was significantly higher than that of the Control group (P < 0.05). At 7 and 8 weeks postoperatively, the cold-sensing response of the DDD + SIM group was significantly lower than that of the DDD + GEL group (P < 0.05). The levels of NF-κB1, RelA, GAP43, SP, CGRP, TRPM8, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the IVD of DDD + SIM group were significantly lower than those in DDD group (P < 0.05). The content of GAP43 and TRPM8 in rat plantar skin decreased significantly and TRPM8 in DRG decreased significantly (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Changkun Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Weiheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Zenghui Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
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24
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Whittal MC, Molladavoodi S, Zwambag DP, Millecamps M, Stone LS, Gregory DE. Mechanical Consequence of Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in the SPARC-Null Mouse. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:024501. [PMID: 32734296 DOI: 10.1115/1.4047995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with low back pain (LBP) and accompanied by mechanical changes to the spine. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a protein that contributes to the functioning and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. SPARC-null mice display accelerated IVD degeneration and pain-associated behaviors. This study examined if SPARC-null mice also display altered spine mechanics as compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Lumbar spines from SPARC-null (n = 36) and WT (n = 18) mice aged 14-25 months were subjected to cyclic axial tension and compression to determine neutral zone (NZ) length and stiffness. Three separate mechanical tests were completed for each spine to determine the effect of the number of IVDs tested in series (one versus two versus three IVDs). SPARC-null spine NZs were both stiffer (p < 0.001) and smaller in length (p < 0.001) than WT spines. There was an effect of the number of IVDs tested in series for NZ length but not NZ stiffness when collapsed across condition (SPARC-null and WT). Correlation analysis revealed a weak negative correlation (r = -0.24) between age and NZ length in SPARC-null mice and a weak positive correlation (r = 0.30) between age and NZ stiffness in WT mice. In conclusion, SPARC-null mice had stiffer and smaller NZs than WT mice, regardless of the number of IVDs in series being tested. The increased stiffness of these IVDs likely influences mobility at these spinal joints thereby potentially contributing to low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel C Whittal
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5, Canada
| | - Sara Molladavoodi
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5, Canada
| | - Derek P Zwambag
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5, Canada
| | - Magali Millecamps
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Laura S Stone
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Diane E Gregory
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education/Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2 L 3C5, Canada
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25
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Lyu FJ, Cui H, Pan H, MC Cheung K, Cao X, Iatridis JC, Zheng Z. Painful intervertebral disc degeneration and inflammation: from laboratory evidence to clinical interventions. Bone Res 2021; 9:7. [PMID: 33514693 PMCID: PMC7846842 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP), as a leading cause of disability, is a common musculoskeletal disorder that results in major social and economic burdens. Recent research has identified inflammation and related signaling pathways as important factors in the onset and progression of disc degeneration, a significant contributor to LBP. Inflammatory mediators also play an indispensable role in discogenic LBP. The suppression of LBP is a primary goal of clinical practice but has not received enough attention in disc research studies. Here, an overview of the advances in inflammation-related pain in disc degeneration is provided, with a discussion on the role of inflammation in IVD degeneration and pain induction. Puncture models, mechanical models, and spontaneous models as the main animal models to study painful disc degeneration are discussed, and the underlying signaling pathways are summarized. Furthermore, potential drug candidates, either under laboratory investigation or undergoing clinical trials, to suppress discogenic LBP by eliminating inflammation are explored. We hope to attract more research interest to address inflammation and pain in IDD and contribute to promoting more translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Lyu
- grid.79703.3a0000 0004 1764 3838School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haowen Cui
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hehai Pan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XBreast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth MC Cheung
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Xu Cao
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - James C. Iatridis
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XPain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Zhang XB, Hu YC, Cheng P, Zhou HY, Chen XY, Wu D, Zhang RH, Yu DC, Gao XD, Shi JT, Zhang K, Li SL, Song PJ, Wang KP. Targeted therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration: inhibiting apoptosis is a promising treatment strategy. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2799-2813. [PMID: 34220308 PMCID: PMC8241771 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.59171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is a multifactorial pathological process associated with low back pain (LBP). The pathogenesis is complicated, and the main pathological changes are IVD cell apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Apoptotic cell loss leads to ECM degradation, which plays an essential role in IDD pathogenesis. Apoptosis regulation may be a potential attractive therapeutic strategy for IDD. Previous studies have shown that IVD cell apoptosis is mainly induced by the death receptor pathway, mitochondrial pathway, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway. This article mainly summarizes the factors that induce IDD and apoptosis, the relationship between the three apoptotic pathways and IDD, and potential therapeutic strategies. Preliminary animal and cell experiments show that targeting apoptotic pathway genes or drug inhibition can effectively inhibit IVD cell apoptosis and slow IDD progression. Targeted apoptotic pathway inhibition may be an effective strategy to alleviate IDD at the gene level. This manuscript provides new insights and ideas for IDD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Department of Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Yi-Cun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Ding Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Rui-Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - De-Chen Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Xi-Dan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Jin-Tao Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Shao-Long Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Peng-Jie Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Ke-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.,Xigu District People's Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
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27
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Mern DS, Walsen T, Beierfuß A, Thomé C. Animal models of regenerative medicine for biological treatment approaches of degenerative disc diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:483-512. [PMID: 33175609 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220969123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a painful, chronic and progressive disease, which is characterized by inflammation, structural and biological deterioration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues. DDD is specified as cell-, age-, and genetic-dependent degenerative process that can be accelerated by environmental factors. It is one of the major causes of chronic back pain and disability affecting millions of people globally. Current treatment options, such as physical rehabilitation, pain management, and surgical intervention, can provide only temporary pain relief. Different animal models have been used to study the process of IVD degeneration and develop therapeutic options that may restore the structure and function of degenerative discs. Several research works have depicted considerable progress in understanding the biological basis of disc degeneration and the therapeutic potentials of cell transplantation, gene therapy, applications of supporting biomaterials and bioactive factors, or a combination thereof. Since animal models play increasingly significant roles in treatment approaches of DDD, we conducted an electronic database search on Medline through June 2020 to identify, compare, and discuss publications regarding biological therapeutic approaches of DDD that based on intradiscal treatment strategies. We provide an up-to-date overview of biological treatment strategies in animal models including mouse, rat, rabbit, porcine, bovine, ovine, caprine, canine, and primate models. Although no animal model could profoundly reproduce the clinical conditions in humans; animal models have played important roles in specifying our knowledge about the pathophysiology of DDD. They are crucial for developing new therapy approaches for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Walsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Anja Beierfuß
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Claudius Thomé
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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Hu S, Fu Y, Yan B, Shen Z, Lan T. Analysis of key genes and pathways associated with the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15:371. [PMID: 32873329 PMCID: PMC7465721 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-01902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is widely known as the main contributor to low back pain which has a negative socioeconomic impact worldwide. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to analyze the dataset GSE23130 using bioinformatics methods to identify the pivotal genes and pathways associated with IDD. MATERIAL/METHODS The gene expression data of GSE23130 was downloaded, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted from 8 samples and 15 controls. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Also, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and visualized, followed by identification of hub genes and key module. RESULTS A total of 30 downregulated and 79 upregulated genes were identified. The DEGs were mainly enriched in the regulation of protein catabolic process, extracellular matrix organization, collagen fibril organization, and extracellular structure organization. Meanwhile, we found that most DEGs were primarily enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The top 10 hub genes were FN1, COL1A2, SPARC, COL3A1, CTGF, LUM, TIMP1, THBS2, COL5A2, and TGFB1. CONCLUSIONS In summary, key candidate genes and pathways were identified by using integrated bioinformatics analysis, which may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms and offer potential target genes for the treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yucheng Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Tao Lan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Lee S, Millecamps M, Foster DZ, Stone LS. Long-term histological analysis of innervation and macrophage infiltration in a mouse model of intervertebral disc injury-induced low back pain. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1238-1247. [PMID: 31814143 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of global disability. Multiple anatomical, cellular, and molecular factors are implicated in LBP, including the degeneration of lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs). We previously described a mouse model that displays behavioral symptoms of chronic LBP. Here, we investigated the development of pathological innervation and macrophage infiltration into injured IVDs following a puncture injury in mice over 12 months. 2-month old CD1 female mice underwent a single puncture of the ventral L4/5 IVD using a 30G needle, and were sacrificed 4 days and 0.5-, 3-, 6- and 12-months post-injury. Severity of disc degeneration was assessed using colorimetric staining. IVD innervation was measured by PGP9.5-immunoreactivity (-ir) and calcitonin gene-related peptide-ir (CGRP-ir). Macrophage accumulation into IVDs was detected by F4/80-ir. Mechanical IVD injury resulted in severe degeneration and increased PGP9.5-ir nerve fiber density starting at 4 days that persisted for up to 12 months and dorsal herniations began to occur at 3 months. CGRP-ir was also upregulated in injured IVDs, with the largest increase at 12 months after injury. Infiltration of F4/80-ir macrophages was observed in injured IVDs by day 4 both dorsally and ventrally, with the latter diminishing in the later stage. Persistent LBP is a complex disease with multiple underlying pathologies. By highlighting pathological changes in IVD innervation and inflammation, our study suggests that strategies targeting these mechanisms might be useful therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Lee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Magali Millecamps
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Z Foster
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura S Stone
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Glaeser JD, Tawackoli W, Ju DG, Yang JH, Kanim LEA, Salehi K, Yu V, Saidara E, Vit J, Khnkoyan Z, NaPier Z, Stone LS, Bae HW, Sheyn D. Optimization of a rat lumbar IVD degeneration model for low back pain. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1092. [PMID: 32613167 PMCID: PMC7323460 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is often associated with low back pain and radiating leg pain. The purpose of this study is to develop a reproducible and standardized preclinical model of painful lumbar IVD degeneration by evaluation of structural and behavioral changes in response to IVD injury with increasing needle sizes. This model can be used to develop new therapies for IVD degeneration. METHODS Forty-five female Sprague Dawley rats underwent anterior lumbar disc needle puncture at levels L4-5 and L5-6 under fluoroscopic guidance. Animals were randomly assigned to four different experimental groups: needle sizes of 18 Gauge (G), 21G, 23G, and sham control. To monitor the progression of IVD degeneration and pain, the following methods were employed: μMRI, qRT-PCR, histology, and biobehavioral analysis. RESULTS T1- and T2-weighted μMRI analysis showed a correlation between the degree of IVD degeneration and needle diameter, with the most severe degeneration in the 18G group. mRNA expression of markers for IVD degeneration markers were dysregulated in the 18G and 21G groups, while pro-nociceptive markers were increased in the 18G group only. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Alcian Blue/Picrosirius Red staining confirmed the most pronounced IVD degeneration in the 18G group. Randall-Selitto and von Frey tests showed increased hindpaw sensitivity in the 18G group. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that anterior disc injury with an 18G needle creates severe IVD degeneration and mechanical hypersensitivity, while the 21G needle results in moderate degeneration with no increased pain sensitivity. Therefore, needle sizes should be selected depending on the desired phenotype for the pre-clinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane D. Glaeser
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wafa Tawackoli
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of SurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Biomedical Imaging Research InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Derek G. Ju
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jae H. Yang
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryKorea University Guro HospitalSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Linda EA Kanim
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Khosrowdad Salehi
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Victoria Yu
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Evan Saidara
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jean‐Phillipe Vit
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Zhanna Khnkoyan
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Zachary NaPier
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura S. Stone
- McGill University, Faculty of DentistryAlan Edwards Centre for Research on PainMontrealCanada
| | - Hyun W. Bae
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dmitriy Sheyn
- Orthopaedic Stem Cell Research LaboratoryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine InstituteCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of OrthopedicsCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of SurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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The geriatric pain experience in mice: intact cutaneous thresholds but altered responses to tonic and chronic pain. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 89:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rahyussalim AJ, Zufar MLL, Kurniawati T. Significance of the Association between Disc Degeneration Changes on Imaging and Low Back Pain: A Review Article. Asian Spine J 2020; 14:245-257. [PMID: 31679325 PMCID: PMC7113468 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2019.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a major health issue resulting in a huge economic burden on the community. It not only increases the medical costs directly, but also raises the disability and loss of productivity in the general population. Symptoms include local pain over the spinal area, pain radiating to the lower leg, stiffness, and muscle tension. LBP is strongly linked with intervertebral disc degeneration that is further associated with the disruption of the complex anatomy of nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and adjacent supporting structures of the spine. Change in the shape and intensity of nucleus pulposus, decreased disc height, disc herniation, vertebral endplate changes, presence of osteophyte, and posterior high intensity zones are degenerative changes found in imaging studies. Every feature is considered while grading the severity score. Modic changes, DEBIT (disc extension beyond interspace) score, and Pfirrmann criteria are some of the scoring criteria used for evaluating disc degeneration severity. Moreover, the total number and contiguous pattern of affected discs play a crucial role in symptom generation of back pain. Many studies have reported asymptomatic patients. Thus, the correlation between degeneration severity found in imaging study and symptom severity of LBP remain unclear. This review discusses and summarizes the available literature on the significance of the association between the severity of degenerative changes found in imaging study with the presence and intensity of LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jabir Rahyussalim
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Cipto Mangukusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Luqman Labib Zufar
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Cipto Mangukusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tri Kurniawati
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Cluster, Cipto Mangukusumo Hospital, MERC Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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González-Cano R, Montilla-García Á, Ruiz-Cantero MC, Bravo-Caparrós I, Tejada MÁ, Nieto FR, Cobos EJ. The search for translational pain outcomes to refine analgesic development: Where did we come from and where are we going? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:238-261. [PMID: 32147529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pain measures traditionally used in rodents record mere reflexes evoked by sensory stimuli; the results thus may not fully reflect the human pain phenotype. Alterations in physical and emotional functioning, pain-depressed behaviors and facial pain expressions were recently proposed as additional pain outcomes to provide a more accurate measure of clinical pain in rodents, and hence to potentially enhance analgesic drug development. We aimed to review how preclinical pain assessment has evolved since the development of the tail flick test in 1941, with a particular focus on a critical analysis of some nonstandard pain outcomes, and a consideration of how sex differences may affect the performance of these pain surrogates. We tracked original research articles in Medline for the following periods: 1973-1977, 1983-1987, 1993-1997, 2003-2007, and 2014-2018. We identified 606 research articles about alternative surrogate pain measures, 473 of which were published between 2014 and 2018. This indicates that preclinical pain assessment is moving toward the use of these measures, which may soon become standard procedures in preclinical pain laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Montilla-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Ruiz-Cantero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Bravo-Caparrós
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Á Tejada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Francisco R Nieto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Teófilo Hernando Institute for Drug Discovery, Madrid, Spain.
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Autologous fibroblasts induce fibrosis of the nucleus pulposus to maintain the stability of degenerative intervertebral discs. Bone Res 2020; 8:7. [PMID: 32128275 PMCID: PMC7015945 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumbar degenerative disc diseases cause low back pain (LBP). The maintenance of the height and stability of the intervertebral disc (IVD) space is an effective treatment for LBP. The following study evaluated the effects of fibroblast injection on intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) in a preclinical setting. Compared with the IDD group, the fibroblast treatment group demonstrated effective maintenance of IVD height, reduced endplate degeneration, and improved nuclear magnetic resonance signals and overall histological structure. In doing so, fibrotic IVDs maintained the stability and biomechanics of the vertebra. This finding is in agreement with clinical findings that human nucleus pulposus (NP) fibrosis is essential for the maintenance of IVD height and mechanical properties in patients following percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD). Mechanistically, we demonstrated that injected fibroblasts not only proliferated but also induced NP cells to adopt a fibrotic phenotype via the secretion of TGF-β. Finally, to better mimic human conditions, the efficacy of autologous fibroblast injection in the treatment of IDD was further examined in a nonhuman primate cynomolgus monkey model due to their capacity for upright posture. We showed that the injection of fibroblasts could maintain the IVD height and rescue IVD signals in cynomolgus monkeys. Taken together, the results of our study reveal that autologous fibroblast injection can enhance the natural process of fibrosis during acute and subacute stages of stress-induced IDD. Fibrotic IVDs can maintain the stability, biological activity, and mechanical properties of the intervertebral space, thus providing a new direction for the treatment of intervertebral space-derived lumbar degenerative diseases.
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Sensory innervation in porous endplates by Netrin-1 from osteoclasts mediates PGE2-induced spinal hypersensitivity in mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5643. [PMID: 31822662 PMCID: PMC6904550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal pain is a major clinical problem, however, its origins and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that in mice, osteoclasts induce sensory innervation in the porous endplates which contributes to spinal hypersensitivity in mice. Sensory innervation of the porous areas of sclerotic endplates in mice was confirmed. Lumbar spine instability (LSI), or aging, induces spinal hypersensitivity in mice. In these conditions, we show that there are elevated levels of PGE2 which activate sensory nerves, leading to sodium influx through Nav 1.8 channels. We show that knockout of PGE2 receptor 4 in sensory nerves significantly reduces spinal hypersensitivity. Inhibition of osteoclast formation by knockout Rankl in the osteocytes significantly inhibits LSI-induced porosity of endplates, sensory innervation, and spinal hypersensitivity. Knockout of Netrin-1 in osteoclasts abrogates sensory innervation into porous endplates and spinal hypersensitivity. These findings suggest that osteoclast-initiated porosity of endplates and sensory innervation are potential therapeutic targets for spinal pain. Spinal pain is a major clinical problem. Here the authors show that osteoclasts create porous area of endplates of the vertebrae and sensory innervation of porous endplates by Netrin-1 release from osteoclasts mediates PGE2-induced spinal hypersensitivity in mice.
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Bratsman A, Couasnay G, Elefteriou F. A step-by-step protocol for isolation of murine nucleus pulposus cells. JOR Spine 2019; 2:e1073. [PMID: 31891122 PMCID: PMC6920701 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is composed of three separate tissues with distinct origins and properties. Elucidating changes occurring in these tissues in response to injury or age is paramount to identify new therapies to better manage disc and spine degenerative conditions, including low back pain. Despite their small size and different mechanical load pattern compared to higher species, the use of mouse models represents a cost-effective and powerful approach to better understand the formation, maintenance, and degeneration of the IVD. However, the isolation of the different compartments of the IVD is complicated by their diminutive size. Here, we describe a simple, step-by-step protocol for the isolation of the nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues that can then be processed for further analyses. Analysis from mouse NP tissues shows sufficient quantities of RNAs, purity of the NP fraction, and overall RNA quality for gene expression studies, and reveals no increase in expression of disc degeneration markers, including TNFa, IL1b, and Mmp1 up to 15 months of age in C57BL6 wildtype mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bratsman
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Greig Couasnay
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexas
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Vincent K, Mohanty S, Pinelli R, Bonavita R, Pricop P, Albert TJ, Dahia CL. Aging of mouse intervertebral disc and association with back pain. Bone 2019; 123:246-259. [PMID: 30936040 PMCID: PMC6549718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the increased burden of low back pain (LBP) in our globally aging population there is a need to develop preclinical models of LBP that capture clinically relevant features of physiological aging, degeneration, and disability. Here we assess the validity of using a mouse model system for age-related LBP by characterizing aging mice for features of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, molecular markers of peripheral sensitization, and behavioral signs of pain. Compared to three-month-old and one-year-old mice, two-year-old mice show features typical of IVD degeneration including loss of disc height, bulging, innervation and vascularization in the caudal lumbar IVDs. Aging is also associated with the loss of whole-body bone mineral density in both male and female mice, but not associated with percent lean mass or body fat. Additionally, two-year-old mice have an accumulation of TRPA1 channels and sodium channels NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 in the L4 and L5 lumbar dorsal root ganglia consistent with changes in nociceptive signaling. Lastly, the effect of age, sex, and weight on mobility, axial stretching and radiating pain measures was assessed in male and female mice ranging from two months to two years in a general linear model. The model revealed that regardless of sex or weight, increased age was a predictor of greater reluctance to perform axial stretching and sensitivity to cold, but not heat in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul Pricop
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Todd J Albert
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chitra Lekha Dahia
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Diverse Role of Biological Plasticity in Low Back Pain and Its Impact on Sensorimotor Control of the Spine. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019; 49:389-401. [PMID: 31151376 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2019.8716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain is complex. It is no longer acceptable to consider pain solely as a peripheral phenomenon involving activation of nociceptive neurons. The contemporary understanding of pain involves consideration of different underlying pain mechanisms and an increasing awareness of plasticity in all of the biological systems. Of note, recent advances in technology and understanding have highlighted the critical importance of neuroimmune interactions, both in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and the interaction between the nervous system and body tissues in the development and maintenance of pain, including low back pain (LBP). Further, the biology of many tissues changes when challenged by pain and injury, as reported in a growing body of literature on the biology of muscle, fat, and connective tissue. These advances in understanding of the complexity of LBP have implications for our understanding of pain and its interaction with the motor system, and may change how we consider motor control in the rehabilitation of LBP. This commentary provides a state-of-the-art overview of plasticity of biology in LBP. The paper is divided into 4 parts that address (1) biology of pain mechanisms, (2) neuroimmune interaction in the central nervous system, (3) neuroimmune interaction in the periphery, and (4) brain and peripheral tissue interaction. Each section considers the implications for clinical management of LBP. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(6):389-401. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8716.
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Krock E, Millecamps M, Anderson KM, Srivastava A, Reihsen TE, Hari P, Sun YR, Jang SH, Wilcox GL, Belani KG, Beebe DS, Ouellet J, Pinto MR, Kehl LJ, Haglund L, Stone LS. Interleukin-8 as a therapeutic target for chronic low back pain: Upregulation in human cerebrospinal fluid and pre-clinical validation with chronic reparixin in the SPARC-null mouse model. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:487-500. [PMID: 31047862 PMCID: PMC6558025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low back pain (LBP) is the leading global cause of disability and is associated with intervertebral disc degeneration (DD) in some individuals. However, many adults have DD without LBP. Understanding why DD is painful in some and not others may unmask novel therapies for chronic LBP. The objectives of this study were to a) identify factors in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) associated with chronic LBP and b) examine their therapeutic utility in a proof-of-concept pre-clinical study. Methods Pain-free human subjects without DD, pain-free human subjects with DD, and patients with chronic LBP linked to DD were recruited and lumbar MRIs, pain and disability levels were obtained. CSF was collected and analyzed by multiplex cytokine assay. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression was confirmed by ELISA in CSF and in intervertebral discs. The SPARC-null mouse model of progressive, age-dependent DD and chronic LBP was used for pre-clinical validation. Male SPARC-null and control mice received systemic Reparixin, a CXCR1/2 (receptors for IL-8 and murine analogues) inhibitor, for 8 weeks. Behavioral signs of axial discomfort and radiating pain were assessed. Following completion of the study, discs were excised and cultured, and conditioned media was evaluated with a protein array. Findings IL-8 was elevated in CSF of chronic LBP patients with DD compared to pain-free subjects with or without DD. Chronic inhibition with reparixin alleviated low back pain behaviors and attenuated disc inflammation in SPARC-null mice. Interpretation These studies suggest that the IL-8 signaling pathway is a viable therapy for chronic LBP. Fund Supported by NIH, MMF, CIHR and FRQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Krock
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G1, Canada; McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Magali Millecamps
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G1, Canada; McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Kathleen M Anderson
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Akanksha Srivastava
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G1, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Troy E Reihsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Pawan Hari
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Yue Ran Sun
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G1, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - Seon Ho Jang
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G1, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada.
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Kumar G Belani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - David S Beebe
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Jean Ouellet
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G1, Canada; McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada; Shriner's Hospital for Children, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H4A 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Lois J Kehl
- Minnesota Head & Neck Pain Clinic, St. Paul, MN 55114, USA.
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Lab, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada; Shriner's Hospital for Children, 1003 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H4A 0A9, Canada.
| | - Laura S Stone
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G1, Canada; McGill Scoliosis and Spine Research Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Anesthesia Research Unit, Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada.
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James G, Klyne DM, Millecamps M, Stone LS, Hodges PW. ISSLS Prize in Basic science 2019: Physical activity attenuates fibrotic alterations to the multifidus muscle associated with intervertebral disc degeneration. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 28:893-904. [PMID: 30737621 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-05902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic low back pain causes structural remodelling and inflammation in the multifidus muscle. Collagen expression is increased in the multifidus of humans with lumbar disc degeneration. However, the extent and mechanisms underlying the increased fibrotic activity in the multifidus are unknown. Physical activity reduces local inflammation that precedes multifidus fibrosis during intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), but its effect on amelioration of fibrosis is unknown. This study aimed to assess the development of fibrosis and its underlying genetic network during IDD and the impact of physical activity. METHODS Wild-type and SPARC-null mice were either sedentary or housed with a running wheel, to allow voluntary physical activity. At 12 months of age, IDD was assessed with MRI, and multifidus muscle samples were harvested from L2 to L6. In SPARC-null mice, the L1/2 and L3/4 discs had low and high levels of IDD, respectively. Thus, multifidus samples from L2 and L4 were allocated to low- and high-IDD groups compared to assess the effects of IDD and physical activity on connective tissue and fibrotic genes. RESULTS High IDD was associated with greater connective tissue thickness and dysregulation of collagen-III, fibronectin, CTGF, substance P, TIMP1 and TIMP2 in the multifidus muscle. Physical activity attenuated the IDD-dependent increased connective tissue thickness and reduced the expression of collagen-I, fibronectin, CTGF, substance P, MMP2 and TIMP2 in SPARC-null animals and wild-type mice. Collagen-III and TIMP1 were only reduced in wild-type animals. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal the fibrotic networks that promote fibrosis in the multifidus muscle during chronic IDD. Furthermore, physical activity is shown to reduce fibrosis and regulate the fibrotic gene network. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- G James
- NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - D M Klyne
- NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - M Millecamps
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - L S Stone
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - P W Hodges
- NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Daly CD, Ghosh P, Badal T, Shimmon R, Jenkin G, Oehme D, Cooper-White J, Sher I, Chandra RV, Goldschlager T. A Comparison of Two Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Injury Models for the Evaluation and Development of Novel Regenerative Therapies. Global Spine J 2018; 8:847-859. [PMID: 30560038 PMCID: PMC6293427 DOI: 10.1177/2192568218779988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Large animal research. OBJECTIVE Lumbar discectomy is the most commonly performed spinal surgical procedure. We investigated 2 large animal models of lumbar discectomy in order to study the regenerative capacity of mesenchymal stem cells following disc injury. METHODS Twelve adult ewes underwent baseline 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) followed by lumbar intervertebral disc injury by either drill bit (n = 6) or annulotomy and partial nucleotomy (APN) (n = 6). Necropsies were performed 6 months later. Lumbar spines underwent 3-T and 9.4-T MRI prior to histological, morphological and biochemical analysis. RESULTS Drill bit-injured (DBI) and APN-injured discs demonstrated increased Pfirrmann grades relative to uninjured controls (P < .005), with no difference between the 2 models. Disc height index loss was greater in the APN group compared with the DBI group (P < .005). Gross morphology injury scores were higher in APN than DBI discs (P < .05) and both were higher than controls (P < .005). Proteoglycan was reduced in the discs of both injury models relative to controls (P < .005), but lower in the APN group (P < .05). Total collagen of the APN group disc regions was higher than DBI and control discs (P < .05). Histology revealed more matrix degeneration, vascular infiltration, and granulation in the APN model. CONCLUSION Although both models produced disc degeneration, the APN model better replicated the pathobiology of human discs postdiscectomy. We therefore concluded that the APN model was a more appropriate model for the investigation of the regenerative capacity of mesenchymal stem cells administered postdiscectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Daly
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Chris D. Daly, The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute
of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168,
Australia.
| | - Peter Ghosh
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Proteobioactives, Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tanya Badal
- University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronald Shimmon
- University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - David Oehme
- St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Idrees Sher
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ronil V. Chandra
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Goldschlager
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Shu CC, Dart A, Bell R, Dart C, Clarke E, Smith MM, Little CB, Melrose J. Efficacy of administered mesenchymal stem cells in the initiation and co-ordination of repair processes by resident disc cells in an ovine (Ovis aries) large destabilizing lesion model of experimental disc degeneration. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1037. [PMID: 31463452 PMCID: PMC6686814 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forty percent of low back pain cases are due to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) a reported treatment. We utilized an ovine IVDD model and intradiscal heterologous MSCs to determine therapeutic efficacy at different stages of IVDD. METHODOLOGY Three nonoperated control (NOC) sheep were used for MSC isolation. In 36 sheep, 6 × 20 mm annular lesions were made at three spinal levels using customized blades/scalpel handles, and IVDD was allowed to develop for 4 weeks in the Early (EA) and late Acute (LA) groups, or 12 weeks in the chronic (EST) group. Lesion IVDs received injections of 10 × 106 MSCs or PBS, and after 8 (EA), 22 (LA) or 14 (EST) weeks recuperation the sheep were sacrificed. Longitudinal lateral radiographs were used to determine disc heights. IVD glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline contents were quantified using established methods. An Instron materials testing machine and customized jigs analyzed IVD (range of motion, neutral zone [NZ] and stiffness) in flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial rotation. qRTPCR gene profiles of key anabolic and catabolic matrix molecules were undertaken. Toluidine blue and hematoxylin and eosin stained IVD sections were histopathologically scoring by two blinded observers. RESULTS IVDD significantly reduced disc heights. MSC treatment restored 95% to 100% of disc height, maximally improved NZ and stiffness in flexion/extension and lateral bending in the EST group, restoring GAG levels. With IVDD qRTPCR demonstrated elevated catabolic gene expression (MMP2/3/9/13, ADAMTS4/5) in the PBS IVDs and expession normalization in MSC-treated IVDs. Histopathology degeneracy scores were close to levels of NOC IVDs in MSC IVDs but IVDD developed in PBS injected IVDs. DISCUSSION Administered MSCs produced recovery in degenerate IVDs, restored disc height, composition, biomechanical properties, down regulated MMPs and fibrosis, strongly supporting the efficacy of MSCs for disc repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C. Shu
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of Sydney, Royal North Shore HospitalSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Andrew Dart
- University of SydneyVeterinary Teaching HospitalCamdenNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Robin Bell
- University of SydneyVeterinary Teaching HospitalCamdenNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Christina Dart
- University of SydneyVeterinary Teaching HospitalCamdenNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Elizabeth Clarke
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of Sydney, Royal North Shore HospitalSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The Royal North Shore HospitalUniversity of SydneySt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Margaret M. Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of Sydney, Royal North Shore HospitalSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Christopher B. Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of Sydney, Royal North Shore HospitalSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Medical School, NorthernThe University of SydneySt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health DistrictSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of Sydney, Royal North Shore HospitalSt. LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Medical School, NorthernThe University of SydneySt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Yang G, Chen L, Gao Z, Wang Y. Implication of microglia activation and CSF-1/CSF-1Rpathway in lumbar disc degeneration-related back pain. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918811238. [PMID: 30326776 PMCID: PMC6243401 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918811238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Back pain is common and costly. Although lumbar disc degeneration has long been regarded as a major contributor to back pain, how disc degeneration leads to back pain remains unclear. Recent studies observed microglia activation in the spinal cord after disc degeneration, suggesting activated microglia may be involved in discogenic back pain. To determine whether microglia activation participates in disc degeneration-induced back pain, we used a modified disc puncture-induced degeneration-related back pain mouse model to examine the changes in spinal microglia and investigate the potential link between microglia activation and discogenic back pain. In this study, 46 CX3CR1GFP/+ male mice were used in experimental and sham groups. A modified posterolateral retroperitoneal approach was used to expose the L3/L4 disc to induce the needle puncture in the experimental group. Behavioral tests, including grip force and physical function, were used to measure back pain at pre- and postsurgery. The L3 dorsal root ganglions and lumbar spinal cord were obtained at postoperative weeks 1 to 4 followed by immunofluorescence with different antibodies. Micrographs were obtained by confocal microscopy, and morphometric measurements of microglia were analyzed using Imaris. The punctured disc underwent progressive degeneration and mice with disc degeneration showed impaired grip force and physical function. Compared to the control mice, the number of microglia in the lumbar spinal cord was significantly increased in the disc-punctured animals. Moreover, accumulated microglia exhibited larger soma size and lesser ramification in the disc-injured mice. Immunofluorescence demonstrated colony-stimulating factor 1, a cytokine that promotes microglia repopulation, was significantly increased in L3 dorsal root ganglions, whereas its receptor colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor was upregulated on microglia in the disc-injured mice. In summary, lumbar disc puncture caused progressive disc degeneration which induced microglia activation and back pain in mice. Increased colony-stimulating factor 1/colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is involved in the disc degeneration-induced microglia activation and back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- 1 Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lunhao Chen
- 1 Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- 2 Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- 1 Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Dysregulation of the Inflammatory Mediators in the Multifidus Muscle After Spontaneous Intervertebral Disc Degeneration SPARC-null Mice is Ameliorated by Physical Activity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E1184-E1194. [PMID: 30273227 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal case-control animal model. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory pathways active in the multifidus muscle after spontaneous intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), and whether these IDD-related muscle changes can be ameliorated by exercise. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A pro-inflammatory response is present in the multifidus muscle after an intervertebral disc lesion and has been proposed to drive the structural alterations present during low back pain. However, it is not known whether spontaneous IDD produces an inflammatory response. Furthermore, exercise/physical activity produces a strong anti-inflammatory response, but its effectiveness in ameliorating inflammation in the multifidus is unknown. We assessed the inflammatory profile of the multifidus and the effectiveness of physical activity as a treatment using an animal model of spontaneous model of IDD. METHODS Wild-type and SPARC null mice that were sedentary or housed with a running wheel were used in this study. Multifidus muscle segments were harvested from L2-L6 from the mice at 9 months of age after they had undergone a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to determine levels with IDD. The inflammatory profile of the multifidus was examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. RESULTS Spontaneous IDD in the SPARC-null mice caused a dysregulation of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL6, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ1), and adiponectin expression. More specifically, the proximity and degree of IDD was related to levels of IL-1β expression. Physical activity reduced the pro-inflammatory response to IDD in the multifidus. IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-10, adiponectin, and leptin levels were lower in the physically active group. CONCLUSION These results reveal that spontaneous IDD causes dysregulation of the inflammatory pathways active in the multifidus muscle. These alterations were related to the severity of IDD and were prevented by physical activity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Ao P, Huang W, Li J, Wu T, Xu L, Deng Z, Chen W, Yin C, Cheng X. 17β-estradiol protects nucleus pulposus cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis and regulates expression of MMP-3 and MMP-13 through promotion of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:791-797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Delayed onset of persistent discogenic axial and radiating pain after a single-level lumbar intervertebral disc injury in mice. Pain 2018; 159:1843-1855. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ohnishi T, Sudo H, Tsujimoto T, Iwasaki N. Age-related spontaneous lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in a mouse model. J Orthop Res 2018. [PMID: 28631843 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration is unclear, but it is a major cause of several spinal diseases. Animal models have historically provided an appropriate benchmark for understanding the human spine. However, there is little information about when intervertebral disc degeneration begins in the mouse or regarding the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging and histological findings. The aim for this study was to obtain information about age-related spontaneous intervertebral disc degeneration in the mouse lumbar spine using magnetic resonance imaging and a histological score regarding when the intervertebral disc degeneration started and how rapidly it progressed, as well as how our histological score detected the degeneration. The magnetic resonance imaging index yielded a moderate correlation with our Age-related model score. The Pfirrmann grade and magnetic resonance imaging index had moderate correlations with age. However, our Age-related model score had a high correlation with age. Intervertebral disc level was not a significant variable for the severity of disc degeneration. Both Pfirrmann grade and the Age-related model score were higher in the ≥14-month-old group than in the 6-month-old group. The present results indicated that mild but significant intervertebral disc degeneration occurred in 14-month-old mice, and the degree of degeneration progressed slowly, reaching a moderate to severe condition for 22-month-old mice. At least a 14-month follow-up is mandatory for evaluating spontaneous age-related mouse intervertebral disc degeneration. The histological classification score can precisely detect the gradual progression of age-related spontaneous intervertebral disc degeneration in the mouse lumbar spine, and is appropriate for evaluating it. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:224-232, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohnishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideki Sudo
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Spine and Spinal Cord Disorders, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North-15, West-7, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takeru Tsujimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Jin L, Balian G, Li XJ. Animal models for disc degeneration-an update. Histol Histopathol 2017; 33:543-554. [PMID: 28580566 DOI: 10.14670/hh-11-910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is considered a major cause of back pain that places a heavy burden on society, both because of its effect on the physiology of individuals and its consequences on the world economy. During the past few decades, research findings in the pre-clinical setting have led to a significant increase in the understanding of intervertebral disc degeneration, although many aspects of the disease remain unclear. The goal of this review is to summarize existing animal models for disc degeneration studies and the difficulties that are associated with the use of such models. A firm understanding of the cellular and molecular events that ensue as a result of injuries, as well as environmental factors, could be instrumental in the development of targeted therapies for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gary Balian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xudong Joshua Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Samartzis D, Grivas TB. Thematic series - Low back pain. SCOLIOSIS AND SPINAL DISORDERS 2017; 12:1. [PMID: 28116360 PMCID: PMC5244695 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-016-0108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dino Samartzis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Theodoros B Grivas
- Orthopaedics and Trauma Department, "Tzaneio" General Hospital of Piraeus, Piraeus, 18536 Greece
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Chronic Osteoporotic Pain in Mice: Cutaneous and Deep Musculoskeletal Pain Are Partially Independent of Bone Resorption and Differentially Sensitive to Pharmacological Interventions. J Osteoporos 2017; 2017:7582716. [PMID: 28299231 PMCID: PMC5337358 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7582716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the pathological changes in osteoporotic bones are well established, the characterization of the osteoporotic pain and its appropriate treatment are not fully elucidated. We investigated the behavioral signs of cutaneous and deep musculoskeletal pain and physical function; time-dependent changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and the emergence of the behavioral phenotype; and the effects of pharmacological interventions having different mechanisms of action (chronic intraperitoneal administration of pamidronate [0.25 mg/kg, 5x/week for 5 weeks] versus acute treatment with intraperitoneal morphine [10 mg/kg] and pregabalin [100 mg/kg]) in a mouse model of ovariectomized or sham-operated mice 6 months following surgery. We observed reduced BMD associated with weight gain, referred cutaneous hypersensitivity, and deep musculoskeletal pain that persisted for 6 months. Chronic bisphosphonate treatment, 6 months after ovariectomy, reversed bone loss and hypersensitivity to cold, but other behavioral indices of osteoporotic pain were unchanged. While the efficacy of acute morphine on cutaneous pain was weak, pregabalin was highly effective; deep musculoskeletal pain was intractable. In conclusion, the reversal of bone loss alone is insufficient to manage pain in chronic osteoporosis. Additional treatments, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, should be implemented to improve quality of life for osteoporosis patients.
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