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Pottie E, Suresh RR, Jacobson KA, Stove CP. Assay-Dependent Inverse Agonism at the A 3 Adenosine Receptor: When Neutral Is Not Neutral. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1266-1274. [PMID: 37705594 PMCID: PMC10496142 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is implicated in a variety of (patho)physiological conditions. While most research has focused on agonists and antagonists, inverse agonism at A3AR has been scarcely studied. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring inverse agonism, using two previously engineered cell lines (hA3ARLgBiT-SmBiTβarr2 and hA3ARLgBiT-SmBiTminiGαi), both employing the NanoBiT technology. The previously established inverse agonist PSB-10 showed a decrease in basal signal in the β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) but not the miniGαi recruitment assay, indicative of inverse agonism in the former assay. Control experiments confirmed the specificity and reversibility of this observation. Evaluation of a set of presumed neutral antagonists (MRS7907, MRS7799, XAC, and MRS1220) revealed that all displayed concentration-dependent signal decreases when tested in the A3AR-βarr2 recruitment assay, yielding EC50 and Emax values for inverse agonism. Conversely, in the miniGαi recruitment assay, no signal decreases were observed. To assess whether this observation was caused by the inability of the ligands to induce inverse agonism in the G protein pathway, or rather by a limitation inherent to the employed A3AR-miniGαi recruitment assay, a GloSensor cAMP assay was performed. The outcome of the latter also suggests inverse agonism by the presumed neutral antagonists in this latter assay. These findings emphasize the importance of prior characterization of ligands in the relevant test system. Moreover, it showed the suitability of the NanoBiT βarr2 recruitment and the GloSensor cAMP assays to capture inverse agonism at the A3AR, as opposed to the NanoBiT miniGαi recruitment assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Pottie
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - R. Rama Suresh
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20802, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20802, United States
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Species dependence of A 3 adenosine receptor pharmacology and function. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:523-550. [PMID: 36538251 PMCID: PMC9763816 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to fully understand pharmacological differences between G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) species homologues are generally not pursued in detail during the drug development process. To date, many GPCRs that have been successfully targeted are relatively well-conserved across species in amino acid sequence and display minimal variability of biological effects. However, the A3 adenosine receptor (AR), an exciting drug target for a multitude of diseases associated with tissue injury, ischemia, and inflammation, displays as little as 70% sequence identity among mammalian species (e.g., rodent vs. primate) commonly used in drug development. Consequently, the pharmacological properties of synthetic A3AR ligands vary widely, not only in binding affinity, selectivity, and signaling efficacy, but to the extent that some function as agonists in some species and antagonists in others. Numerous heterocyclic antagonists that have nM affinity at the human A3AR are inactive or weakly active at the rat and mouse A3ARs. Positive allosteric modulators, including the imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine derivative LUF6000, are only active at human and some larger animal species that have been evaluated (rabbit and dog), but not rodents. A3AR agonists evoke systemic degranulation of rodent, but not human mast cells. The rat A3AR undergoes desensitization faster than the human A3AR, but the human homologue can be completely re-sensitized and recycled back to the cell surface. Thus, comprehensive pharmacological evaluation and awareness of potential A3AR species differences are critical in studies to further understand the basic biological functions of this unique AR subtype. Recombinant A3ARs from eight different species have been pharmacologically characterized thus far. In this review, we describe in detail current knowledge of species differences in genetic identity, G protein-coupling, receptor regulation, and both orthosteric and allosteric A3AR pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
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3
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Jacobson KA, Pradhan B, Wen Z, Pramanik A. New paradigms in purinergic receptor ligand discovery. Neuropharmacology 2023; 230:109503. [PMID: 36921890 PMCID: PMC10233512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and clinical implementation of modulators of adenosine, P2Y and P2X receptors (comprising nineteen subtypes) have progressed dramatically in ∼50 years since Burnstock's definition of purinergic signaling. Although most clinical trials of selective ligands (agonists and antagonists) of certain purinergic receptors failed, there is a renewed impetus to redirect efforts to new disease conditions and the discovery of more selective or targeted compounds with potentially reduced side effects, such as biased GPCR agonists. The elucidation of new receptor and enzyme structures is steering rational design of potent and selective agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators and inhibitors. A2A adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists are being applied to neurodegenerative conditions and cancer immunotherapy. A3AR agonists have potential for treating chronic inflammation (e.g. psoriasis), stroke and pain, as well as cancer. P2YR modulators are being considered for treating inflammation, metabolic disorders, acute kidney injury, cancer, pain and other conditions, often with an immune mechanism. ADP-activated P2Y12R antagonists are widely used as antithrombotic drugs, while their repurposing toward neuroinflammation is considered. P2X3 antagonists have been in clinical trials for chronic cough. P2X7 antagonists have been in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases and depression (compounds that penetrate the blood-brain barrier). Thus, purinergic signaling is now recognized as an immense regulatory system in the body for rebalancing tissues and organs under stress, which can be adjusted by drug intervention for therapeutic purposes. The lack of success of many previous clinical trials can be overcome given more advanced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches, including structure-based drug design, prodrugs and biased signaling. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Purinergic Signaling: 50 years".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Balaram Pradhan
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Asmita Pramanik
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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González Sanabria J, Hurtado Paso M, Frontera T, Losavio A. Effect of endogenous purines on electrically evoked ACh release at the mouse neuromuscular junction. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1933-1950. [PMID: 35839285 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
At the mouse neuromuscular junction, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is co-released with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), and its metabolite adenosine, modulate neurotransmitter release by activating presynaptic inhibitory P2Y13 receptors (a subtype of ATP/adenosine diphosphate [ADP] receptor), inhibitory A1 and A3 adenosine receptors, and excitatory A2A adenosine receptors. To study the effect of endogenous purines, when phrenic-diaphragm preparations are depolarized by different nerve stimulation patterns, we analyzed the effect of the antagonists for P2Y13 , A1 , A3 , and A2A receptors (AR-C69931MX, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, MRS-1191, and SCH-58261, respectively) on the amplitude of the end-plate potentials of the trains, and contrasted these results with those obtained with the selective agonists of these receptors (2-methylthioadenosine 5'-diphosphate trisodium salt hydrate, 2-chloro-N6 -cyclopentyl-adenosine, inosine, and PSB-0777, respectively). During continuous 0.5-Hz stimulation, the amount of endogenous purines was not enough to activate purinergic receptors, while at continuous 5-Hz stimulation, an incipient action of endogenous purines on P2Y13 , A1 and A3 receptors might be evident just at the end of the trains. During continuous 50-Hz stimulation, the concentration of endogenous ATP/ADP and adenosine exerted an inhibitory action on ACh release after of the initial phase of the train, but when the nerve was stimulated at intermittent 50 Hz (5 bursts), this behavior was not observed. Excitatory A2A receptors were only activated when continuous 100-Hz stimulation was applied. In conclusion, when motor nerve terminals are depolarized by repetitive stimulation of the phrenic nerve, endogenous ATP/ADP and adenosine are able to fine-tune neurosecretion depending on the frequency and pattern of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González Sanabria
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Hurtado Paso
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tamara Frontera
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Losavio
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Bednarska-Szczepaniak K, Mieczkowski A, Kierozalska A, Pavlović Saftić D, Głąbała K, Przygodzki T, Stańczyk L, Karolczak K, Watała C, Rao H, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Leśnikowski ZJ. Synthesis and evaluation of adenosine derivatives as A 1, A 2A, A 2B and A 3 adenosine receptor ligands containing boron clusters as phenyl isosteres and selective A 3 agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113607. [PMID: 34171656 PMCID: PMC8448983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of adenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine pairs modified with a 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane cluster or alternatively with a phenyl group at the same position was synthesized, and their affinity was determined at A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). While AR affinity differences were noted, a general tendency to preferentially bind A3 AR over other ARs was observed for most tested ligands. In particular, 5'-ethylcarbamoyl-N6-(3-phenylpropyl)adenosine (18), N6-(3-phenylpropyl)-2-chloroadenosine (24) and N6-(3-phenylpropyl)adenosine (40) showed nanomolar A3 affinity (Ki 4.5, 6.4 and 7.5 nM, respectively). Among the boron cluster-containing compounds, the highest A3 affinity (Ki 206 nM) was for adenosine derivative 41 modified at C2. In the matched molecular pairs, analogs bearing boron clusters were found to show lower binding affinity for adenosine receptors than the corresponding phenyl analogs. Nevertheless, interestingly, several boron cluster modified adenosine ligands showed significantly higher A3 receptor selectivity than the corresponding phenyl analogs: 7vs. 8, 15vs. 16, 17vs. 18.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Mieczkowski
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Metal Ions, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kierozalska
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodowa 106, 92-232, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dijana Pavlović Saftić
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodowa 106, 92-232, Łódź, Poland
| | - Konrad Głąbała
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodowa 106, 92-232, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tomasz Przygodzki
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St. 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lidia Stańczyk
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St. 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamil Karolczak
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St. 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Cezary Watała
- Department of Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St. 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Harsha Rao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Recognition Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Recognition Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Recognition Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zbigniew J Leśnikowski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodowa 106, 92-232, Łódź, Poland.
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6
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Pharmacological characterization of DPTN and other selective A 3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:737-746. [PMID: 34713378 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (AR) is emerging as an attractive drug target. Antagonists are proposed for the potential treatment of glaucoma and asthma. However, currently available A3AR antagonists are potent in human and some large animals, but weak or inactive in mouse and rat. In this study, we re-synthesized a previously reported A3AR antagonist, DPTN, and evaluated its affinity and selectivity at human, mouse, and rat ARs. We showed that DPTN, indeed, is a potent A3AR antagonist for all three species tested, albeit a little less selective for mouse and rat A3AR in comparison to the human A3AR. DPTN's Ki values at respective A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors were (nM) 162, 121, 230, and 1.65 (human); 411, 830, 189, and 9.61 (mouse); and 333, 1147, 163, and 8.53 (rat). Its antagonist activity at both human and mouse A3ARs was confirmed in a cyclic AMP functional assay. Considering controversial use of currently commercially available A3AR antagonists in rats and mice, we also re-examined other commonly used and selective A3AR antagonists under the same experimental conditions. The Ki values of MRS1523 were shown to be 43.9, 349, and 216 nM at human, mouse, and rat A3ARs, respectively. MRS1191 and MRS1334 showed incomplete inhibition of [125I]I-AB-MECA binding to mouse and rat A3ARs, while potent human A3AR antagonists, MRS1220, MRE3008F20, PSB10, PSB-11, and VUF5574 were largely inactive. Thus, we demonstrated that DPTN and MRS1523 are among the only validated A3AR antagonists that can be possibly used (at an appropriate concentration) in mouse or rat to confirm an A3AR-related mechanism or function.
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7
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Spinozzi E, Baldassarri C, Acquaticci L, Del Bello F, Grifantini M, Cappellacci L, Riccardo P. Adenosine receptors as promising targets for the management of ocular diseases. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:353-370. [PMID: 33519168 PMCID: PMC7829661 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery arena has undergone a significant improvement in the last few years culminating in the FDA approvals of 8 new drugs. However, despite a large number of drugs, generics, and combination products available, it remains an urgent need to find breakthrough strategies and therapies for tackling ocular diseases. Targeting the adenosinergic system may represent an innovative strategy for discovering new ocular therapeutics. This review focused on the recent advance in the field and described the numerous nucleoside and non-nucleoside modulators of the four adenosine receptors (ARs) used as potential tools or clinical drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Spinozzi
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Baldassarri
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Acquaticci
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Mario Grifantini
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Petrelli Riccardo
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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8
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Pharmacological characterisation of novel adenosine A 3 receptor antagonists. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20781. [PMID: 33247159 PMCID: PMC7695835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) belongs to a family of four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes which all play distinct roles throughout the body. A3R antagonists have been described as potential treatments for numerous diseases including asthma. Given the similarity between (adenosine receptors) orthosteric binding sites, obtaining highly selective antagonists is a challenging but critical task. Here we screen 39 potential A3R, antagonists using agonist-induced inhibition of cAMP. Positive hits were assessed for AR subtype selectivity through cAMP accumulation assays. The antagonist affinity was determined using Schild analysis (pA2 values) and fluorescent ligand binding. Structure–activity relationship investigations revealed that loss of the 3-(dichlorophenyl)-isoxazolyl moiety or the aromatic nitrogen heterocycle with nitrogen at α-position to the carbon of carboximidamide group significantly attenuated K18 antagonistic potency. Mutagenic studies supported by molecular dynamic simulations combined with Molecular Mechanics—Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area calculations identified the residues important for binding in the A3R orthosteric site. We demonstrate that K18, which contains a 3-(dichlorophenyl)-isoxazole group connected through carbonyloxycarboximidamide fragment with a 1,3-thiazole ring, is a specific A3R (< 1 µM) competitive antagonist. Finally, we introduce a model that enables estimates of the equilibrium binding affinity for rapidly disassociating compounds from real-time fluorescent ligand-binding studies. These results demonstrate the pharmacological characterisation of a selective competitive A3R antagonist and the description of its orthosteric binding mode. Our findings may provide new insights for drug discovery.
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9
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Pinto-Cardoso R, Pereira-Costa F, Pedro Faria J, Bandarrinha P, Bessa-Andrês C, Correia-de-Sá P, Bernardo Noronha-Matos J. Adenosinergic signalling in chondrogenesis and cartilage homeostasis: Friend or foe? Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 174:113784. [PMID: 31884043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes and their mesenchymal cell progenitors secrete a variety of bioactive molecules, including adenine nucleotides and nucleosides, but these molecules are not usually highlighted in review papers about the secretome of these cells. Ageing and inflammatory insults compromise chondrocytes ability to keep ATP/adenosine synthesis, release and turnover. Cartilage homeostasis depends on extracellular adenosine levels, which acting via four P1 purinoceptor subtypes modulates the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including NO, PGE2 and several cytokines. Native articular cartilage is challenged by synovial fluid flow during normal joint motion transiently increasing ATP release and adenosine formation in the joint microenvironment. Excessive joint motion and shockwave trauma are deleterious to cartilage homeostasis due to HIF-1α overexpression, resulting in disproportionate ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 production, adenosine accumulation and superfluous A2B receptors activation. Scarcity of data however exists on the putative interplay between coexistent high affinity (A2A and A3) and low affinity (A2B) adenosine receptors activation affecting stem cells fate towards preferential chondrogenic or osteogenic lineages in the human cartilage. Hints gathered in this commentary result mainly from studies using human immortalized cell lines and animal (e.g. rodent, equine, bovine) tissue samples. The available data point towards adenosine A2A and A3 receptors having cartilage protective roles, while excessive adenosine accumulation may be detrimental via low affinity A2B receptors activation, with little reference to the putative role of the adenosine forming enzyme ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73. Thus, emphasizing the multiple pathways responsible for controlling adenosine signalling in cartilage will certainly impact on the search for novel therapeutic targets for highly disabling articular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - Flávio Pereira-Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - João Pedro Faria
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - Patrícia Bandarrinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal.
| | - José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Portugal.
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10
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Mailavaram RP, Al-Attraqchi OH, Kar S, Ghosh S. Current Status in the Design and Development of Agonists and Antagonists of Adenosine A3 Receptor as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2772-2787. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) that are responsible
for the modulation of a wide variety of physiological functions. The ARs are also implicated in many
diseases such as cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular and renal diseases. The adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) has
emerged as a potential drug target for the progress of new and effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of
various pathological conditions. This receptor’s involvement in many diseases and its validity as a target has been
established by many studies. Both agonists and antagonists of A3AR have been extensively investigated in the last
decade with the goal of developing novel drugs for treating diseases related to immune disorders, inflammation,
cancer, and others. In this review, we shall focus on the medicinal chemistry of A3AR ligands, exploring the
diverse chemical classes that have been projected as future leading drug candidates. Also, the recent advances in
the therapeuetic applications of A3AR ligands are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P. Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur (Affiliated to Andhra University), Bhimavaram, W.G. Dist., AP, India
| | - Omar H.A. Al-Attraqchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P.O BOX (1), Philadelphia University- 19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Shinjita Ghosh
- School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
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11
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Xu K, Cooney KA, Shin EY, Wang L, Deppen JN, Ginn SC, Levit RD. Adenosine from a biologic source regulates neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1225-1234. [PMID: 30907983 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3vma0918-374r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are implicated in autoimmune, thrombotic, malignant, and inflammatory diseases; however, little is known of their endogenous regulation under basal conditions. Inflammatory effects of neutrophils are modulated by extracellular purines such as adenosine (ADO) that is inhibitory or ATP that generally up-regulates effector functions. In order to evaluate the effects of ADO on NETs, human neutrophils were isolated from peripheral venous blood from healthy donors and stimulated to make NETs. Treatment with ADO inhibited NET production as quantified by 2 methods: SYTOX green fluorescence and human neutrophil elastase (HNE)-DNA ELISA assay. Specific ADO receptor agonist and antagonist were tested for their effects on NET production. The ADO 2A receptor (A2A R) agonist CSG21680 inhibited NETs to a similar degree as ADO, whereas the A2A R antagonist ZM241385 prevented ADO's NET-inhibitory effects. Additionally, CD73 is a membrane bound ectonucleotidase expressed on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that allows manipulation of extracellular purines in tissues such as bone marrow. The effects of MSCs on NET formation were evaluated in coculture. MSCs reduced NET formation in a CD73-dependent manner. These results imply that extracellular purine balance may locally regulate NETosis and may be actively modulated by stromal cells to maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Kimberly A Cooney
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Y Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lanfang Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juline N Deppen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sydney C Ginn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca D Levit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Jacobson KA, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, Baraldi S, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Ciancetta A, Tosh DK, Gao ZG, Gessi S. A 3 Adenosine Receptors as Modulators of Inflammation: From Medicinal Chemistry to Therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1031-1072. [PMID: 28682469 PMCID: PMC5756520 DOI: 10.1002/med.21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3 AR) subtype is a novel, promising therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis, as well as liver cancer. A3 AR is coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, leading to modulation of transcription. Furthermore, A3 AR affects functions of almost all immune cells and the proliferation of cancer cells. Numerous A3 AR agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators have been reported, and their structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been studied culminating in the development of potent and selective molecules with drug-like characteristics. The efficacy of nucleoside agonists may be suppressed to produce antagonists, by structural modification of the ribose moiety. Diverse classes of heterocycles have been discovered as selective A3 AR blockers, although with large species differences. Thus, as a result of intense basic research efforts, the outlook for development of A3 AR modulators for human therapeutics is encouraging. Two prototypical selective agonists, N6-(3-Iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA; CF101) and 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA; CF102), have progressed to advanced clinical trials. They were found safe and well tolerated in all preclinical and human clinical studies and showed promising results, particularly in psoriasis and RA, where the A3 AR is both a promising therapeutic target and a biologically predictive marker, suggesting a personalized medicine approach. Targeting the A3 AR may pave the way for safe and efficacious treatments for patient populations affected by inflammatory diseases, cancer, and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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13
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Guarracino JF, Cinalli AR, Veggetti MI, Losavio AS. Endogenous purines modulate K + -evoked ACh secretion at the mouse neuromuscular junction. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1066-1079. [PMID: 29436006 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
At the mouse neuromuscular junction, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is co-released with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), and once in the synaptic cleft, it is hydrolyzed to adenosine. Both ATP/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine modulate ACh secretion by activating presynaptic P2Y13 and A1 , A2A , and A3 receptors, respectively. To elucidate the action of endogenous purines on K+ -dependent ACh release, we studied the effect of purinergic receptor antagonists on miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) frequency in phrenic diaphragm preparations. At 10 mM K+ , the P2Y13 antagonist N-[2-(methylthio)ethyl]-2-[3,3,3-trifluoropropyl]thio-5'-adenylic acid, monoanhydride with (dichloromethylene)bis[phosphonic acid], tetrasodium salt (AR-C69931MX) increased asynchronous ACh secretion while the A1 , A3 , and A2A antagonists 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), (3-Ethyl-5-benzyl-2-methyl-4-phenylethynyl-6-phenyl-1, 4-(±)-dihydropyridine-3,5-, dicarboxylate (MRS-1191), and 2-(2-Furanyl)-7-(2-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine (SCH-58261) did not modify neurosecretion. The inhibition of equilibrative adenosine transporters by S-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine provoked a reduction of 10 mM K+ -evoked ACh release, suggesting that the adenosine generated from ATP is being removed from the synaptic space by the transporters. At 15 and 20 mM K+ , endogenous ATP/ADP and adenosine bind to inhibitory P2Y13 and A1 and A3 receptors since AR-C69931MX, DPCPX, and MRS-1191 increased MEPP frequency. Similar results were obtained when the generation of adenosine was prevented by using the ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor α,β-methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate sodium salt. SCH-58261 only reduced neurosecretion at 20 mM K+ , suggesting that more adenosine is needed to activate excitatory A2A receptors. At high K+ concentration, the equilibrative transporters appear to be saturated allowing the accumulation of adenosine in the synaptic cleft. In conclusion, when motor nerve terminals are depolarized by increasing K+ concentrations, the ATP/ADP and adenosine endogenously generated are able to modulate ACh secretion by sequential activation of different purinergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Guarracino
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro R Cinalli
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela I Veggetti
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana S Losavio
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Micewicz ED, Khachatoorian R, French SW, Ruchala P. Identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors of Zika virus infection. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:452-458. [PMID: 29258771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent re-emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, has become a global emergency and a serious public health threat worldwide. ZIKV infection causes severe neuroimmunopathology and is particularly harmful to the developing fetuses of infected pregnant women causing various developmental abnormalities. Currently, there are no effective methods of preventing or treating ZIKV infection, and new treatment options are urgently needed. Therefore, we have used an in vitro plaque assay to screen a limited proprietary library of small organic compounds and identified highly bioactive leads, with the most active analogs showing activity in low picomolar range. Identified "hits" possess certain common structural features that can be used in the design of the next generation(s) of ZIKV inhibitors. Collectively, our findings suggest that identified compounds represent excellent template(s) for the development of inexpensive and orally available anti-Zika drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa D Micewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ronik Khachatoorian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA; The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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15
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Kazemi MH, Raoofi Mohseni S, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Anvari E, Ghalamfarsa G, Mohammadi H, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2032-2057. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS); Tehran Iran
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Sahar Raoofi Mohseni
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK); Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Bushehr University of Medical Sciences; Bushehr Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology; Ilam University of Medical Sciences; Ilam Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Center; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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16
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Zeilinger M, Pichler F, Nics L, Wadsak W, Spreitzer H, Hacker M, Mitterhauser M. New approaches for the reliable in vitro assessment of binding affinity based on high-resolution real-time data acquisition of radioligand-receptor binding kinetics. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:22. [PMID: 28271461 PMCID: PMC5340791 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resolving the kinetic mechanisms of biomolecular interactions have become increasingly important in early-phase drug development. Since traditional in vitro methods belong to dose-dependent assessments, binding kinetics is usually overlooked. The present study aimed at the establishment of two novel experimental approaches for the assessment of binding affinity of both, radiolabelled and non-labelled compounds targeting the A3R, based on high-resolution real-time data acquisition of radioligand-receptor binding kinetics. A novel time-resolved competition assay was developed and applied to determine the Ki of eight different A3R antagonists, using CHO-K1 cells stably expressing the hA3R. In addition, a new kinetic real-time cell-binding approach was established to quantify the rate constants kon and koff, as well as the dedicated Kd of the A3R agonist [125I]-AB-MECA. Furthermore, lipophilicity measurements were conducted to control influences due to physicochemical properties of the used compounds. Results Two novel real-time cell-binding approaches were successfully developed and established. Both experimental procedures were found to visualize the kinetic binding characteristics with high spatial and temporal resolution, resulting in reliable affinity values, which are in good agreement with values previously reported with traditional methods. Taking into account the lipophilicity of the A3R antagonists, no influences on the experimental performance and the resulting affinity were investigated. Conclusions Both kinetic binding approaches comprise tracer administration and subsequent binding to living cells, expressing the dedicated target protein. Therefore, the experiments resemble better the true in vivo physiological conditions and provide important markers of cellular feedback and biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Zeilinger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Florian Pichler
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Lukas Nics
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Spreitzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Nishat S, Khan LA, Ansari ZM, Basir SF. Adenosine A3 Receptor: A promising therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:18-26. [PMID: 26750723 PMCID: PMC4807713 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160111125116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are one of the major factors for early mortality in the present
worldwide scenario and have become a major challenge in both developing and developed nations. It
has thus become of immense importance to look for different therapeutic possibilities and treatments
for the growing burden of cardiovascular diseases. Recent advancements in research have opened
various means for better understanding of the complication and treatment of the disease. Adenosine
receptors have become tool of choice in understanding the signaling mechanism which might lead to
the cardiovascular complications. Adenosine A3 receptor is one of the important receptor which is extensively studied as a
therapeutic target in cardiovascular disorder. Recent studies have shown that A3AR is involved in the amelioration of cardiovascular
complications by altering the expression of A3AR. This review focuses towards the therapeutic potential of
A3AR involved in cardiovascular disease and it might help in better understanding of mechanism by which this receptor
may prove useful in improving the complications arising due to various cardiovascular diseases. Understanding of A3AR
signaling may also help to develop newer agonists and antagonists which might be prove helpful in the treatment of cardiovascular
disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seemi F Basir
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India.
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18
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Guarracino JF, Cinalli AR, Fernández V, Roquel LI, Losavio AS. P2Y13 receptors mediate presynaptic inhibition of acetylcholine release induced by adenine nucleotides at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Neuroscience 2016; 326:31-44. [PMID: 27058149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is known that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is released along with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from motor nerve terminals. At mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), we have previously demonstrated that ATP is able to decrease ACh secretion by activation of P2Y receptors coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o protein. In this group, the receptor subtypes activated by adenine nucleotides are P2Y12 and P2Y13. Here, we investigated, by means of pharmacological and immunohistochemical assays, the P2Y receptor subtype that mediates the modulation of spontaneous and evoked ACh release in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. First, we confirmed that the preferential agonist for P2Y12-13 receptors, 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-diphosphate trisodium salt hydrate (2-MeSADP), reduced MEPP frequency without affecting MEPP amplitude as well as the amplitude and quantal content of end-plate potentials (EPPs). The effect on spontaneous secretion disappeared after the application of the selective P2Y12-13 antagonists AR-C69931MX or 2-methylthioadenosine 5'-monophosphate triethylammonium salt hydrate (2-MeSAMP). 2-MeSADP was more potent than ADP and ATP in reducing MEPP frequency. Then we demonstrated that the selective P2Y13 antagonist MRS-2211 completely prevented the inhibitory effect of 2-MeSADP on MEPP frequency and EPP amplitude, whereas the P2Y12 antagonist MRS-2395 failed to do this. The preferential agonist for P2Y13 receptors inosine 5'-diphosphate sodium salt (IDP) reduced spontaneous and evoked ACh secretion and MRS-2211 abolished IDP-mediated modulation. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed the presence of P2Y13 but not P2Y12 receptors at the end-plate region. Disappearance of P2Y13 receptors after denervation suggests the presynaptic localization of the receptors. We conclude that, at motor nerve terminals, the Gi/o protein-coupled P2Y receptors implicated in presynaptic inhibition of spontaneous and evoked ACh release are of the subtype P2Y13. This study provides new insights into the types of purinergic receptors that contribute to the fine-tuning of cholinergic transmission at mammalian neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Guarracino
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150 (CP 1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro R Cinalli
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150 (CP 1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Fernández
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Sarmiento 4564 (CP 1197), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana I Roquel
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Sarmiento 4564 (CP 1197), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana S Losavio
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Lanari, IDIM-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Combatientes de Malvinas 3150 (CP 1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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19
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Donegan RK, Lieberman RL. Discovery of Molecular Therapeutics for Glaucoma: Challenges, Successes, and Promising Directions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:788-809. [PMID: 26356532 PMCID: PMC5547565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a heterogeneous ocular disorder affecting ∼60 million people worldwide, is characterized by painless neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in irreversible vision loss. Available therapies, which decrease the common causal risk factor of elevated intraocular pressure, delay, but cannot prevent, RGC death and blindness. Notably, it is changes in the anterior segment of the eye, particularly in the drainage of aqueous humor fluid, which are believed to bring about changes in pressure. Thus, it is primarily this region whose properties are manipulated in current and emerging therapies for glaucoma. Here, we focus on the challenges associated with developing treatments, review the available experimental methods to evaluate the therapeutic potential of new drugs, describe the development and evaluation of emerging Rho-kinase inhibitors and adenosine receptor ligands that offer the potential to improve aqueous humor outflow and protect RGCs simultaneously, and present new targets and approaches on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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20
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De Ita M, Vargas MH, Carbajal V, Ortiz-Quintero B, López-López C, Miranda-Morales M, Barajas-López C, Montaño LM. ATP releases ATP or other nucleotides from human peripheral blood leukocytes through purinergic P2 receptors. Life Sci 2015; 145:85-92. [PMID: 26679107 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Almost every eukaryotic cell releases ATP under certain conditions. The idea that ATP induces the release of ATP has been scantly investigated. METHODS We explored this possibility by assessing the rate of exogenous ATP breakdown (measured by phosphates production) by human peripheral blood leukocytes. The role of P2Y and P2X receptors was evaluated pharmacologically, by patch clamp, or by flow cytometry. KEY FINDINGS In mononuclear and/or polymorphonuclear cells, ATP increased phosphates formation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Uncoupling of P2Y receptors with N-ethylmaleimide and antagonism of P2Y and P2X receptors through suramin reduced phosphate formation after 500μM ATP, suggesting that part of the phosphate production was due to activation of P2 receptors, with subsequent release of ATP or other nucleotides. Similar results were obtained with UTP and ATPγS. Gadolinium (connexins inhibitor) also significantly reduced the ATP-induced phosphate production. Blockade of P2X receptors with SKF 96365 or NF023 did not modify the phosphate production. In monocytes, 500μM ATP induced inward currents suggestive of P2X1 activation, but higher concentrations (1-5mM) induced inward currents suggestive of P2X7 activation. We discarded a role of adenosine in the ATP-evoked nucleotides release. Flow cytometry identified that almost all mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells expressed P2Y1,2,4,6,11 receptors. SIGNIFICANCE 500μM ATP induced the release of ATP or other nucleotides through activation of P2Y2,4,6,11 receptors in human leukocytes, and probably via P2X receptors at higher concentrations. This ATP-induced nucleotides release constitutes a potential mechanism leading to amplification of ATP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon De Ita
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
| | - Mario H Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México, DF, México
| | - Verónica Carbajal
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México, DF, México
| | - Blanca Ortiz-Quintero
- Departamento de Investigación en Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México, DF, México
| | - Cintya López-López
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Marcela Miranda-Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos Barajas-López
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México.
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21
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Galvao J, Elvas F, Martins T, Cordeiro MF, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Adenosine A3 receptor activation is neuroprotective against retinal neurodegeneration. Exp Eye Res 2015; 140:65-74. [PMID: 26297614 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Death of retinal neural cells, namely retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), is a characteristic of several retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Although the role of adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) in neuroprotection is controversial, A3R activation has been reported to afford protection against several brain insults, with few studies in the retina. In vitro models (retinal neural and organotypic cultures) and animal models [ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) and partial optic nerve transection (pONT)] were used to study the neuroprotective properties of A3R activation against retinal neurodegeneration. The A3R selective agonist (2-Cl-IB-MECA, 1 μM) prevented apoptosis (TUNEL(+)-cells) induced by kainate and cyclothiazide (KA + CTZ) in retinal neural cultures (86.5 ± 7.4 and 37.2 ± 6.1 TUNEL(+)-cells/field, in KA + CTZ and KA + CTZ + 2-Cl-IB-MECA, respectively). In retinal organotypic cultures, 2-Cl-IB-MECA attenuated NMDA-induced cell death, assessed by TUNEL (17.3 ± 2.3 and 8.3 ± 1.2 TUNEL(+)-cells/mm(2) in NMDA and NMDA+2-Cl-IB-MECA, respectively) and PI incorporation (ratio DIV4/DIV2 3.3 ± 0.3 and 1.3 ± 0.1 in NMDA and NMDA+2-Cl-IB-MECA, respectively) assays. Intravitreal 2-Cl-IB-MECA administration afforded protection against I-R injury decreasing the number of TUNEL(+) cells by 72%, and increased RGC survival by 57%. Also, intravitreal administration of 2-Cl-IB-MECA inhibited apoptosis (from 449.4 ± 37.8 to 207.6 ± 48.9 annexin-V(+)-cells) and RGC loss (from 1.2 ± 0.6 to 8.1 ± 1.7 cells/mm) induced by pONT. This study demonstrates that 2-Cl-IB-MECA is neuroprotective to the retina, both in vitro and in vivo. Activation of A3R may have great potential in the management of retinal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by RGC death, as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, and ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Galvao
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Martins
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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22
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Borea PA, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Merighi S, Gessi S. The A3 adenosine receptor: history and perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:74-102. [PMID: 25387804 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By general consensus, the omnipresent purine nucleoside adenosine is considered a major regulator of local tissue function, especially when energy supply fails to meet cellular energy demand. Adenosine mediation involves activation of a family of four G protein-coupled adenosine receptors (ARs): A(1), A(2)A, A(2)B, and A(3). The A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) is the only adenosine subtype to be overexpressed in inflammatory and cancer cells, thus making it a potential target for therapy. Originally isolated as an orphan receptor, A(3)AR presented a twofold nature under different pathophysiologic conditions: it appeared to be protective/harmful under ischemic conditions, pro/anti-inflammatory, and pro/antitumoral depending on the systems investigated. Until recently, the greatest and most intriguing challenge has been to understand whether, and in which cases, selective A(3) agonists or antagonists would be the best choice. Today, the choice has been made and A(3)AR agonists are now under clinical development for some disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, glaucoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. More specifically, the interest and relevance of these new agents derives from clinical data demonstrating that A(3)AR agonists are both effective and safe. Thus, it will become apparent in the present review that purine scientists do seem to be getting closer to their goal: the incorporation of adenosine ligands into drugs with the ability to save lives and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
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23
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Razali N, Agarwal R, Agarwal P, Kumar S, Tripathy M, Vasudevan S, Crowston JG, Ismail NM. Role of adenosine receptors in resveratrol-induced intraocular pressure lowering in rats with steroid-induced ocular hypertension. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 43:54-66. [PMID: 24995479 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-induced ocular hypertension is currently treated in the same way as primary open-angle glaucoma. However, the treatment is often suboptimal and is associated with adverse effects. We evaluated the oculohypotensive effects of topical trans-resveratrol in rats with steroid-induced ocular hypertension and involvement of adenosine receptors (AR) in intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of trans-resveratrol. METHODS The oculohypotensive effect of unilateral single-drop application of various concentrations of trans-resveratrol was first studied in oculonormotensive rats. Concentration with maximum effect was similarly studied in rats with steroid-induced ocular hypertension. Involvement of AR was studied by observing the alterations of IOP in response to trans-resveratrol after pretreating animals with AR subtype-specific antagonists. Additionally, we used computational methods, including 3D modelling, 3D structure generation and protein-ligand interaction, to determine the AR-trans-resveratrol interaction. RESULTS All concentrations of trans-resveratrol produced significant IOP reduction in normotensive rat eyes. Maximum mean IOP reduction of 15.1% was achieved with trans-resveratrol 0.2%. In oculohypertensive rats, trans-resveratrol 0.2% produced peak IOP reduction of 25.2%. Pretreatment with A₁ antagonist abolished the oculohypotensive effect of trans-resveratrol. Pretreatment with A₃ and A₂A AR antagonists produced significant IOP reduction in both treated and control eyes, which was further augmented by trans-resveratrol application in treated eyes. Computational studies showed that trans-resveratrol has highest affinity for A₂B and A₁, followed by A2A and A₃ AR. CONCLUSION Topically applied trans-resveratrol reduces IOP in rats with steroid-induced ocular hypertension. Trans-resveratrol-induced oculohypotension involves its agonistic activity at the A₁ AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhafiza Razali
- Faculty of Medicine, Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor
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24
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Cinalli AR, Guarracino JF, Fernandez V, Roquel LI, Losavio AS. Inosine induces presynaptic inhibition of acetylcholine release by activation of A3 adenosine receptors at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1810-23. [PMID: 23731236 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of inosine at the mammalian neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has not been clearly defined. Moreover, inosine was classically considered to be the inactive metabolite of adenosine. Hence, we investigated the effect of inosine on spontaneous and evoked ACh release, the mechanism underlying its modulatory action and the receptor type and signal transduction pathway involved. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH End-plate potentials (EPPs) and miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) were recorded from the mouse phrenic-nerve diaphragm preparations using conventional intracellular electrophysiological techniques. KEY RESULTS Inosine (100 μM) reduced MEPP frequency and the amplitude and quantal content of EPPs; effects inhibited by the selective A3 receptor antagonist MRS-1191. Immunohistochemical assays confirmed the presence of A3 receptors at mammalian NMJ. The voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) blocker Cd(2+) , the removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and the L-type and P/Q-type VGCC antagonists, nitrendipine and ω-agatoxin IVA, respectively, all prevented inosine-induced inhibition. In the absence of endogenous adenosine, inosine decreased the hypertonic response. The effects of inosine on ACh release were prevented by the Gi/o protein inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide, PKC antagonist chelerytrine and calmodulin antagonist W-7, but not by PKA antagonists, H-89 and KT-5720, or the inhibitor of CaMKII KN-62. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that, at motor nerve terminals, inosine induces presynaptic inhibition of spontaneous and evoked ACh release by activating A3 receptors through a mechanism that involves L-type and P/Q-type VGCCs and the secretory machinery downstream of calcium influx. A3 receptors appear to be coupled to Gi/o protein. PKC and calmodulin may be involved in these effects of inosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Cinalli
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Alfredo Lanari, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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26
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Jacobson KA. Structure-based approaches to ligands for G-protein-coupled adenosine and P2Y receptors, from small molecules to nanoconjugates. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3749-67. [PMID: 23597047 PMCID: PMC3701956 DOI: 10.1021/jm400422s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptor (ARs) and P2Y receptors (P2YRs) that respond to extracellular nucleosides/nucleotides are associated with new directions for therapeutics. The X-ray structures of the A2AAR complexes with agonists and antagonists are examined in relationship to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily and applied to drug discovery. Much of the data on AR ligand structure from early SAR studies now are explainable from the A2AAR X-ray crystallography. The ligand-receptor interactions in related GPCR complexes can be identified by means of modeling approaches, e.g., molecular docking. Thus, molecular recognition in binding and activation processes has been studied effectively using homology modeling and applied to ligand design. Virtual screening has yielded new nonnucleoside AR antagonists, and existing ligands have been improved with knowledge of the receptor interactions. New agonists are being explored for central nervous system and peripheral therapeutics based on in vivo activity, such as chronic neuropathic pain. Ligands for receptors more distantly related to the X-ray template, i.e., P2YRs, have been introduced and are mainly used as pharmacological tools for elucidating the physiological role of extracellular nucleotides. Other ligand tools for drug discovery include fluorescent probes, radioactive probes, multivalent probes, and functionalized nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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27
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Mikus EG, Szeredi J, Boer K, Tímári G, Finet M, Aranyi P, Galzin AM. Evaluation of SSR161421, a novel orally active adenosine A3 receptor antagonist on pharmacology models. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 699:172-9. [PMID: 23219796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a novel adenosine A(3) receptor antagonist, SSR161421, were examined on both antigen per se and adenosine receptor agonist-increased airway responses in antigen-sensitized guinea pigs. Adenosine (10(-5)M) and AB-MECA [N6-(4-aminobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyl-uronamide dihydrochloride] (10(-7)M) increased the antigen response up to 61 ± 3.0% and 88 ± 5.2% of maximal contraction, respectively. The agonists of adenosine A(1) and A(2) adenosine receptors NECA [1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-deoxy-N-ethyl-b-d-ribofuranuronamide-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine], R-PIA [N(6)-R-phenylisopropyladenosine], and CGS21680 (10(-7)M) were ineffective. In vivo intravenous adenosine (600 μg/kg) and AB-MECA (30 μg/kg) increased the threshold antigen dose-induced bronchoconstriction by 214 ± 13.0% and 220 ± 15.2%, respectively. SSR161421 in vitro (IC(50)=5.9 × 10(-7)M) inhibited the AB-MECA-enhanced antigen-induced airway smooth muscle contractions and also in vivo the bronchoconstriction following either intravenous (ED(50)=0.008 mg/kg) or oral (ED(50)=0.03 mg/kg) administration in sensitized guinea pigs. Antigen itself could evoke tracheal contraction in vitro and bronchoconstriction in vivo in antigen-sensitized guinea pigs. SSR161421 (3 × 10(-6)M) decreased the AUC of the antigen-induced contraction-time curve to 20.8 ± 5.4% from the 100% control level. SSR161421 effectively reversed the antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, plasma leak and cell recruitment with EC(50) values of 0.33 mg/kg p.o., 0.02 mg/kg i.p. and 3 mg/kg i.p., respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre G Mikus
- Sanofi Co. Ltd, H-1045 Budapest Tó utca 1-5, Hungary.
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28
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Tosh DK, Deflorian F, Phan K, Gao ZG, Wan TC, Gizewski E, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Structure-guided design of A(3) adenosine receptor-selective nucleosides: combination of 2-arylethynyl and bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substitutions. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4847-60. [PMID: 22559880 PMCID: PMC3371665 DOI: 10.1021/jm300396n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
(N)-Methanocarba adenosine 5'-methyluronamides containing known A(3) AR (adenosine receptor)-enhancing modifications, i.e., 2-(arylethynyl)adenine and N(6)-methyl or N(6)-(3-substituted-benzyl), were nanomolar full agonists of human (h) A(3)AR and highly selective (K(i) ∼0.6 nM, N(6)-methyl 2-(halophenylethynyl) analogues 13 and 14). Combined 2-arylethynyl-N(6)-3-chlorobenzyl substitutions preserved A(3)AR affinity/selectivity in the (N)-methanocarba series (e.g., 3,4-difluoro full agonist MRS5698 31, K(i) 3 nM, human and mouse A(3)) better than that for ribosides. Polyaromatic 2-ethynyl N(6)-3-chlorobenzyl analogues, such as potent linearly extended 2-p-biphenylethynyl MRS5679 34 (K(i) hA(3) 3.1 nM; A(1), A(2A), inactive) and fluorescent 1-pyrene adduct MRS5704 35 (K(i) hA(3) 68.3 nM), were conformationally rigid; receptor docking identified a large, mainly hydrophobic binding region. The vicinity of receptor-bound C2 groups was probed by homology modeling based on recent X-ray structure of an agonist-bound A(2A)AR, with a predicted helical rearrangement requiring an agonist-specific outward displacement of TM2 resembling opsin. Thus, the X-ray structure of related A(2A)AR is useful in guiding the design of new A(3)AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Khai Phan
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Tina C. Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Elizabeth Gizewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - John A. Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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29
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Baraldi PG, Preti D, Borea PA, Varani K. Medicinal Chemistry of A3 Adenosine Receptor Modulators: Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Implications. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5676-703. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Delia Preti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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30
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Tosh DK, Phan K, Deflorian F, Wei Q, Yoo LS, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Click modification in the N6 region of A3 adenosine receptor-selective carbocyclic nucleosides for dendrimeric tethering that preserves pharmacophore recognition. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:232-47. [PMID: 22175234 PMCID: PMC3291892 DOI: 10.1021/bc200526c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine derivatives were modified with alkynyl groups on N(6) substituents for linkage to carriers using Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry. Two parallel series, both containing a rigid North-methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) ring system in place of ribose, behaved as A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) agonists: (5'-methyluronamides) or partial agonists (4'-truncated). Terminal alkynyl groups on a chain at the 3 position of a N(6)-benzyl group or simply through a N(6)-propargyl group were coupled to azido derivatives, which included both small molecules and G4 (fourth-generation) multivalent poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, to form 1,2,3-triazolyl linkers. The small molecular triazoles probed the tolerance in A(3)AR binding of distal, sterically bulky groups such as 1-adamantyl. Terminal 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl groups anticipated nucleophilic substitution for chain extension and (18)F radiolabeling. N(6)-(4-Fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)-triazolylmethyl derivative 32 displayed a K(i) of 9.1 nM at A(3)AR with ∼1000-fold subtype selectivity. Multivalent conjugates additionally containing click-linked water-solubilizing polyethylene glycol groups potently activated A(3)AR in the 5'-methyluronamide, but not 4' truncated series. N(6)-Benzyl nucleoside conjugate 43 (apparent K(i) 24 nM) maintained binding affinity of the monomer better than a N(6)-triazolylmethyl derivative. Thus, the N(6) region of 5'-methyluronamide derivatives, as modeled in receptor docking, is suitable for functionalization and tethering by click chemistry to achieve high A(3)AR agonist affinity and enhanced selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Khai Phan
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Qiang Wei
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lena S. Yoo
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Vieira C, Ferreirinha F, Silva I, Duarte-Araújo M, Correia-de-Sá P. Localization and function of adenosine receptor subtypes at the longitudinal muscle--myenteric plexus of the rat ileum. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:1043-55. [PMID: 21924311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine plays a dual role on acetylcholine (ACh) release from myenteric motoneurons via the activation of high-affinity inhibitory A₁ and facilitatory A(2A) receptors. The therapeutic potential of adenosine-related compounds for controlling intestinal motility and inflammation, prompted us to investigate further the role of low-affinity adenosine receptors, A(2B) and A₃, on electrically-evoked (5 Hz, 200 pulses) [³H]ACh release from myenteric neurons. Immunolocalization studies showed that A(2B) receptors exhibit a pattern of distribution similar to the glial cell marker, GFAP. Regarding A₁ and A₃ receptors, they are mainly distributed to cell bodies of ganglionic myenteric neurons, whereas A(2A) receptors are localized predominantly on cholinergic nerve terminals. Using selective antagonists (DPCPX, ZM241385 and MRS1191), data indicate that modulation of evoked [³H]ACh release is balanced through tonic activation of inhibitory (A₁) and facilitatory (A(2A) and A₃) receptors by endogenous adenosine. The selective A(2B) receptor antagonist, PSB603, alone was devoid of effect and failed to modify the inhibitory effect of NECA. The A₃ receptor agonist, 2-Cl-IB MECA (1-10 nM), concentration-dependently increased the release of [³H]ACh. The effect of 2-Cl-IB MECA was attenuated by MRS1191 and by ZM241385, which selectively block respectively A₃ and A(2A) receptors. In contrast to 2-Cl-IB MECA, activation of A(2A) receptors with CGS21680C attenuated nicotinic facilitation of ACh release induced by focal depolarization of myenteric nerve terminals in the presence of tetrodotoxin. Tandem localization of excitatory A₃ and A(2A) receptors along myenteric neurons explains why stimulation of A₃ receptors (with 2-Cl-IB MECA) on nerve cell bodies acts cooperatively with prejunctional facilitatory A(2A) receptors to up-regulate acetylcholine release. The results presented herein consolidate and expand the current understanding of adenosine receptor distribution and function in the myenteric plexus of the rat ileum, and should be taken into consideration for data interpretation regarding the pathophysiological implications of adenosine on intestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vieira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia/UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto-ICBAS-UP, Portugal
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Gao ZG, Verzijl D, Zweemer A, Ye K, Göblyös A, Ijzerman AP, Jacobson KA. Functionally biased modulation of A(3) adenosine receptor agonist efficacy and potency by imidazoquinolinamine allosteric enhancers. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:658-68. [PMID: 21718691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators for the G(i)-coupled A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) are of considerable interest as therapeutic agents and as pharmacological tools to probe various signaling pathways. In this study, we initially characterized the effects of several imidazoquinolinamine allosteric modulators (LUF5999, LUF6000 and LUF6001) on the human A(3) AR stably expressed in CHO cells using a cyclic AMP functional assay. These modulators were found to affect efficacy and potency of the agonist Cl-IB-MECA differently. LUF5999 (2-cyclobutyl derivative) enhanced efficacy but decreased potency. LUF6000 (2-cyclohexyl derivative) enhanced efficacy without affecting potency. LUF6001 (2-H derivative) decreased both efficacy and potency. We further compared the agonist enhancing effects of LUF6000 in several other A(3) AR-mediated events. It was shown that although LUF6000 behaved somewhat differently in various signaling pathways, it was more effective in enhancing the effects of low-efficacy than of high-efficacy agonists. In an assay of cyclic AMP accumulation, LUF6000 enhanced the efficacy of all agonists examined, but in the membrane hyperpolarization assay, it only enhanced the efficacy of partial agonists. In calcium mobilization, LUF6000 did not affect the efficacy of the full agonist NECA but was able to switch the nucleoside antagonist MRS542 into a partial agonist. In translocation of β-arrestin2, the agonist-enhancing effect LUF6000 was not pronounced. In an assay of ERK1/2 phosphorylation LUF6000 did not show any effect on the efficacy of Cl-IB-MECA. The differential effects of LUF6000 on the efficacy and potency of the agonist Cl-IB-MECA in various signaling pathway were interpreted quantitatively using a mathematical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA.
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Huang NK, Lin JH, Lin JT, Lin CI, Liu EM, Lin CJ, Chen WP, Shen YC, Chen HM, Chen JB, Lai HL, Yang CW, Chiang MC, Wu YS, Chang C, Chen JF, Fang JM, Lin YL, Chern Y. A new drug design targeting the adenosinergic system for Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20934. [PMID: 21713039 PMCID: PMC3119665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. The expanded CAG repeats are translated into polyglutamine (polyQ), causing aberrant functions as well as aggregate formation of mutant Htt. Effective treatments for HD are yet to be developed. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report a novel dual-function compound, N6-(4-hydroxybenzyl)adenine riboside (designated T1-11) which activates the A2AR and a major adenosine transporter (ENT1). T1-11 was originally isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb. Molecular modeling analyses showed that T1-11 binds to the adenosine pockets of the A2AR and ENT1. Introduction of T1-11 into the striatum significantly enhanced the level of striatal adenosine as determined by a microdialysis technique, demonstrating that T1-11 inhibited adenosine uptake in vivo. A single intraperitoneal injection of T1-11 in wildtype mice, but not in A2AR knockout mice, increased cAMP level in the brain. Thus, T1-11 enters the brain and elevates cAMP via activation of the A2AR in vivo. Most importantly, addition of T1-11 (0.05 mg/ml) to the drinking water of a transgenic mouse model of HD (R6/2) ameliorated the progressive deterioration in motor coordination, reduced the formation of striatal Htt aggregates, elevated proteasome activity, and increased the level of an important neurotrophic factor (brain derived neurotrophic factor) in the brain. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of T1-11 for treating HD. Conclusions/Significance The dual functions of T1-11 enable T1-11 to effectively activate the adenosinergic system and subsequently delay the progression of HD. This is a novel therapeutic strategy for HD. Similar dual-function drugs aimed at a particular neurotransmitter system as proposed herein may be applicable to other neurotransmitter systems (e.g., the dopamine receptor/dopamine transporter and the serotonin receptor/serotonin transporter) and may facilitate the development of new drugs for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kuei Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsin Lin
- Division of Mechanics, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Tsai Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eric Minwei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ping Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Lin Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Wen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuo Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (YLL); (JMF)
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (YLL); (JMF)
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YC); (YLL); (JMF)
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Kecskés A, Tosh DK, Wei Q, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. GPCR ligand dendrimer (GLiDe) conjugates: adenosine receptor interactions of a series of multivalent xanthine antagonists. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1115-27. [PMID: 21539392 DOI: 10.1021/bc1005812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists were tethered from polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers to provide high receptor affinity and selectivity. Here, we prepared GPCR ligand--dendrimer (GLiDe) conjugates from a potent adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist; such agents are of interest for treating Parkinson's disease, asthma, and other conditions. Xanthine amine congener (XAC) was appended with an alkyne group on an extended C8 substituent for coupling by Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry to azide-derivatized G4 (fourth-generation) PAMAM dendrimers to form triazoles. These conjugates also contained triazole-linked PEG groups (8 or 22 moieties per 64 terminal positions) for increasing water-solubility and optionally prosthetic groups for spectroscopic characterization and affinity labeling. Human AR binding affinity increased progressively with the degree of xanthine substitution to reach K(i) values in the nanomolar range. The order of affinity of each conjugate was hA(2A)AR > hA(3)AR > hA(1)AR, while the corresponding monomer was ranked hA(2A)AR > hA(1)AR ≥ hA(3)AR. The antagonist activity of the most potent conjugate 14 (34 xanthines per dendrimer) was examined at the G(i)-coupled A(1)AR. Conjugate 14 at 100 nM right-shifted the AR agonist concentration--response curve in a cyclic AMP functional assay in a parallel manner, but at 10 nM (lower than its K(i) value), it significantly suppressed the maximal agonist effect in calcium mobilization. This is the first systematic probing of a potent AR antagonist tethered on a dendrimer and its activity as a function of variable loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kecskés
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Koscsó B, Csóka B, Pacher P, Haskó G. Investigational A₃ adenosine receptor targeting agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:757-68. [PMID: 21457061 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.573785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that accumulates in the extracellular space in response to metabolic stress and cell damage. Extracellular adenosine is a signaling molecule that signals by activating four GPCRs: the A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) receptors. Since the discovery of A(3) adenosine receptors, accumulating evidence has identified these receptors as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. AREAS COVERED A(3) adenosine receptors are expressed on the surface of most immune cell types, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes and mast cells. A(3) adenosine receptor activation on immune cells governs a broad array of immune cell functions, which include cytokine production, degranulation, chemotaxis, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and proliferation. In accordance with their multitudinous immunoregulatory actions, targeting A(3) adenosine receptors has been shown to impact the course of a wide spectrum of immune-related diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, ischemia and inflammatory disorders. EXPERT OPINION Given the existence of both preclinical and early clinical data supporting the utility of A(3) adenosine receptor ligands in treating immune-related diseases, further development of A(3) adenosine receptor ligands is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Koscsó
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Surgery, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Al-Salahi R, Geffken D, Koellner M. A New Series of 2-Alkoxy(aralkoxy)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]quinazolin-5-ones as Adenosine Receptor Antagonists. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:730-3. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University
| | - Detlef Geffken
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Hamburg University
| | - Maria Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Hamburg University
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Keene AM, Balasubramanian R, Lloyd J, Shainberg A, Jacobson KA. Multivalent dendrimeric and monomeric adenosine agonists attenuate cell death in HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes expressing the A(3) receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:188-96. [PMID: 20346920 PMCID: PMC2880883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent dendrimeric conjugates of GPCR ligands may have increased potency or selectivity in comparison to monomeric ligands, a phenomenon that was tested in a model of cytoprotection in mouse HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Quantitative RT-PCR indicated high expression levels of endogenous A(1) and A(2A) adenosine receptors (ARs), but not of A(2B) and A(3)ARs. Activation of the heterologously expressed human A(3)AR in HL-1 cells by AR agonists significantly attenuated cell damage following 4h exposure to H(2)O(2) (750 microM) but not in untransfected cells. The A(3) agonist IB-MECA (EC(50) 3.8 microM) and the non-selective agonist NECA (EC(50) 3.9 microM) protected A(3) AR-transfected cells against H(2)O(2) in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by lactate dehydrogenase release. A generation 5.5 PAMAM (polyamidoamine) dendrimeric conjugate of a N(6)-chain-functionalized adenosine agonist was synthesized and its mass indicated an average of 60 amide-linked nucleoside moieties out of 256 theoretical attachment sites. It non-selectively activated the A(3)AR to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation (IC(50) 66nM) and, similarly, protected A(3)-transfected HL-1 cells from apoptosis-inducing H(2)O(2) with greater potency (IC(50) 35nM) than monomeric nucleosides. Thus, a PAMAM conjugate retained AR binding affinity and displayed greatly enhanced cardioprotective potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena M. Keene
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Ramachandran Balasubramanian
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - John Lloyd
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Asher Shainberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
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Carlsson J, Yoo L, Gao ZG, Irwin JJ, Shoichet BK, Jacobson KA. Structure-based discovery of A2A adenosine receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3748-55. [PMID: 20405927 PMCID: PMC2865168 DOI: 10.1021/jm100240h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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The recent determination of X-ray structures of pharmacologically relevant GPCRs has made these targets accessible to structure-based ligand discovery. Here we explore whether novel chemotypes may be discovered for the A2A adenosine receptor, based on complementarity to its recently determined structure. The A2A adenosine receptor signals in the periphery and the CNS, with agonists explored as anti-inflammatory drugs and antagonists explored for neurodegenerative diseases. We used molecular docking to screen a 1.4 million compound database against the X-ray structure computationally and tested 20 high-ranking, previously unknown molecules experimentally. Of these 35% showed substantial activity with affinities between 200 nM and 9 μM. For the most potent of these new inhibitors, over 50-fold specificity was observed for the A2A versus the related A1 and A3 subtypes. These high hit rates and affinities at least partly reflect the bias of commercial libraries toward GPCR-like chemotypes, an issue that we attempt to investigate quantitatively. Despite this bias, many of the most potent new ligands were novel, dissimilar from known ligands, providing new lead structures for modulation of this medically important target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Carlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 1700 4th Street, Box 2550, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Baram D, Dekel O, Mekori YA, Sagi-Eisenberg R. Activation of mast cells by trimeric G protein Gi3; coupling to the A3 adenosine receptor directly and upon T cell contact. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3677-88. [PMID: 20190146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are key players in mediating and amplifying allergic and inflammatory reactions. Previously, we identified the G-protein, Gi3, as the cellular target of receptor mimetic basic secretagogues that activate mast cell independently of IgE. In this study, we demonstrate that Gi3 is the cellular target of the adenosine A3 receptor (A3R), a G-protein coupled receptor involved in inflammation and the pathophysiology of asthma. By using a cell permeable peptide comprising the C-terminal end of Galphai3 fused to an importation sequence (ALL1) as a selective inhibitor of Gi3 signaling, we show that by coupling to Gi3, the A3R stimulates multiple signaling pathways in human mast cells, leading to upregulation of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. We further show that after contact with activated T cell membranes, endogenous adenosine binds to and activates the A3R, resulting in Gi3-mediated signaling. Specifically, the majority of ERK1/2 signaling initiated by contact with activated T cell membranes, is mediated by Gi3, giving rise to ALL1-inhibitable cellular responses. These results unveil the physiological G-protein coupled receptor that couples to Gi3 and establish the important role played by this G-protein in inflammatory conditions that involve adenosine-activated mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Baram
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Tosh DK, Yoo LS, Chinn M, Hong K, Kilbey SM, Barrett MO, Fricks IP, Harden TK, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer conjugates of "clickable" agonists of the A3 adenosine receptor and coactivation of the P2Y14 receptor by a tethered nucleotide. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:372-84. [PMID: 20121074 PMCID: PMC2845915 DOI: 10.1021/bc900473v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We previously synthesized a series of potent and selective A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) agonists (North-methanocarba nucleoside 5'-uronamides) containing dialkyne groups on extended adenine C2 substituents. We coupled the distal alkyne of a 2-octadiynyl nucleoside by Cu(I)-catalyzed "click" chemistry to azide-derivatized G4 (fourth-generation) PAMAM dendrimers to form triazoles. A(3)AR activation was preserved in these multivalent conjugates, which bound with apparent K(i) of 0.1-0.3 nM. They were substituted with nucleoside moieties, solely or in combination with water-solubilizing carboxylic acid groups derived from hexynoic acid. A comparison with various amide-linked dendrimers showed that triazole-linked conjugates displayed selectivity and enhanced A(3)AR affinity. We prepared a PAMAM dendrimer containing equiproportioned peripheral azido and amino groups for conjugation of multiple ligands. A bifunctional conjugate activated both A(3) and P2Y(14) receptors (via amide-linked uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid), with selectivity in comparison to other ARs and P2Y receptors. This is the first example of targeting two different GPCRs with the same dendrimer conjugate, which is intended for activation of heteromeric GPCR aggregates. Synergistic effects of activating multiple GPCRs with a single dendrimer conjugate might be useful in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Lena S. Yoo
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Moshe Chinn
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - S. Michael Kilbey
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Matthew O. Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Ingrid P. Fricks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - T. Kendall Harden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Buenestado A, Grassin Delyle S, Arnould I, Besnard F, Naline E, Blouquit-Laye S, Chapelier A, Bellamy JF, Devillier P. The role of adenosine receptors in regulating production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and chemokines by human lung macrophages. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1304-11. [PMID: 20136829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine is a major endogenous regulator of macrophage function, and activates four specific adenosine receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3)). Here, we have assessed in human lung macrophages the modulation of the expression of adenosine receptor mRNA by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the relative contributions of the different adenosine receptors to LPS-induced production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and chemokines. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Lung macrophages isolated from resected lungs were stimulated with LPS and treated with adenosine receptor agonists or/and antagonists. Adenosine receptor expression was assessed with qRT-PCR. Cytokines were measured in lung macrophage supernatants with elisa. KEY RESULTS LPS increased (about 400-fold) mRNA for A(2A) adenosine receptors, decreased mRNA for A(1) and A(2B), but had no effect on A(3) adenosine receptor mRNA. The adenosine receptor agonist NECA inhibited TNF-alpha production concentration dependently, whereas the A(1) receptor agonist, CCPA, and the A(3) receptor agonist, AB-MECA, inhibited TNF-alpha production only at concentrations affecting A(2A) receptors. NECA also inhibited the production of CCL chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5) and CXCL chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10), but not that of CXCL1, CXCL8 and CXCL5. Reversal of NECA-induced inhibition of TNF-alpha and chemokine production by the selective A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonist ZM 241385, but not the A(2B) receptor antagonist, MRS 1754, or the A(3) receptor antagonist, MRS 1220, indicated involvement of A(2A) receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS LPS up-regulated A(2A) adenosine receptor gene transcription, and this receptor subtype mediated inhibition of the LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha and of a subset of chemokines in human lung macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buenestado
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Suresnes, France
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Rihel J, Prober DA, Arvanites A, Lam K, Zimmerman S, Jang S, Haggarty SJ, Kokel D, Rubin LL, Peterson RT, Schier AF. Zebrafish behavioral profiling links drugs to biological targets and rest/wake regulation. Science 2010; 327:348-51. [PMID: 20075256 PMCID: PMC2830481 DOI: 10.1126/science.1183090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle for the discovery of psychoactive drugs is the inability to predict how small molecules will alter complex behaviors. We report the development and application of a high-throughput, quantitative screen for drugs that alter the behavior of larval zebrafish. We found that the multidimensional nature of observed phenotypes enabled the hierarchical clustering of molecules according to shared behaviors. Behavioral profiling revealed conserved functions of psychotropic molecules and predicted the mechanisms of action of poorly characterized compounds. In addition, behavioral profiling implicated new factors such as ether-a-go-go-related gene (ERG) potassium channels and immunomodulators in the control of rest and locomotor activity. These results demonstrate the power of high-throughput behavioral profiling in zebrafish to discover and characterize psychotropic drugs and to dissect the pharmacology of complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Rihel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - David A. Prober
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Anthony Arvanites
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kelvin Lam
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Steven Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Sumin Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Kokel
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lee L. Rubin
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander F. Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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43
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Tosh DK, Chinn M, Yoo LS, Kang DW, Luecke H, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. 2-Dialkynyl derivatives of (N)-methanocarba nucleosides: 'Clickable' A(3) adenosine receptor-selective agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:508-17. [PMID: 20036562 PMCID: PMC2818678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We modified a series of (N)-methanocarba nucleoside 5'-uronamides to contain dialkyne groups on an extended adenine C2 substituent, as synthetic intermediates leading to potent and selective A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) agonists. The proximal alkyne was intended to promote receptor recognition, and the distal alkyne reacted with azides to form triazole derivatives (click cycloaddition). Click chemistry was utilized to couple an octadiynyl A(3)AR agonist to azido-containing fluorescent, chemically reactive, biotinylated, and other moieties with retention of selective binding to the A(3)AR. A bifunctional thiol-reactive crosslinking reagent was introduced. The most potent and selective novel compound was a 1-adamantyl derivative (K(i) 6.5nM), although some of the click products had K(i) values in the range of 200-400nM. Other potent, selective derivatives (K(i) at A(3)AR innM) were intended as possible receptor affinity labels: 3-nitro-4-fluorophenyl (10.6), alpha-bromophenacyl (9.6), thiol-reactive isothiazolone (102), and arylisothiocyanate (37.5) derivatives. The maximal functional effects in inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP were measured, indicating that this class of click adducts varied from partial to full A(3)AR agonist compared to other widely used agonists. Thus, this strategy provides a general chemical approach to linking potent and selective A(3)AR agonists to reporter groups of diverse structure and to carrier moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Moshe Chinn
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Lena S. Yoo
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Dong Wook Kang
- Gene Regulation Group, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hans Luecke
- Gene Regulation Group, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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44
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Wang Z, Do CW, Avila MY, Peterson-Yantorno K, Stone RA, Gao ZG, Joshi B, Besada P, Jeong LS, Jacobson KA, Civan MM. Nucleoside-derived antagonists to A3 adenosine receptors lower mouse intraocular pressure and act across species. Exp Eye Res 2010; 90:146-54. [PMID: 19878673 PMCID: PMC2789191 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine whether novel, selective antagonists of human A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) derived from the A3-selective agonist Cl-IB-MECA lower intraocular pressure (IOP) and act across species. IOP was measured invasively with a micropipette by the Servo-Null Micropipette System (SNMS) and by non-invasive pneumotonometry during topical drug application. Antagonist efficacy was also assayed by measuring inhibition of adenosine-triggered shrinkage of native bovine nonpigmented ciliary epithelial (NPE) cells. Five agonist-based A3AR antagonists lowered mouse IOP measured with SNMS tonometry by 3-5 mm Hg within minutes of topical application. Of the five agonist derivatives, LJ 1251 was the only antagonist to lower IOP measured by pneumotonometry. No effect was detected pneumotonometrically over 30 min following application of the other four compounds, consonant with slower, smaller responses previously measured non-invasively following topical application of A3AR agonists and the dihydropyridine A3AR antagonist MRS 1191. Latanoprost similarly lowered SNMS-measured IOP, but not IOP measured non-invasively over 30 min. Like MRS 1191, agonist-based A3AR antagonists applied to native bovine NPE cells inhibited adenosine-triggered shrinkage. In summary, the results indicate that antagonists of human A3ARs derived from the potent, selective A3 agonist Cl-IB-MECA display efficacy in mouse and bovine cells, as well. When intraocular delivery was enhanced by measuring mouse IOP invasively, five derivatives of the A3AR agonist Cl-IB-MECA lowered IOP but only one rapidly reduced IOP measured non-invasively after topical application. We conclude that derivatives of the highly-selective A3AR agonist Cl-IB-MECA can reduce IOP upon reaching their intraocular target, and that nucleoside-based derivatives are promising A3 antagonists for study in multiple animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
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45
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Tosh DK, Chinn M, Ivanov AA, Klutz AM, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Functionalized congeners of A3 adenosine receptor-selective nucleosides containing a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring system. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7580-92. [PMID: 19499950 PMCID: PMC3109436 DOI: 10.1021/jm900426g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(N)-Methanocarba nucleosides containing bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane replacement of the ribose ring previously demonstrated selectivity as A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) agonists (5'-uronamides) or antagonists (5'-truncated). Here, these two series were modified in parallel at the adenine C2 position. N(6)-3-Chlorobenzyl-5'-N-methyluronamides derivatives with functionalized 2-alkynyl chains of varying length terminating in a reactive carboxylate, ester, or amine group were full, potent human A(3)AR agonists. Flexibility of chain substitution allowed the conjugation with a fluorescent cyanine dye (Cy5) and biotin, resulting in binding K(i) values of 17 and 36 nM, respectively. The distal end of the chain was predicted by homology modeling to bind at the A(3)AR extracellular regions. Corresponding l-nucleosides were nearly inactive in AR binding. In the 5'-truncated nucleoside series, 2-Cl analogues were more potent at A(3)AR than 2-H and 2-F, functional efficacy in adenylate cyclase inhibition varied, and introduction of a 2-alkynyl chain greatly reduced affinity. SAR parallels between the two series lost stringency at distal positions. The most potent and selective novel compounds were amine congener 15 (K(i) = 2.1 nM) and truncated partial agonist 22 (K(i) = 4.9 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Moshe Chinn
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Andrei A. Ivanov
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Athena M. Klutz
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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46
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Zhang M, Hu H, Zhang X, Lu W, Lim J, Eysteinsson T, Jacobson KA, Laties AM, Mitchell CH. The A3 adenosine receptor attenuates the calcium rise triggered by NMDA receptors in retinal ganglion cells. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:35-41. [PMID: 19723551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The A(3) adenosine receptor is emerging as an important regulator of neuronal signaling, and in some situations receptor stimulation can limit excitability. As the NMDA receptor frequently contributes to neuronal excitability, this study examined whether A(3) receptor activation could alter the calcium rise accompanying NMDA receptor stimulation. Calcium levels were determined from fura-2 imaging of isolated rat retinal ganglion cells as these neurons possess both receptor types. Brief application of glutamate or NMDA led to repeatable and reversible elevations of intracellular calcium. The A(3) agonist Cl-IB-MECA reduced the response to both glutamate and NMDA. While adenosine mimicked the effect of Cl-IB-MECA, the A(3) receptor antagonist MRS 1191 impeded the block by adenosine, implicating a role for the A(3) receptor in response to the natural agonist. The A(1) receptor antagonist DPCPX provided additional inhibition, implying a contribution from both A(1) and A(3) adenosine receptors. The novel A(3) agonist MRS 3558 (1'S,2'R,3'S,4'R,5'S)-4-(2-chloro-6-(3-chlorobenzylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,3-dihydroxy-N-methylbicyclo [3.1.0] hexane-1-carboxamide and mixed A(1)/A(3) agonist MRS 3630 (1'S,2'R,3'S,4'R,5'S)-4-(2-chloro-6-(cyclopentylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,3-dihydroxy-N-methylbicyclo [3.1.0] hexane-1-carboxamide also inhibited the calcium rise induced by NMDA. Low levels of MRS 3558 were particularly effective, with an IC(50) of 400 pM. In all cases, A(3) receptor stimulation inhibited only 30-50% of the calcium rise. In summary, stimulation of the A(3) adenosine receptor by either endogenous or synthesized agonists can limit the calcium rise accompanying NMDA receptor activation. It remains to be determined if partial block of the calcium rise by A(3) agonists can modify downstream responses to NMDA receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jamal Mustafa
- Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Habib R. Ansari
- Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Worku Abebe
- Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry Augusta Georgia
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48
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Chen H, Yang D, Carroll SH, Eltzschig HK, Ravid K. Activation of the macrophage A2b adenosine receptor regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels following vascular injury. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:533-8. [PMID: 19375644 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The control of expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) impacts a variety of processes during a stress response. Macrophages are a major source of TNF-alpha, the level of which is known to be regulated by adenosine. Previous studies highlighted the role of the A2a adenosine receptor in this process, while the role of the A2b adenosine receptor (A2bAR) has not been clearly identified. Here, we examined the contribution of the A2bAR to TNF-alpha regulation by macrophages at baseline and under vascular stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed a newer A2bAR-selective ligand, BAY 60-6583 in vitro and in vivo, and an A2bAR antagonist CVT-6883, as well as examined macrophages derived from control or A2bAR knockout mice. RESULTS We found that the expression of the A2bAR is upregulated in macrophages derived from wild-type mice subjected to arterial injury, and this receptor activity controls the level of TNF-alpha released from macrophages. CONCLUSION We identified a significant role for the A2bAR in the regulation of TNF-alpha, which would contribute to the anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine under vascular stress. This conclusion could focus attention on this receptor as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass., USA
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The P2X(7) receptor in retinal ganglion cells: A neuronal model of pressure-induced damage and protection by a shifting purinergic balance. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:241-9. [PMID: 19241145 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-009-9142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells process the visual signal and transmit it along their axons in the optic nerve to the brain. Molecular, immunohistochemical, and functional analyses indicate that the majority of retinal ganglion cells express the ionotropic P2X(7) receptor. Stimulation of the receptor can lead to a rise in intracellular calcium and cell death, although death does not involve the opening of a large diameter pore. Adenosine acting at A(3) receptors can attenuate the rise in calcium and death accompanying P2X(7) receptor activation, suggesting that dephosphorylation of ATP into adenosine is neuroprotective and that the balance of extracellular purines can influence neuronal survival. Increased intraocular pressure can lead to release of excessive extracellular ATP in the retina and damage ganglion cells by acting on P2X(7) receptors, implicating a role for the receptor in the loss of ganglion cell activity in glaucoma. In summary, the activation of P2X(7) receptors has both physiologic and pathophysiologic implications for ganglion cell function. These characteristics may also provide an insight into the contributions the P2X(7) receptor makes to neurons elsewhere.
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Chavez-Valdez R, Wills-Karp M, Ahlawat R, Cristofalo EA, Nathan A, Gauda EB. Caffeine modulates TNF-alpha production by cord blood monocytes: the role of adenosine receptors. Pediatr Res 2009; 65:203-8. [PMID: 19047957 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31818d66b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine, a nonspecific adenosine receptor (AR) antagonist is widely used to treat apnea of prematurity. Because adenosine modulates multiple biologic processes including inflammation, we hypothesized that AR blockade by caffeine would increase cytokine release from neonatal monocytes. Using cord blood monocytes (CBM), we investigated 1) the changes in AR mRNA profile by real time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase-chain-reaction (qRT-PCR) and protein expression (western blot) after in vitro culture, caffeine or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, and 2) the modulation of cytokine release and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) induced by caffeine and specific AR antagonists: DPCPX(A1R), ZM241385(A2aR), MRS1754(A2bR), and MRS1220(A3R). After 48 h in culture, A2aR and A2bR gene expression increased 1.9 (p = 0.04) and 2.5-fold (p = 0.003), respectively. A1R protein expression directly correlated with increasing LPS concentrations (p = 0.01), with minimal expression preexposure. Only caffeine (50 microM) and DPCPX (10 nM) decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release from LPS activated-CBM by 20 and 25% (p = 0.01) and TNF-alpha gene expression by 30 and 50%, respectively, in conjunction with a > or =2-fold increase in cAMP (p < 0.05). AR blockade did not modulate other measured cytokines. The induction of A1R after LPS exposure suggests an important role of this receptor in the control of inflammation in neonates. Our findings also suggest that caffeine, via A1R blockade, increases cAMP production and inhibits pretranscriptional TNF-alpha production by CBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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